Philtech Institute of Arts

and Technology, Inc.

SUBJECT:
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
 PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY, INC. 10. Which of the following considerations in making research reports discusses the
SUBJECT: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion importance of proof-reading?
Third Quarter
Week 5 a. Researcher must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your
report

LESSON 4: UNDERSTANDING WAYS TO COLLECT DATA b. Researcher must write your report clearly and concisely.

c. References should be carefully and accurately cited.

My Learning Objectives
d. Report should be edited by several times.
1. The learner describes adequately research design (either quantitative or
qualitative), sample, instrument used in quantitative research, data collection and analysis
procedures.

2. Presents written research methodology.

What is Research? Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of

data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields
and academic disciplines.

Research Design
The research design states to the whole approach that you decide on to add the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and
analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the type of design you should
use.

To unlock the challenges, would you be interested in choosing which design.

1. Quantitative / Qualitative Research
2. RESEARCH SETTING
3. POPULATION (Respondents)- Persons who have been invited to participate in a
particular study
and have actually taken part in the study.

1 34
 ______5. This is defined as written documents that discusses a certain issue or topic. 4. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
a. Research study c. Research report Sampling Methods:

b. Research source d. Research draft a. Random sampling is a technique which uses randomization to make sure that every
element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample.
b. Stratified sampling is a technique which divides the elements of the population into small
6. is a content of the research report that focuses on explaining subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group
the reason of the conduct of the study.
are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups formed.
a. Introduction c. Methodology c. Convenience Sampling, here the samples are selected based on the availability.
d. Purposive sampling: This is based on the intention or the purpose of study.
b. Review of Related Literature d. Results and Discussion
e. Quota sampling: This type of sampling depends of some pre- set standard. It selects the
representative sample from the population.
7. A part of the research report that holds the findings of the study and the discussion f. Referral/ Snowball sampling: This technique is used in the situations where the population
of each findings. is completely unknown and rare.

a. Introduction c. Methodology 5. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an
b. Review of Related Literature d. Results and Discussion
established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

8. Which among the parts of your research report focuses on presenting relevant Methods are: the use of survey tool, questionnaire, interviews, observation,
information regarding the research topic? instruments, and recorded data or resources.

a. Introduction c. Conclusion
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
b. Review of Related Literature d. Recommendations
1. Research design is a systematic way of collecting data.
2. Research setting refers to the place where you are going to conduct our study.
3. Respondents are the persons involved in your study.
9. From the given choices below, which consideration in making research reports
focuses on securing the correct in-text citation? 4. Sampling is part of the population.
5. Data gathering procedure is how you are going to gather your data.
a. Researcher must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your
report.
ACTIVITY 1:
b. Researcher must write your report clearly and concisely.
Orderly arrange the steps of preparing a research design using A-D.
c. References should be carefully and accurately cited. Decide for design
Describe the design
d. Report should be edited by several times.
Specific type of design
33
Describe 2
 ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT:
1. Which one is an example of pre-experimental research?
Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each
A. One shot case study
number. Good luck!
B. Time series design
C. Posttest only control group 1. This is a section in the research paper that focuses on providing a comprehensive
D. Solomon four group design summary of the findings and points out what were learned from the study.

a. Summary c. Recommendations
2. An experimental research in which the researcher manipulates the variable.
b. Conclusion d. References
A. True Experimental Research
B. Pre Experimental Design 2. What section in a research paper gives the researcher the chance to
C. Posttest only control group give suggestions to matters for the improvement of the research study?
D. Solomon four group design
a. Summary c. Recommendations

3. A type of experimental design in which the researcher has little control over the research b. Conclusion d.. References
situation 3. Which of the following is not a purpose of the research conclusion?
A. One shot case study
a. It stresses out the importance of the thesis statement
B. Time series design
C. Posttest only control group b. It gives the written work a sense of completeness
D. Solomon four group design c. It does not leave a final impression to the readers

d. It demonstrates good organization.

