5564 Quantitative Techniques

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
COL MBA / MPA PROGRAMME
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES (5564)
CHECKLIST
SEMESTER: AUTUMN, 2010
This packet comprises the following material:
1. Text Books
2. Course Outlines
3. Assignment No. 1, 2
4. Assignment Forms ( 2 sets )
In this packet, if you find anything missing out of the above mentioned material,
please contact at the address given below:
Mailing Officer
Services Block No. 28
Allama Iqbal Open University
H-8, Islamabad
Phone: 051-9057611-12
Saira Ahmad Awan

(Course Coordinator)
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
(Commonwealth MBA / MPA Programme)
WARNING
1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE
ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF
DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.
2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM
OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN
“AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.
Instructions:
(a) All written assignment must be well organized, presented in an easy-to-read format
and neat. Moreover, pay particularly close attention to grammar, spelling, punctuation
and understandability. Communication is extremely important in this course.
(b) Documentation is likewise very important. Un-supported statements or opinions are
worth less to the reader, who desires to verify your finding. Complete and specific
documentation is mandatory. Also, your references should be to primary sources,
except in rare unusual situation.
(c) Quoting should be kept to an absolute minimum.
Course: Quantitative Techniques (5564) Semester: Autumn, 2010
Level: Executive MBA/MPA Total Marks: 100
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Q.1 (a) Describe the major phases of statistics. Formulate a business problem and
analyse it by applying these phases?
(b) List at least two applications of statistics in each functional area of
management? (20)
Q.2 (a) Determine the common ratio of the G .P.

49, 7, 1/7, 1/49…
(i) Find the sum to first 20 terms of G .P.
(ii) Find the sum to infinity of the terms of G .P.
(b) A woman deposits RS. 20,000 in a bank that pays 6% interest per year
compounded annually. How much is in her account after 4 years. We assume
that interest is added to her account and not withdrawn? (20)
Q.3 (a) Solve using Gauss-Jordan elimination

2x1+ 4x2 -10x3 = -2
3x1 + 9x2- 21x3 = 0
x1 + 5x2- 12x3 = 1
(b) Solve the following system of Equation by Cramer’s Rule. (20)
-x1 + 2x2 = 24
3x1 - 4x2 = 10
2
Q.4 (a) Distinguish between the census and sampling methods of data collection and
compare their merits and demerits. Why is the sampling method unavoidable
in certain situations?
(b) What are ogives? Point out the role. Discuss the method of constructing
ogives with the help of an example. (20)
Q.5 (a) Explain the terms Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean. Point out some the
public system applications of the concept?
(b) What are statistical averages? What are the desirable properties for an
average to posses? Mention different types of averages and state why the
arithmetic means are the most commonly used among them? (20)
Guidelines for Doing Assignments

We expect you to answer each question as per instructions in the assignment. You will
find it useful to keep the following points in mind:
1) Planning: Read the assignments carefully, go through the Units on which they are
based. Make some points regarding each question and then rearrange them in a
logical order.
2) Organization: Be a little selective and analytical before drawing up a rough outline
of your answer. Give adequate attention to question’s introduction and conclusion.
Make sure that:
a) The answer is logical and coherent,
b) It has clear connections between sentences and paragraphs,
c) The presentation is correct in your own expression and style.
3) Presentation: Once you are satisfied with your answer, you can write down the final
version for submission. It is mandatory to write all assignments neatly in your own
handwriting. If you so desire, you may underlining the points you wish to emphasize.
Make sure that the answer is within the stipulated word limit.
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Total Marks: 100
Instructions:
1. This assignment is a research-oriented activity. You are required to develop a term
paper and submit to the tutor for evaluation prior to the final examination. The last
date of this assignment will be notified separately by our directorate of regional
services and the same will be communicated to you directly as well as through
approved study centers assigned to you.
2. You will have to participate in the activity fully, actively, and practically to be
eligible to sit in the final examination of the course. Please send one copy of this
assignment to COL MBA/MPA Programme office, Block No. 11, Allama Iqbal
Open University, Sector H-8, Islamabad.
3
3. For the preparation of this assignment, you should first thoroughly review the
conceptual framework of the topic and develop a scholarly material of the same
giving references, quotations, and extracts of various scholars and experts. Then
visit any business/commercial organization and study the relevant practical aspects
there. Combining the theoretical and practical aspects, develop a comprehensive
paper consisting of at least 20 to 25 typed pages to be submitted to your tutor.
a) Introduction to the topic
b) Important sub-topics
c) Practical study of the organization with respect to the topic
d) Review of theoretical and practical situations, merits, de-merits deficiencies or
strengths of the organization with respect to the topic under study.
e) Conclusion and recommendation
f) Annex, if any
4. Prepare a copy of this assignment and submit to your tutor for your evaluation.
5. You should add any illustrative material/data/tables/analysis for effective
submission.
6. If you fail to submit this assignment in the class, then you will not be able to sit in
the final examination conducted by AIOU.
7. A number of topics given below are the general aspects of the course and you are
required to select one of the topics according to the last digit of your roll number.
For example, if the roll number is N-9337241, you will select topic number 1, and if
the roll number is O-3427185 then you will select topic number 5 (the last digit).
1. Functions and Progressions
2. Measures of Variation and Skewness
3. Correlation
4. Continuous Probability Distributions
5. Matrix Algebra and Applications
6. Sampling Methods
7. Sampling Distribution
8. Correlation
9. Presentation of Data
10. Regression
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES (5564)

