This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C311/C311M − 17

Standard Test Methods for

Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use
in Portland-Cement Concrete1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-

fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
portland-cement concrete. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order: responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Sections 1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
Sampling 7 that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Reagents and apparatus 10
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
Moisture content 11 and 12 requirements of this standard.
Loss on ignition 13 and 14
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calcium
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
oxide ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and potassium oxide 15
Available alkali 16 and 17
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Ammonia 18 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
PHYSICAL TESTS Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Density 19
Fineness 20
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21 – 23 2. Referenced Documents
Soundness 24
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
Strength activity index with portland cement 27 – 30 C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
Water requirement 31 C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32 Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in Specimens)
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance 34 C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units gregates
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each C151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hy-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining draulic Cement
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
with the standard. Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
Mortar
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
2
tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C311/C311M – 16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-17. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 C311/C311M − 17
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement 3.2.5 regular sample, n—a sample that is constructed by
C204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by combining equal portions of grab samples that were taken at
Air-Permeability Apparatus predetermined times or locations from any single lot of
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement material.
C226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in
the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic Cement 4. Significance and Use
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for com-
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
parison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Speci-
C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the
fication C1697. These test methods are based on standardized
45-µm (No. 325) Sieve
testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job
C441/C441M Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or
conditions.
Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-
pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction 4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity
C604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory index is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolan
Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer results in an acceptable level of strength development when
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined used with hydraulic cement in concrete. Since the test is
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete performed with mortar, the results may not provide a direct
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements correlation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan will
for Test Methods for Construction Materials contribute to strength in concrete.
C778 Specification for Standard Sand 4.1.2 Chemical Tests—The chemical component determina-
C1012/C1012M Test Method for Length Change of tions and the limits placed on each do not predict the
Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution performance of a fly ash or natural pozzolan with hydraulic
C1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar cement in concrete, but collectively help describe composition
C1697 Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementi- and uniformity of the material.
tious Materials
D1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water 5. Materials
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal 5.1 Graded Standard Sand—The sand used for making test
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence specimens for the activity index with lime or portland cement
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test shall be natural silica sand conforming to the requirements for
Sieves graded standard sand in Specification C778.
2.2 ACI Document:3
ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete NOTE 2—Segregation of Graded Sand—The graded standard sand
should be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, since
3. Terminology variations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency of
the mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to prevent
3.1 Definitions: the formation of mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopes
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer of which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient size to
permit these precautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins by
to Terminology C125 and Terminology C219. gravity should not be used.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.2 Hydrated Lime—The hydrated lime used in the tests
3.2.1 composite sample, n—a sample that is constructed by
shall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimum
combining equal portions of grab or regular samples.
calculated as Ca(OH)2 (Note 3), and have a minimum fineness
3.2.2 established source, n—a source for which at least six of 2500 m2/kg as determined in accordance with Test Method
months of continuous production quality assurance records C204.
from a test frequency required for a new source are available,
sampled at the source. NOTE 3—The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure to
carbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container after a test
3.2.3 grab sample, n—a sample that is taken in a single should not be used for subsequent tests.
operation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, from
bags, or from a bulk shipment. 5.3 Portland Cement—The portland cement used in the
3.2.3.1 Discussion—A grab sample may or may not reflect Strength Activity Index with Portland Cement test shall comply
the composition or physical properties of a single lot of fly ash with the requirements of Specification C150/C150M and have
or natural pozzolan. This type of sample can be used to a minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28
characterize small amounts of material. days and total alkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than
0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.
3.2.4 new source, n—a source for which less than six
5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in the
months of production records are available, sampled at the
Strength Activity Index or a project cement that does not meet
source.
the requirements of the section on Materials is permitted when
the variations from the requirements of the section on Materials
3
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington are reported and when the use of such portland cement is
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org. requested.

