Troubleshooting Ipv6 Networks and Systems

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Previous Article
</community/blog/rocky-mountain-ipv6-summit-has-avalanche-atte>
Troubleshooting IPv6 Networks and Systems
Techniques for finding problems in a dual-protocol environment

By Scott Hogg </community/user/3472> on Fri, 05/20/11 - 11:37am.
* Email </community/forward?path=node/74037/hardware>
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Whether your organization has deployed IPv6 or not, you may end up
troubleshooting IPv6-related issues as other nodes on the Internet move
to dual-protocol connectivity. We need to consider how the introduction
of IPv6 will change the way we troubleshoot networks, now that we are
operating in a dual-protocol world. This article will focus on
troubleshooting dual-protocol applications running on dual-protocol
servers over a dual-protocol network.
As IPv6 begins to be added to environments the techniques we have been
using for decades to troubleshoot TCP/IP networks will need to adapt.
When we add IPv6 to the network we will need to learn how to
troubleshoot IPv6 connectivity issues. When we look back to the early
IPv4 networks we used different troubleshooting techniques than we use
today. Now IPv4 networks have had decades to mature and we seldom "blame
the network" as much as we did in the 1990s. Now that IPv6 deployments
are newer it is conceivable that we will again be hearing that "it's the
network's fault".
Even if your organization has not yet deployed IPv6 you may have
end-users, customers or business partners who have some form of IPv6
connectivity. Even though the fault of the problem may not be in your
network, you may be the organization responsible for the service and you
will have to troubleshoot these IPv6-enabled networks. Other
complexities for end-to-end connectivity could be introduced by Large
Scale NAT (LSN) <http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/45776> or
NAT64/DNS64
<http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/testing-nat64-and-dns64>
deployments used along the path to the remote endpoint.
Now that we have two protocols that could be used at the network-layer
of the OSI model we will need to test each of them. The Internet
Protocol (IP) has been referred to as the "narrow waist" of the TCP/IP
protocol hourglass. The hourglass metaphor comes from the fact that IP
can operate on many Layer-2 protocols (Ethernet
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2464.txt>, PPP
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2472.txt>, POS
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3572.txt>, Frame Relay
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2590.txt>, Fibre Channel
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4338.txt>, IEEE 802.15.4
<http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4944.txt>, IEEE 1394
<http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3146.txt>, Token Ring
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2470.txt>, FDDI
<http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2467.txt>, ARCnet
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2497.txt>, etc.) and IP can also support
many different types of transport protocols (TCP
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt>, UDP
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0768.txt>, SCTP
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2960.txt>, DCCP
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4340.txt>, etc.) and even more numerous
applications. We will need to exhaustively troubleshoot the network and
systems to make sure that we have end-to-end IPv4 and/or IPv6 connectivity.
You might have seen this comedic troubleshooting flowchart
<http://www.hoggnet.com/NWWPics/Troubleshooting-Flowchart.png>. However,
in order to be an effective network engineer you must have a solid
network troubleshooting methodology. When you are troubleshooting
networks, a common technique is to troubleshoot based on the layers of
the OSI model. Sometimes you start from the physical layer and work your
way up the protocol stack (but this can be time consuming). Sometimes
you may start at the application layer and work your way down
(applicable when you are troubleshooting an application-specific issue).
Other times you may start at the network layer, do a quick ping, and
based on the result decide to move up or down the layers. In a
dual-protocol network you would need to do two pings, one for IPv4 and
one for IPv6.
One of the first places to start your troubleshooting process is at the
endpoints of the communication. We need to first validate that the
end-nodes have the correct IP addresses and are operational on their
