26 Cities

an roicth. ur 1 Living

run-down affluent = rich metropolis : mega-city siêu ô th

real estate an affluent family sprawling metropolis
Urban growth
En Think of a city you know well.
Which of these phrases do you associate
with it? Put a (.1). HCN City
an important commercial centre
a vibrant cultural centre
a major tourist attraction
a sprawling metropolis
gridlocked rush-hour traffic
accessible open spaces
run-down estates
affluent suburbs
steeped in history condensed
seriously polluted milk
densely populated
friendly and welcoming

nel Choose the best words to complete the text. V Vocabulary note
Urban sprawl is the unchecked spreading of a city or its This book draws attention to language
(1) suburbs/ residences. It often involves the (2) demolition I chunks of the following types:
construction of residential or commercial buildings in COLLOCATIONS = words frequently
(3) rand I environmental areas or otherwise undeveloped used together densely populated, leafy
land on the (4) outskirts I neighbourhoods of a city. Typical suburbs, open spaces, violent crime
(5) residents I commuters of these areas live in single-family COMPOUND NOUNS = nouns made up
homes and travel by car to their jobs in the city. Concerns of two or more words: tourist attraction,
skyscraper, cost of living (See Unit 5,2.1
over urban sprawl largely focus on negative (6) costs I
for more on compound nouns.)
consequences for residents and the local
DEPENDENT PREPOSMONS = some
environntent I space. The tendency of people living in
adjectives, nouns and verbs are
these neighbourhoods to commute to work means that urban followed by particular prepositions:
sprawl is sometimes associated with increased air steeped in history, plagued by crime (See
pollution I pollutant from car exhaust fumes. Unit 24,2.1 and Unit 25, 2.2 for more
on dependent prepositions.)
19Find words in the text which match these definitions. PHRASAL VERBS = two- or three-part
verbs with idiomatic meanings: break
1 related to towns and cities urban, rural down, get around, look forward to (See
2 related to trade or business sprawl, commercial, construction Unit 25, 2.3 for more on phrasal verbs.)
IDIOMS = phrases with special
3 particular part of a place surburbs, outskirts area meaning that cannot be understood
4 not previously built on undeveloped land from the individual words: go to town
on something, hit the road, cut and dried
5 people who live in a place residents

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26 Cities

1.4 WORD BUILDING Complete the table with words which have related meanings.

Noun Verb Adjective

demolition demolish demolished
development (place, activity) develop developed
developer (company, person) undeveloped
resident (person) reside residential
residence (place)
environment x environmental
environmentalist (person, activist)
pollution (problem) pollute polluted
pollutant (substance)

El Complete the compound nouns in these sentences with words from the box.
I'm an avid fan of k-pop
area attractions city fumes Jams pollution rush traffic transport Im an avid k-pop lover
I'm an avid reader
alcohol-free drinks
1 The Eiffel Tower is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.
2 Our council is doing everything it can to combat traffic
congestion, including charging drivers every time they drive into the
city
V Vocabulary note
centre. Some adjectives have a special
3 The underground is an integral part of the public transport meaning as noun suffixes.
system in many large cities. -.Pee = without an undesirable
thing:1 always buy fat-free yoghurt.
4 Since the town centre became a traffic-free pedestrian
-friendly = suitable for or
area shopping has been a more pleasant experience.
welcoming of: Child-friendly
5 Exhaust fumes from cars, buses and lorries are the main software comes pre-installed.
cause of air pollution in cities. -mad = liking or doing something
obsessively: My husband is
6 There are frequent traffic jams during the morning and
football-mad.
evening rush hours in many towns and cities.
Note: The noun in these phrases
is singular.
1.6 Complete the following sentences using the words in bold and a
suffix from the Vocabulary note.

1 Our neighbourhood doesn't have any crime. It's a crime-free

neighbourhood. In everyday speech and writing we
2 There's a zone around the school where cars cannot go. It's a use people as the plural form of
car-free zone. person: There were a lot of people on
3 The council is planning to make the city centre suitable for cyclists. It's the station, but only one person got on
going to be a bicycle-friendly centre. the train.
The plural form persons is rarely
4 I need accommodation where they allow pets. I need pet-friendly used in speech, but is used in certain
accommodation. formal contexts: The crime was
5 The young people around here are all obsessed with their cars. They're all committed by person or persons
car-mad unknown.
6 Many of my colleagues are obsessive about their work. They're all
work-mad

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 Cities 26

toR Listen to two people talking about living in a city. Complete these sentences with words used
by the speakers.
be quick on your feet:
1 I just love all the hustle and bustle. think on your feet

2 In my work and my personal, life, I come into regular contact with people from all over the world.
social
3 You just take for granted the incredible range, variety of entertainment on offer.
exhaust fumes
4 The only downside is the cost of living.
5 Her parents own a flat in the centre of London.
taxi/cab
6 It was really convenient, just being able to get, hop on a bus or take the grab
train/tram
7 Crime rates are higher in cities than in rural areas. underground

IBEI What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of city life? Make two lists. Use expressions
from 2.1 and add your own ideas.

ADVANTAGES conveniet* public transport, facilities and infastructures

job oppotunities, services' quality, education

DISADVANTAGES pollution, noise, high cost of living, lack of space

En Match the two-part expressions in italics with their definitions.