2
 C311/C311M − 17
6. Sample Type and Size covering the period or quantity to be represented by the
6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have a mass of sample. Take equal portions from each, sufficient to produce a
at least 2 kg (4 lb). composite sample large enough for the tests required. Mix the
composite sample thoroughly.
6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribed
intervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combined 8.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containers
to form a composite sample representative of the fly ash or identified with the source and lot or period of time represented.
natural pozzolan produced during that period of time. Untested portions of the sample shall be retained for at least
one month after all test results have been reported.
6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass of at least 4 kg
(8 lb). 9. Testing Frequency
6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of, 9.1 General—When required, the purchaser shall specify
a responsible representative of the purchaser. the amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity with
7. Sampling Procedure cement alkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Make
all other tests on regular or composite samples chosen as
7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by any specified in Table 1.
one of the following methods:
7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from Rail CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Cars and Road Tankers—A sample may be taken by siphon
tube during loading or by sampling tube from each loaded car 10. General
or tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge into 10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall comply
the rail car or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to a with the requirements of Test Methods C114.
depth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sample
10.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, refer-
shall be identified with at least the date and shipment number.
ences to water shall be understood to mean distilled water or
7.1.2 From Bags in Storage—The regular sample shall
water of equal purity.
comprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube from
three bags selected at random from one lot of bagged material. MOISTURE CONTENT
The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.
7.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk Storage—Take one 11. Procedure
sample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the material passing over the 11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant mass in
conveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire test sample an oven at 110 6 5 °C [230 6 10 °F].
in a single operation, known as the grab sample method, or by
combining several equal portions taken at regular intervals, 12. Calculation
known as the regular sample method. Automatic samplers may
be used to obtain samples. 12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest
0.1 %, as follows:
7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.
NOTE 4—Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or natural Moisture content, % 5 ~ A/B ! 3 100 (1)
pozzolan, particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may create
stratification or segregation in the material stream. Sampling techniques where:
must be designed to ensure that the sample is representative of the material A = mass loss during drying, and
shipped.
B = mass as received.
8. Preparation and Storage of Samples
LOSS ON IGNITION
8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required in
Section 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groups 13. Procedure
TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyA 13.1 Using a representative sample of material remaining
Jobsite or New Established from the determination of moisture content, determine loss on
Test Sample Type
SourceB SourceB ignition by the procedure described below:
Moisture content Regular Daily or each Daily or each 13.1.1 Determine the tare mass of a clean, cool, uncovered,
Loss on ignition 90 Mgc 360 MgC porcelain crucible, and record the tare mass of the crucible (A)
Fineness (100 Tons) (400 Tons)
Density and the Composite Monthly or each Monthly or each to the nearest 0.0001 g.
other tests in 1 800 MgC 2 900 MgC
Specification (2 000 Tons) (3 200 Tons) NOTE 5—The tare mass of crucibles should be determined by preheat-
C618, Tables 1 ing the empty crucible to constant mass at the same temperature and under
and 2 the same conditions as used for the final ignition of a residue, and cooling
A in a desiccator for the same period of time used for the crucible containing
It should be noted that the minimum test frequency given in Table 1 is not
necessarily the frequency needed for quality control programs on some fly ash or
the residue.
natural pozzolans. 13.1.2 In the crucible, place an amount of material between
B
For definitions, refer to the Terminology section.
C
Whichever comes first. 0.5 and 4 g and record the combined mass of the crucible and
material (B) to the nearest 0.0001 g.

3
 C311/C311M − 17
13.1.3 Ignite the crucible and material to constant mass in a Add sufficient water to make the total volume 200-mL. Let
furnace at 750 6 50°C. Constant mass shall be obtained by any stand 1 h at room temperature with frequent stirring. Filter
of the following methods: 1) firing for 45 minutes, 2) succes- through a medium-textured filter paper onto a 500-mL volu-
sive firings until constant mass is established by measuring the metric flask. Wash thoroughly with hot water (eight to ten
loss between two successive firings. When using successive times).
firings, the initial firing duration shall be at least 15 minutes NOTE 8—At times it may be necessary to break the vial and peel off the
and subsequent firings at least 5 minutes in duration. The loss plastic from the solid cake. In such cases, care should be exercised to
after each firing is calculated using the equation given in 14.1 avoid the loss of material and to remove all solid material from the
and the difference between two successive firings shall be less fragments of the vial. If the cake is too hard to break up and grind in the
than 0.1 % for the mass to be considered constant. casserole, a mortar should be used.
13.1.4 Remove the crucible at the end of ignition and allow 16.3 Neutralize the filtrate with dilute HCl (1 + 3), using 1
it to cool in a desiccator to room temperature. Measure and to 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution as the indicator. Add
record the final mass of the crucible and material (C) to the exactly 5 mL of dilute HCl (1 + 3) in excess. Cool the solution
nearest 0.0001 g. to room temperature and fill the flask to the mark with distilled
water. Determine the amount of sodium and potassium oxides
14. Calculation in the solution using the flame photometric procedure, de-
14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to the scribed in Test Methods C114, except that the standard
nearest 0.1 %, as follows: solutions shall be made up to contain 8 mL of calcium chloride
(CaCl2) stock solution per litre of standard solution, and the
Loss on ignition, % 5 S B2C
B2A D
3 100 (2) solution as prepared shall be used in place of the solution of
cement.
where:
NOTE 9—The standard solutions made up with 8 mL of calcium
A = tare mass of crucible, chloride (CaCl2) stock solution contain the equivalent of 504 ppm of CaO.
B = mass of moisture-free material and crucible, and Tests have shown that this amount closely approximates the amount of
C = mass of ignited material and crucible. calcium dissolved in the test solution.

SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE, 17. Calculation and Report
CALCIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SULFUR
17.1 Calculate the results as weight percent of the original
TRIOXIDE, SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE
sample material. Report as equivalent percentage of sodium
15. Procedure oxide (Na2O), calculated as follows:
15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as required
in accordance with the applicable sections of Test Methods Equivalent Na 2 O, % 5 Na2 O, %10.658 3 K 2 O, % (3)
C114 for materials having an insoluble residue greater than
1 % (Note 6). Analysts performing sodium oxide and potas- AMMONIA
sium oxide determinations shall observe the precautions out-
lined in the applicable section of Test Methods C114. Most
18. Procedure
pozzolans dissolve completely in lithium borate fluxes.
18.1 Weigh 1.00 g of the fly ash sample into a 125-mL
NOTE 6—Rapid and instrumental methods may be employed similar to Erlenmeyer flask. Add 100 mL of ammonia-free water. Place a
those in Test Methods C114 and D4326.
neoprene rubber stopper on the flask and swirl the contents to
AVAILABLE ALKALI thoroughly mix the sample and the water.
18.2 Filter the mixture using a medium-textured filter paper
16. Procedure
and save the filtrate for the ammonia determination.
16.1 Weigh 5.0 g of the sample and 2.0 g of hydrated lime
18.3 Determine the concentration of ammonia in the filtrate
on a piece of weighing paper, carefully mix using a metal
in accordance with the procedures outlined in Test Methods
spatula, and transfer to a small plastic vial of approximately
D1426, Method A–Direct Nesslerization or Method B–Selec-
25-mL capacity. Add 10.0 mL of water to this mixture, seal the
tive Ion Electrode.
vial by securing the cap or lid to the vial with tape (Note 7),
blend by shaking until the mixture is uniform, and store at 18.4 Calculate the ammonia concentration of the fly ash as
38 6 2°C. follows:
NOTE 7—To ensure that moisture loss from the paste does not occur, Ammonia, mg/kg 5 N W 3 V W /W fa (4)
place the sealed vial in a sealable container (such as a small sample or
mason jar), add sufficient water to cover the bottom of the container, and
where:
seal. NW = ammonia concentration of the water extract deter-
16.2 Open the vial at the age of 28 days and transfer the mined by Test Methods D1426, mg/L,
contents to a 250-mL casserole. Break up and grind the cake VW = volume of water used for extracting ammonia from
with a pestle, adding a small amount of water, if necessary, so the fly ash sample, mL, and
Wfa = mass of fly ash sample used in the test, g.
that a uniform slurry containing no lumps is obtained (Note 8).