local networks. We will need to verify that each system has IPv4 and/or
IPv6 addresses and correct DNS resolvers. IP addresses could be
statically configured (common practice for servers in a datacenter) or
dynamically configured (common practice for end-users on access
networks). In IPv4 networks we would be troubleshooting DHCP. However,
in an IPv6-enabled network we need to be able to troubleshoot Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and investigate the ICMPv6 Router
Advertisement (RA) messages coming from the local first-hop router.
Based on the information contained in the RA message, an end-node could
use SLAAC, stateless DHCPv6 (router provides the DNS prefix and resolver
information) or stateful DHCPv6. We must also be aware that WindowsXP
and Mac OS X do not use DHCPv6 but they can use SLAAC and then locally
configure their DNS server. Another option would be to use Dibbler
<http://klub.com.pl/dhcpv6/> (an open-source DHCPv6 client/server/relay).
Now that we have validated that the node has its IP addresses we need to
validate that the host can ping its default router and can ping beyond
that first hop. Often times the default router could have both a
Aggregatable Global Unicast address and a Link-Local address. Our host
may be configured with the Link-Local address that comes from the RA
message. We can ping using Link-Local addresses as follows, depending on
your operating system. When we ping a Link-Local address we must specify
the interface that we would like to use to send this ICMPv6 echo request
packet.
ping6 -I eth0 fe80::1
ping fe80::1%12
ping fe80::1%GigabitEthernet0/0
The next layer we want to troubleshoot involve the application mapping
of human-recognizable fully-qualified domain names into IP addresses. We
will need to validate IP connectivity to the DNS resolver and
troubleshooting DNS lookups. We can use nslookup, dig, and the host
command to validate the DNS queries for A and AAAA records as well as
PTR records. We need to be cognizant of DNS servers that may communicate
with IPv4-only or are dual-protocol. We also need to remember that
WindowsXP, Windows Server2003 and Mac OS X only perform DNS lookups over
IPv4 transport. It may also be useful to use Wireshark
<http://www.wireshark.org> or tcpdump <http://www.tcpdump.org/> to view
the DNS lookup packets. We will want to see how the client sends
separate A and AAAA queries and follows RFC 4074
<http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4074.txt>.
Most dual-protocol operating systems will perform DNS queries for IPv4
and IPv6 records and will prefer to make a connection using IPv6 if at
all possible. However, older versions of Mac OS X use the first returned
DNS response to make the connection. If the A record response came back
first then the connection would take place over IPv4, but if the AAAA
record response came back first then the connection would take place
over IPv6. Furthermore, various web browsers
<http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/ipv6-enabled-web-browsers>
and other applications may not make connections over IPv6 even though
the node has dual-protocol capability and is on an active dual-protocol
network.
The next step in our troubleshooting methodology is to ensure
bi-directional end-to-end connectivity with IPv4 and IPv6. This means
that we will want to perform a ping and traceroute in both directions.
We need to do these tests in both directions to see if there is any
asymmetry in the communications path. We must also be aware of any
IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels that could exist along the path. There could be
manually-configured tunnels, dynamically-configured tunnels (ISATAP,
6to4, Teredo) or translation (NAT-PT, NAT64/DNS64) occurring along the
traffic path that could affect end-to-end connectivity. Tunnels could
add to the latency and performance of the communications. We could also
use pathping
<http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff963096(WS.10).aspx> (e.g.
pathping -6 2001:DB8:0DD:BA11::1) or JPerf
<http://code.google.com/p/xjperf/> to verify end-to-end performance.
The next phase of our troubleshooting will focus on IPv6-specific issues
that we have not yet tested. IPv6-capable nodes follow a process of
default address selection (RFC 3484
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3484.txt>). If there is something wrong with
the prefix policy within the operating system it could cause mysterious
behavior. This could affect either source address selection or
destination address selection. On a Microsoft system we can use the
"netsh interface ipv6 show prefixpolicies" command to view the policy
table. On a BSD system we can use the ip6addrctl command and on a
