Website - Sujal and Swachh Gaon - Handbook - ENGLISH 09092019

Handbook for Sarpanch
& Gram Panchayat

Functionaries
Capacity Building of Gram Panchayats
Handbook for Sarpanch and Gram Panchayat FuncƟonaries | A Capacity Building IniƟaƟve
Handbook for Sarpanch
& Gram Panchayat
Functionaries
A Capacity Building Initiative
Name: _________________________________________________________________________
Name of the village / Gram Panchayat:_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Date of interaction: _____________________________________________________
Block / district / state :________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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CONTENTS
Glossary v
Chapter 1: IntroducƟon 1
Chapter 2: Jal Jeevan Mission 8
Chapter 3: Water is a precious resource 12
Chapter 4: Source sustainability 17
Chapter 5: OperaƟon & maintenance of water supply scheme 25
Chapter 6: Ensuring safety of drinking water in gram panchayat 33
Chapter 7: Open defecaƟon free plus 38
Chapter 8: Sustaining open defecaƟon free status (ODF S) 40
Chapter 9: Solid and liquid waste management (SLWM) 48
Chapter 10: PlasƟc waste management 58
Chapter 11: Liquid waste management – greywater 64
Chapter 12: Faecal sludge management 74
Chapter 13: Menstrual waste management (MWM) 81
Chapter 14: Funds management for water and sanitaƟon 84

faciliƟes in a village
Chapter 15: InformaƟon, educaƟon and communicaƟon 88
Chapter 16: AcƟon plan preparaƟon for Sujal and Swachh Gaon 94
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GLOSSARY
BDTC Biogas Development Training Centre

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CGWB Central Groundwater Board
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DDWS Department of Drinking Water and SanitaƟon
DEWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System
DSR Departmental Schedule of Rates
DWSC District Water and SanitaƟon CommiƩee
FC Finance Commission
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FSM Fecal Sludge Management
FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
FTK Field TesƟng Kit
GoI Government of India
GP Gram Panchayat
GPDP Gram Panchayat Development Plan
GWM Greywater Management
HP Horsepower
IEC InformaƟon, EducaƟon and CommunicaƟon
IPC Interpersonal CommunicaƟon
JJM Jal Jeevan Mission
LPCD Litres Per Capita Per Day
LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
M&R Maintenance & Repair
v
MLA Member of the LegislaƟve Assembly

MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MRF Material Recovery Facility
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MVS MulƟ Village Scheme
MWM Menstrual Waste Management
NABARD NaƟonal Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NIC NaƟonal InformaƟcs Centre
NRDWP NaƟonal Rural Drinking Water Programme
NSDC NaƟonal Skill Development CorporaƟon
O&M OperaƟons and Maintenance
OD Open DefecaƟon
ODF Open DefecaƟon Free
OHT Over Head Tank
PESA The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled
Areas) Act, 1996
PRA ParƟcipatory Rural Appraisal
PRI PanchayaƟ Raj InsƟtuƟons
PWS Piped Water Supply
Q&Q QuanƟty and Quality
RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
SBM Swachh Bharat Mission
SBM(G) Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen)
SHG Self-Help Group
SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management
SSG Swachh Survekshan Grameen
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SVS Single Village Scheme
TCL Tropically Chlorinated Lime
UNICEF United NaƟons Children’s Fund
VWSC Village Water and SanitaƟon CommiƩee
WTP Water Treatment Plant
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Handbook for Sarpanch and Gram Panchayat Func onaries | A Capacity Building Ini a ve
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The sarpanch1 and gram panchayat are responsible for the overall development
of the village and play a key role in providing basic services vital for the health
and well-being of rural people, like, drinking water and sanita on.
The gram panchayat is the key local government ins tu on responsible for
fulfilment of the community’s aspira ons with respect to development of the
village. In the spirit of the principle of decentraliza on listed in the Seventy-third
Cons tu onal Amendment Act, 1993, provisions of drinking water and sanita on
are included in the 29 func ons of Part XI and are entrusted to panchayats.
Ensuring availability of safe and secure water and sanita on facili es for all,
throughout the year, is primarily the responsibility of the gram panchayat.
Hence, it is necessary that the sarpanch, elected representa ves and other
stakeholders of the gram panchayat, are made well-conversant with their du es
and responsibili es for ensuring safe and adequate water and sanita on facili es
on a sustained basis.
As learned from the successful implementa on of previous programmes, the

vision of the sarpanch and his/ her dedicated efforts have a huge impact on
the development of the village community. It is envisioned that their effec ve
leadership will help sustain drinking water and sanita on facili es, once they are
made aware of their roles and responsibili es and the people’s needs. This will
further encourage them to undertake community-led ac on-planning process
while remaining accountable towards the people. The programmes of the
Department of Drinking Water and Sanita on (DDWS) present an opportunity
for sarpanches to explore their leadership quali es, involve every member of
the community, and meet water and sanita on demands of their villages in a
sustainable manner.
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Sarpanch can be alterna vely called pradhan/ mukhiya/adhyaksha depending on the language of the state.
1
This handbook is an a empt to help the sarpanch and key func onaries at the
gram panchayat level undertake specific ac ons related to management of water
and sanita on facili es in their villages, and thus make them ‘model villages –
Sujal and Swachh Gaon.’ The specifica ons, templates, advisories, as men oned
herein, are for technical assistance and guidance. These may be modified as per
local context and availability of resources.
1.2 Features of Sujal and Swachh Gaon

The Ministry of Jal Shak , Department of Drinking Water and Sanita on
envisages transforming villages into model villages – Sujal and Swachh Gaon –
by providing piped water supply and safe and sustainable sanita on facili es to
the rural popula on. As the country heads towards complete open defeca on
free (ODF) status, the Government plans to undertake several ini a ves to
sustain the momentum and gains achieved so far under Swachh Bharat Mission
(SBM) and graduate to the next phase of ODF plus. In this phase, the focus will
be on ensuring provision of safe and secure drinking water through household
connec ons for all, ODF sustainability (ODF S) and by making arrangements for
solid and liquid waste management (SLWM), plas c waste management (PWM)
and faecal sludge management (FSM).
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This demands dedicated efforts from government agencies, community
members and all stakeholders who are responsible for village development. It is
envisaged that the journey of a village towards achieving Sujal and Swachh Gaon
will have a posi ve effect on the living condi ons of rural people and thus overall
development of village communi es.
To ensure availability of safe and sustainable water supply services to all through
household connec ons using piped water supply schemes, the GP may:
Take responsibility of opera ons and maintenance (O&M) of water supply

schemes with community par cipa on.
Encourage adop on of safe sanita on, SLWM, and hygiene prac ces by the
community.
Take steps for water conserva on including augmenta on of water sources.
Maintain, upgrade and repair sanita on facili es through community-led
ac ons, including provision of facili es to Divyang (persons with disability).
Adopt solu ons for management (primarily segrega on) of all types of waste
in the village.
Encourage community ownership in managing and maintaining water and
sanita on facili es.
1.3 Benefits of water and sanitation interventions

Improvement in public health and control of waterborne diseases like
diarrhoea, typhoid, etc.
Economic progress of families due to savings on medical expenditure and no
loss of daily wages
Overall cleanliness in the village
Safe, adequate and sustained drinking water supply for all families
Schools, anganwadis and health facili es get benefi ed
Key stakeholders in the village gain apprecia on from the community as their
role is recognized
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1.4 Components of Sujal and Swachh Gaon
A. Safe and secure drinking water supply
i. Source sustainability
 Drinking water budge ng
 Water conserva on ini a ves
ii. Water source augmenta on measures
 Rainwater harves ng
 Reviving tradi onal water bodies
 Groundwater recharging
 Basic treatment and reuse of greywater
iii. Provision of drinking water supply through
func onal household tap connec ons
 Service level of 55 litre per capita per day
(LPCD)water supply
iv. O&M of water supply scheme
 Technical, financial and ins tu onal
arrangements
B. Drinking water
quality management
i. Water quality monitoring
and surveillance
 Water quality
assessment
 Preven ve measures
 Water quality tes ng
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C. ODF plus
i. Sustaining ODF S
 Provision of safe
toilets
 Technological
interven ons
such as
retrofi ng
 O&M of
individual and
community
toilets
ii. Solid and liquid waste management

 Solid waste management – (biodegradable waste )
 Liquid waste (greywater) management
 FSM
 Plas c waste management
 O&M of SLWM facili es by gram panchayat/community
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1.6 Village-level stakeholders

Stakeholders include GP secretary, GP members, swachhagrahis, barefoot
technicians, Village Water and Sanita on Commi ee (VWSC), Accredited Social
Health Ac vists (ASHAs), Anganwadi Workers (AWWs), masons, Rozgar Sevak
(MGNREGS), teachers, Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs), NGOs, etc.
My responsibility as a sarpanch of gram panchayat

Develop inclusive plans to address the water supply and sanita on needs of
the households in the villages/GP.
Make provision for priori za on of water and sanita on facili es in the Gram
Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) and mobilize resources to fulfil the
water and sanita on demands.
Encourage the VWSC/village team to par cipate in training and capacity-
building programmes.
Strengthen capacity of village-level func onaries, such as swachhagrahis/
barefoot technicians and review their performances.
Coordinate village-level informa on, educa on and communica on (IEC)
ac vi es for all concerned stakeholders.
Mobilize community for collec ve ac ons in crea on and maintenance of
water and sanita on facili es:
 Par cipate in shramdaan (voluntary work).
 Develop soak pits, compos ng, biogas plants for SLWM (managing
greywater).
 Prac se waste segrega on at source and the 4R(s): Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle, Recover, for managing solid waste.
 Encourage use of toilets by every person, every me.
 Encourage judicious use of water and avoid wastage of water.
 Adopt safe water storage, handling prac ces and personal hygiene.
 Protect water sources, water and sanita on facili es and par cipate in
their O&M.
 Ac vely par cipate in gram sabhas held on issues of water and sanita on
facili es.
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Monitor the status of general cleanliness,
protec on of water sources, regular use of
toilets by everyone and SLWM ac vi es
at all mes. This can be planned through
a regular surveillance mechanism
involving the VWSC, nigrani sami s
and swachhagrahis.
Review and maintain prescribed account
books, and undertake audit procedures
for transparency.
Ensure facili es in ins tu ons and public
places, e.g., markets, bus stands, are
opera onal.
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CHAPTER 2
JAL JEEVAN MISSION
2.1 Introduction
Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide every rural household, a ‘func onal
household tap connec on’ within its premises,2 that can provide adequate safe
water for drinking, cooking and other domes c basic needs on a sustainable
basis. This basic requirement must meet water quality standards and be readily
and conveniently accesssible at all mes and in all situa ons.
The Government of India (GoI) launched JJM to fulfill the aspira on and demand
for household tap connec on. This will significantly improve the quality of
life, par cularly of that of women and children, and assist in ODF S as water is
important to sustain SBM’s achievements.
2.2 Key components of JJM

There are four key components of JJM as follows:
1. Functional household tap connection, within premises, for every rural

household with water supply of 55 litres per capita per day (lpcd). All public
ins tu ons (schools, anganwadis, health centres) to have access to safe and
adequate drinking water
2. Mandatory source sustainability measures like borewell recharge structures,
rainwater harves ng, etc.
3. Mandatory greywater management measures like soak pits, waste
stabiliza on ponds etc.
4. Mandatory O&M by users/GP
2
As defined by Census 2011: Premises means building along with the land and/or common places a ached to it.
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2.3 Functional household tap connections
Previously, under NRDWP, primary efforts of the states was to provide piped
water supply in the habita ons, predominantly through a stand post and/or
handpumps through a single village scheme (SVS) or mul village scheme (MVS).
SVS, as the name suggests, is a single-village groundwater-based community-
managed scheme. MVS is a surfacewater-based scheme that caters to mul ple
villages and is usually managed by an implemen ng agency.
SVS will be taken up where there is sufficient groundwater availability and

groundwater is free from chemical contamina on. Based on data analysis,
Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) has iden fied a list of quan ty and quality
(Q&Q) blocks which have groundwater with sufficient quan ty and desired
quality. MVS will be taken up only in those blocks which that are not listed as
Q&Q blocks.
Keeping this in view, there are broadly five categories under which household
tap connec ons will be provided
1. Last-mile connectivity: For households that already have access to piped

water supply through a stand post, pipelines would be extended to provide
household tap connec ons. Retrofi ng of ongoing schemes is also included.
2. SVS with safe groundwater source: Mini SVS scheme (preferably solar
powered) with a tubewell/borewell, pumping arrangement, overhead tank
(OHT) and distribu on network with func onal household tap connec on
in areas with sufficient and quality groundwater. Mandatory source
sustainability measure will include point recharge structures for borewells.
3. SVS with treated groundwater source: The only difference from the above
category is that the groundwater source needs treatment and hence the SVS
infrastructure will include a water treatment plant (WTP).
4. MVS: MVS will have the infrastructure of an intake well, WTP, storage,
bulk supply handling facility, OHT and distribu on network with func onal
household tap connec on.
5. Mini piped water supply (PWS) scheme: For small/isolated/tribal hamlets,
provided that the groundwater source falls under a Q&Q list of blocks, a mini
piped water supply scheme will be provided, preferably solar-powered.
Gram panchayats will be involved in the en re process of planning,
implementa on and monitoring as JJM is a community-owned, community-
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managed programme. District administra ons will support gram panchayats

in iden fying the category for providing household tap connec ons along with
technical assistance.
2.4 Eligibility criteria for gram panchayats

The following three criteria must be met by a GP to be eligible for JJM.
1. Land provision for scheme

GP may agree to provide land for the iden fied category of scheme and
submit the GP resolu on along with a map indica ng the survey number of
the land (Iden fy the land in consulta on with the implemen ng agency).
2. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) activities

PRA ac vi es are mandatory for an SVS (PRA ac vi es include social
mapping, resource mapping, water budget, seasonality, scheme transect,
op on selec on mee ng, etc.).
3. O&M related requirements