4
 C311/C311M − 17
PHYSICAL TESTS Certified residue retained on a 45 2 µm sieve
58.24 % ~ obtained from standard certificate!
DENSITY
Measured residue retained on a 45 2 µm sieve
19. Procedure 57.12 % ~ measured in the laboratory!
19.1 Determine the density of the sample in accordance Correction factor ~ CF!
with the procedure described in Test Method C188 or Test 5standard value ~ std! 2 observed value ~ obs!
Method C604 as modified below. 58.24 2 7.12 5 1.12 %
19.2 For Test Method C188, follow the procedure except 20.2.2 Calculating a corrected fineness value for a cali-
use a quantity of fly ash or natural pozzolan weighed to the brated sieve (fly ash A was used in this example):
nearest 0.05 g, of about 50 g.
Amount of fly ash A retained on the sieve:R s
19.3 For Test Method C604 use an amount of material that 515.2 % ~ expressed as a % of sample mass!
is appropriate for the instrument.
Corrected sieve residue for fly ash A:R c
19.3.1 Determine the density of the material as received. Do
5R s 1CF
not prepare sample as described in Section 6 of Test Method
C604. 515.211.12
516.3 %
19.4 In the final report of the density value, indicate which
test method was used in measuring density. INCREASE OF DRYING SHRINKAGE OF MORTAR BARS
FINENESS, AMOUNT RETAINED WHEN WET-SIEVED ON 21. Test Specimen
A45-µm (NO. 325) SIEVE
21.1 Prepare test specimens in accordance with the proce-
20. Procedure dures described in Test Method C157/C157M, except mold
20.1 Determine the amount of the sample retained when three mortar bars from both the control mix and the test mix
wet-sieved on a 45-µm (No. 325) sieve, in accordance with using the following proportions:
Test Method C430, with the following exceptions.
20.1.1 Calibrate the 45-µm (No. 325) sieve using a cement
standard (SRM 114). Calculate the sieve correction factors as Control Mix Test Mix
Portland cement, g 500 500
follows: Fly ash or natural None 125
pozzolan, g
Graded standard 1375 1250
CF 5 std 2 obs (5) sand, g
Water sufficient to produce a flow of 100 to 115 %
where:
CF = the sieve correction factor, %, (include a negative
sign when appropriate),
std = the certified residue value for the SRM, %, and
obs = the observed residue value for the SRM, %. 22. Procedure
20.1.2 Calculate the fineness of the fly ash or natural 22.1 Cure and measure the test specimens in accordance
pozzolan to the nearest 0.1 % as follows: with Test Method C157/C157M, except that the moist-curing
period (including the period in the molds) shall be 7 days, and
the comparator reading at the age of 24 6 1⁄2 h shall be omitted.
R C 5 R S 1CF (6) Immediately after taking the comparator reading at the end of
where: the 7-day moist-curing period, store the specimens in accor-
RC = corrected sieve residue, %, dance with Test Method C157/C157M, and after 28 days of air
RS = observed residue for the test sample, %, and storage, take a comparator reading for the specimens in
CF = the sieve correction factor, %. accordance with Test Method C157/C157M.
If the residue retained for the test sample is equal to zero
23. Calculation and Report
(RS = 0), then the sieve correction factor shall not be added to
the test result to calculate the corrected sieve residue. In such 23.1 Calculate the increase in drying shrinkage of the
cases, the corrected fineness shall be reported as zero. mortar bars, Si, as follows:
NOTE 10—Test Method C430 has been adopted for testing fly ash
fineness. However, certain requirements, such as cleaning of sieves and Si 5 St 2 Sc (7)