Solaris system we can use the ipaddrsel command to view the policy table.
Another thing we will need to test is the Neighbor Discovery Protocol
(NDP). This is the IPv6 equivalent to IPv4's ARP. Because IPv6 doesn't
use broadcast, the NDP ICMPv6 messages use multicast to map Layer-2
addresses (MAC Addresses) to IPv6 addresses. We can use ping to verify
IPv6 connectivity to the other nodes on a LAN and then check the
neighbor cache (like the IPv4 ARP cache). On a Windows host we can use
the command "netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors". On a Linux system we
can use the "ip neighbor show" command. On a BSD system the command is
"ndp -a" and on a Solaris system the command "netstat -p -f inet6" will
show you its neighbor cache. On both a Cisco router and a Juniper
router, the command is "show ipv6 neighbors".
Another problem that could be encountered on dual-protocol networks is
links with reduced Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size. This can happen
if the IPv6 packets have encountered a tunnel and the tunnel overhead
has reduced the MTU size. If the IPv6 packets are placed inside a 6in4
tunnel within IPv4 Protocol 41 packets then the MTU size will be reduced
by 20 bytes (the IPv4 header size). Because IPv6 routers do not perform
fragmentation it is required that the router drop the IPv6 packet and
send back an ICMPv6 Packet-Too-Big message indicating the preferred MTU
size. The IPv6-capable source must then perform Path MTU Discovery
(PMTUD) and then fragment the packet into the proper size. Using ping
with various packet sizes can reveal if there is an MTU size reduction
along the traffic path. You can perform a "ping -l 1500
2001:DB8:DEAD:C0DE::1" and then verify the ICMPv6 packet too big
response with the embedded ideal packet size.
Once we have verified solid end-to-end connectivity with both protocols,
then one of the final things to test is end-to-end application protocol
communication. It is conceivable that there is a stateful firewall
between the nodes that is blocking some type of traffic. In order to
test this we may want to generate some synthetic traffic and validate
that it makes it between the two end-nodes. We could use a utility like
netcat6 <http://www.deepspace6.net/projects/netcat6.html> to create
simulated traffic between the nodes using a specific port number. We
could also use telnet or SSH (BTW, my favorite SSH client is SecureCRT
<http://www.vandyke.com/products/securecrt/>). We could perform an NMAP
<http://insecure.org/> scan of the destination host from the source. We
could also use an IPv6-capable web browser and browse by IPv6 or IPv4
address <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt>.
As we begin to encounter more IPv6-enabled systems we will need to
refine our troubleshooting skills to compensate for this added
complexity. Even though dual-stack is the preferred transition technique
<http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2007/090507-tech-uodate.html>, it
is not a panacea. No one claimed that living in a dual-protocol world
would be easy. During the lengthy period of time where systems will need
to speak both the IPv4 and IPv6 language we will need to become
bilingual and become fluent troubleshooting either protocol.
Scott
Tags
* IPv6 </community/taxonomy/term/28436>
* General discussions </community/taxonomy/term/1035>
* dual-protocol </community/taxonomy/term/29305>
* IPv6 </community/taxonomy/term/905>
* netcat6 </community/taxonomy/term/30310>
* pathping </community/taxonomy/term/30309>
* ping </community/taxonomy/term/12833>
* traceroute </community/taxonomy/term/26279>
* Troubleshooting </community/taxonomy/term/3333>
* Wireshark </community/taxonomy/term/7607>
Stateless DHCPv6
</community/blog/troubleshooting-ipv6-networks-and-systems#comment-284165>
By Cricket Liu (not verified) on Fri, 05/20/2011 - 4:25pm.
If you're using SLAAC and stateless DHCPv6, it's usually the DHCP
server, not the router, that provides DNS-related parameters such as the
IP addresses of recursive name servers and the search list.
* reply </community/comment/reply/74037/284165>
* Email this comment </community/forward?path=node/74037&cid=284165>
Stateless DHCPv6
By Scott Hogg </community/user/3472> on Wed, 05/25/2011 - 9:36am.
Actually, it is common that the router provides the DNS information.
These links provide information on how to configure a Cisco router with
this feature.
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/iosswrel/ps6537/ps6553/whitepaper_C11
-472610.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/ipv6/configuration/guide/ip6-dhcp_ps6441_TSD
_Products_Configuration_Guide_Chapter.html#wp1080090
Scott
Great IPv6 Tools

