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討論大綱
 運輸對經濟活力的重要性

 從環境、社會及政治角度看運輸的
意義

CHAPTER 2  運輸的經濟學

運輸與經濟
Transportation: A Global Supply Chain Perspective (8e)
Coyle, Novack, and Gibson
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posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

交通運輸對GDP的重要性
經濟意義：貨物運輸
運輸營業服務對國內生產總值的貢獻(2011年)
 某地區專門從事商品及(或)
服務的大規模生產
地區 A 地區 B
 交通運輸彌合以大量生產為
導向方法的固有供需缺口

 交通運降低生產要素的到岸
價格 地區 D 地區 C

Source: Freight Facts and Figure 2013, Figure 4-1

3 4
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經濟意義之外
經濟意義：旅客運輸
環境面
社會面 政治面
(社會成本)

 勞動力機動性
 郊區的成長
 土地及財產價值增  汙染：空氣、噪音、
 健康與福利  國家團結
加 水
 安全：受傷、生命損  教育傳播系統  國防安全
 觀光旅遊 失、危險事故（例如
 社交互動  人道救援
漏油，氣體爆炸）
 能源：石化燃料  生活模式  政府干預：治理、系
統維護與發展
5 6
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Economics of Transportation 交通運輸經濟

衡量單位 貨物運輸按運具(重量)
(Millions of Tons, 2012)

Multiple Pipeline Other &

modes & mail 1,546 unknown
1,588 7.86% 338
8.08% 1.72%

Air, air & truck

15
0.08%

Water Truck
975 13,182
4.96% 67.04%
Rail
2,018
10.26%

Source: Freight Facts and Figure 2013, Table 2-1. Weight of shipments by mode

9 10
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貨物運輸按運具(價值) 交通運輸經濟：旅客運輸按運具分類
(Billions of 2007 dollars, 2012) (Passenger-Mile 2012)
Multiple modes Pipeline Other & Rail Transit
& mail 768 unknown 37,757 55,169
3,023 5% 359 1% 1%
17% 2%
Air
Air, air & truck 580,501
1,182 12%
7% Truck
11,130
Water 64%
339
2%
Rail Highway
551 4,273,876
3% 86%
Source: Freight Facts and Figure 2013, Table 2-2. Value of shipments by mode
Source: National Transportation Statistics by Research and Innovative Technology (RITA), updated July 2014
11 12
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需求彈性 貨物運輸的衍生需求
顧客對價格變化的敏感度

對特定運輸方式或
模式 特定承運人的需
求，通常是具彈性
或價格敏感。降低
特定運具的費率，
承運人 通常會導致該運具
的貨運量增加。
交通運輸的總需求缺乏彈
性。降低運費不會大幅增加
貨運需求。

13 14
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運輸服務的價值 到岸成本對貨物價值的影響
運輸成本及服務對產品需求的影響

以到岸成本為例

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
海外供應商 海外倉儲及 出口關稅 國際貨物 進口關稅 買方倉儲及 買方
的生產成本 運輸成本 運輸成本 運輸成本 到岸成本

Adapted based on image courtesy of Transways Adapted based on image courtesy of Transways
15 16
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交通運輸的效用
貨物需求的服務要素
地點效用
安全 轉運時間
4 時間效用
1

3 2 數量效用
可及性 可靠性
大規模生產的成本效用

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17 posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Summary 總結
 Transportation expenditures are an important  交通運輸支出是美國國內生產總值的重要成分。
part of the gross domestic product in the United
States.  運輸為地區及勞動力專業化的必要因素。
 Transportation provides one of the necessary
ingredients for geographic and labor  交通運輸透過提供時間及地點效用來增加商品
specialization. 價值，進而強化規模經濟及增加市場範圍的可
 Transportation contributes to the value of goods
by providing time and place utility that enhance 能性。
the possibility of scale economies and increased
 雖然交通運輸提供許多好處，但也會因為對環
market areas.
 While transportation provides many benefits, it 境的影響而產生社會成本。
creates social costs due to the impacts on
environment.
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posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19 posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20