interpretation of the test results, are sometimes not appropriate for fly
ashes. where:
20.2 Numerical examples for calibrating a fineness sieve St = average drying shrinkage of the test specimens calcu-
and calculating the corrected fineness. lated as follows, and
Sc = average drying shrinkage of the control specimens
20.2.1 Calibrating a fineness sieve (NIST standard reference
calculated as follows:
material SRM 114p was used in this example):

5
 C311/C311M − 17
@ initial CRD 2 CRD# 3 100 interpolation the amount of Vinsol resin, expressed as mass
S5 (8)
G percent of the cement, required to produce an air content of
18 %.
where:
S = drying shrinkage of test or control specimens, 26. Calculation
%,
initial CRD = difference between the comparator reading of 26.1 Calculate the air content of the test mixtures as
the specimen and the reference bar at 7 days follows:
of moist curing,
CRD = difference between the comparator reading of Air content, volume % 5 100@ 1 2 ~ W a /W c !# (9)
the specimen and the reference bar at 28 days
of drying, and W a 5 W/400 (10)
G = the gage length of the specimens 250 mm (10 300111251751 ~ 300 3 P 3 0.01!
Wc 5 (11)
in.).
23.2 Report the results to the nearest 0.01. If the average
FS D S D S D S
300
3.15
1
1125
2.65
1
75
D
1
300 3 P 3 0.01
1 DG
drying shrinkage of the control specimens is larger than the where:
average drying shrinkage of the test specimens, prefix a minus Wa = actual mass per unit of volume of mortar as determined
sign to the increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars by Test Method C185, g/mL,
reported. W = mass of the specified 400 mL of mortar (see Test
Method C185), g,
SOUNDNESS
Wc = theoretical mass per unit of volume, calculated on an
air-free basis and using the values for density and
24. Procedure quantities of the materials in the mix, g/mL,
24.1 Conduct the soundness test in accordance with Test P = percentage of mixing water plus Vinsol resin solution
Method C151/C151M, except the specimens shall be molded based on mass of cement, and
from a paste composed of water, the fly ash or natural pozzolan D = density of fly ash or natural pozzolan in the mixture,
being tested, and portland cement conforming to Specification Mg/m3.
C150/C150M. The quantity of fly ash or natural pozzolan shall
STRENGTH ACTIVITY INDEX WITH PORTLAND CEMENT
be 20 % by mass of the total cementitious material.
AIR-ENTRAINMENT OF MORTAR 27. Specimens
27.1 Mold the specimens from a control mixture and from a
25. Procedure test mixture in accordance with Test Method C109/C109M.
25.1 Using portland cement conforming to the requirements The portland cement used in the Strength Activity Index test
for Type I or Type II of Specification C150/C150M, prepare a shall comply with the requirements of Specification C150/
test mixture in accordance with Test Method C185, using the C150M and with the alkali and strength limits given in the
following proportions: section on Materials. In the test mixture, replace 20 % of the
Test Mix mass of the amount of cement used in the control mixture by
Portland cement, g 300 the same mass of the test sample. Make six-cube batches as
Fly ash or natural pozzolan 75 follows:
20–30 standard sand, g 1125
Water, mL, sufficient to give a flow of 80 to 95 Y 27.1.1 Control Mixture:
Neutralized Vinsol resin solution, mL,A sufficient Z
to produce an air content of 18 ± 3 %
A
The amount of Vinsol resin solution used shall be considered as part of
the mixing water. 500 g of portland cement
1375 g of graded standard sand
242 mL of water

