BUCAL NATIONAL INTEGRATED SCHOOL

WORKSHEET IN GENERAL BIOLOGY II

QUARTER I- WEEK 4
March 14-18,2022

➢ WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

MELC:
The learners should be able to:
• explain evidences of evolution (e.g., biogeography, fossil record, DNA/protein sequences,
homology, and embryology)
• Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of evolution
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• describe evidence of evolution
• explain the evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of evolution

➢ WHAT’S NEW

WORD PARTS
Directions: Below are words that have been divided into halves. Find the pieces that fit together and
write them in your answer sheets.

spe inheri gans igial bryology

igin sils logous tation vest
riod fos ry tance lution
adap em cies evo pe
or homo theo its tra
Note: There are 12 terms in this activity.
➢ WHAT IS IT?

LESSON 7: EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

CONCRETE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION AND
HOW TO INFER USING ITS EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP
A. Fossils
Fossils are the remains of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and single-celled living things that
have been replaced by rock material or impressions of organisms preserved in rock. Fossils are
preserved remnants of once living organisms trapped in rocks, tar pits, frozen in ice or embedded in
amber. The most common fossils are bones, shells and seeds or pollen grains. Most fossils are formed
in sedimentary rock. Paleontologists (a specialist in the study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric
or geologic times), use the fossils found in rocks to track the evolutionary history of many organisms.

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 By identifying the age of rocks in which fossils appear, we can obtain an accurate idea of how
old the fossils are. Geologists use relative dating rocks were dated by their position with respect to
one another; rocks in deeper strata are generally older. On the other hand, in absolute dating rocks
are dated by measuring the degree of decay of certain radioisotopes contained in the rock; the older
the rock, the more its isotopes have decayed. Since radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate
unchanged by temperature or pressure, the isotopes in a rock act as an internal clock, determining
the time after the rock was formed. Hence, the records found in the rocks show a gradual evolutionary
descent from simpler to more complex life forms. Furthermore, the fossil record provides a clear
record of the major evolutionary transitions that have occurred through time.
B. Embryology
An embryo is an organism in its initial phases of development. It is an unborn (or unhatched)
animal or human young in its earliest phases. While embryology is the study of the development of
the anatomy of an organism to its adult form also gives evidence of relatedness between now widely
different groups of organisms. Scientists observed that at some point during the development process,
embryos of many different animals appeared so similar that it was difficult to tell them apart. During
development, at some time all vertebrates have a supporting dorsal rod, called a notochord, and
demonstrate paired pharyngeal pouches. This could indicate that an organism passes through some
of the embryonic stages that its ancestors passed through. Then numerous variations occur in ways
appropriate to an organism’s final form.
However, the similarities in the early stages of embryo development are further evidence that
living organisms have evolved from earlier living things and that they do share a common ancestry.

Many traits of one type of animal appear in the embryo of another type of animal. For
example, fish embryos and human embryos both have gill slits. In fish they develop into gills, but in
humans they disappear before birth. This shows that the animals are similar and that they develop
similarly, implying that they are related, have common ancestors and that they started out the same,
gradually evolving different traits, but that the basic plan for a creature's beginning remains the same.

C. Anatomical Evidence
In comparing the anatomy and the development of organisms, it shows a unity of plan among
those that are closely related. The more body structures that two species have in common, the more
closely they are related. It adopts the idea of “descent from a common ancestor”.
Similar structures in different species irrespective of their functions are called homologous
structures. Homology seems to indicate descent from common ancestor. The limb skeletons of
vertebrates are homologous structures.

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 If two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a complex bone structure or a
body plan, they may all have inherited this feature from a common ancestor. Physical features shared
due to evolutionary history (a common ancestor) are said to be homologous. To give one classic
example, the forelimbs of whales, humans, birds, and dogs look pretty different on the outside. That's
because they're adapted to function in different environments. However, if you look at the bone
structure of the forelimbs, you'll find that the pattern of bones is very similar across species. It's
unlikely that such similar structures would have evolved independently in each species, and more
likely that the basic layout of bones was already present in a common ancestor of whales, humans,
dogs, and birds
Not all physical features that look alike
are marks of common ancestry. Instead, some
physical similarities are analogous: they evolved
independently in different organisms because the
organisms lived in similar environments or
experienced similar selective pressures. This
process is called convergent evolution.
Analogous structures are structures
which are different in appearance but have the
similar function. Analogy does not indicate
common ancestry. Examples of are the limbs of
insects and mammals, and wings of butterflies
and birds.