By Anon (not verified) on Sat, 05/21/2011 - 2:51pm.
Thanks for the article, lots of good information. Have you checked out
the free IPv6 tools at:
https://www.ultratools.com/ipv6Tools
Same as IPv4 only different

By Chris (not verified) on Tue, 05/24/2011 - 4:47am.
Great article. A lot of the steps are the same as IPv4 troubleshooting
(ping, traceroute, check DNS, check DHCP/address configuration, etc.).
For those who have been through it, it makes the IPv6 specific pieces
much more understandable and less intimidating.
One point you brushed over and which took me a lot of time to understand
when I first started looking into them are the prefix policies. I know
from the RFCs how they should work and what the default policy should
look like, but troubleshooting a problem with them would be tough.
Especially when you start adding in some custom rules, like prefer an
internal ULA, or have multiple interfaces, like on a dual-homed server.
I would be interested in knowing if there was a tool which would
evaluate the policy and tell you which interface a packet would use for
a specific source/destination address pair.
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</community/user/>
About Core Networking and Security
Scott Hogg is the Director of Advanced Technology Services for
Global Technology Resources, Inc. <http://www.gtri.com/> (GTRI).
Scott provides network engineering, security consulting, and
training services to his clients, focusing on creating reliable,
high-performance, secure, manageable, and cost effective network
solutions. He has a B.S. in Computer Science from Colorado State
University, a M.S. in Telecommunications from the University of
Colorado, along with his CCIE (#5133), CISSP (#4610), among many
other vendor and industry certifications. For the past 10 years
Scott has been working with IPv6 technologies. Scott is the author
of the Cisco Press book IPv6 Security
<http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587055945/ref=nosim/fusion0e>
and has given numerous presentations and demonstrations of IPv6
technologies. He is also currently the chair of the Rocky Mountain
IPv6 Task Force <http://www.rmv6tf.org/>.
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12.4T </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24488>
15.0 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24305>
6in4 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24731>
6to4 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/18940>
Alexa’s top 1000 sites </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24202>
Arbor Networks </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24201>
Assure6 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24733>
BGP </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/2882>
BackTrack 4 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24926>
Boeing SMIS </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24732>
CCIE </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/590>
CIDR Report </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23579>
Cisco </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/47>
Citrix </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/3642>
FireFox </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/86>
General discussions </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/1035>
Geoff Huston </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23578>
Google </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/71>
Google Chrome Frame </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24169>
Hurricane Electric </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/21453>
IE8 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/9997>
IOS </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/1101>
IPS </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/226>
IPv4 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/2895>
IPv6 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/905>
ISP </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/504>
Level(3) </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/21456>
Microsoft </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/123>
Miredo </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24927>
NAP </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/3014>
NAT </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/3289>
NRO </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24200>
NTT </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/10847>
NetScaler </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23859>
OSPFv3 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24489>
OpenDPI </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24736>
Routing and Switching </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23468>
Sandvine </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24734>
Security </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/16>
Security assessment </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24928>
Shenick </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24735>
TSP Client </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23935>
VisualRoute 2009 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23860>
Windows 7 </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/7678>
Wireshark </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/7607>
add-on </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/20311>
address </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23933>
blueprint </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23469>
cisco ips </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/5950>
decimal </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24088>
depletion </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23934>
dpi </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24588>
encapsulation </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24730>
fpm </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/11339>
hex </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24090>
hexadecimal </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24089>
isatap </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/22520>
multicast </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/9142>
peering </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/17661>
plug-in </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24393>
prefix </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/24091>
private </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/14936>
public </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/14935>
qualification exam </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23467>
recertification </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/3215>
teredo </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/22521>
tunnel </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/17004>