Upfront payment of one year O&M costs
Maintenance of all SVS and MVS infrastructure within the GP
Iden fica on and training of, and payment to, a water person who would
manage and maintain the water systems, collect user fees, apprise the
panchayat on any issues
A separate account for O&M charges must be opened and the O&M amount
deposited in to this account. The implemen ng agency will support the GP in
calcula ng the O&M costs.
JJM follows a mission-mode, compe ve approach and hence GPs who meet the
eligibility criteria at the earliest will be given the scheme at the earliest on a first-
come-first-served basis.
2.5 Role of gram panchayats in implementing

mandatory source sustainability and greywater
management components
The main role of gram panchayat would be to increase convergence efforts
and use the funds from MGNREGS, Fourteenth Finance Commission and State
Finance Commission to enable mandatory:
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Roo op rainwater harves ng structures in all public ins tu ons
Borewell recharge structures for any borewell that is selected to provide
drinking water
Community soak pits
Drainage channels
IEC ac vi es like wall wri ng/pain ng, street drama, etc. to promote water
conserva on behaviours may be adopted
Source sustainability and greywater management are covered in later
chapters.
Checklist for sarpanch to deliver JJM
1 Provide functional household tap connections to every rural household

Registra on of func onal household tap connec ons
Carry out PRA ac vi es
Convince all households to take tap connec ons
Provide land for iden fied scheme along with map indica ng survey
number of land
Iden fy, train & pay ‘water person’
Upfront payment of one year O&M costs
Takeover and registra on of JJM assets post JJM-implementa on
Ensure sufficient quan ty & desired quality of drinking water
2 Implement mandatory source sustainability (SS) measures

Complete roo op rainwater harves ng in all public ins tu ons
Ensure point recharge structures for all iden fied borewells
3 Implement mandatory greywater management measures

Facilitate construc on of Individual & community soak pits
Waste stabiliza on pond
Drainage channels
4 Identify funding sources

Convergence through MGNREGS, Fourteenth Finance Commission
& State Commission funds to implement mandatory source
sustainability & greywater management measures
5 Facilitate district administration

Geo-tag all assets related to drinking water supply
Connect SBM household names with JJM household tap connec on
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CHAPTER 3
WATER IS A PRECIOUS RESOURCE
3.1 Significance of drinking water

Safe and secure water supply plays a crucial role in public health and well-being
of the community. Every household needs water for a number of purposes, like,
drinking, cooking, washing of utensils, cleaning of the house, bathing, washing
of clothes, personal sanita on, for household animals and watering of plants
around the house, etc.
Water sources include rain, streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, open wells, bore wells,
tube wells, etc. These play a very vital role.
Global facts about water
Basic water facts

The fresh water available for human use is just 0.7%
(Ground water, fresh water, rivers)
About 70% of the

earth’s surface is
covered with water
Ocean Glaciers Ground Fresh Salt lakes Atmosphere

97.35% 2.03% water water lakes 0.008% 0.001%
0.625% 0.009%
Source: Drinking water in Panchayats by Ministry of Panchaya Raj (Ac ve Panchayat Book II)
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Important facts about water in India
 India has 4 per cent of the world’s water resources and nearly
18 per cent of the world’s popula on.
 Around 33 crore people were affected by drought in 2016.
Source: h p://in.one.un.org
3.2 How to ensure adequate and sustainable drinking

water sources in the village
a. Identify whether the village has surplus or deficit drinking
water
A drinking water budget is a tool to calculate the demand and supply gap of
drinking water every year. This helps to plan and take adequate measures for
source sustainability.
b. How to calculate drinking water demand

 _____ Total popula on of the village X 55 litres* [*as per the state’s policy]
 _____ Total water demand/day
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c. Example of a drinking water budget for a population of 100

(quantity in 1000 litres)*
Monsoon
Summer
Location & population
Winter
days)
days)
days)
(120
(120
(120
Type of source
availability
availability
availability
demand
demand
demand
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Sr. No
Gap
Gap
Gap
1. Well XXX 192 240 00 192 192 00 192 120 72
(40)
2. Hand XX 48 60 00 48 48 00 48 30 18
pump (10 )
3. Water XXX 240 300 00 240 240 00 240 150 90
Supply (50)
Scheme
4. Other
* This is an indica ve template and may be modified as per local context and need.
Note: The above water budget is calculated with 40 LPCD for demonstra on purpose
d. How to address the deficit of drinking water

In cases where discharge is greater than recharge, there may be a deficit of
drinking water. This deficit may be addressed by:
Ensuring proper maintenance of source and water supply system to control

wastage of water
Encouraging the community to adopt water saving habits
Regula ng drinking water supply by consensus
Ac ng on source sustainability by undertaking water-recharging structures
Monitoring the amount of increase or decrease in groundwater levels over
me by observing the water levels in the nearby wells
My responsibility as a sarpanch of a gram panchayat

Assess water availability in all exis ng sources, such as, wells, reservoirs,
tanks, rivers, streams, springs, hand pumps, bore wells and sources of water
supply schemes, etc., within GP jurisdic on.
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Assess the gap between demand and supply by using the drinking water
budget as a tool for calcula on.
Address deficit of drinking water by implemen ng measures to increase
water availability and control water use.
 Reserve adequate water for drinking purposes and then allow use of
water for commercial, industrial and irriga on purposes.
 Adopt water saving habits and regulate water supply by educa ng
community and promo ng self-regula on.
 Recharge the groundwater sources using various source strengthening
methods of rainwater harves ng.
Encourage the community to get involved in shramdaan for source
strengthening measures.
Iden fy schemes available for soil and water conserva on
for fund mobiliza on.
Provide addi onal support to poor and marginalized
persons and households which have persons with
disabili es, female-headed households, etc.
Ensure that the surface water bodies in the village
are not contaminated due to poor sanita on and
drainage.
Water sources we have Water we use for
Ground water Surface water Agriculture Drinking & Industrial and

wells and bore in streams, purpose domes c processing
wells ponds purpose purpose
65%
48% 52% 12% 23%
Monsoon Winter Summer

Water availability is different in different seasons
15
Do you know?
Rain is the only source of fresh water and it is finite.

Every drop of rainwater should be counted and used appropriately.
Need for drinking water should be given priority over other usages.
Efficient use of water can be achieved through crea ng awareness
genera on, self-regula on and use of technology.
Source: Drinking water in Panchayats by Ministry of Panchaya Raj (Ac ve Panchayat Book)
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CHAPTER 4
SOURCE SUSTAINABILITY
Groundwater is a finite and replenishable resource and the status of

groundwater cannot be taken for granted. A source can be considered
sustainable when it delivers designed quan ty of safe water in all seasons for the
designed life of the scheme. With increase in demand of water supply, source
sustainability measures become of utmost importance. There is a need to ensure
sustainability between extrac on and replenishment of groundwater.
JJM has a mandatory component of source sustainability through two measures
1. Borewell recharge structures
2. Roo op rainwater harves ng structures
Conventional Unconventional
Nadi/johad Fracture seal

cementa on
Loose boulder structures
(LBS)/ gully plug Jacket well
Gabion structures Stream blas ng
Earthen nala bund Hydro fracturing
Underground bund Roo op
rainwater
Cement check dam
harves ng
Village tank
Bore well recharging
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4.1 Borewell recharging

Borewells can be recharged during the monsoon with a very efficient and
economically viable method. Usually high-yielding bore wells or tube wells
are selected for this recharge having good command for run-off rainwater or
where water can be diverted easily. The physical condi on of the source should
be good. No pollu ng body should exist near the source. The direct injec on
recharges the deeper aquifer immediately. The replenishing water is used to
increase the quan ty of groundwater that is recharged.
Design and execution

Depending upon the area available, a pit is excavated near the bore well up to
the hard rock or impervious rock. The pit is filled with small boulders, pebbles
and sand. Rainfall run-off is diverted towards this pit in a controlled manner so
that the pit is not flooded and does not overflow.
Direct recharge is recommended only for a borewell that has gone dry or is
yielding a negligible amount of water. Indirect recharge is recommended for
well-func oning borewells.3
3
rainwaterclub.org
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Direct recharge filter for borewell
6’-0”
Borewell with perfora ons
Ground level at the boulder level
Coarse sand
2’
1’-0”
1’-0” 20mm jelly stone
1’-0”
10’-0”
40 mm jelly stone
2’-6”
3’-8”
Boulders
Indirect recharge filter for borewell
6’-0”
Borewell
Ground level
Coarse sand
1’-0”
1’-0” Netlon
1’-0” 20mm jelly stone
1’-0”
10’-0”
40 mm jelly stone
1’-0”
2’-0”
Boulders
2” PVC pipes
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4.2 Rooftop rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harves ng has two components: recharge and storage.
Rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building /structure.
The collected water can be stored in a tank or be made to percolate into the
ground and thereby, recharge the level of groundwater.
Recharge of harvested rainwater is less expensive and is a very effec ve
method to augment the groundwater level of the area.
The gram panchayat may install roo op rainwater harves ng systems for
all ins tu ons in their jurisdic on that have feasible structures. It may also
encourage all individual households having these structures to take up
roo op rainwater harves ng.
Recommended are the dos and don’ts while op ng for roo op rainwater
harves ng:
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Dos Don’ts
i. Clean roo op before the monsoon i. Use structures having

ii. Adopt suitable filtra on method, asbestos sheet roofs
material to filter rainwater and ii. Dump le over
undertake regular maintenance. materials on the
iii. Ensure use of good quality material for catchment roofs.
repair and plumbing work iii. Undertake direct
iv. Undertake regular and proper or manual li ing of
maintenance and pain ng of masonry stored water
tanks iv. Allow entry of direct
v. Clean storage tanks before every rainwater from the
monsoon season roof to store or
recharge without
vi. Install sunlight protec ve lids with filtra on
proper manhole on the storage tanks
v. Collect first rainfall of
vii. Monitor stored water against any the monsoon, directly
chemical or bacterial contamina on or indirectly, for
viii. Flush out water from the first rainfall recharging
ix. Connect roo op rainwater harves ng
systems to a groundwater recharge
system to adjust overflow of water
4.3 Community participation and shramdaan

Contribu on in terms of shramdaan and dona ons in-kind by the community
is a tradi onal act which is s ll deep rooted in the villages.
Community movement through shramdaan for water conserva on helps
to ins ll a sense of responsibility in all sec ons of the community — men,
women and children.
People can realize the power of unity and undertake simple ac vi es for
rainwater harves ng and water conserva on without depending on external
sources.
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4.4 How to mobilize the community for shramdaan

The sarpanch and gram panchayat have to play a key role in leading the
community, inspiring them to take collec ve ac ons and coordinate the process
of source strengthening through various methods, such as:
Awareness camps to sensi ze the community

House visits, corner mee ngs, mobiliza on of youth and women groups
Film shows, local cultural and spiritual programmes
Performance compe ons among villages
Involvement of the officers of concerned departments in community
interac ons
Sharing of informa on about the incen ves:
 Advantages of the work in terms of increased water availability for
drinking and livelihoods
 Incen ves to be er-performing villages
Development of community-led ac on plans for water conserva on
22
Iden fy available schemes and programmes for soil and water
conserva on and integrate in the GPDP.
Ini ate recharging of groundwater sources using various source
strengthening methods of rainwater harves ng.
Take help from concerned departments in using appropriate technology
to increase availability of water from sources.
Encourage the community to:
 Use water as precious resource – save, conserve and harvest every
drop of water.
 Get involved in shramdaan, where people work voluntarily for water
conserva on.
Ensure that all ins tu onal structures, such as, schools,
anganwadis, health centres, gram panchayat
buildings, etc., at village level have roo op
rainwater harves ng systems installed.
Encourage individual households having
feasible structures to install roo op rainwater
harves ng.
 Water conserva on measures for source sustainability should be

integrated in the planning process.
 Iden fy various schemes such as, Central/State line departments,
like MGNREGS, the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the
Scheduled Areas ) Act, 1996 (PESA), IWMP, Finance Commission funds,
etc., available for soil and water conserva on.
23
The community in Mandli village, Barmer, Rajasthan, came together and

contributed for work in strengthening their village’s water reservoir and
increasing its storage capacity. This helped them solve their drinking water
crisis. Jal Sabha, the commi ee formed, is taking care of O&M.
You can read more about the above referred case from the link:
h p://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/good_prac ces_in_water_
security_ideas_for_praxis.pdf
If we rejuvenate
this pond, we will get
enough water for the
enƟre village.
Source: Handbook for trainers and Gram Panchayat by MoPR
24
CHAPTER 5
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF

WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
5.1 Introduction
Appropriate opera on and maintenance (O&M) management of water supply
schemes is essen al for designed service delivery of safe water throughout the
designed life of the scheme. Lack of proper O&M management adversely affects
the service delivery and consumer sa sfac on. Inappropriate O&M may lead to
the following adverse effects:
People may lose faith in the government water supply system.