4. A design that minimizes threats to internal and external validity
A. One shot case study
B. Time series design
4. Which of the following characteristics of recommendations states that it should not
C. Posttest only control group be ambiguous and must be specific?
D. Solomon four group design
a. Recommendations must be brief

5. A type of experimental design in which there is either no comparison group or no random b. Recommendations should be clear

assignment of subjects to groups. c. Recommendations must be precise

A. Quasi-Experimental design
d. None of the above
B. Time series design
C. Posttest only control group
D. Solomon four group design

3 32
 6. A self-directing instruments structured with questions & indicators.
A. Questionnaire
B. Interview
Title C. Observation

Table of Contents D. Instrument

Abstract
7. The generic term that researchers use for a measurement device.
Chapter I. Introduction

a. Background of the Study A. Questionnaire

B. Interview
b. Statement of the Problem
C. Observation
c. Objectives of the Study D. Instrument

d. Significance of the Study

8. Which one is a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by
e. Scope and Limitations of the Study
interpreting and coding textual material?
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature A. Feasibility study

a. Overview/Introduction of the Review of Related Literature B. Case Study

C. Content Analysis
b. Body
D. Problem-Solving
c. Conclusion
9. A constructive research which solve practical problems while producing an academically
Chapter 3. Methodology
appreciated theoretical contribution.
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion
A. Feasibility study
Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations B. Case Study
C. Content Analysis
D. Problem-Solving
References

Appendices 10. A study that determines whether or not two variables are correlated.
A. Descriptive Normative Study
Directions: Craft your research paper following the guidelines set on the preceding topics.
B. Comparative Studies
C. Methodological Study
D. Correlational Study
31 4
 11. In data gathering on qualitative search for life, it . be used in presenting results, some of which are by the use of tables, graphs and
A. Abounds with words, and visuals figures. These data should then be discussed.

B. Talks about statistics e. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

C. Query on numbers and calculations
Commonly, the summary of the research paper gives brief information about the
D. None research problems, methodology and findings. The conclusion, on the other hand, gives
provides direct answers to the research problems. Recommendations prioritizes the
12. Which one is the study on how people understand their experiences meaningful? suggestions that can lead to the improvement of the study.

A. Case Study The following sample format can help you in developing your research paper. The
B. Phenomenology discussion for each component is described in the contents of this module.
C. Ethnomology
D. Historical analysis
RESEARCH TITLE

13. A process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the

development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. STUDENT’S NAME (FIRST NAME, MIDDLE NAME, LAST NAME)
A. Feasibility study
B. Case Study
C. Content Analysis RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE
D. Problem-Solving
DEPARTMENT OF ,

SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, IN PARTIAL

14. Homogenous strata, ensure representative proportions, wherein the researcher includes
the specified number of samples like 5 samples only. FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

OF THE SUBJECT
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Quota Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION
D. Snowball Sampling

15. Sampling method that is handpicked by the researcher based on qualities for purposes of (MONTH AND YEAR OF COMPLETION)

study.
A. Convenience Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Quota Sampling
D. Snowball Sampling 30
5
 1. You must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your report. Take note PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
to include the findings and discussion of your study. You should also include the introduction, SUBJECT: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
methodology, conclusion and recommendations of your study. Third Quarter
Week 6
2. You must write your report clearly and concisely.Main idea should be highlighted and is
supported by statements for elaboration and explanation. Commonly, research reports are
LESSON 5: Finding the Answers to the Research Questions (Quantitative)
written in past tense form. Words used should be understandable by all of the possible
readers, thus, jargon terms must be avoided.
My Learning Objectives
3. References should be carefully and accurately cited.Citing your references is a must. At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
Paraphrasing is also needed to avoid plagiarism.

4. Report should be edited by several times. Checking and proof- reading is a must to secure
that all entries and information stated on the report holds credibility and transparency.

When writing a research report, you must take note that it should be in a LESSON 5: What is Quantitative Research
straightforward manner. A research report is composed of five (5) integral parts, namely: The Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena or inquiry by
Introduction, Review of Related Literature, Methodology,
gathering quantifiable data and doing the statistical, mathematical, or computational
Results and Discussion and Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations. strategies.