25.2 The neutralized Vinsol resin solution used in this

section on Air-Entrainment of Mortar shall be either a com-
mercial neutralized Vinsol resin solution or a neutralized 27.1.2 Test Mixture:
Vinsol resin solution prepared in accordance with Specification
C226. If it is necessary to dilute either of these solutions, use
distilled or demineralized water. (Note 11.) 400 g of portland cement
100 g of test sample
NOTE 11—Dissolved minerals in drinking water may precipitate Vinsol 1375 g of graded standard sand
mL of water required for flow ± 5 of control mixture
resin solutions and greatly diminish its air-entraining characteristics.
25.3 Prepare two test mixtures with sufficient neutralized
Vinsol resin to produce an air content of 15 to 18 % in the first
mix and 18 to 21 % in the second mix. Then, determine by 27.2 Number of Specimens:

6
 C311/C311M − 17
27.2.1 Since Specification C618 specifies that “meeting the EFFECTIVENESS OF FLY ASH OR NATURAL POZZOLAN
7 day or 28 day Strength Activity Index will indicate specifi- IN CONTROLLING ALKALI SILICA-REACTIONS (SEE
cation compliance” only one age might be required. At the Appendix X1)
option of the producer or the user after preparing six-cube
32. Procedure
batches, only three cubes of control and test mixtures need to
be molded for either 7 or 28 day testing. 32.1 Determine expansion of mortar made with a fly ash or
natural pozzolan and a test cement as a percent of expansion of
28. Storage of Specimens mortar made with low alkali cement in accordance with Test
Method C441/C441M as modified in the following paragraphs:
28.1 After molding, place the specimens and molds (on the 32.1.1 Control Mixture— The control mixture will be made
base plates) in the moist room or closet at 23.0 6 2.0°C as required in Test Method C441/C441M except that the
[73.4 6 3°F] for 20 to 24 h. While in the moist room or closet, control cement shall have an alkali content (as equivalent
protect the surface from dripping water. Remove the molds Na2O) less than 0.60 % (Note 13).
from the moist room or closet and remove the cubes from the NOTE 13—Generally, the control cement should have an alkali content
molds. Place and store the cubes in saturated lime water as as equivalent Na2O between 0.50 and 0.60 %. However, lower alkali
specified in Test Method C109/C109M. control cement may be used, if desired, to demonstrate equivalence.
32.1.2 Test Mixture Using Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan—
NOTE 12—Take care to ensure against zones of stratification or pockets
of variation in temperature in the curing chamber. The combined quantity of cement plus fly ash or natural
pozzolan shall total 400 g (see Appendix X1). Use 900 g of
29. Compressive Strength Test borosilicate glass aggregate and sufficient mixing water to
produce a flow between 100 and 115 % as determined in
29.1 Determine the compressive strength, as specified in accordance with Test Method C1437. The cement used in the
Test Method C109/C109M, of three specimens of the control test mixture shall have an alkali content greater than that of the
mixture and three specimens of the test mixture at ages of 7 cement in the control mixture (Note 14).
days, or 28 days, or both, depending upon how many speci- NOTE 14—Generally, this test cement will have an alkali content equal
mens were molded as prescribed in the section on Number of to or higher than that used in the job.
Specimens. 32.1.3 Store and measure specimens as required in Test
Method C227. Measure length of specimens at ages of 1 and 14
30. Calculation days.
30.1 Calculate the strength activity index with portland 33. Report
cement as follows:
33.1 Include in the report for each test mixture comparison
made:
Strength activity index with portland cement =
33.1.1 The 14 day expansion of the test mixture as a percent
(A/B) × 100 (11) of the control mixture at that age,
33.1.2 The identification and chemical analysis of the fly
ash or natural pozzolan,
where: 33.1.3 The mass percentage of fly ash or natural pozzolan
A = average compressive strength of test mixture cubes, based on the total mass of cement plus fly ash or natural
MPa (psi), and pozzolan in the test mixture, and
B = average compressive strength of control mix cubes, 33.1.4 The alkali content of control and test mixture ce-
MPa (psi). ments as equivalent alkali (Na2O + 0.658 K2O).
EFFECTIVENESS OF FLY ASH OR NATURAL POZZOLAN
IN CONTRIBUTING TO SULFATE RESISTANCE