Water supply may be irregular, inadequate or of inferior quality.
People may become reluctant to pay water bills/ water cess.
Tariff recovery may not be as planned.
Non-availability of adequate funds for O&M may lead to deteriora on of
service delivery, subsequently resul ng in dysfunc onal systems.
Inadequate service delivery may lead to adverse health impacts and
morbidity.
People, mainly women, may be compelled to fetch drinking water from
distant sources.
5.2 Components of O&M of water supply facilities

Technical management
Financial management
Ins tu onal management
The above three aspects are interlinked and ‘community par cipa on’ is the
fulcrum.
25
O&M of water supply schemes
Technical Financial InsƟtuƟonal

management management management
A. Daily opera ons A. O&M A. Role of

expenditure ins tu ons
Pump
Solar Panel B. O&M B. Capacity
Revenue building
Storage
C. Water tariff C. IEC
Distribu on-pipes structuring
and collec on D. Complaint
Valves redressal
Disinfec on
B. Maintenance & repairs C. Water quality management

Pump Distribu on-pipes, Iden fy causes of
Solar Panel Valves contamina on
Storage Disinfec on Mi ga on measures
D. Liquid waste management
5.2.1 Technical management

A. Daily opera on comprises opera on of pumps, storage and distribu on
system including pipelines and valves, tap stands, disinfec on and solar panels in
case of solar pumps
B. Purpose of maintenance is to:
 Ensure that all civil works (wells/stand posts, switch rooms, etc.), machinery
and equipment (pumps, valves, switches, etc.) are in op mal running
condi on.
 Preven ve maintenance to avoid opera onal failure/problems through mely
repairs, etc.
C. Bacteriological tests must be performed at least once in 6 months and
chemical contamina on tests once in a year. It is the responsibility of the VWSC/
GP to provide safe and disinfected water to the village community.
26
D. Following key ac ons
may be taken up for liquid
waste management,
especially greywater
management:
Public awareness
events, including
trainings, demos,
workshops, etc.
Proper drainage
arrangements at
public stand posts and
house connec ons
either through kitchen
gardens or soak pits
Taps on the stand
posts, household
connec ons and taps
to remain closed when
not in use to prevent
wastage of water
Proper drainage and disposal arrangement to be an essen al criterion for
sanc oning of a house connec on
Wastewater connected to main gu ers / surface drains and regular cleaning
of surface drains
Maintenance and repair work of exis ng surface drains and construc on of
new surface drains through various public schemes
27
Operations checklist for the Water Supply Scheme*

Sr. No. Component Daily operations checklist
1 Source Check for water level
Check for occasional turbidity (In rainy season)
Construct the graph of deple on water levels cumula ve
in the month before and a er periodic pumping
Check for sample tes ng in laboratory.
(Bacteriological – six monthly; Chemical – yearly)
2 Pump Operate pump as per pumping hours
Check the filling me of tank
Check visual leakages
Check running sound
Check voltage
3 Solar pump Check water level in the bore well, supply well
Check condi on of cable
Check water level in the tank
Check for the dry run sensor
4 Solar panel Monitor voltage readings
Check panel direc on
Check dust on panel
5 Pipe line Check for visual leakages
6 Valves Operate valves as per schedule

Check for smooth working
Check for leakages
Outlet valve to be closed in non- supply hours
7 Storage tank Administer chlorine dose
Check water level sensor
Check outlet valve
Check float opera ons
8 Tap stand Check for taps in posi on and in closed posi on to avoid
wastages
Check for leakages
Check pressure and discharge
Check waste water
28
5.2.2 Financial management
VWSC and GP along with the community have to prepare the budget for their
water supply scheme. This is a simple documenta on of expenditure items and
sources of revenue (mainly through community and GP contribu on). First the
expenditure is calculated, following which the GP contribu on is decided. The
balance amount can be obtained from the user charges or water tariff.
Following is the reference template that may be used to calculate water tariff.
Template to calculate water tariff*
Sr. Details Expenditure details Estimated
No. expenditure
A. Operations expenditure
1 Water staff expenditure No. of staff × Monthly Rs.
Note: - Depending upon scope salary × 12 months _____________
and size of water services, area
to be served, the number of
staff may be worked out
2 Electricity bill a. Annual fixed Rs.
Units used × Pumping hours × expenditure _____________
0.75 depending upon
pump HP = Pump HP
Note: - Depending on pump HP,
× (Rate/ Hp/Month) ×
currently 25Rs/Hp/ month may
12 months
be adopted as a basis. This rate
shall be updated every year by b. Annual Expenditure Rs.
respec ve District O&M Cell. depending upon unit _____________
consump on = annual
unit consump on ×
(Rate/Unit)
2(a+b)= Total Rs.
_____________
3 Chemicals: Bleaching powder Annual expenditure Rs.
Note: - Depending on daily on bleaching powder _____________
water use, calculate based on: = Total required
5g of bleaching powder for quan ty of powder ×
1000 litre water. Rate/Kg
Total expenditure of bleaching
may be calculated based on
regular dosing, usage in tank
cleaning, water channels, WTP
structures and other cleaning.
29

No. expenditure
4 Water sample tes ng charges a. Bacteriological tests Rs.
Conveyance charges = No. of samples per _____________
year × rate/sample
b. Chemical tests = No Rs.
of sample/year × rate/ _____________
sample
5 Water Commi ee Office Monthly expenditure Rs.
(sta onary, log books, misc.) × 12 months _____________
Total OperaƟon cost (1+2+3+4+5) Rs.
of A _____________
B. Maintenance & repair (M&R)
expenditures
6 Rou ne M&R M&R = capital cost of Rs.
(for pipe line leakage repairing, water supply scheme _____________
valve repairing, pump motor × 1.5 %
repairing, tap repairing,
colouring, miscellaneous
expenditure)
In case of mul ple schemes
7 M&R expenditure for Water a. Hand pump M&R Rs.
Sources expenditure = No. of _____________
Note: - According to hand pumps × annual
Departmental Schedule of maintenance cost
Rates (DSR)/ government b. bore well M&R Rs.
rates: expenditure for source expenditure = No of _____________
maintenance is- bore wells × annual
Rs. 1000/- for hand pump , Rs. maintenance cost
5000/- for bore well and Rs.
1000/ for open wells c. Open well M&R Rs.
expenditure = No _____________
However, factor the rates as
of wells × annual
per actual rates in respec ve
maintenance cost
loca ons/ villages.
7(a+b+c)= total Rs.
_____________
8 Reserve fund for any major Reserve fund = Rs.
repairs 20 % of Sum of _____________
(1 to 7)
30
No. expenditure
Total Total M&R expenditures Sum of (6 to 8) Rs.
of B _____________
9 Total opera on and M&R (A+B) Rs.
expenditure _____________
C. Income Estimated
Income
10 GP contribu on To be decided by GP Rs.
_____________
11 Contribu on to be collected Total expenditure Rs.
from users (row 9) – GP _____________
contribu on (row 10)
12 Assuming, Water tariff collec on Rs.
90% as billing efficiency, = (Community _____________
contribu on as per
And 80% recovery of water
row 11) × (1/0.9) ×
tariff from the billed amount
(1/0.8)
13 Water tariff rate: Total water tariff Rs.
collec on as per _____________
row- 12 / number of
consumers
5.2.3 Institutional management

For efficient O&M and implementa on of the scheme, the capacity of VWSC/GP
and village water person may be strengthened. The following tools may also be
used for monitoring the implementa on.
Complaint register:
VWSC/GP may maintain a complaint register in which the date-wise details
of the complaint are recorded and which is seen daily. If there is a specific
complaint, then VWSC/ GP may bring this to the no ce of the water person for
mely redressal. Oral complaints, if any, may also be recorded in the complaint
register.
31
Sample of a typical complaint register*
Complaint Complainer Details of Entry by the Details of complaint

date/time and location complaint water person redressal (date /
time)
27/01/18 Gopal Less water Sd: xxx A ended house of
13:00 hrs Deshmukh supply since Shri Gopal Deshmukh.
near Maru 3 days Signature Found line chocked.
Mandir 28/01/18 Line washed,
flushed and water
supply restored. No
complaint now.
Sd:
Date: 28/01/18
Role of VWSC/GP regarding complaints: To ensure that all complaints from the
village community are a ended properly, the ward representa ves may follow-
up.
Successful O&M by the community in Naini-Poundar (Uttarakhand)
The user water supply and sanita on commi ee (UWSSC) formed at the
gram panchayat level collects water tariff, takes care of daily water supply
and rou ne maintenance, protect the pipeline network and also redressess
grievances.
Source: h p://swajal.uk.gov.in
32
CHAPTER 6
ENSURING SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER

IN GRAM PANCHAYAT
6.1. Sanitary survey

The gram panchayat/VWSC may carry out a village sanitary survey of drinking
water and supply schemes at fixed intervals: typically before the monsoon
season, in the month of April and a er the monsoon, i.e., in the month of
October.
The purpose of the survey is to iden fy possible reasons for water
contamina on, if any, and mi ga on measures.
All gram panchayat/VWSC members, ward members, village water person,
men, women and youth may par cipate in the survey.
Source: Managing Safe and Secured Water Supply Handbook for Sarpanch (MDWS & UNICEF), September 2010.
33
A. To be observed and recorded during the survey*

a. At the source
Cleanliness around the water source and in the catchment area
Causes of likely pollu on of percola on tank/village tank on the upstream
side
Gaps in toilet construc on around the water source. For example, the distance
between a leach pit and water source should not be less than 10 metres,
especially for those leach pits built in high-water table or flood-prone areas
Toilets and accumulated water built around the source at households and
ins tu ons, like schools, pre-schools and health facili es
Dumping/improper disposal of wastewater/faecal sludge/solid waste in or
around the water source
b. At the supply network/in the village

Accumulated water
Supply network and pipelines passing through gu ers
Defec ve connec ons
Loca on of inadequate water pressure
Surrounding of stand post(s)
Status of soak pits near stand post(s)
Water storage and handling habits of villagers
Status of sanita on in schools, anganwadis and other public places
* The illustra ve list may be modified as per local context and needs
34
6.2. Field testing kit (FTK)
Water tes ng at regular intervals
helps to ensure the quality of water
supplied in the village. Chemical tests
may be conducted at least once a
year and bacteriological tests at least
twice a year, typically before and a er
the monsoon. A field tes ng kit (FTK)
can act as a local-level laboratory to
A kit for assessing water quality at the field level
conduct these tests. developed by Tamil Nadu Water Supply and
Drainage Board
Gram panchayat to have an FTK
and a trained village water person for using it
The trained person can perform chemical tests for checking pH, alkalinity,
hardness, chloride, TDS, fluoride, iron, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate,
turbidity, residual chlorine levels using the FTK
If the parameters men oned for these tests are not within the permissible
limits, the sarpanch needs to contact the concerned block/district-level
PHED/RWS department engineer-in-charge for remedial ac on and correc ve
measures
6.3. Chlorination
The simplest and easiest way to disinfect water is through chlorina on.
Do you know?
1. Bleaching powder may be purchased as per requirement but should not

be stocked for more than three months OR a er its expiry date.
2. It is important to store bleaching powder in a cool and dry space with an
air ght lid on the container to maintain the percentage of chlorine.
3. It takes half an hour for chlorine to act on the bacteria and kill them, so
chlorina on should be done at least one hour before the water supply
starts.
4. It is necessary to coordinate with block and district authori es for
conduc ng mandatory tests for avoiding chemical and bacteriological
contamina on.
35
5. It is necessary to replace cartridges in mely manner in case of online

chlorina on system and follow instruc ons given in the product manual.
6. Residual chlorine should be monitored at periodic intervals.
Source: Managing Safe and Secured Water Supply Handbook for Sarpanch (MDWS &
UNICEF), September 2010.
OT test kit
6.4. Maintenance and documentation records of water

quality and safety
Records Frequency of report generation
OT and field tests – consolidated report Monthly
Sanita on survey report Twice in a year (before and a er

monsoon) and whenever required
Chemical contamina on reports Twice in a year (before and a er

monsoon) and whenever required
Bacterial contamina on reports During the monsoon
Report on quan ty of bleaching powder Whenever contamina on is reported

(dose) used in case of contamina on

Carry out a sanitary survey periodically for iden fica on of possible
reasons for water contamina on, if applicable, and protect sources from
contamina on.
Ensure that safe distance is maintained between drinking water sources and
toilets.
36
Monitor daily chlorina on levels.
Ensure availability of FTK and trained technicians at
the gram panchayat level.
Review records of on-site inspec ons and regular
water tes ng and strive to find solu ons in case of
contamina on.
Create awareness for adop ng good prac ces
regarding water storage, etc.
Promote toilet usage by all members of the
household every me and ensure appropriate greywater management in the
villages/GP.
Safe storage and use of drinking water

Always clean
the drinking
water storage
vessels regularly
Always use a
long handle to
pour drinking
water from
the vessel
Always cover
the drinking
water storage
vessels
Never dip fingers

into drinking water
Consump on of non-potable water can cause various health hazards,

like, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, gastroenteri s, jaundice, etc.
Disinfec on of water should be done properly and on a regular basis.
In case of chemical contamina on found a er tes ng in a lab, the
concerned authori es should be contacted immediately and the
community should be informed.
37
CHAPTER 7
OPEN DEFECATION FREE PLUS
A village is considered open defeca on free plus (ODF plus) if it sustains its
ODF status and safely manages its solid and liquid waste. Following are the key
guiding principles for ODF plus which need to be considered at the village level.
7.1 ODF plus guiding principles*

1. Individual assets should be encouraged and priori zed and financial provision
should be made for developing community assets. This will help to achieve
comprehensive management of solid and liquid waste at village level.
2. Use/rejuvena on/upgrada on of exis ng infrastructure should be ensured
rather than crea ng new infrastructure at village level.
3. To achieve the goal of ODF plus, funds func onaries and func ons of other
programmes should be used through appropriate convergence mechanisms.
4. Ac vi es related to reduce, reuse and recycle elements should be promoted.
5. Technologies with the least O&M cost should be selected and encouraged.
6. Technologies best suited to the hydrogeology and topography of the areas
should be chosen.
7. Villages should be clustered as per suitable criteria such as transport distance,
me, etc. for cluster level resource centres to achieve economies of scale.
8. For villages more than 2,000 popula on, storage sheds for non-biodegradable
waste, drains for conveyance of waste water and waste stabiliza on ponds or
other large scale treatment technologies should be constructed.
* For guidance only; may be selected/added as per local needs and context
38
7.2 Key components of ODF plus
Material recovery
Access to collec on Collec on and storage
facili es and
and treatment of infrastructure for non-
appropriate disposal
biodegradable waste at biodegradable waste
of refuse at district
the household level at village level
level
Solid
Waste
Management Access to suitable
No visible feces in drainage and
the environment/ public water
village Liquid disposal systems
Waste at the household
ODF S
Management level
All households
Faecal Safe disposal
con nue to have
Sludge or treatment
access to toilets Management
and use them systems for
regularly drainage
discharge points
Desludging of toilets, Facili es for safe

as required disposal of faecal
sludge
39
CHAPTER 8
SUSTAINING OPEN DEFECATION FREE