The specifications of the parts are explained below:

1: INTERPRETATION OF DATA
a. Introduction
Interpretation of data refers to the implementation of certain procedures through which data
Your introduction must contain the explanation regarding the reason of the conduct of the
study. It must also have the research framework, statement of the problem and objectives, results from surveys is reviewed, analyze for the purpose of achieving at valid and evident
significance of the study, and scope and limitations. based conclusion. The interpretation of data denotes a meaning to the information analyzed
and determines its significance and implications so the study.

The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the main goal is to
transform raw data into something meaningful, significant and user friendly. It includes the
b. Review of Related Literature
following steps:
This chapter focuses on presenting relevant information regarding the topic. Citing
the references appropriately is a must in this section. Step 1: Data Validation

c. Methodology
The goal of data validation is to check whether the gathered data was performed
Information found in a research methodology is commonly the research design, according to the set standards. It is a four-step process, which includes
research respondents, setting, the research methods and the analysis procedure.
. Fraud - to ensure whether each respondents was actually interviewed.
d. Results and Discussion

This chapter holds the findings of the study and the discussion for each finding. Results of the 6
29 study must be written clearly and objectively. There are a lot of ways that can
 Screening - to check that respondents were chosen according to the standard LESSON 2. MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON CONCLUSIONS
research criteria.
After crafting your research conclusion, the next step for you to take is

. Procedure - to make sure whether the data collection process was followed to write your research recommendations. Recommendations will be the last part of your
Chapter 5. Recommendation is commonly known as the section where you can give
Completeness - to make sure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the suggestions on the matters relative to your research that must be improved. When writing
necessary questions, rather than just choosing a few ones. you must take the following considerations:

e. Recommendations must be brief. When writing your recommendations, take note

to write it concisely and as brief as possible.

Step 2: Data Editing f. Recommendations should be clear. You must state the specific suggestions that
you want to imply in you study.
Usually, many data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
g. Recommendations must be precise. When giving suggestions, you should avoid
incompletely or skip them. To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher should
vague recommendations to secure sufficient results.
conduct the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and clean out any
points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate results. As recommendations should be crafted briefly, clearly and precisely, here are some
guidelines by Prieto et al. (2017) that you can use.
For example, an error could be fields in the data information that were left empty by
1. You must avoid writing broad and generic recommendations. Also,avoid
respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is important to ensure that empty recommendations that are directly related to the topic of the research.
data/information will be removed or has to be filled in.
2. Remember that recommendations are one step further than the conclusion.
Step 3: Data Coding 3. You must take into consideration that recommendations must be specified
according to the areas of concern (i.e. academe, policymakers, etc.)
This is the number one significant process in data preparation. Data coding refers to
grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey.
Activity 2:
For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1000 people and now wants to find the average
daily allowance of the respondents, the researcher will create daily allowance brackets and Directions: Craft your research recommendation based on the discussion given above.

categorize the daily allowance of each of the respondent as per codes.

(For example, respondents who has a daily allowance of Php10.00 - below Php20.00 and LESSON 3. WRITING AND PRESENTING CLEAR REPORTS
Php20.00 – below Php3000 would have their daily allowance coded as 1, Php10.00 – below
After accomplishing all of the contents of your research paper, the next thing that you
Php20.00 as 2, Php20.00 – below Php30.00 as 2, etc.) must do is to prepare and write a research report. Accordingly, research reports are defined
as written documents that discusses a certain issue or topic. It is a document which holds all
Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with simplified daily allowance, the information about a research study from its introduction down to the recommendations.
rather than having many ranges of individual daily allowances.
In making your report, you must take the following considerations:
28
7
 2. Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the Quantitative data interpretation comprises studying the results taken from various questions
beginning of the investigation in the order that they are given under the statement of the in a survey. The results are commonly shown numerically and by percentage in the data
problem.
tables.
3. Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry

4. Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they
convey all the necessary information resulting from the investigation. 2: QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS METHODS

Below are the strategies that you could follow in making your conclusions:
Data collection comprises a major area of the research process. This data however
1. You briefly discuss or reecho your Introduction. has to be analyzed to have it` s meaning. There are many methods of analyzing quantitative
data collected in surveys. They are:
2. Put a final impression on your readers by giving them a hint of the application of
your research towards their daily life.
Cross-tabulation.- This is the most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods. It is
3. Get more good impressions by concluding the importance of the study towards the the most preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw inferences between
society.
different data-sets of dependent and independent variable. It contains data that have some
4. Leaving a question to the readers which could be an avenue for gaining new connection with each other.
perspective.
Steps to conduct Quantitative Data Analysis

Activity 1. For quantitative data, raw data has to showed in a significant manner using analysis
methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed in order to find evidential/factual data that
Directions: Visit your library or surf the internet for five (5) free and available research
would help in facilitating the research process.
papers. Analyze how did the authors crafted their conclusion, and supply your answer on the
space allotted below.
Relate measurement scales with variables: Associate sacles of measurement such as
Author and Date Published Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio with the variables – dependent and independent
Research Title Analysis of the variables. This step is of utmost important to arrange the data in proper sequence/order. Data

(include website if source is Research Conclusion can be entered/encoded into an excel sheet to organize it in a specific data format.
from the internet)
Connect descriptive statistics with data: Connect descriptive statistics to contain available
data. It can be hard to establish a pattern in the raw data. Some commonly used descriptive
statistics are:

Mean - An average of values for a specific variable

Median - A midpoint of the value scale for a variable

27 8
 Mode - For a variable, the most common value PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY, INC.
SUBJECT: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Frequency - Number of times a particular value is observed in the scale Third Quarter
Week 8

Minimum and Maximum Values - Lowest & highest values for the scale

Percentages - Format to express scores and set of values for variables

LESSON 7: Reporting Findings, Drawing Conclusions, and Making Recommendations
Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
My Learning Objectives
Decide a measurement scale: It is important to decide the measurement scale to At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
conclude a descriptive statistic for the specific variable.
a. Define and understand the concepts of research conclusions,
recommendations and written reports;

b. create their own conclusion, recommendations and reports based on

For example: a nominal variable score will never have a mean or median and so the
their specific research topics; and
descriptive statistics will vary. Descriptive statistics will suit in a situation where the results are
not to be generalized to the whole population. c. appreciate the importance and usage of research conclusion,
recommendations and written reports in a research study.

Select appropriate tables to represent data and analyze collected data: LESSON 1. FORMING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions is the first section of your Chapter 5. This section as described by

After deciding on a suitable measurement scale, researchers can use a tabular Prieto et al. (2017), is commonly composed of the inclusive summary of findings of the
format to represent data. This data can be analyzed using various techniques such as Cross- research study. In this section, you can find facts that were learned from the inquiry.
tabulation. Conclusion serves an important part in making a research paper as it is the chance of the
researcher to leave a lasting impression.
Descriptive statistics provide absolute/whole numbers. However, they do not explain
Research conclusion has its important roles and purpose in a research study. These
the reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to are commonly elaborated as the following: a) it stresses out the importance of the thesis
think about which one is the most appropriate for your research question and what you want statement, b) it gives the written work a sense of completeness, c) it leaves a final impression
to the readers and d) it demonstrates good organization.
to present. For instance, a percentage is a good way to present the age distribution of
respondents. It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant When making the conclusion of your paper, you must abide with the following
unless a sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement. Before any data analysis characteristics (Prieto et al., 2017). These characteristics will guide you to produce a quality
research conclusion.
can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the data as this will have a long-
term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include: 1. Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations,
general statements and/or generalizations based upon the finding.
Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared quantitatively.
9 Variables are exclusive and exhaustive. 26
 a. Most of the Grade 10 students are female Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical
order. Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good, very
b. Most of the Grade 10 students are male
good, fair, etc., or agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.).
c. Both a and b
Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and equal
d. None of the above
distances between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point.