WATER REQUIREMENT 34. Procedure

34.1 Compare the length change of mortar bars with abso-
31. Calculation lute expansion limits or compare the length change of mortar
bars made with a control cement with the length change of
31.1 Calculate the water requirement for the Strength Ac- mortar bars made with fly ash or natural pozzolan and a test
tivity Index with Portland Cement as follows: cement, in accordance with Test Method C1012/C1012M, as
modified in the following paragraphs. Results shall be evalu-
Water requirement, percentage of control = ated using absolute limits (Procedure A) or the relative
(Y/242 × 100) (12) expansion limits (Procedure B) in Specification C618,
where: Table 2A.
Y = water required for the test mixture to be 65 of control 34.2 Control Mixture for Procedure A—A control mixture is
flow. not mandatory since performance measured using Procedure A

7
 C311/C311M − 17
is based on maximum expansion of the test mixture. If a TABLE 2 Within and Between Lab Precision Estimates for C114
control mixture is made for Procedure A then proportion it as Methods Applied to the Analysis of Fly AshA
1s d2s
required in Test Method C1012/C1012M using a cement Oxide
meeting the requirements of Specification C150/C150M, Type W/L B/L W/L B/L

II or Type V. SiO2 0.62 0.86 1.75 2.45

Al2O3 1.46 2.29 4.12 6.48
34.3 Test Mixture Using Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan for Fe2O3
<2 % 0.12 0.11 0.34 0.31
Procedure A—Make the combined quantity of cement plus fly $2 % 0.12 0.25 0.34 0.71
ash or natural pozzolan, by mass, the same as the total cement CaO 0.63 0.74 1.79 2.09
content of the control mixture described in the Making Mortars MgO 0.20 0.21 0.55 0.61
SO3 0.10 0.16 0.28 0.45
section of Test Method C1012/C1012M. The proportion of fly Moisture 0.05 0.06 0.15 0.17
ash or natural pozzolan may be varied using from 15 % to LOI 0.09 0.12 0.25 0.35
50 %, by mass, of the total cement plus fly ash or natural A
The four values for SO3 were editorially corrected to reflect updated research
pozzolan. Any type of portland cement may be used to prepare reports associated with this standard.
test mixtures.
34.4 Control Mixture for Procedure B—Make the control
mixture for Procedure B as required in Test Method C1012/ PRECISION AND BIAS
C1012M with the cement that is proposed for use in the project
or a cement that through performance or definition (Specifica- 36. Precision and Bias
tion C150/C150M, Section 1) is expected to give satisfactory 36.1 Strength Activity Index Test:
results (or a cement for which the contribution to sulfate 36.1.1 Precision was determined from two interlaboratory
resistance is known and is satisfactory). studies involving two Class C fly ashes, two Class F fly ashes,
NOTE 15—The control cement should be chosen to give sulfate and one Class N pozzolan. Participating laboratories numbered
resistance for the expected level of sulfate exposure. Experience has 12 and 7 in the two studies.4
shown that Type II cements are often used for moderate levels of 36.1.2 The single-operator standard deviation for the
exposure. Type V cement is commonly used for severe exposures (see
X2.2 of Appendix X2). Strength Activity Index test has been found to be 3.7 % (1s).
This does not appear to vary either with material or with test
34.5 Test Mixture for Using Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan for age, over the range of 7 to 28 days. Therefore, results of two
Procedure B—Make the combined quantity of cement plus fly properly conducted tests by the same operator on the same
ash or natural pozzolan, by mass, the same as the total cement material should not differ by more than 10.5 % (d2s) of the
used in the control mixture. The proportion of fly ash or natural average of the two results.
pozzolan may be varied from 15 % to 50 % of the total cement 36.1.3 The multilaboratory standard deviation for the
plus fly ash or natural pozzolan by mass. Any type of portland Strength Activity Index test has been found to be 4.5 % (1s).
cement may be used to prepare test mixtures. This does not appear to vary either with material or with test
34.6 For either Procedure A or B, store and measure age, over the range of 7 to 28 days. Therefore, results of two
specimens as required in Test Method C1012/C1012M for at properly conducted tests in different laboratories on the same
least 6 months. material should not differ by more than 12.7 % (d2s) of the
NOTE 16—Evaluation of the sulfate resistance of cementitious materials average of the two results.
for use in certain situations or critical structures may require longer 36.1.4 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable
periods of storage and additional length measurements. Refer to Test for determining the bias for this procedure, no statement on
Method C1012/C1012M for guidance on this matter. bias is being made.
35. Report 36.2 Chemical Analysis:
35.1 In addition to the information required in Test Method 36.2.1 Precision and bias estimates for the test methods in
C1012/C1012M, report the following information for each Test Methods C114 when applied to the analysis of pozzolans
mixture comparison made: were calculated from an interlaboratory study involving 7
35.2 For Procedure A, the age and expansion as a specific laboratories each analyzing 4 NIST SRM fly ashes. A research
amount, report describing the results of this study is available from
ASTM.5
35.3 For Procedure B, the age and expansion as a percent of 36.2.2 Precision—Within-laboratory (W/L) and between-
the control mixture at that age, laboratory (B/L) estimates of standard deviation and estimates
35.4 The identification and chemical analysis including C3A of maximum differences expected between duplicate determi-
content of the cements used in both the control and test nations in 95 % of comparisons6 are summarized in Table 2.
mixtures,
35.5 The identification and chemical analysis of the fly ash 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
or natural pozzolan used in the test mixtures, be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1001.
5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
35.6 The mass percentages of the fly ash or natural pozzolan be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1008.
based on the total mass of cement plus fly ash or natural 6
These values represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits as described in
pozzolan in the test mixture. Practice C670.

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 C311/C311M − 17
36.2.3 Bias—Statistically significant bias was found in the 36.3.2 Precision of Method B (Selective Ion Electrode)—
determination of CaO and MgO. CaO determinations averaged The single-laboratory coefficient of variation (repeatability)
0.46 % higher than the value certified for the SRM. MgO has been found to be 7.4 % (1s %). The reproducibility of this
determinations averaged 0.19 % higher than the value certified test method is being determined.
for the SRM. 36.3.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
36.3 Ammonia: suitable for determining the bias for these procedures, no
36.3.1 Precision of Method A (Direct Nesslerization)—The statement on bias is being made.
single-laboratory coefficient of variation (repeatability) has
been found to be 9.2 % (1s %). The reproducibility of this test 37. Keywords
method is being determined. 37.1 fly ash; natural pozzolan