STATUS (ODF S)
8.1 Sanitation and gram panchayat

India is rapidly progressing towards a aining ‘open defeca on
free (ODF)’ status. To con nue the gains made so far and to
ensure that the ODF status remains sustainable,
con nued engagement and support of Panchaya
Raj Ins tu ons (PRIs) especially the gram panchayats
and other grass root workers such as swacchagrahis
is of paramount importance. The following pages
enunciate the broad framework for ODF S.
Source: SanitaƟon in Gram Panchayat; Sarpanch booklet (MDWS &UNICEF)
40
8.2 What to do to keep village and environment clean
Regular use of toilet – every me by everyone
Proper containment and disposal of human excreta
Disposal of child faeces in toilets only
Ensuring clean and hygienic surroundings
Safe disposal and management of solid and liquid waste
8.3 Features of safe toilet

i. Flies and animals cannot access excreta
ii. No handling of fresh excreta by humans
iii. No odours or unsightly condi ons
iv. Surface soil, ground and surface water should be free from faecal
contamina on
Pour flush twin leach pit toilet
* Safe decomposition of faecal matter in the pits
Advantages:
Squa ng
Rural place
pan Lower cost
Junc on Less space
Drainage chamber
Pipes requirement
Compara vely less
water requirement
Easy emptying of
pit and produc on
Leach of usable manure
Pits
Caution: Vent pipe should not be used for this type of toilet
(Con nued)
41
(Con nued)
Don'ts: Limitations:
Do not use both the pits at the same me Not
Do not use caus c soda or acid for cleaning the pan recommended
for areas with
Do not throw sweepings, vegetables, rags, co on
waste and cleaning materials like corn cobs, mud high water
balls, stone pieces etc. in the pan or pits. table, areas
prone to
Do not allow rain water, kitchen or bath waste
flooding and
water to enter the leach pits
coastal areas
Do not throw cigare e buts in the latrine
Do not desludge the pits before one /one and half
year of its being out of use
Septic tank
* Makes use of natural processes to treat the sewage it stores
* Consists of a tank connected to a soak pit
Advantages:
Ground level
300 mm
Inspec on opening Access opening near side Waste water Inspec on opening
Long las ng/
150 mm wall of least 600 mm inlet 150 mm
durable
Inlet
“T” Liquid
Outlet
Simple opera on
Toilet level
wastes
only Scum
“T”
and low
maintenance
Liquid
Considerable
Sludge
depth
reduc on of
suspended solids &
Reinforced
concrete
Toilet wastes Waste water and se led wastes
Total length equals to three me width
BOD from sewage
slab
100–153
mm About 60%
reduc on in volume
and about 30%
Note: Soak pit is necessary for sep c tank reduc on in weight
due to sludge
Caution: Not to be containment structure
diges on
Suitable for isolated
community
(Con nued)
42
(Con nued)
Don'ts: Limitations:
Don’t construct deep tanks Requires
more space
Don’t dispose sanitary napkins, wrappers, baby
diapers in the toilet High cost of
construc on
Don’t overuse cleaning chemicals. This is hard for the
bacteria to break down and will kill good bacteria Periodic
emptying
Don’t plant trees, shrubs near the tank and soak pits
More water
Don’t park vehicles on sep c tank and no
Don’t store the sludge in tank for more than 4-5 years manure
output
Bio toilet
* Makes use of natural processes to treat the sewage it stores
Advantages:
Converts faecal waste
into methane and
water which can be
discharged
Zero maintenance
system
Suitable in areas with
high al tude and low
temperature, areas
Limitations: with high water table,
flood prone areas,
Higher cost
areas with rocky
Unavailability of material (bacterial terrain and remote
inoculum) areas
43
8.4 Toilet facilities for Divyang

The Ministry promotes accessible toilets for Divyang. Depending upon the type
of disability, type of toilet facility and needs of the user, the toilet may require
some addi onal modifica ons. Important points to be considered are:
Accessible toilet facili es to be designed as per needs of the Divyang

Safety and privacy to be taken care of in deciding the design and loca on
Toilet to be accessible during all weather
condi ons, especially in heavy rains or
flooding
Support may be provided through gram
panchayat funds and easy availability of
materials
Sensi za on of divyang users, their
families and community members Toilet for Divyang
Grab bar for Divyang Ramps and rails for Divyang
8.5 Retrofitting of toilets

Toilets need to be retrofi ed or repaired to fix technical aberra ons, if any, to
manage safe disposal of excreta and to make them user-friendly so as to ensure
sustained use of toilets.
Why toilets need to be retrofitted/repaired/ newly constructed

Helps in resolving typical technical aberra ons regarding junc on, connec ng
pipes, vents, chamber, pits that are too deep or shallow, cemented bo om of
44
pit, distance between pits, pit
close to water source, adding
al
nu lets
Sa ldren
soak pits, conver ng single pits
ch
i
fe
n
Co of to
i
dis ’s fae
to twin pits, etc.
e
us
po
sal ces
Provides barrier-free access to
of
Divyang.
Helps in repairing and fixing
W Main components
damaged parts of the toilet. as
h
wi ing of ODF
f
th ha
Helps in adap ng to the local so nd yo
soil type, land topography and ap s b ilit ilets
aila to
climate. Av r for
te
wa
8.6 Maintenance of
toilet facilities
Inadequate maintenance of
sanita on facili es may lead Unsustainable
to temporary or permanent use of
sanita on Monitoring
breakdown of the facility and facili es and follow up
hamper its sustainable use,
especially in case of community
and ins tu onal toilets.
O&M
This issue may be addressed Lack of Inadequate
ownership number
through: of service
providers
Community awareness and
IEC ac vi es on above issues, Lack of
system and
including s gma around pit technical
emptying informa on
Appointment of a caretaker
or service provider
Annual budget for maintenance of community, ins tu onal and shared
toilets, or levying of user charges
Integrated Women Sanita on Complex in Paraniputhur Panchayat in
Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, is managed by user groups of 39 families.
45
Toilet for children Washing area
The complex has eight toilets, three bathing rooms, one western closet toilet
for Divyang and pregnant women, two latrines for small children and one
room for a motor. An amount of Rs. 60 per month is collected from each family
for daily maintenance. Electricity charges are paid by the panchayat and the
woman caretaker is paid Rs. 1,000 for cleaning and maintaining the complex and
premises.
Resources for construction, retrofitting, repairing and

maintaining toilet facilities at household and institutional
levels.
a. Department of Drinking Water and SanitaƟon
b. State Government funds specifically for O&M
c. UnƟed funds from:
i. Finance Commission (FC): up to 10 per cent of total alloca on to gram
panchayat
ii. Own resources: tax, fees, charges, penal es, royalty from minor forest
produce collec on and minerals for gram panchayats in PESA, etc.
iii. External resources: Corporate social responsibility (CSR), FC and others
iv. Rogi Kalyan Sami funds of MoHFW: These can be used in mee ng needs
of water and sanita on and solid waste management in health facili es
46
Ensure that all households in the panchayat have access to a safe and
func oning toilet which is used and maintained properly.
Ensure that all ins tu onal toilets (schools, anganwadis, primary health
centres, etc.) are safe, func onal and maintained properly.
Make provisions to ensure that new homes and ins tu ons have toilets.
Mo vate households to retrofit and repair toilets to
correct technical aberra ons.
Work out a system for periodical emptying
of the pit, manage faecal sludge and
maintain FSM facili es.
Support monitoring commi ees such
as nigrani sami s in their work.
Mobilize funds for repair/retrofi ng/
improvement and O&M of toilets.
Conduct IEC ac vi es to ensure that
the ODF status of the village/GP is
sustained.
Do all households in the gram panchayat have access to

toilets and is everyone using the toilets at all mes?
Do all ins tu ons in the panchayat have access to

adequate toilets that are maintained properly?
Checkpoints
Do all public places have access to adequate toilets that

are maintained properly?
Do all persons with disabili es have accessible

household toilet facili es?
Do all sanita on facili es get adequate water on a

sustainable basis?
Has everyone from the community adopted safe

hygiene prac ces?
47
CHAPTER 9
SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE

MANAGEMENT (SLWM)
9.1. Why waste management?

Environmental sanita on is important to improve the quality of life of the rural
popula on. Appropriate management of solid waste and liquid waste, generated
locally, helps in improving the overall cleanliness, health condi ons, sanita on
and hygiene. Though the solid and liquid waste generated in rural areas is
predominantly organic and biodegradable, it has become a major challenge
in terms of environment cleanliness and of late emerging as a threat to public
health.
The waste generated, if not treated and managed scien fically, adversely affects
public health and the environment.
What is waste?
Waste
Waste is any item beyond use in its current form and is discarded
as unwanted. It can be solid or liquid with respec ve management
methods.
Solid waste
Organic and inorganic materials produced from households,
commercial and industrial establishments that have no value to the
owner are defined as garbage or solid wastes. Any waste other than
human excreta, urine and waste water is called solid waste.
Liquid waste
Used and unwanted water is called waste water or liquid waste.
48
9.2 Why should gram panchayat make arrangements
for waste management?
1. The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) campaigns have led most Indian
villages to become ODF. The next big step is to move towards sustaining
the achievements made so far and focusing on solid and liquid waste
management, which is ODF plus.
2. Rural sanita on is one of the areas earmarked for local bodies under the
Eleventh Schedule of the Cons tu on and the same is elaborated in the
Cons tu on (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992.
3. Gram panchayats have the power to decide what kind of a waste
management system will be technically sound, economically non-in mida ng
and socially acceptable.
4. As local government ins tu ons, gram panchayats should endeavour to
provide all their residents with a clean and liveable environment.
9.3 What are the types of waste generated in a gram

panchayat?
Solid waste
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable Hazardous
Vegetables, ca le Recyclable Non-recyclable CFL, ba eries,

dung, garden and etc.
food le over,
agriculture waste
Paper, Mul -layer

plas c, packaging thermocol,
metal fibre reinforced plas c,
and glass tetrapack, rubber,
menstrual pads, etc.
49
9.4 Biodegradable solid waste management

Rural India generates enormous quan es of biowaste comprising kitchen
le overs, animal waste, crop residue, discarded fruits and vegetables. Presently,
a very large propor on of this gets disposed in unsafe and value destroying
ways that include burning crop residues, throwing animal waste into local water
bodies, etc. This leads to adverse environmental health and economic impacts
including wide-ranging air pollu on due to crop burning.
Biodegradable compost as fertilizer

Compost is a good soil condi oner which enriches soil, helps to retain
moisture and suppress plant diseases and pests.
It reduces the need for chemical fer lizers.
It encourages the produc on of beneficial bacteria and fungi that breakdown
organic ma er to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material.
9.5 GOBAR-DHAN (Galvanizing Organic Bio Agro

Resources Dhan)
GOBAR-DHAN Scheme under the SLWM Component of SBM (G) is to ensure
cleanliness in villages by conver ng
biowaste including animal waste,
kitchen le overs, crop residue and
market waste into biogas and compost
to improve the lives of villagers. This
will provide economic and resource
benefits to farmers and households.
Biogas plant*
Gas outlet pipe
75º 115 115
1,000
Plinth level 75 M 75
200 O
G.L. 75
300 75
L 170 x T1
115
Ini al slurry level Outlet tank 115
opening N
R1
600
300 ASB/CEM pipe F

R2
E A K
'T' masonry H S 600
300
Minimum 'P' thick 75 115
B 600 75
cement concrete Digester tank
C 115
I
150 Q D Q
All dimensions are in mm
Solid State Deenbandhu Biogas Plant (75 HRT)

* Business model is indica ve and may be modified as per local context and need.
50
Four models*
The following four models are recommended for implementa on under the
scheme and shall be eligible for incen ve.
Model A Model B Model C Model D
Bulk waste
Any eligible
Gram panchayat SHG federation generator/
enterprise
entrepreneur
Support by technical Support by technical Engaging a technical Own/lease land
agency agency agency if no Waste from
Lease land/GP Own/lease/ GP land experience project villages
land Mandatory collec on Own land/ lease or other
Mandatory of waste from project land
collec on of villages Mandatory
waste from collec on of waste
project villages from project
villages
Supplies to the Supplies to village at Self-consump on/ Sells output
village at cost/ cost/ commercial sale/ supplies to to fuel
commercial sale/ buy-back village at cost/ companies
buy-back commercial sale/
buy-back
Incentive:
100% plant cost 75% plant cost or as 50% plant cost No financial
or as per SBM(G) per SBM(G) SLWM or as per SBM(G) incen ve
SLWM slab slab (indicated below), SLWM slab,
(indicated below), whichever is less. Plant whichever is less. States
whichever is less. serving GPs with total facilitated
Plant serving GPs funds available: Plant serving GPs purchase
with total funds with total funds or buy-back
available: – 150 households – 3.5 available: through PSUs
lakh
– 150 households – 150 households No role of GoI
– 3.5 lakh – 300 households – 6 – 2.8 lakh
lakh
– 300 households – 300 households
– 6 lakh – 500 households – 7.5 – 4.8 lakh
lakh
– 500 households – 500 households
– 7.5 lakh – > 500 households – 10 – 6 lakh
lakh
– > 500 – > 500
households – 25% of incen ve paid in households – 8
10 lakh advance, at the me of lakh
DWSC approval
Back-ended
Balance paid one month incen ve
a er plant is opera onal
51
25% of incen ve 20% of total incen ve 20% of total

paid in advance, released usable for incen ve released
at the me of payment to technical usable for payment
DWSC approval agency as turnkey fee to technical agency
as turnkey fee
Balance paid one
month a er plant
is opera onal
20% of total
incen ve
released usable
for payment to
technical agency
as turnkey fee
9.6 Technologies of biodegradable waste management
0.8m deep
Underground lined manure Overground brick lined

pit garbage compost pit
Vermi composting Biogas
52
9.7 How to manage biodegradable waste at village level
On priority, solid waste should be managed at the household level for zero or
minimum waste genera on at the community level. In cases where it is difficult
to manage at the household level, it needs to be transported to community bins
or treatment plants. Solid waste management includes the following key steps.
Identify households and bulk waste generators (hostel,