I love the hustle and bustle of life in the city. a good times and bad times
2 Some people move to the country for the peace
Th>"----
and quie b busy, noisy activity

3 We've been weighing up the pros and cons of commuting. compromise

4 Most people have ups and downs at work calm atmosphere
5 We need some give and take between residents and developers. advantages and disadvantages

2.4 WORD TRANSFORMATION Complete the text with the correct forms of the words in capitals at
the ends of the lines.

The (0) explosive growth in the number of closed-circuit television EXPLODE

(CCTV) surveillance systems in recent years is transforming city centres in
some countries. For some people, the cameras have a (1) psychological PSYCHOLOGY
benefit, as they take comfort in the (2) belief that they are BELIEVE
being watched and protected. In some neighbourhoods, there are even
socially (3) including CCTV systems, which allow local INCLUDE
(4) residents to tune in to community TV and watch what is RESIDE
happening outside their front doors. People know the cameras can be
(5) helpful in solving crimes, but are they right to believe HELP
that cameras are keeping them safer? According to one crime expert,
they are not. He conducted a study of 14 CCTV systems and found
that, in general, the (6) installation of cameras has INSTALL
(7) surprisingly little impact on crime. In only one of the 14 areas SURPRISE
could a(s) significant drop in crime levels be linked to CCTV. SIGNIFY

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 Exam practice
Reading and Use of English Part 5
if Exam tip
You are going to read a magazine article. For questions
1 —6, choose the answer (A, 13, C or D) which you think There are often questions which relate
fits best according to the text. to the main idea of the text as well as
questions about detail. In this practice
task, question 1 relates to the main idea.

Rome: ancient life in a modern city

Sigmund Freud once compared the human mind to the city of Rome. He was talking about its intriguing layers.
Just as the mind has a build-up of memories, Rome has a history that goes deeper and deeper: every modern
building is on top of a renaissance one, and under that you find the medieval buildings, and then ancient Rome
itself. Freud might also have said that —just as with the mind — as you go deeper into the city you find the
unpleasant parts like the slums as well as the clean, splendidly 'proper' parts.

Ancient Rome was home to a million people and was, in its time, the biggest city in Europe. Most of that million,
from the dockworkers to the hairdressers, didn't live in spacious marble villas.They were packed into tower blocks
that lined narrow streets, with hardly any public services. It must have been a tough place to survive in.
So where can you still find signs of these ordinary 'high-rise Romans'? Amazingly, the answer is 'all over the city'.
You only need to know where to look, and keep your eyes open. My favourite remnant of ordinary ancient
Roman life is still standing in the heart of tourist Rome. It's part of a tower block, still surviving to five storeys in
a modern square —just underneath theVictor Emmanuel monument. Most of these blocks have fallen down, but
this one was lucky: it survived because it was turned into a church.

It's easy to work out the basic organisation of the block.At street level, there are shops and workshops.The
principle was 'the higher you went, the worse it got'. On the first floor you can see some spacious family flats;
and above that, bedsits.The question is, how many people were squashed into these rooms? If they were for one
17 person, then this was very "tight living". But if they were single rooms without bathroom or cooking facilities,
designed for whole families, they must have been really dreadful conditions.

And in ancient Rome — as this particular high-rise block reminds us — rich and poor lived and worked side by
side. There weren't many zones given over exclusively either to the rich or the poor. In fact, if you look hard
enough, you can find traces of ordinary people inside the most luxurious and ceremonial buildings of the city
A visit to the ancient Roman Forum can be a disappointment. This was once the centre of Roman public life,
where the senate met. It is now anther mysterious set of ruins, with just a few standing landmarks: two splendid
triumphal arches and the three vast columns of the Temple of CastonThe Forum becomes far more interesting if
you also look down for the evidence of the ordinary men and women who shared this space with the great and
the good — and who had their own things to do there, from a bit of gambling to basic dentistry.
Running along its south side are the now decidedly unimpressive ruins of what was once the splendid Basilica
Julia, home of one of Rome's law courts, plus some government offices. Not much survives beyond the floor
and the steps leading up to it. A barrier now prevents visitors from walking inside; but actually you don't need
to Look over the barrier on to the steps, and you will see the clear traces cut into the stone of scores of 'gaming
boards'.We haven't a clue about the exact rules of the games, but never mind. It's clear that the Basilica Julia
wasn't just a place for busy lawyers; go back 2,000 years and you would find the place littered with men with time
on their hands, betting on some ancient equivalent of backgammon.

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II Exam practice Cities

Next door to the basilica is the great Temple of Castor. Here you have to take your eyes off the columns, and look
more carefully at the high platform on which they stand. Built into this is a series of little shops and storage units
right underneath this grand monument. One of the corner units was a primitive dentist's surgery Among the
most memorable moments for me was going to see the almost 100 teeth discovered a few years ago in its drains,
each one expertly extracted and rotten to the core. Each one a witness to human agony, I thought.

1 The main point the writer is making about ancient Rome is that
A it is completely hidden by modern buildings.
traces of it can be seen everywhere.
C it was very similar to modern cities.
it has had a long and fascinating history.
2 One of the tall buildings of ancient Rome has been preserved because
A it is still inhabited by ordinary people.
it is used as tourist accommodation.
C it has been rebuilt.
it was used for a different purpose.
3 When she uses the phrase 'tight living" in line 17, the writer is pointing out that
A people lived in very small spaces.
people did not have many possessions.
C people tended to live alone.
people did not need much living space.
4 According to the article, the citizens of ancient Rome
A lived with people of a similar economic status.
lived on the top floor of tall buildings if they were rich.
C were not all housed according to how wealthy they were.
tended to live in large stone houses.
5 What unofficial activities does the writer claim took place in Basilica Julia?
A sculpture and other visual arts
athletics and other sports
C games that involved gambling
the giving of legal advice
6 Where were the little shops in relation to the Temple of Castor?
A at the same height
below
C above
alongside

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