Ratio: contains features of all three.

15. The following are descriptive statistics use in quantitative research except one.
Quantitative Data Examples

a Mean c. Feasibility Study Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help understand exactly what
this refers to:
b. Percentage d. Mod
 I updated my laptop 2 times in a year.
 Our youngest sister grew by 5 inches last year.
 68 people uploaded the latest mobile application.
 My nephew lost his Php500 last week.
 100 respondents were of the opinion of their product preference
 There will be 50% increase in revenue with the inclusion of a new product.
 200 people attended the seminar.
 35% people prefer shopping online instead of going to the mall.
 It has 12 holidays in this year.
 Product X costs Php500.

As you can see in the above examples, there is a numerical value assigned to each
are and this is known as quantitative data.

Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the sample and does
not need to be generalized to a larger population.

For example, if you are comparing the percentage of adults vaccinated in four
different barangays, then descriptive statistics is enough. Since descriptive analysis is mostly
used for analyzing single variable, it is often called univariate analysis.
25 10
 The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs to be done b. Inferential Statistics d. both a and b
correctly. Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources and tends to enter the analysis
process with tapsy turvy ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. While there
For question 13 - 14, refer to the following problem
are several different types of processes that are implemented based on individual data
nature, the two broadest and most common categories are “quantitative analysis” and A study conducted to determine G10 students of Molugan National High School to
“qualitative analysis”. enroll in ABM strand based on their academic performance and NCAE result. The following
data were given.
EXAMPLE:

Suppose a study is conducted to one of the companies in El Salvador city Misamis Profile of the Participants
Oriental to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence of one
Age Frequency Percent
barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. The following data were given.
15 5 17.9
Table 1 16 17 60.7

bistribution of Respondents by Age 17 5 17.9

18 1 3.6
Age Frequency Percent total 28 100.0

21 – 30 yrs. old 170 45.33 Mean 16.07

Gender
31-40 YRS. Old 90 24.00
Male 6 21.4
41-50 yrs. Old 80 21.33
Female 22 78.6
51-60 yrs. old 35 9.33 Total 28 100

total 375 100

13. Based on the age of the respondents, what can be inferred?

Interpretation of Data (Table 1)
a. Most of the Grade 10 students were at their correct age level which is grade 10
Table 2 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age bracket
b. Only 3.6% of the respondent is 18 years old
of 21- 30 years old compared to only 9.3 percent in ages 51 – 61 years old and above and
21.33 percent belonged to the 31- 40 age range. c. Most of the grade 10 students age is 16 years old

This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic for the d. All of the above

Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). There is a much younger age
cohort of teachers entering the workforce.
11 14. Based on the respondent’s gender, what can be inferred? 24
 a.50% c. 70%

b.60% d. 20% There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and

8. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation services.

is boring? Table 2

a.50% c. 70% Distribution of Respondents by Sex

b.60% d. 20%

9. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation

is neither entertaining or boring?

a.50% c. 70%

b.60% d. 20%

10. The total marks obtained by few students in mathematics exam are

100, 160, 154, 95 and 82. What is the mean?

a.117.2 c. 119.2

b.118.2 d. 120.2

11. The following are the methods use in quantitative data analysis except

a. Data Validation c. Data Coding

b. Data Editing Data Coding d. Data Correction

12. What are the two commonly used tool in quantitative data analysis

a. Descriptive Statistics c. Measures of Central Tendency

23
12
 PHILTECH INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY, INC. c. measures of negative skewness
SUBJECT: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Third Quarter d. measures of negative variation
Week 7

6. What does standard deviation refers to?

LESSON 6: Finding the Answers to the Research Questions (Quantitative) a. a way of measuring the extent of spread of quantifiable data.

My Learning Objectives b. inappropriate in management and business research.

At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
c. a way of describing those phenomena that are not the norm.
ptive Data Analysis Method
d a way of illustrating crime statistics.