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. COMMENTARY ON SECTION 32

X1.1 Test procedures in Section 32 are designed to deter- delineate any increase in expansion. The fly ash or natural
mine the effectiveness of fly ash, or natural pozzolan, in pozzolan percentage used may need to be sufficiently high to
preventing excessive expansion resulting from a reaction demonstrate that the percentage exceeds the pessimum if such
between certain aggregates and alkalies in portland-cement pessimum exists for the combination.
mixtures. Tests are made in accordance with Test Method
C441/C441M using: X1.6 Selection of the Low Alkali Control Cement—The test
X1.1.1 400 g of portland cement or a combined total of procedure in this test method and requirements in Specification
cement plus fly ash or natural pozzolan of 400 g, C618 are designed to measure the relative effectiveness of the
fly ash or natural pozzolan in reducing expansion due to
X1.1.2 900 g of borosilicate glass, and alkali-silica reactions. The effectiveness is a function of both
X1.1.3 Sufficient water to obtain a flow of 100 to 115 %. the alkali content of the cement used in the test mixture and the
percentage of fly ash or natural pozzolan. The higher the alkali
X1.2 The control mixture is made with a low-alkali portland content of the test mixture cement and the lower the percentage
cement. The test mixture, made of a test percentage of the fly of fly ash or natural pozzolan used, the more effective the fly
ash or natural pozzolan, can be made with the same cement or ash or natural pozzolan. This test procedure and the 100 %
any other cement having an equivalent alkali content greater criterion of Specification C618 can be used as a guide to
than 0.60 %. enhance field performance of job mixtures if it is assumed that
X1.3 Interpretation of Results—The fly ash or natural use of the low alkali control cement will prevent excessive
pozzolan should be considered “effective” when used at expansion in service with materials proposed for use in the job.
percentages equal to or greater than the percentages used in the This is the situation when the aggregates proposed for use
test mixture with cements having alkali contents that do not contain rapidly reactive constituents but do not exceed 0.05 %
exceed by more than 0.05 percentage points the alkali content expansion in three months or 0.10 % expansion in six months
of the cement used in the test mixture. when tested with the control cement in Test Method C227. In
such instances the control cement used in this test method
X1.4 Selection of the Percentage of Fly Ash or Natural should have an alkali content as required to control the
Pozzolan—It may be necessary to make test mixtures with expansive reactions of the aggregates being used, for example
several percentages of fly ash or natural pozzolan to determine in the 0.50 to 0.60 % range. See the appendix to Specification
the minimum amount necessary to be considered “effective” in C33/C33M.
reducing expansion to the level produced by the “control”
low-alkali cement. The minimum amount of fly ash or natural X1.6.1 Certain reactive aggregates have been identified
pozzolan should be 15 % by mass of cementitious material. which produce deleterious expansion after many years of
service when used with cements with equivalent alkali contents
X1.5 Selection of the Alkali Content of the Cement Used in well below 0.60 %. Often these reactive aggregates do not
the Test Mixture—In some instances it may not be necessary to produce expansions in Test Method C227 exceeding those
demonstrate that the fly ash or natural pozzolan will reduce discussed in the appendix of Specification C33/C33M until a
expansion, but rather that it will not increase expansion. In this much later age, perhaps one or two years. In such instances the
instance the test and control mixtures should be made with the use of a control cement with an alkali content significantly less
same low alkali cement used in the control mixture to better than 0.60 % is appropriate.

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 C311/C311M − 17

X2. COMMENTARY ON SECTION 34

X2.1 The test procedures in Section 34 are designed to resistance. However, as referenced in Test Method C1012/
evaluate the performance of particular fly ashes or natural C1012M, research has indicated that mortars meeting the
pozzolans in contributing to the resistance or durability of expansion criteria will perform adequately. Under Procedure B,
concrete in a sulfate environment. Tests are made on mortars in the fly ash or natural pozzolan will be considered to be able to
accordance with Test Method C1012/C1012M. contribute to sulfate resistance if the expansion of the test
X2.2 The control mixture should be made with a cement mixture does not exceed that of the control mixture at an
that by performance or definition (Specification C150/C150M, exposure time of at least 6 months. It is recommended that the
Section 1.1) is expected to give satisfactory results for the proportion of fly ash or natural pozzolan used in the test
anticipated level of sulfate exposure. ACI 201.2R recommends mixture be the same one proposed for use in the project 62 %,
Type II cement when the sulfate content, expressed as SO4, is and that the C3A content of the project cement be equal to, or
0.10 to 0.20 percent in soils or 150 to 1500 ppm in waters. ACI less than, that which was used in the test mixtures. See
201.2R recommends Type V cements when the sulfate content, Appendix X1, Technical Background, Test Method C1012/
expressed as SO4, is 0.20 to 2.0 % in soils, or 1500 to 10 000 C1012M.
ppm in waters. The test mixtures for both procedures may be
made with varying percentages of fly ash or natural pozzolan. X2.4 Selection of the Percentage of Fly Ash or Natural
Test mixtures can use cements with equal or higher or lower Pozzolan—It may be necessary to make test mixtures with
C3A contents that might not have given satisfactory results several percentages of fly ash or natural pozzolan to determine
when used alone. the amount necessary to obtain adequate resistance to different
concentrations of sulfates. Percentages used in a project should
X2.3 Interpretation of Results—The absolute expansion
be within 2 % of those that are successful in the test mixtures
limits used in Procedure A make it difficult to ascertain how the
addition of fly ash or natural pozzolan influences sulfate or should be between two percentages that are successful.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C311/C311M – 16) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2017.)

(1) Removed previous Sections 13 and 14. (2) Added new Sections 13 and 14.

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C311/C311M – 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 15, 2016.)

(1) Revised 24.1.

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