STEP market, marriage halls, etc.) and quantify waste
1
generated
Village resolution on biodegradable waste and

STEP cattle dung
2
Mandatory waste segrega on at source
Mandatory ca le dung management
STEP Conveyance plan

3
Village may develop conveyance plan to collect waste
from households and bulk generator regularly
STEP A. Biodegradable processing plan

4
Household with ca le must either feed biodegradable waste
to the ca le or mix with the ca le dung for compos ng
Households without ca le are encouraged to have on-site
compost pits
Village level vermicompos ng units may be implemented
for remaining households and bulk generators
B. Cattle dung processing plan

Dung pits may be built or covered from all sides including
bo om to prevent run-off
Biogas unit may be established with support from GOBAR-
DHAN scheme
53
C. Non-biodegradable processing plan

Create a storage place and store non- biodegradable and
hazardous waste in separate closed bags/bins
Stored waste will be collected by the nearest material
recovery facility periodically
STEP A. Identify revenue sources

5
Waste collec on fee
Sale of compost
Determine
suitable Village funds
business
model B. Identify operational costs
Collec on cost
O&M cost of compost pits and storage of
non -biodegradable waste
Other management costs
C. Decide business model
Fee structures for above poverty line (APL)/ below

poverty line (BPL) families
Management of solid waste by village itself or
outsourced
Quick facts: Biogas plant

Lambra Kangri
Capacity: 100 m3
630 families
Households providing dung: 33
2,610 Animals generaƟng dung: 200
population
Daily dung collecƟon: 2500 kg
1,833
memberships Average consumpƟon of gas by one family: 1.5 m3 – 2 m3
OperaƟng gas connecƟons: 44
Gas u liza on: 6 hrs/household
54
Vet projects and verify the background – proposed land, police
verifica on, financial records, etc.
Encourage strong IEC for community uptake of waste segrega on.
Ensure gram sabha resolu on to adopt the project based on the proposal
submi ed by the agency/organiza on.
Create awareness on segrega on of waste at the source
of genera on.
Ensure convergence of schemes,
programmes, funding for the execu on
of the SLWM projects.
Ensure effec ve and con nuous
monitoring of the schemes
implemented in villages and gram
panchayat.
Does the panchayat know the total quan ty of waste

generated in the GP?
Did the gram panchayat analyse the present status of solid
and liquid waste management in the community?
Has the community been made aware of the different ways
Checkpoints
of managing waste at household and community levels?

Has the gram sabha approved the ac on plan?
Has the ac on plan been integrated in the GPDP?
Are funds available for the ac on plan?
Has the gram panchayat been able to implement the SLWM
ac on plan?
Have the line departments and technical experts been
consulted?
55
Case study: Biogas plant in Hoshiarpur
Lambra Kangri is a village in Hoshiarpur, Punjab, with a popula on of 2,610,

having average rainfall condi ons and high water table. The ‘Lambra Kangri
Mul purpose Co-opera ve Service Society’ operates a biogas plant based on
a modified Janta Model.
Biogas plant technology

All plant components are underground and the area above the plant is
being developed as a park. The plant has a capacity of 100m3 and has been
func onal since 2 years.* The plant runs on 2,500 kg waste (household
solid waste/animal waste/slaughter waste/agro waste) generated from
33 households and 200 ca le/hens/pigs, etc. The plant is operated with
technical guidance for installa on and opera on from Biogas Development
Training Centre (BDTC), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
Process/ operational procedure

The society collects waste from four villages every morning, which is
segregated into three categories – domes c organic waste, recyclable waste
and cow dung/ animal waste. Cow dung collected from 33 households is
used as feed for the biogas plant. Households are paid Rs. 8/100kg of cow
dung. The collected dung is mixed with water and diverted into the digester
at the plant site. To maintain the op mum temperature in the digester during
winters, poultry waste is used in the digester along with cow dung.
56
Gas distribution system and cost
Biogas is supplied to 44 households through a piped network. Users are
charged at a rate of Rs. 270/35.5m3 of gas. The cost of biogas supplied
ranges from Rs. 6 to Rs. 10 per unit based on consump on. Greater the
consump on of biogas by a family, lesser is the cost accrued on them.
Biogas is also provided to one of the schools in the area to support the
Midday Meal programme without any user charges.
The capital cost of a plant is 33 lakh for biogas plant, park development,
distribu on network, metering and collec on system. An addi onal
amount of Rs. 11,000–12,000 is paid to the employees.
Innovative measures:
Right pricing of waste collec on, gas distribu on and slurry management
has led to the financial success of the project. Recording systems like mobile
app and gas metering system for monitoring waste collec on and biogas
u liza on respec vely ensure transparency. Incen ve structure based on
the quan ty of gas consumed is also a major aspect in changing people’s
behaviour towards choosing biogas as a cooking fuel over LPG. Cost benefit
has added to the success of the plant.
*As of July 2019
57
CHAPTER 10
PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
10.1 Introduction
In spite of lack of reliable data on the volume and mix of plas c waste in
rural areas, it is becoming increasingly clear that plas cs pose significant
environmental and health challenges in rural communi es. The open burning of
plas cs results in emission of carcinogenic gases. Lack of segrega on of plas cs
waste, absence of organized systems of collec on and efficient aggrega on, poor
economic value of low-grade (thin) and single-use plas cs and the livelihoods
associated with plas cs’ produc on have been the key challenges.
10.2 Methods of processing plastic waste
Description Process Advantages/

Disadvantages
Recycling
Recycling is the combina on of Select suitable Reduces the use of

several technologies carried out on waste scrap oil
waste/discarded plas c for recycling / Helps to extend
Reduces genera on of secondary reprocessing the lifespan of
products Segregate plas c remaining fossil fuel
Allows recovery of raw material as per the reserves
from waste for a purpose Bureau of Indian
that would otherwise require Standards (BIS)
consump on of new resources guideline codes
Wash before
shredding,
agglomerate,
extrude and
granulate
58
Disadvantages
Manual sor ng Baling

Requires less energy
Collec on than making fresh
plas c (Plas c
breaks down slowly
Crushing
PLASTIC BOTTLES AND FLASKS in a landfill and less
slowly in oceans,
End products
but in either case
they s ll take a
Washing
Semi-finite
products
Regenera on
long me up to
1,000 years in some
cases.)
Incineration
The most effec ve way to reduce Directly burns Efficient way to

the volume of solid waste is to waste in the reduce waste
burn it in a properly designed (fully presence of volume and demand
contained) and opera ng condi on. excess air for landfill space
The complete process is called (oxygen) at Allows recovery of
incinera on temperature energy/fuel from
about 800ºC and heat genera on
above (Note that low
Liberates heat quality incinerators
energy, inert do not burn waste
gases and ash completely and so
BURNING ASH TOXIC GASES release poisonous
gases)
59

Disadvantages
Landfilling
Landfilling is the means of disposing Plas cs degrade in a Reduces possibili es

of waste under the soil cover landfill, through the for recovery of
process of physical any secondary raw
or chemical change materials or energy for
in plas c polymer further use
due to several
environmental
factors, viz.,
sunlight, moisture,
temperature,
biological ac vity,
etc.
Polymer blended bitumen roads
This is a process of road laying using Cleaned and Avoids leakage of

waste plas cs dried plas c is polymer from the
shredded in to bitumen layer, even
Construction of Polymer (Plastics) Coated Bitumen Road
small pieces a er laying the road
Aggregate is using a waste plas c-
Plas c waste collec on, Cleaning & drying of Shredding plas c waste into
segrega on & storage plas c waste required size (2 to 4 mm)
heated to 165ºC bitumen-aggregate mix
in mini hot mix Waste plas c
The coated aggregate
is mixed with hot
Shredded polymer waste (5-
10% w/w) is added to heated
Stone aggregate
(granite, ceramic) plant polymer-bitumen
bitumen at temperature stone aggregate for 30-40 sec heated to around
ranges from
155°C-163°C
and mixed for uniform coa ng
at surface of aggregate
160°C-170°C
Shredded plas c reduces the
The mix (composite) know as waste plas c-aggregate-
is added to the bleeding of bitumen
bitumen mix (130°C-140°C). This composite is used for road
laying at temperature between 110°C-130°C
hot mix. The during the summer.
plas c gets Fly ash does not
so ened and leach from this
coated over the mixture
surface of the
aggregate, giving
an oily look
60
10.3 How to manage plastic waste at the district/ block
level
The following steps may be carried out in conjunc on with the district.
Step 1: Clustering of villages

Cluster villages for a minimum popula on of one lakh or 1 ton of waste per
day.
Iden fy an appropriate site in the cluster to develop material recovery facility
(MRF) and a sanitary landfill for reuse (non-recyclable and inert).
Step 2: Conveyance and processing plan

Develop a conveyance plan to periodically collect waste from the storage
point in each village.
Factor in parameters such as road access, distance, type of vehicle, quan ty
of waste will determine conveyance plan.
Build a MRF of appropriate size and with all required equipment at block and
district levels.
Implement a standard opera ng procedure for the MRF to ensure quality of
recyclables.
Empanel vendors and periodically sell recyclable wastes.
Send inert and non-recyclable wastes for appropriate disposal to cement
factories or other such thermal units, district biomedical waste incinerators or
sanitary landfills.
Step 3 Determine a suitable business model

Identify revenue sources:
Sell recyclable products
District funds
Identify operation costs:
Include collec on cost O&M costs of MRF and sanitary landfill
Other management costs
61

Conduct an assessment of plas c waste collec on ac vi es in the GP/
villages.
Create community awareness for plas c waste and its impact on health
and environment in the villages.
Ensure plas c waste collec on at source and segrega on.
Ensure safety and dignity of persons involved in the

process of collec on and segrega on with
the use of proper equipment such as
gloves, etc.
Ensure provision for plas c waste

collec on, and its safe transporta on
to an MRF in ac on plans regarding
arrangements.
Plastic use can be controlled by applying 4Rs of waste

management.
Checkpoints
Reduce: Carry your own cloth or paper bags. Avoid

products with lots of plas c packaging, etc.
Reuse: Reuse plas c jars, bo les or containers for storage
Recycle: Recycle plas c into storage bo les, toys, buckets

and other usable items
Recover: Use of waste as fuel subs tute
62
Case study: Plastic waste management in Dhansura taluka
In July 2011, a special drive was launched to convert Dhansura taluka,

Sabarkantha district, Gujarat, into a ‘plas c-free’ taluka with the coopera on
of block and village panchayats. A workshop and IEC ac vi es were
organized to orient and sensi ze all key stakeholders of 33 GPs of the block
on the issues related to plas c waste and its impact on the environment
and human life. A resolu on was passed in the gram sabha to end the
dumping of li er, including plas c waste, in public places and along roads,
urging ci zens to instead collect plas c at the household level and sell it to
authorized local scrap vendors at the rate of Rs. 3 per kg. Local traders were
iden fied by each GP and approved to buy plas c waste at a rate of Rs. 3
per kg from villagers. The resale price that such vendors would obtain from
a taluka scrap vendor would be Rs. 4 per kg. As a result, in Dhansura taluka,
every GP is more or less free from plas c waste and looks very clean. This
campaign created public awareness about the adverse impact of plas c
waste on humans and animals. All households were made aware of e safe
disposal of plas c waste and how it generates small income.
Average 1 ton of recycled plastic saves 16.3 barrels of petrol.

Recycling of 1 ton plastic waste save 5,774 kilowatt hours of electricity.
Source: h ps://mdws.gov.in/pathway-success-compendium-best-prac ces-rural-sanita on-india
63
CHAPTER 11
LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT –

GREYWATER
11.1 What is liquid waste?