LESSON 5: What is Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena or inquiry by
For question 7 – 9, refer to the following problem
gathering quantifiable data and doing the statistical, mathematical, or computational
strategies. A survey was conducted to know the audience feedback on a dance presentation. It asked
this question:

1: INTERPRETATION OF DATA “In your opinion, the dance presentation was entertaining, boring or neither?”

Respondents Entertaining Boring netheir

Interpretation of data refers to the implementation of certain procedures through which data
results from surveys is reviewed, analyze for the purpose of achieving at valid and evident A 1
based conclusion. The interpretation of data denotes a meaning to the information analyzed
B 1
and determines its significance and implications so the study.

The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the main goal is to C 1

transform raw data into something meaningful, significant and user friendly. It includes the
D 1
following steps:
E 1
Step 1: Data Validation
Total 3 1 1
The goal of data validation is to check whether the gathered data was performed
according to the set standards. It is a four-step process, which includes

. Fraud - to ensure whether each respondents was actually interviewed. 7. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation
22
13 is entertaining?
 d. Statistical analysis Screening - to check that respondents were chosen according to the standard
research criteria.
2. Which measure of central tendency is obtained using the middle score when all scores are
organized in numerical order?
. Procedure - to make sure whether the data collection process was followed
a. Mean
Completeness - to make sure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the
b. Median
necessary questions, rather than just choosing a few ones.
c. Mode

d. None of these
Step 2: Data Editing

Usually, many data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
3. Which measure of central tendency is obtained by calculating the sum of values and
dividing this figure by the number of values there are in the data set? incompletely or skip them. To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher should
conduct the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and clean out any
a. Mean
points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate results.
b. Median
For example, an error could be fields in the data information that were left empty by
c. Mode
respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is important to ensure that empty
d. None of these data/information will be removed or has to be filled in.

Step 3: Data Coding

4. Which measure of central tendency is derived from the most common value?
This is the number one significant process in data preparation. Data coding refers to
a. Mean grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey.
b. Median
For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1000 people and now wants to find the average
c. Mode daily allowance of the respondents, the researcher will create daily allowance brackets and

d. None of these categorize the daily allowance of each of the respondent as per codes.

(For example, respondents who has a daily allowance of Php10.00 - below Php20.00 and
Php20.00 – below Php3000 would have their daily allowance coded as 1, Php10.00 – below
5. What method is used to compute average or central value of collecte data?
Php20.00 as 2, Php20.00 – below Php30.00 as 2, etc.)
a. measures of positive variation
Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with simplified daily allowance,
b. measures of central tendency
rather than having many ranges of individual daily allowances.

21 14
 Quantitative data interpretation comprises studying the results taken from various questions Table 3
in a survey. The results are commonly shown numerically and by percentage in the data
Distribution of Respondents by Age
tables.

2: QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS METHODS Age Frequency Percent

21 – 30 yrs. old 38 42.33

Data collection comprises a major area of the research process. This data however
31-40 YRS. Old 21 23.33
has to be analyzed to have it` s meaning. There are many methods of analyzing quantitative
data collected in surveys. They are: 41-50 yrs. Old 18 20

51-60 yrs. old 13 14.44

Cross-tabulation.- This is the most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods. It is
total 90 100
the most preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw inferences between
different data-sets of dependent and independent variable. It contains data that have some
connection with each other.
Kindly give your interpretation on the given data in table 3.

Steps to conduct Quantitative Data Analysis

For quantitative data, raw data has to showed in a significant manner using analysis
methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed in order to find evidential/factual data that .
would help in facilitating the research process.

Relate measurement scales with variables: Associate sacles of measurement such as Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio with the variables – dependent and independent the residence of one of the barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. What
particular data analysis method will you use?
variables. This step is of utmost important to arrange the data in proper sequence/order. Data
can be entered/encoded into an excel sheet to organize it in a specific data format.