COURSE OUTLINES
1. QUANTITATIVE DECISION MAKING – AN OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Meaning of quantitative techniques
1.3 Statistics and operations research
1.4 Classification of statistical methods
1.5 Models in operations research
1.6 Various statistical tehchniques
1.7 Advantages of quantitative approach to management
4
1.8 Quantitative techniques in business and management
1.9 Use of computers
2. FUNCTIONS AND PROGRESSIONS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Defintions
2.3 Types of function
2.4 Solution of functions
2.5 Business applications
2.6 Sequence and series
2.7 Arithmetic progression (AP)
2.8 Geometric progression (GP)
3. BASIC CALSULUS AND APPLICATIONS

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Limit and continuity
3.3 Concept of slope and rate of change
3.4 Concept of derivative
3.5 Rules of differentiation
3.6 Applications of the derivative
3.7 Concept of maxima and minima with managerial applications
4. MATRIX ALGEBRA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Matrices: definition and notations
4.3 Some special matrices
4.4 Matrix representation of data
4.5 Operations on matrices
4.6 Determininant of a square matrix
4.7 Inverse of a matrix
4.8 Solution of linear simultaneous equations
4.9 Applications of matrices
5. COLLECTION OF DATA
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Primary and secondary data
5.3 Methods of collecting primary data
5.4 Desigining a questionnaire
5.5 Pre-testing the questionnaire
5.6 Editing primary data
5.7 Sources of secondary data
5.8 Precautions in the use of secondary data
5.9 Census and sample
6. PRESENTATION OF DATA
6.1 Introduction
5
6.2 Classification of data
6.3 Objectives of classification
6.4 Types of classification
6.5 Construction of a discrete frequency distribution
6.6 Construction of a continuous frequency distribution
6.7 Guielines for choosing the classes
6.8 Cumulative and relative frequencies
6.9 Charting of data
7. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Significance of measures of central tendency
7.3 Properties of a good measure of central tendency
7.4 Arithmetic mean
7.5 Mathematical properties of arithmetic mean
7.6 Weighted arithmetic mean
7.7 Median
7.8 Mathematical property of median
7.9 Quantiles
7.10 Mode
7.12 Locating the mode graphically
7.13 Relationship among mean, median and mode
7.14 Geometric mean
7.15 Harmonic mean
8. MEASURES OF VARIATION AND SKEWNESS

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Significance of measuring variaton
8.3 Properties of a good measure of varition
8.4 Absolute and relative measures of variation
8.5 Range
8.6 Quartile deviation
8.7 Average deviation
8.8 Standard deviation
8.9 Coeffecient of variation
8.10 Skewness
8.11 Relative skewness
9. BASIC CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic concepts: experiment, sample space, event
9.3 Different approaches to probability theory
9.4 Calculating probabilities in complex situations
9.5 Revising probability estimate
6
10. DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic concepts: random varable and probability distribution
10.3 Discrete probability distributions
10.4 Summary measures and their applictions
10.5 Some important discrete probability distributions
11. CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic concepts
11.3 Some important continuous probability distributions
11.4 Applications of continuous distributions
11.5 Summary
12. DECISION THEORY

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Certain key issues in decision theory
12.3 Decision tree approach
12.5 Reference theory
12.6 Other approaches
13. SAMPLING METHODS

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Why sampling
13.3 Types of sampling
13.4 Probability sampling methods
13.5 Probabiltiy sampling methods
13.6 The sample size
14. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sampling distribution of the mean
14.3 Central limit theorem
14.4 Sampling distribution of the variance
14.5 The student's distribution
14.6 Sampling distribution of the proportion
14.7 Interval estimation
14.8 The sample size
15. TESTING OF HYPOTHESES

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Some basic concepts
15.3 Hypothesis testing procedure
15.4 Testing of population mean
15.5 Testing of population proportion
7
15.6 Testing for difference bteween means
15.7 Testing for difference between proportions
16. CHI-SQUARE TESTS

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Testing of population variance
16.3 Testing of equality of two population variences
16.4 Testing an goodness of fit
16.5 Testng independence of categorised data
17. BUSINESS FORECASTING

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Forecasting for long term decision
17.3 Forecating for medium and short term decisions
17.4 Forecast control
18. CORRELATION
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The correlation coeffecient
18.3 Testing for the significance of the correlation coeffecient
18.4 Bank correlation
18.5 Practical application of correlation
18.6 Auto-correlation and time series analysis
19. REGRESSION
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Fitting a straight line
19.3 Examining the fitted straight line
19.4 An example of the calculations
19.5 Variety of regression models
20. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Decomposition methods
20.3 Example of forecasting using decomposition
20.4 Use of auto-correlations in identifying time series
20.5 An outilne of box-jenkins for time series
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ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

COL MBA / MPA PROGRAMME

QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES (5564)

SEMESTER: AUTUMN, 2010

This packet comprises the following material:

Saira Ahmad Awan

Q.2 (a) Determine the common ratio of the G .P.

Q.3 (a) Solve using Gauss-Jordan elimination

Guidelines for Doing Assignments

QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES (5564)

3. BASIC CALSULUS AND APPLICATIONS

7. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

8. MEASURES OF VARIATION AND SKEWNESS

9. BASIC CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY

11. CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

12. DECISION THEORY

13. SAMPLING METHODS

14. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

15. TESTING OF HYPOTHESES

16. CHI-SQUARE TESTS

17. BUSINESS FORECASTING

20. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

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