Water ‘wasted’ as a result of various human ac vi es at home, in businesses or
in industries is called liquid waste. In other words, “used and unwanted water
generated during household or commercial ac vi es is called liquid waste.”
11.2 Type (nature) of liquid waste
Blackwater: Water
from toilets /
Blackwater contaminated with
faecal ma er and
high in pathogen
concentra on
DomesƟc waste
water
Greywater: All other
waste water (from
Greywater kitchen, bathroom,
Liquid clothes wash, vessel
waste / waste washing )
water
Commercial
waste water Waste water from
1. Small scale
industries
2. Hotels
3. Hospitals
4. Slaughter houses
5. Laundries
64
11.3 How much waste water is generated in a household?
Household
water
consumption
activities
Total waste
water
generated
out of fresh
water –
65–75%
Source: Grey Water Management in Rural India, Solid and Liquid Waste Management, Ministry of
Drinking Water
11.4 Basic principles of greywater management

1. 3 Rs:
Reduce: Judicious use of fresh water, which will result in genera on of
minimum quan ty of greywater
 Reuse: Reuse of greywater for purposes such as kitchen garden, vehicle
washing, toilet flushing, etc.
 Recharge: Recharge of groundwater with greywater by adop ng
technologies such as soak pits, leach pits, etc.
2. Separa on of blackwater (if any) and greywater
3. Reuse of greywater to the maximum possible extent
4. Treatment of greywater at the nearest possible point from the point of
genera on (adop on of decentralized systems)
65
66
11.5 Household level & community level management options for greywater
Technological options for greywater management

Technology Description Design consideration Advantages Limitations
Household level
Kitchen garden with/ without piped With this The design of a Simple, cost- Use of strong
root zone system methodology, kitchen garden may effec ve and detergent may
treated greywater be different for every environmental be harmful to the
Source of waste water
can be u lized to house depending friendly technology plants grown in the
grow vegetables, upon available space, kitchen garden
Nourishes growing
Lid flowers or fruits in quan ty of greywater
Inlet plants through Only suitable for
the courtyard of a and plant species
Oil Kitchen garden nutrients contained management of
Outlet house intended to be grown.
in the waste water small quan es of
The waste water must
Applicable to waste water
U trap Brick works pass through a nhani Prevents water
Silt chamber houses with
trap or a ‘P’ trap to stagna on and Efficiency depends
adequate courtyard
remove impuri es and vector breeding on type of soil.
House owner may should be covered (E.g., Black co on
Negligible O&M
install the system with a suitable screen soil absorbs
to screen out solids costs x
with the help of a less water and
trained mason from the waste water. Avoids stagna on therefore soak
Addi onal provision of sullage as water pit will work
of a silt chamber is percolates in to the with minimum
also recommended to soil efficiency in such
remove organic and type of soil)
inert ma er.
Soak pit Soak pit technology First layer (bo om Prevents breeding Treated water not
is used to manage layer) – 30 cm height, of mosquitoes available for reuse
100 mm. Dia PIPE
sullage by allowing stones and aggregates and spread of due to percola on
percola on of of 100 – 150 mm size other waterborne
water in to the soil diseases
SOIL LAYER
Second layer (middle
300 mm
layer) - 30 cm height, Can help to
50-75 MM PEBBLES
stones and aggregates recharge
300 mm
of 75 - 100 mm size groundwater to
75-100 MM PEBBLES some extent in the
300 mm Third layer (top layer)
- 25 cm height, stones long term
300 mm 100-150 MM PEBBLES
and aggregates of 50 -
1200 mm
75 mm size
SOAK PIT While filling the
Scale: 1:20 aggregates in the third
All dimensions are in mm and topmost layer of
25 cm thickness, a
perforated earthen
pot of 6-8” diameter
is kept in the centre of
the pit. In the next 15
cm of height of the pit
gunny bags, sand and
soil are filled to cover
the pit. This layer is
67
68
filled in such a manner

that the opening of the
earthen pot remains
exposed above the
ground. This earthen
pot is filled with
dry grass and other
filtra on material.
Community level
Stabiliza on pond Stabiliza on pond Three ponds are Minimizing fresh Requires large land
technology is used constructed. The first water demand area
for removal of pond in this series is for agriculture
Stabilization pond Construc on with
silt and solids in an anaerobic pond and and irriga on as
3-5 ft.
8-10 ft. 3-5 ft. Ferro cement
the waste water has a depth of 8-10 water treated in
(sullage/greywater) feet. Waste water from the stabiliza on needed in areas
Aerobic Pond
Facultative Pond
by allowing the the gu ers is ini ally pond can be used with deep black
stabiliza on of sullage collected in this pond for agriculture and co on soil strata
Aerobic Pond
to enhance reuse and and is kept here for 2 irriga on which increases
recycling of treated –5 days. the construc on
water cost
The second pond is a
faculta ve pond with
depth ranging from 3
–5 feet. Waste water
from first pond is
carried to second pond
and is kept here for
10–15 days.
The third pond is an

aerobic pond and has
a height in the range of
3–5 feet. Waste water
from second pond
is finally collected in
this tank. In this tank
through contact with
fresh air, oxygen and
sunlight, the water
becomes pathogen free.
Root zone bed technology (RZBT) RZBT system i.e., Root zone bed Simpler installa on Appropriate
planted filterbeds technology systems requirements technical support
consis ng of sand/ are biological required by the GP
Can tolerate
gravel/soil usage treatments that work
fluctua ons in flow Less water is
effec vely treats by the combined
domes c and ac ons of bacteria and available for
Prevents
industrial effluents in plants. They require recycling as waste
mosquitoes and water is consumed
a natural way advance treatment odours
through a sep c tank by the plants
Can be established Negligible
and the waste water Cleaning of
and maintained by the maintenance cost
that comes out is filter beds and
gram panchayat/Self- as less energy and
pumped to the root availability of
help group with the manpower required
bed by means of a labour required at
support of a technical for O&M
system pressurized the village level
person
69
70
tubes, where the water Less space

undergoes a treatment requirement than
process that is mainly that needed for
carried out by aerobic stabiliza on pond
microorganisms.
Decentralized waste water treatment system DEWATS technology DEWATS is a Cost-efficient Requires more land
(DEWATS) typically consist of technology package. as only locally Requires proper
a se ler, anaerobic In general, DEWATS available material maintenance
baffled sep c tank consists of a se ler, required
and filter bed anaerobic baffle tanks, Minimal O&M
of gravel, sand, filter beds of gravel required-Provides
planta on-beds and a and sand and an open treated water for
pond. The open pond pond. The open pond use in irriga on,
or the polishing tank or the polishing tank gardening, etc.
stores the remedied recreates a living
Allows energy
water and keeps it environment for the
available for reuse. waste water to clean recovery (like
itself naturally. biogas which can
Requires 5–6 skilled be used as fuel for
and unskilled cooking, ligh ng)
labourers supervised
Nutrient-rich sludge
by an engineer for
construc on including can be used as a
for the RCC work. natural fer lizer, soil
condi oner
It is a locally organized
Prevents
and people-driven
system. groundwater
pollu on from
long, leaking
underground sewer
systems
11.6 How to manage greywater
STEP 1 : Identify sources and quantities of greywater generated in the
village
Categorize waste genera on points according to household, common public
water points, water stagna ng areas, and drainage discharge points to
quan fy greywater generated.
STEP 2: Understand local conditions

Understand the terrain, groundwater level, flood occurrences, soil
permeability, sep c tank overflow into drains, treated water reuse poten al,
funds and skills available for O&M.
STEP 3: Greywater management plan

Develop a plan with appropriate mix of household and community soak pits
and greywater management systems such as waste stabiliza on ponds, reed
beds, DEWATS and others.
Design appropriate conveyance (drains, short pipes) system for each disposal
or management system as per the plan above.
Design all systems with technical support from district engineers and start
implementa on.

Create awareness among the community regarding mismanagement of
greywater-associated health issues.
Find funding sources for proper and scien fic waste water management.
Create awareness and train masons for soak pit construc on.
Monitor and follow-up con nuously for upkeep of the
assets created for waste water treatment.
Converge programmes and schemes for
be er u liza on of funds, manpower and
coordina on of various departments.
Train swachhagrahis for con nuous follow-
up and monitoring.
71
Case study: Community soak pit model for groundwater

recharging in rural areas of Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu
This is the first liquid waste

management model implemented in
the rural area of Tirunelveli district,
Tamil Nadu. The Andipa village
panchayat in Keelapavoor block,
which has around 200 households
and generates around 15,000 litres
greywater per day, was chosen for the
pilot. Here water was drained directly
into the barren lands of the villages,
crea ng many health and physical
issues.
The community soak pit model is a cost-effec ve and easily implementable

and eco-friendly solu on for the
GP.
For this, 59 MGNREGS workers

were employed in earth work for
21 days. The overall es ma on
for this unit is around Rs. 85,000
which is derived from MGNREGS
funds. A er the proper earth
work the filter medium of 40 mm
metal was filled. The concrete
rings were made using molds
which were placed in the centre
of the pit. The 20 mm metal and gravel were filled in the outside of the
rings and also the filter medium was filled inside the rings. Greywater from
the village is screened through the metal filter twice where the plas c and
other big solid par cles get se led. Water is let in to the pit where it gets
filtered through the solid filter medium and then goes underground.
72
Sustainability & replicability: This model has been func oning for six month*
in this village. In the beginning the village folk were fearful of reusing
greywater and so opposed They project. However, a er seeing the obvious
posi ve effects of the system, they are happy and have accepted this method
of greywater reuse.
*As of July 2019
73
CHAPTER 12
FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT
12.1 What is faecal sludge management?

Faecal sludge management (FSM) is the proper management, collec on,
transport and treatment of faecal sludge or the faecal ma er from single pit
latrines, sep c tanks or other on-site sanita on systems.
12.2 Why should faecal sludge be managed?

Single pits and sep c tanks do not treat the sludge within.
Households do not know the when or how of desludging.
When a single pit is full the toilet may be blocked, leading to open defeca on
(OD).
Overflows from filled-up sep c tanks and indiscriminate disposal of faecal
sludge cause spread of diseases and environmental pollu on.
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/Disposal
74
12.3 Suggestive measures for FSM
A number of actors are involved in managing faecal sludge in rural areas. These
include households, service providers for emptying pits and sep c tanks, service
providers for transport of faecal sludge to treatment sites, service providers for
treatment and disposal, GP, block and district government officials etc.
FSM should cover the following aspects:

i. Safe containment of faecal sludge: Toilets must be built and maintained in a
way that the pits or sep c tanks can contain faecal ma er safely. Toilets not
mee ng these requirements should be repaired.
ii. Safe and quality services: Quality standards for all steps like emptying of pits
or sep c tanks, transport of faecal sludge, treatment, disposal and reuse must
be standard and scien fic. Service providers should follow these standards, so
that there is no pollu on of the environment, soil or water.
iii. Health, safety and dignity of persons involved in emptying pits: Pits or sep c
tanks may be emp ed in a way that the persons emptying them do not
face any health or safety risks and are provided with safety equipment and
personal protec on gear.
iv. Equity for users: All households in the panchayat must be able to access the
FSM services. Poor and marginalized households who cannot afford these
services may need extra support and handholding from the panchayat.
12.4 What are the diverse ways to manage faecal

sludge?
a. For single leach pit toilets and sep c tanks: Once the pit/tank is full, it will
need the faecal sludge to be mechanically emp ed, safely transported and
safely disposed off.
b. For twin leach pit toilets: Once one pit is full, the pit should be kept closed
while the other pit is used. The pit is to be kept closed for at least a year.
A er that, the dried decomposed manure from faecal sludge can be emp ed,
dried, powdered and stored for use as agricultural fer lizer.
The summer season is recommended for emptying the sludge. It normally takes
6–7 years to fill a common standard pit if used by 5–6 members daily.
75
12.5 Technology for FSM

Collection and transportation
Vacutug or Vacuum tugs Gulper
MAPET Vacuum tanker
Technologies for treatment

80 cm
drainage
layer
outlet
drainage water, to treatment
Unplanted drying bed Planted drying bed
Reuse:
Composted sludge from these treatment
processes, being a nutrient-rich soil
condi oner, can be directly reused in
agriculture.
Deep row entrenchment
76
Steps for effective FSM
STEP 1: Know pits and tanks in the villages/GP
Know the number of single pits, sep c tanks
Know the typical size of the pits and tanks in the area
Sep c tanks must be desludged every 3–5 years
Pit can be desludged when full – approximately every 5–6 years
STEP 2: Retrofit (on-site) containment systems

All single pits
Convert to twin pit or vermi-filter toilet or toilet linked biogas plant
Sep c tanks without soak pit
Add soak pit and then move to FSM
STEP 3: Regulate desludging operators

Iden fy all operators in the area
Build capaci es and cer fy them
Licence their opera ons and introduce regula on
STEP 4: Plan faecal sludge treatment

OPTION 1: Dispose at the
OPTION 2: Plan a new rural FSTP
nearest STP/FSTP
Within a 10–15 km radius Iden fy suitable land
Determine a cluster of villages to be served
Obtain permission to
by the new rural FSTP, based on distance road
dispose at plant
access
Ascertain spare capacity Implement a trench for licensed operators to
of plant dispose of sludge temporarily
Iden fy a cluster of
villages from where sludge
Plan for FSTP of appropriate capacity
can be disposed at this
plant
Get all licensed operators
for those villages to Consult a technical agency /expert
dispose sludge at the plant
If successful, go to Step 5
77
STEP 5 : Determine your business model*

Identify revenue sources:
Desludging fee
Fee for disposing sludge at treatment plant by a private truck operator
Sale of treatment plant products such as manure, bioslurry, etc.
User fee, taxes, grants
Other sources – e.g., hoardings with adver sements at treatment plant
Determine operational costs:
Desludging costs
O&M of treatment plants
Costs of management
Decide business model
Fee structure for APL/BPL families

User pay per service versus monthly fee to GP
STEP 6 : Implement FSM

Implement desludging:
Devise plan for scheduled desludging

E.g., through a tender, assign an en re village to a licensed operator for
desludging every fourth year – recommended for disposal at exis ng STP
E.g., desludge a fixed number of households in a cluster every week to cover
the cluster In four years – recommended for disposal at a dedicated FSTP
Monitor license condi ons, customer grievance and disposal of sludge
Implement treatment plant:
Iden fy capital
Obtain permits
Float a tender for plant construc on
Build the plant
Outsource O&M to a local entrepreneur or CBO
Monitor untreated sludge disposal at the plant
78
Conduct an assessment of FSM ac vi es in the GP villages.
Promote conversion of single pit to twin pit toilet.
Create community awareness for FSM and promote its impact on health
and environment in the villages.
Ensure zero manual scavenging or manual emptying of pits in village.
Safety and dignity of persons involved in emptying of pits or desludging of
sep c tanks must be ensured.
Ensure arrangements for mechanical pit emptying,
safe transpor ng and safe disposal in
case of single pit and sep c tank are
provisioned in ac on plans.
Ensure rules and laws for handling
and disposal of faecal sludge are
followed.
Maintain contact list of entrepreneurs
providing FSM and O&M service.
79
Case study: The Devanahalli story on FSM
Around 90 per cent of the households (5,800

households) are equipped with individual toilets in Devanahalli through
a comprehensive FSM system conceived by the Devanahalli Municipal
Authority under the Government of Karnataka. The plant at Devanhalli
has the capacity to provide FSM to approximately 30,000 people. It is
a simple and low-cost O&M plant that uses the technology of gravity-
based biological treatment. The plant was commissioned with a capital
cost of Rs. 90 lakhs
and has an opera ng
cost of Rs. 24 lakhs
per year. The lifecycle
cost of the plant is as
low as Rs. 1,500 per
capita. The treatment
module comprises six
stages that include
screening, sludge–
liquid separa on,
sludge stabiliza on,
dewatering, disinfec on
and liquid treatment.
80
CHAPTER 13
MENSTRUAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

(MWM)
13.1 What is menstrual waste?