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer

Connect descriptive statistics with data: Connect descriptive statistics to contain available
data. It can be hard to establish a pattern in the raw data. Some commonly used descriptive 1. What does quantitative data refers to?
statistics are:
a.. graphs and tables.

Mean - An average of values for a specific variable b.. numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help you answer your search
question(s) and to meet your objectives.
Median - A midpoint of the value scale for a variable
c.. any data you present in your report.
Mode - For a variable, the most common value

Frequency - Number of times a particular value is observed in the scale 20

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 There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and Minimum and Maximum Values - Lowest & highest values for the scale
services.
Percentages - Format to express scores and set of values for variables
Table 2
Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Distribution of Respondents by Sex
Decide a measurement scale: It is important to decide the measurement scale to
SEX FREQUENCY PERCENT conclude a descriptive statistic for the specific variable.

MALE 230 61.33

FEMALE 145 38.67 For example: a nominal variable score will never have a mean or median and so the
descriptive statistics will vary. Descriptive statistics will suit in a situation where the results are
total 375 100
not to be generalized to the whole population.

Interpretation of Data (Table 2)

Select appropriate tables to represent data and analyze collected data:
Table 2 shows that 61.33 percent of the respondents are female compared to 38.67
After deciding on a suitable measurement scale, researchers can use a tabular
percent males. This is representative of the current gender distribution of the population in
format to represent data. This data can be analyzed using various techniques such as Cross-
the Philippines.
tabulation.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2015 of the total population in the
Descriptive statistics provide absolute/whole numbers. However, they do not explain
Philippines, 50.40% are males and the rest are females.
the reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to
This gender distribution is common among most countries where male think about which one is the most appropriate for your research question and what you want
to present. For instance, a percentage is a good way to present the age distribution of
becomes more in population than female (Skelton, 2012).
respondents. It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant

ACTIVITY 1: unless a sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement. Before any data analysis
can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the data as this will have a long-
STOP! Now it`s your turn to answer the following questions below term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include:

Supposes a study is conducted to one of the stores in your barangay to Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared quantitatively.
Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.
determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residences ages 22 to 60
years old. The following data were given. Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical
order. Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good, very
19 good, fair, etc., or agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.). 16
 Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and equal nature, the two broadest and most common categories are “quantitative analysis” and
distances between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point. “qualitative analysis”.

Ratio: contains features of all three. EXAMPLE:

Quantitative Data Examples Suppose a study is conducted to one of the companies in El Salvador city Misamis
Oriental to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence of one
Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help understand exactly what
barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. The following data were given.
this refers to:
Table 1
 I updated my laptop 2 times in a year.
 Our youngest sister grew by 5 inches last year. Distribution of Respondents by Age
 68 people uploaded the latest mobile application.
 My nephew lost his Php500 last week. Age Frequency Percent
 100 respondents were of the opinion of their product preference
21 – 30 yrs. old 170 45.33
 There will be 50% increase in revenue with the inclusion of a new product.
 200 people attended the seminar. 31-40 YRS. Old 90 24.00
 35% people prefer shopping online instead of going to the mall.
41-50 yrs. Old 80 21.33
 It has 12 holidays in this year.
 Product X costs Php500. 51-60 yrs. old 35 9.33

As you can see in the above examples, there is a numerical value assigned to each total 375 100
are and this is known as quantitative data.

Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the sample and does
Interpretation of Data (Table 1)
not need to be generalized to a larger population.

Table 2 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age bracket
For example, if you are comparing the percentage of adults vaccinated in four
of 21- 30 years old compared to only 9.3 percent in ages 51 – 61 years old and above and
different barangays, then descriptive statistics is enough. Since descriptive analysis is mostly
21.33 percent belonged to the 31- 40 age range.
used for analyzing single variable, it is often called univariate analysis.

This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic for the
The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs to be done
Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). There is a much younger age
correctly. Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources and tends to enter the analysis
cohort of teachers entering the workforce.
process with tapsy turvy ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. While there
are several different types of processes that are implemented based on individual data There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and
services.
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