Human Computer Interaction(HCI)

Compiled By: Genet G.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Chapter One

Introduction to HCI
Outlines
 History of Human Computer Interaction

 Origin of Applications in Human Computer Interaction

 Definition of Human Computer Interaction

 Goals of Human Computer Interaction

 Factors in Human Computer Interaction

 Evolution of User Interfaces

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 History of Human Computer Interaction

 The term Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) was adopted in the mid-1980s as a means
of describing new field of study. “This term acknowledged that the focus of interest was
broader than just the design of the interface and concerned with all those aspects that
relate to the interaction between users and computers” (Preece et al. 1994).

 Computer-Human Interaction made discretionary hands-on use its focus. In 1980, the
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) created a "Human Aspects" department
for its communications.

 As personal computers appeared commercially, ACM formed the Special Interest Group
on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI).
 History of Human Computer Interaction

 Computer graphics was born from the use of CRT and pen devices very early in the history
of computers. This led to the development of several human computer interaction techniques.

 Computer graphics has a natural interest in HCI as "interactive graphics" (e.g., how to
manipulate solid models in a CAD/CAM system). Out of this line of development came a
number of important building blocks for human-computer interaction. These building blocks
include the mouse, personal computers, windows, the desktop metaphor, and point-and-click
editors.

 Human-computer interaction arose as a field from intertwined roots in computer graphics,

operating systems, human factors, ergonomics, industrial engineering, cognitive psychology,
and the systems part of computer science.
 Origin of Applications in Human Computer Interaction

• Drawing programs: Most of the current technology was demonstrated in Switzerland's 1963
Sketchpad system. The use of a mouse for graphics was demonstrated in NLS (1965).

• Text Editing: In 1962 at the Stanford Research Lab, Engelbart proposed, and later implemented,
a word processor with automatic word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling
text, and commands to move, copy, and delete characters, blocks of text.

• Hypertext: The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited
idea from 1945.Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990
at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN).

• Computer Aided Design (CAD): designed in 1965 for designing and drawing 3D.
 Definition of HCI

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, use
interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and
society.

HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area. It is emerging as a specialty concern within

several disciplines, each with different emphases: computer science (application design
and engineering of human interfaces), psychology (application of theories of cognitive
processes and empirical analysis of user behavior), sociology and anthropology
(interactions between technology, work, and organization), and industrial design
(interactive products).
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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Definition of HCI

The most famous definition of “Human Computer Interaction” is a discipline

concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing
systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.

The Human Computer Interaction (HCI) program will play a leading role in the
creation of tomorrow's exciting new user interface software and technology, by
supporting the broad spectrum of fundamental research that will ultimately transform
the human-computer interaction experience.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
What is the abbreviation HCI stands for?

Short for human-computer Interaction.

Also called

Man-machine-interaction (MMI)

Computer-human-interaction (CHI)

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Compiled by: Genet G.
The figure shows the humans interact with the computers. From a computer science
perspective, the focus is on interaction and specifically on interaction between one
or more humans and one or more computational machines.
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Compiled by: Genet G.
 HCI: Terminology

The rapid growth of computing has made effective human-computer interaction

essential. HCI is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent
computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings.

As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts: user, computer itself, and ways they
work together.

User: By "user", we may mean an individual user or a group of users working

together. An appreciation of the way people's sensory systems (sight, hearing, touch)
relay information is vital.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Computer

When we talk about the computer, we're referring to any technology ranging from
desktop computers, to large scale computer systems. For example, if we were
discussing the design of a Website, then the Website itself would be referred to as
"the computer". Computer System = Hardware + Software

Interaction: There are obvious differences between humans and machines. In spite
of these, HCI attempts to ensure that they both get on with each other and interact
successfully.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Goals of HCI

The goals of HCI are to produce usable and safe systems, as well as functional
systems. In order to produce computer systems with good usability developers must
attempt to:

Understand the factors that determine how people use technology

Develop tools and techniques to enable building suitable systems

Achieve efficient, effective and safe interaction

Put user first: underlying the whole theme of HCI is the belief that people using a

computer system should come first.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Factors in HCI Design

To achieve a safe and user-friendly system, the HCI specialists need to consider the
main issues and factors involved in interaction and interactivity.

Organizational factors(training, job design, politics, roles, work organization);

Environmental (noise, heating, lighting, ventilation);

Health and Safety (stress, headaches, musculo-skeletal disorders);

User(motivation, enjoyment, satisfaction, personality, experience level);

 Comfort(input devices, output displays, dialogue structures, use of color, icons,

commands, graphics, natural language, 3-D, user support materials, multi-media).
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Evolution of user interfaces

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Command Line Interface

The CLI gets its name from the fact that it is an interface and contains command lines.

What is Command line interface ? It is a user interface to a computer's operating

system or an application in which the user responds to a visual prompt by typing in a
command on a specified line, receives a response back from the system.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Advantages and disadvantages

Advantage Disadvantage

CLI needs much less memory (RAM) in Commands have to be typed precisely. If
order to use compared to other types of there is a spelling error the command will
user interfaces fail

It does not use as much CPU processing If you mistype an instruction, it is often
time as others necessary to start from scratch again
It does not require Windows to run  we can’t guess what the instruction might
be and you can't just 'have a go'.
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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Graphical User Interface

 It allows the use of icons or other visual indicators to interact with electronic devices,
rather than using only text via the command line.

 How does GUI works? A GUI uses windows, icons, and menus to carry out
commands, such as opening, deleting, and moving files.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Advantages and disadvantages

Advantage Disadvantage

This type of user interface is easy to use, It takes up a much larger amount of
especially for a beginner. hard disk space than other interfaces.

we do not have to learn complicated It needs significantly more memory
commands. (RAM) to run than other interfaces.

It let we exchange data between It can be slow for experienced
different software applications. programmers to use. These people
often find CLI interfaces faster to use.

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 Natural User Interface
It is a system for human-computer interaction that the user operates through
intuitive actions related to natural, everyday human behavior.

How does NUI works? It is powered by touch, by gestures, by sound, by senses.

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Compiled by: Genet G.
 Advantages and disadvantages

Advantage Disadvantage

The user does not need to be trained in Reliability remains an issue - the

how to use the interface. interface can only respond to commands

that have been programmed
More flexibility than a dialogue
Not widely available as other forms of
interface.
interface are often superior.
Suitable for physically handicapped
Highly complex to program and so only
(challenges) people.
warrants this kind of interface where
other types of interface are unsuitable.
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Compiled by: Genet G.