Menstrual waste comprises menstrual absorbents soiled with blood and human
ssue remnants. Menstrual adsorbents include cloth, sanitary napkins and
other materials used to absorb menstrual blood. Solid Waste Management
Rules (2016) consider menstrual waste as sanitary waste under solid waste
management.
Unsafe prac ces include throwing used cloth/menstrual waste material in open
areas such as ponds, rivers or fields, shallow burial or open burning or throwing
into toilets which results in blocking of the toilet are also considered as unsafe
prac ces.
13.2. What is menstrual waste management

Menstrual waste management (MWM) refers to the scien fic and safe disposal
of used menstrual absorbents with privacy and dignity to prevent harmful effects
on the environment.
Infrastructure with adequate water, cleaning agents and systems must be

provided for MWM.
The process of disposal and destruc on of used menstrual materials must be

done with minimal human contact and with minimal environmental pollu on.
It is important to provide safe menstrual waste disposal op ons and ensure that
girls and women know how to use them. General prac ce must evolve from
being unsafe to safe, as unsafe disposal is unacceptable.
81
Table: Overview of general disposal practices
Unsafe General practices

Throwing unwrapped waste or waste wrapped in plas c/
paper into fields, roo ops, water bodies, etc.
Throwing in latrines/toilets
Open burning
Shallow burial (burial in shallow pits)
Safe Throwing waste wrapped in paper/plas c bag into separate

dustbins
Deep burial for de compos ng
Burning in small-scale incinerators at the community or
school level in incinerators that meet quality standards set
by the government (seen more in rural areas)
Municipal waste management/burning in biomedical waste
incinerators (seen more in urban areas)
Case study: Menstrual waste management in Karnataka

With the primary aim of promo ng menstrual hygiene management
and reducing menstrual waste, Govt. of Karnataka launched the ‘Shuchi’
programme in 2013–2014. Under the programme, sanitary pads are
provided to girls:
Studying in classes 6–10, in all government and aided schools,

residen al schools
Students of classes 11 and 12, in government colleges
Residents of hostels run by Department of Social Welfare
Out-of-school adolescent girls, through anganwadi centres
‘Shuchi’ requires districts to monitor the awareness crea on on use
and disposal of sanitary pads. So far, several discrete and small scale
programmes have been established through anganwadi supervisors, NGOs.
Shuchi pads are 80 per cent biodegradable, made from co on and wood
pulp. Within 6 months 80 per cent of the pad disintegrates but 20 per cent
plas c is s ll a menace.
82
Use IEC materials and facilita on on MWM to communicate and train
women and girls.
Provide women-friendly water and sanita on infrastructure, disposal
system and hygienic materials, especially in schools, ins tu ons, public
places, etc.
Monitor interven ons and set up a system of supervision.
Strive to provide women and adolescent girls with
appropriate facili es, such as separate toilets at
schools and health facili es; access to a dustbin
within/near the toilets; and access to
safe menstrual absorbents.
Link with other services and
government departments, such
as health, nutri on, educa on,
to ensure the provision of safe
menstrual hygiene products,
informa on and waste management
solu ons.
83
CHAPTER 14
FUNDS MANAGEMENT FOR WATER AND

SANITATION FACILITIES IN A VILLAGE
14.1 Convergence
To carry out responsibili es related to the provision and maintenance of water
and sanita on facili es, the GP has to converge resources from various available
sources including exis ng government schemes and programmes and ensure
op mal use of the available funds. For example, funds available with GPs can be
used to hire safai karamcharis (sanita on workers) for schools.
Integration with Central and State Government schemes

The sarpanch, along with gram panchayat and gram sabha, is responsible for
developing the GPDP to meet the needs and aspira ons of the communi es.
It provides the resource envelope of various financial resources including own
funds, various central/state government scheme funds, finance commission
funds. Similarly, other sectoral schemes can be tapped into by formula ng an
ac on plan at the district / GP level.
84
14.2 Swachh credit
Sustaining sanita on facili es is crucial for achieving the goal of Swachh Bharat.
Along with behaviour change, financial support is also necessary for sustainable
use of sanita on facili es and for this, significant local investments will be
needed.
Sanitation Water
Upgrada on / Capital and maintenance costs for

retrofi ng of toilets last-mile water supply schemes
Renova on or Crea on and maintenance of
construc on of toilets rainwater harves ng
SLWM infrastructure Crea on of groundwater recharge
infrastructure
Piped water
connec ons Development of localized water
treatment solu ons
Local water quality
ini a ves Rainwater harves ng structures
14.3 Key provisions under Swachh Credit

Commercial banks may provide easy credit in the form of “so -loans” to
individuals and communi es (preferably through SHGs or GPs) for specific
water and sanita on ini a ves.
Interest subven on of 2 per cent may be considered for so loans made
towards the water and sanita on sector. DDWS will a empt to include this
in its budgetary outlay.
Credit guarantee schemes may be provided for MSME loans in water and
sanita on through ins tu ons like NABARD and SIDBI.
85

A. Place water and sanita on facili es in the priority list to ensure:
a. Access to water and sanita on facili es in household and ins tu ons,
such as, schools, anganwadis, health centres, GP buildings, etc.
b. Augmenta on of water sources
c. O&M of community assets created
B. Converge with various financial resources from the GPDP resource
envelope such as:
a. GP’s own funds including water tariff, drainage fees, sanita on taxes,
etc.
b. Central Finance Commission funds
c. State Finance Commission funds
d. Jal Jeevan Mission and SBM (G) funds
e. Swachhata Ac on Plan provisions in school, separate from health
facili es
f. State-specific funds for water and sanita on and its O&M
g. Schemes of related central/state line departments, such as
MGNREGS, PESA, IWMP, GOBAR-DHAN, NRHM, school educa on,
district mineral funds, etc.,
h. Member of Parliament and Member of the
Legisla ve Assembly Local Area Development
(MPLAD and MLALAD) funds
i. Corporate social responsibility
funds
j. Community contribu ons or
levies
k. Funds received through
awards, loans, if any
l. Any other un ed funds devolved
to GP
86
Case study: Financing for water and sanitation in Maharashtra
Water and sanita on financing is an ini a ve implemented collabora vely

by UNICEF and water.org on a pilot basis in 17 blocks across six districts in
Maharashtra: Thane, Solapur, Wardha, Nandurbar, Jalna and Yavatmal,
The objec ve of this pilot project is to develop a sustainable and rapidly
scalable financing model to support and sustain water and sanita on
facili es. In order to offer financing to low-income households for toilets
and other sanita on needs, it currently aligns ins tu ons such as State
Rural Livelihood Mission (MSRLM), MAVIM as well as district and block-level
SHG microfinance and alterna ve banking ins tu ons. The programme
is being implemented effec vely in many villages. At present, six water
and sanita on products are promoted through this ini a ve: rainwater
harves ng, water filters, household toilet upgrada on, household water
connec ons, household bathrooms and household toilets. The total demand
recorded in the project area in the period of seven months, from July 2018
to January 2019, is 13,543 applica ons, while the total amount disbursed
for the completed works is Rs. 1,61,27,700.
Source: Water.org
I am a member of Jeevdayini
SHG in Savroli and a recipient
of a loan from Roshani VO. I
am happy that MAVIM, MSRLM
and water.org helped us get
this loan well on me. We have
used it for repairing, plastering,
colouring and flooring of our
toilet. The toilet is usable
again. Regular toilet usage is
contribu ng to health and well-
being for me and my family.
– Ms. Anita Pawar, SHG member and a resident of Savroli,

Shahapur block, Thane
87
CHAPTER 15
INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND

COMMUNICATION
15.1 Introduction
To achieve the goal of safe sustainable water and sanita on facili es for all
in rural India, it is cri cal to influence key behaviours and encourage the
par cipa on of families and communi es. This will inculcate a sense of
ownership with regard to water and sanita on facili es. However, behaviour
change is a complex process and is determined by mul ple social, cultural,
economic and environmental factors. To bring about change it is important to
understand the barriers that stop people from adop ng new behaviours; the
triggers that would get people to start/adopt new behaviours; and the ways that
will mo vate people to maintain their new behaviours.
IEC supports in enriching knowledge and skills of individuals and communi es to

understand the benefits of hygiene prac ces and empowers them to manage,
maintain and sustain their drinking water sources and clean environment.
IEC interven ons also help in influencing and mobilizing communi es to
adopt hygiene prac ces and engage in planning, implementa on, opera on,
maintenance and management of water and sanita on in their villages.
15.2 Key themes for messaging by PRI/sarpanch

Safe sanita on
Water security
Faecal sludge
management
SANITATION
Water conserva on
WATER
Solid and liquid

water management THEMES
Water safety
Plas cs
O&M of water
Menstrual waste supply schemes
management
88
15.3 Key messages which sarpanches can use
Water
Water security Water safety Water O&M of water

conservation supply scheme
Importance What is safe Importance GP/ community

of safe and water of water as contribu on for
adequate water a precious O&M
Health benefits
for be er health resource and its
of safe water Value and
judicious use
Importance of pay for water
Safe storage
sustaining water Avoid misuse for long-term
and handling
resources and wastage of durability of the
of water at
water water supply
Cleanliness of household level
scheme
water bodies/ no Rainwater
Regular tes ng
waste disposal in harves ng / Ownership
of water
water bodies harvest every of schemes
sources
drop by protec ng
Maintain
infrastructure
cleanliness Revive
from damages
around the source tradi onal
and the
and in catchment methods
area of water
conserva on
Water scheme
details and their
relevance
Promote
shramdaan
Promote
household
connec ons
Promote paying
of water tax and
inform about cost
of safe water
89
Sanitation
Sanitation SLWM Plastics Menstrual waste FSM

and hygiene management
practices
Toilet use by all Different Say no to Do not throw Break

at all mes ways of plas cs used cloth/ taboos
managing menstrual around pit
All children Reduce:
organic and waste material emptying
from age 3 Carry your
inorganic in open areas,
onwards must own cloth Set up a
solid waste like ponds,
learn how to or paper system for
rivers, fields,
use a toilet Proper bags. periodic
shallow burial;
for defeca on disposal of Avoid emptying
Do not prac se
with guidance waste water products of pits
open burning
from a with a lot
Reuse of or throwing Desludging
caregiver of plas c
greywater into toilets of sep c
packaging
Child feces to which results in tanks
be disposed Reuse: blocking of the
toilet Safe FSM
safely in a Reuse
toilet plas c
Ensure that
jars,
Handwashing the process of
bo les or
with soap disposal and
containers
at cri cal destruc on of
for
mes – a er used menstrual
storage.
defeca on, materials is
before food Recycle: done with
Recycle minimal human
Maintain and contact and
plas c
keep toilets with minimal
into
clean and environmental
storage
func onal pollu on
bo les,
Retrofit and toys,
repair toilets buckets
if there are and other
technical usable
aberra ons items
Inform about Recover:

availability Use of
of alternate waste
financing for as fuel
sanita on subs tute
90
Nigrani and follow-up triggering
Nigrani ac vity is a very crucial IEC interven on for sustaining behaviour change
on ODF S and ODF plus. PRIs/sarpanches can mobilize trained swachhagrahis and
volunteers from the community for conduc ng early morning visits to common
OD spots in the village and to follow up a er the triggering with a reinforcement
of the message.
Role of swachhagrahis in IEC context for ODF plus programme

and JJM
Swachhagrahis con nue to be the frontline human resource for taking forward
IEC interven ons in GPs to sustain behaviour on safe sanita on and hygiene.
Swachhagrahis may be used for facilita ng discussion on sustaining ODF S and
promo ng ODF plus ac vi es. A mechanism to paying an honorarium to the
swachhagrahis may be laid down as per the SBMG Guidelines, using IEC funds.
They may be paid as per the laid guidelines for this purpose.
Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) & JJM

The role of PRIs and gram sarpanches is very crucial in SSG for improving the
score in the swachhata survey. Through their visionary leadership and planning,
sarpanches may mobilize and mo vate community members/swachhagrahis/
key stakeholders through IEC interven ons (listed earlier). Similar interven ons
would also be helpful for implemen ng ac vi es under JJM or other campaigns
from me to me.