written exam </community/nwblogs_by_tag/3472/23466>
Blog Roll
Hogg Networking <http://www.hoggnet.com>
http://www.hoggnet.com
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s/app/tech-briefcase/id424678355>
Sponsored Links
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Aerohive Networks*
* The Anywhere Office: How MPLS Enables Remote and Virtual Workers
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AT&T*
* World IPv6 Day, June 8th Cisco Can Help. Learn More
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Cisco*
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performance. Learn More
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ITE=us&CAMPAIGN=Unified+Fabric+Ad+Campaign&CREATIVE=Unified+Fabric&REFERRING_SIT
E=NWW%5FTextlinks&SOUR>*-
Cisco*
* Cisco s Unified Fabric delivers resiliency for optimal
performance. Learn More
<http://tinyurl.com/3dqg85v?SOURCE=00276660039339NWWL9OUSE4RIB>*-
Cisco*
* Introducing world s first high-density 36-port 40 GbE switches
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Mellanox*
* Free White Paper: Controlling and Managing Super User Access
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Quest*
* This Security KnowledgeVault offers professional advice on the
fight against cybercrime and security threats.
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rkworld.com/show/200003390/00311290038028NWWER3JQXO4LT/?SOURCE=00335080039196NWW
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Dell*
* This Mobility KnowledgeVault provides expert guidance and best
practices to help you protect your mobile infrastructure.
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rkworld.com/show/200003411/00325240038177NWWEXSZLB4XMC/?SOURCE=00335130039201NWW
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Dell*
* See IDC s analysis of how EMC backup customers are saving big
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EMC*
* Enter to win a Polycom CX5000 360 degree unified conference
station
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Polycom*
* HP ProLiant FlexFabric enabled server powered by Intel® Xeon®
<http://ad.doubleclick.net/clk;241343990;43113878;j?http://ad.doubleclick.
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HP - Cupertino*
* HP BladeSystem powered by AMD Opteron™ 6100 Series processors
<http://ad.doubleclick.net/clk;241340752;43113878;c?http://ad.doubleclick.
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HP - Cupertino*
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Netezza Corporation*
* Evolve your data center from physical to virtual to cloud
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Extreme Networks*
* New guide shows you how to accelerate Unified Communications ROI.
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Polycom*
* Introducing the Cisco Data Center Business Advantage.
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Cisco*
* Drowning in data? Need to speed up backups with data
deduplication?
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nt/eb-essn/1-AUDRT/mcc|HHQK/Default&SOURCE=00328770038482NWW0FU655CLTM>*-
HP - Cupertino*
* Creates Cost Savings with Virtualization 2.0 . Learn how >>
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Citrix*
* Support your virtual workforce. Learn how >>
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Citrix*
* The Yin&Yang of memory Overcommitment in Virtualization-VMware
vSphere
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m/branded/pdf_files/MKP_339_VMware_vSphere4.0_whitepaper.pdf?SOURCE=003267600382
42NWWBS4EIYD927>*-
Kingston Technology*
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HP*
* Test drive the world s leading SSL at
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CE=00319830037369NWWIT0SO5R9QO>*-
Symantec*
* Reduce cost and complexity with Brocade Ethernet fabric.
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CE=00311490036521NWW29A9VEZQBN>*-
Brocade*
* Eliminate OS & 3rd Party App Vulnerabilities with Lumension - Free
Trial
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Lumension*
* Establish an IPv6 transition plan. Gartner Research Note.
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rkworld.com/show/200002878/00289860033930NWWC2FDCLYPM3/?SOURCE=00311030036376NWW
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Citrix Online*
* Free whitepaper shows you three practical steps to help you
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Citrix Online*
* VIPRE Antivirus Business: protection you need, performance you
deserve
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GFI Software*
* Choosing the Right Metropolitan Ring For Your Business
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* Firewall podcast Q&As
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AT&T*
* IPv6: Complete these 5 Steps to Prepare
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* Keep Your Enemies Closer: Get Proactive about Security
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AT&T*
* Maximizing Business Application Functionality
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AT&T*
* Mobility Applications Before and After
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AT&T*
* Transform with Mobile Apps
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Sprint*
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* Get Application Performance Monitoring best practices in this
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>*-
Quest Software*
* White Paper: Going Green With Physical Layer Components
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Belden*
* Don t pay for server virtualization. XenServer is
enterprise-class, cloud-proven and FREE.
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Citrix*
* FREE Data Leakage for Dummies Book from Sophos
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Sophos, Inc.*
* Introducing the 2nd Generation Intel® Core™ vPro™ processor
family.
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Intel Corporation*
* Trend Micro™ & VMware®: Partnering for Your Protection
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Trend Micro*
* Managed Hosting Services Backed by the Power of Fanatical Support
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Zoho*
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Diskeeper*
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Ultrium*
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* HP StorageWorks P4300 G2 SAN Solution powered by Intel® Xeon® 5520
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HP*
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Troubleshooting Ipv6 Networks and Systems

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Troubleshooting IPv6 Networks and Systems

Techniques for finding problems in a dual-protocol environment

Great IPv6 Tools

Same as IPv4 only different

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