A sarpanch plays a cri cal role championing issues of water and sanita on and
being the role model for the community. The key role is that of an advocate,
mo vator, influencer and enabler suppor ng people in understanding core
water sanita on and hygiene issues and ac ng upon them.
A. Community engagement
Trigger and mobilize communi es on water and
sanita on issues.
Have regular interac ons and mee ngs with families
and community on water and sanita on.
Mobilize teachers and school children to conduct water
sanita on theme events in schools.
91
Organize water and sanita on thema c gram sabhas and VHNDs, rallies,
melas, bringing high visibility to water and sanita on issues.
Reach every sec on of the community, to mo vate and mobilize for
shramdaan and other voluntary ac vi es. Gain their par cipa on in planning,
implemen ng and management processes.
B. Build a skilled team of influencers and mobilizers in addition to

swachhagrahis
Create a team from within the community to act as community messengers.
They may communicate effec vely, ini ate dialogue on the issues and
influence the decision-making processes at village level. They can be GP
members/ ward members; swachhagrahis/jal doots; village-level frontline
workers: AWWs, ASHA, gram sevaks, volunteers; SHGs/CBOs/ins tu ons;
youth.
Facilitate their capacity-building in community mobiliza on, interpersonal
communica on and conduc ng of IEC ac vi es.
C. Create an enabling environment for planning and implementation of IEC

activities
Facilitate development of village-level IEC plans that get integrated with the
ac on plans of water and sanita on.
Ensure village IEC plan has alloca on of resources.
Coordinate and facilitate logis cs for organiza on of IEC events in the village
as per plan.
Ensure availability of IEC resources such as pamphlets, leaflets, posters flex
boards, IPC tools, etc.
Coordinate with district administra on for facilita ng IEC ac vi es.
Felicitate village level water and sanita on champions at community events
and func ons.
D. Monitoring
Ensure village-level teams a end capacity-building programmes.
Ensure front-line workers/swachhagrahis effec vely implement
communica on interven ons with regular community mee ngs and home
visits.
Ensure IEC ac vi es are implemented as planned and on me.
92
Case study: Using IEC to promote ODF plus and ODF S
To ensure con nued reminders and nudges for toilet use by all and solid
waste management go out to the community, a massive IEC campaign on
ODF plus and ODF S was launched by DDWS, Ministry of Jal Shak . The two-
month campaign started on 1 June 2019, focussing on awareness crea on
through four simple messages: two on sustaining usage of toilets and one
each on safe disposal of child feces and
solid waste management. Messages have
been painted on the walls of the villages
and at available public spaces to reiterate
the message of swachhata using SBM
(G) IEC budget. Apart from the messages
on wall pain ngs, a board declaring the
village ODF status is to be put up in each
ODF village to ins ll a feeling of pride
among the villagers and inspire them to
keep the village clean. The expecta on
is that at the end of the campaign every
village in the crountry will have these
pain ngs. Several states have started
implementa on.
93
CHAPTER 16
ACTION PLAN PREPARATION FOR

SUJAL AND SWACHH GAON
The Gram Panchayat will prepare a village level ac on plan for implementa on
of ODF+ and Jal Jeevan Mission. For this, it will organize a 2/3 day planning
process at village level. The Sarpanch will form a facilitator team consis ng of
GP members, village secretary, Swachhagrahis, other frontline workers, youth/
SHG members, villagers, etc. Block level officials will support the facilitator team
during the planning process. Following table presents the tools of the planning
process, objec ves and specific role of Sarpanch in implementa on of the tools.
No Tool Objectives of the tool Role of Sarpanch in

implementing the tool
1. Primary Mee ng To bring clarity about Ensure presence

the objec ve of the of facilitator team,
planning process. villagers and key village
level stakeholders
To make villagers
aware about the Mo vate the villagers
process to be carried for their ac ve
out. par cipa on
To inform about the
role of villagers and
facilitator team during
the planning process.
94
2. Social mapping To map the village Provide inputs for

structure, water finalizing village
and sanita on boundaries,
infrastructure habita ons and
infrastructure on the
To understand the
map
status and issues of
water supply and Ensure that cri cal
sanita on in the water supply and
village. sanita on related
issues are discussed
during the mapping
process
3. Assessment of water To understand present Ensure par cipa on

supply facili es status of drinking of frontline workers,
water sources and village secretary, VWSC
issues associated with members, water
it. person during transect
walk
To understand present
status of piped water Check if all
supply scheme (if components of water
available) and issues in supply are covered in
its regular O&M. the assessment
To iden fy solu ons Provide inputs for
for be er service finaliza on of solu ons
delivery for be er service
delivery
4. Water quality assessment To understand the Ensure par cipa on

process of village of frontline workers,
level water quality village secretary, VWSC
monitoring and members, water
surveillance person during the
assessment
To iden fy issues and
solu ons in safe supply Make sure that
of drinking water. component wise
(source, pipeline,
storage tank, tap
connec on, etc.) WQ
issues are discussed
during the assessment
Provide inputs for
finaliza on of solu ons
for be er service
delivery 95

5. Seasonality mapping To gather season wise Provide inputs during

informa on about the discussions on
availability and quality season wise status,
of water, health issues and scope for
trends, tariff collec on water supply and
mechanism, etc. sanita on in the
village.
To understand reasons
of water supply and
sanita on related
issues in a par cular
season.
6. Resource mapping and To map available Provide inputs for

water budge ng resources in the mapping the available
village including rivers, resources in the village
forests, geographic
Ensure that loca ons
strata, etc.
for water recharge
To iden fy the scope and storage measures,
for water recharge water supply sources,
and storage measures, etc. are appropriately
water supply sources, mapped
etc.
Provide support during
To prepare water drinking water budget
budget for drinking prepara on
water requirement.
7. Household level To assess the status Support in finalizing

assessment of water and of water supply and ward wise facilitator
sanita on facili es sanita on facili es teams
available in every
Support in finalizing
household
the route for
To consolidate data on household level
status and issues of assessment.
household level water
Ensure that facilitator
supply and sanita on
teams cover all
households
96
8. Assessment of To assess the status of Make sure that all

ins tu onal water and water and sanita on ins tu ons in the
sanita on facili es facili es available at village are covered in
ins tu onal level the assessment
To understand Inform SMC, and heads

issues in sustainable of each ins tu on
use of water and about the process and
sanita on facili es in ensure their presence
the ins tu ons and during the assessment
to iden fy relevant
Provide inputs in
solu ons
iden fica on of issues
and solu ons
9. Sanita on Walk To understand the Finalize the route for

status of SLWM sanita on walk
facili es available in
Provide inputs
the village and issues
in iden fica on
associated with it.
of solu ons for
To finalize measures appropriate SLWM
for effec ve
management of
solid liquid resource
at individual and
community level.
97

10. Documenta on, FGD and To document the Make sure that the
village mee ng/ gram ac on plan for ODF+ cri cal issues and
sabha and Jal Jeevan Mission relevant solu ons
iden fied through
To get the ac on
the above tools are
plan approved village
incorporated in the
mee ng/ gram sabha
ac on plan
Ensure that specific
responsibili es for the
ac ons are listed in the
plan
Make prepara ons for
the village mee ng/
gram sabha, along with
the village secretary
Take lead in facilita on
of village mee ng/
gram sabha for plan
approval
Note:
1. Make sure that maximum villagers par cipate in the above men oned tools
2. Organize IEC ac vi es during the planning process to make people aware
about the sustainable use of water and sanita on facili es and their role in
maintaining and sustaining these facili es.
98
18.2 Indicative format of action plan
*Please tick (√) in remark/status column if the proposed activity is already
complete.
Village Action plan for Sujal and Swachh Gaon

1. Details of Gram Name: Block: District:
Panchayat State :
2. Details of Name: Contact No. (WhatsApp No.):

Sarpanch
3. Details of village Name: Contact No. (WhatsApp No.):

Secretary
Details of Name: Contact No. (WhatsApp No.) :

Swachhagrahi
4. Name: Contact No. (WhatsApp No.)
1. Action Plan for Sujal Gaon
No. Activity Implementation Duration Resources Monitoring Remark/

Responsibility required responsibility Status *
A. Preparatory acƟviƟes
A1 Forma on /
strengthening
of VWSC,
Nigrani Sami &
appointment of
Swachhagrahi
B. Source Sustainability
B1. Finaliza on of rain

water harves ng
and recharge
interven ons for
sustainability of
drinking water
sources with
funding sources
99

C. Provision of Household connecƟons
C1 Applica on
with necessary
resolu ons for
selec on under
JJM
C2 Prepara on of
DPR for PWS
with household
connec on
for uncovered
households
C3 Implementa on
of proposed DPR
for new PWS
with household
connec ons
D. OperaƟon and maintenance of water supply faciliƟes
D1. Prepara on of
O&M budget of
the GP and define
drinking water
tariff
D2. Iden fy and

engage individuals
and agencies
for regular
maintenance,
repairs and
servicing of
components
as per issues
emerged during
planning process
100
E. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance
E1. Finalize
ac ons and
responsibili es
for:
Source
protec on
Disinfec on of
water
Water quality
tes ng
Record keeping
E2. IEC ac vity

for awareness
genera on
about water
quality and safe
prac ces
101
Note: Involve engineer from bock/sub division level to finalize ac on plan for Sujal Gaon
2. Action Plan for Swachh Gaon

A. ODF (S)
A1. Household level

toilets
Repairs of
dysfunc onal
toilets
Retrofi ng of
toilets
IPC with
families not
using toilets
Iden fy
and engage
individuals and
ins tu ons for
O&M services
A2. Ins tu onal level

toilets
Repairs of
dysfunc onal
toilets
Iden fy
and engage
individuals and
ins tu ons for
O&M services
IEC for use of
toilets
102
A3. Make provision

for new toilets
or adapt exis ng
toilets for easy
access by Divyang
at household and
community level
B. Solid and Liquid Waste Management
B1. Prepara on of
conveyance and
processing plan
for Solid Waste
Management
including
technology
Compost pit
units
Biogas units
(Gobardhan)
Vermin
compost pit
Iden fica on
of vendors for
plas c waste
management
Prepara on of
plan(DPR) for
Grey Water
Management
including
technology
Soak pits
DEWATS
Stabiliza on
pond
Root zone bed
technology
Any other suitable
technology
103

Iden fica on of
technology and
service provider
for
Faecal sludge
management and
its implementa on
3. Action plan for IEC & Capacity strengthening for Sujal and Swachh Gaon

C1. IEC for Sujal and Swachh Gaon
Finaliza on of
IEC messages/
tools/ target
audience
Finaliza on of
communica on
champions
Resource
mobiliza on and
implementa on
of IEC ac vi es
Organiza on
of massive IEC
campaign (1+4 )-
(i) Wall pain ngs
for Toilet use
by all, toilet
usage to keep
diseases away,
safe disposal
of child faeces,
compost pit; (ii)
display board
at entrance of
village
104
IPC for
household
water supply
connec on,
water tariff
collec on,
retrofi ng and
use of toilets
C2. Capacity strengthening for Sujal and Swachh Gaon
Coordinate
for capacity
strengthening
of village
stakeholders-
Training of
communica on
champions on
implementa on
of IEC/ IPC tools
Training of
VWSC members
on roles and
responsibili es
regarding Sujal
and Swachh
Gaon
Training of
barefoot
technicians /
water persons
for O&M of
water supply
facili es and
water quality
Training of
Swachhagrahis
on roles and
responsibili es
regarding Sujal
and Swachh
Gaon
Note: The village level IEC acƟviƟes will align with the district IEC plan
105
My responsibility as a sarpanch of gram panchayat

Organize mee ngs, invite all concerned stakeholders and ensure their
par cipa on.
Select and support appropriate facilitators for village-level processes.
Coordinate training of facilitators with block
representa ves.
Organize training, as necessary.
Ensure that every step of planning process
is effec vely followed.
Ensure inclusion of ac vi es, as planned,
in the GPDP.
Mobilize resources for the plan.
106
Priorities For Gram Panchayats To Become ‘Sujal And Swachh’
Inform the Gram Sabha about the water and sanitation programmes and pass
a resolution to make the village ‘sujal and swachh’.
Conduct rapid assessments of every village’s current water and sanitation status
and find the gaps to address
Select appropriate sites for water and source sustainability interventions and
create solid and liquid waste management systems
Develop a village action plan that actively involves the community to address
the gaps
Ensure that the Village Water and Sanitation Committee and Nigrani Samiti are
active and know their responsibilities
Swachhagrahis should know their responsibilities for keeping the village

‘sujal and swachh’ and the key ODF messages to promote in the communities
Roll out IEC campaigns on water and sanitation with the help of the
Committee, Nigrani Samiti and Swachhagrahis
Sensitize the community on the importance of contributing funds for operating

and maintaining water and sanitation services
Create management systems for operating and maintaining the services on a

regular basis
Establish a validation check to see if all services are in place, after which
all of the villages will be ‘sujal and swachh’
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Handbook for Sarpanch

& Gram Panchayat

Name of the village / Gram Panchayat:_______________________________

Date of interaction: _____________________________________________________

Block / district / state :________________________________________________

Chapter 2: Jal Jeevan Mission 8

Chapter 3: Water is a precious resource 12

Chapter 4: Source sustainability 17

Chapter 5: OperaƟon & maintenance of water supply scheme 25

Chapter 6: Ensuring safety of drinking water in gram panchayat 33

Chapter 7: Open defecaƟon free plus 38

Chapter 8: Sustaining open defecaƟon free status (ODF S) 40

Chapter 9: Solid and liquid waste management (SLWM) 48

Chapter 10: PlasƟc waste management 58

Chapter 11: Liquid waste management – greywater 64

Chapter 12: Faecal sludge management 74

Chapter 13: Menstrual waste management (MWM) 81

Chapter 14: Funds management for water and sanitaƟon 84

Chapter 15: InformaƟon, educaƟon and communicaƟon 88

BDTC Biogas Development Training Centre

MLA Member of the LegislaƟve Assembly

As learned from the successful implementa on of previous programmes, the

1.2 Features of Sujal and Swachh Gaon

Take responsibility of opera ons and maintenance (O&M) of water supply

1.3 Benefits of water and sanitation interventions

1.4 Components of Sujal and Swachh Gaon

A. Safe and secure drinking water supply

ii. Solid and liquid waste management

1.6 Village-level stakeholders

My responsibility as a sarpanch of gram panchayat

JAL JEEVAN MISSION

2.2 Key components of JJM

1. Functional household tap connection, within premises, for every rural

SVS will be taken up where there is suﬃcient groundwater availability and

1. Last-mile connectivity: For households that already have access to piped

managed programme. District administra ons will support gram panchayats

2.4 Eligibility criteria for gram panchayats

1. Land provision for scheme

2. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) activities

3. O&M related requirements

2.5 Role of gram panchayats in implementing

Checklist for sarpanch to deliver JJM

1 Provide functional household tap connections to every rural household

2 Implement mandatory source sustainability (SS) measures

3 Implement mandatory greywater management measures

4 Identify funding sources

5 Facilitate district administration

WATER IS A PRECIOUS RESOURCE

3.1 Significance of drinking water

Global facts about water

Basic water facts

About 70% of the

Ocean Glaciers Ground Fresh Salt lakes Atmosphere

3.2 How to ensure adequate and sustainable drinking

b. How to calculate drinking water demand

 _____ Total water demand/day

c. Example of a drinking water budget for a population of 100

d. How to address the deficit of drinking water

Ensuring proper maintenance of source and water supply system to control