Vestigial structures seem like to give more evidence

for evolutionary change. Vestigial structures are anatomical
features that are usually reduced and have no function in
many organisms. These are organs that were previously
functional in the ancestors of the species but are only
remnants in the present-day species. For example, skeletal
extremities discovered in certain snakes have no known use to
these animals. In humans, appendix is thought to have no use,
but in other mammals it aids in the digestion of cellulose.

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D. Biochemical
Living organisms shared numerous related biochemical molecules, such as DNA, ATP, amino acids,
and enzymes. This finding supports descent from a common ancestor. The more closely linked
organisms are the more related is their biochemical genetic makeup.

1. DNA/Nucleic acids
Genes are located in the chromosomes, which are made of DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. The
more closely related two living organisms are, the more similar the sequence of their DNA molecules
will be.
2. Proteins
Proteins are molecules that are used to build up and repair
body parts. Scientists believe that the more similar the
structure of protein molecules of different organisms is, the
more related they are and the more recent the existence of
their common ancestor. Unrelated species have different
amino acids.
E. Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the geographic distributions
of organisms. Darwin’s trip around South America allowed him to observe the diversity of organisms
in different areas and the resemblance of such species of birds and tortoises in an island to nearby
mainland. Darwin believed that the group of organisms in each island is adapted to a distinct way of
life. The common ancestors of these organisms had come from one place, expanding out into other
accessible regions.

Organisms usually arise in areas where similar forms already exist. Similar organisms may also be
found in different locations which could mean that the two places were previously connected. For
example, broad groupings of organisms that had already evolved before the breakup of the
supercontinent Pangaea (about 200 million years ago) tend to be distributed worldwide. In contrast,
broad groupings that evolved after the breakup tend to appear uniquely in smaller regions of Earth.
Environment cannot always account for either similarity or dissimilarity. Closely related species can
evolve different traits under different environmental pressures. Likewise, very distantly related
species can evolve similar traits if they have similar environmental pressures.

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 ➢ WHAT’S MORE
A. Complete the Map. Complete the concept map.

Evidence of
Evolution

B. Fill in the Puzzle. The puzzle contains terms used in the lesson. Use the letter clues below to
complete the spelling of each word.
Clues:
1. A proof or testimony
2. Non-functional or partly functional
organs
3. Preserved remains of an ancient
organisms
4. Similar structures from the same
ancestral body parts but have different
functions
5. The major constituent of genes
6. Made up of amino acids
7. The study of the geographic
distributions of organisms
8. The study of the development of the
anatomy of an organism to its adult
form
9. Have similar functions but different
anatomical structures
➢ WHAT I CAN DO
PERFORMANCE TASK
Direction: Write your explanations on each question below.
1.Describe why certain extinct plants and animals were not fossilized? (5pts)
2. A friend informs you, “man came from apes” since many structural and biochemical similarities
are observed between them. How would you respond to this? (5pts)

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3. On the right are the structural palms of various organisms or
species of primates.
Tarsiers are one of the small species of primates generally found at
tropical islands like Bohol, Philippines. Gibbons are small apes usually
found in the forests of Southeast Asian regions, Chimpanzees are few
of the assumed “smart” animals and humans are considered to be the
highest form of “thinking organisms” on Earth.
One of the assertions of the theory of Evolution is these organisms
evolved from the related ancestor.
By examining at the picture how will you support or reject the said
claim? (10pts)
4. In the book, Jurassic Park, by Michael Crichton, scientists are able to reconstruct dinosaurs by
getting dinosaur DNA from a mosquito that had been well-preserved in amber since the era of
dinosaurs. Do you believe this can actually happen in real life? Why? (5pts)

➢ WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Direction: Write your reflections / insights in your notebook by completing the following lines.
In this lesson. I learned that __________________________________________________________.
I realized that ______________________________________________________________________.
Therefore, I intend to _______________________________________________________________.
➢ ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the statements / questions comprehensively. Choose the letter of your best answer
1. DNA of the life-forms on Earth are almost universal and seem to be templated from one original source,
this line of inferring can be based from what evidence of evolution?
A. Fossil record B. Comparative Anatomy C. Molecular Biology D. Embryology
2. Exactly different organisms such fish and humans may have resemblances during the early stage of their
development and will lose some key likenesses as they grow in later stage of development, which among
the following is the line of evidence and field of study that underlie the said concept for evolution?
A. Fossil record B. Comparative Anatomy C. Molecular Biology D. Embryology
3. Preserved bodies of cave dwelling man from cold and icy places suggested that humans look different in
the past, what evidence of evolution is used?
A. Fossil record B. Comparative Anatomy C. Molecular Biology D. Embryology
4. Identify what evidence of evolution is used: vertebrate animals such as humans, chickens and fish have
gill slits and tails during their embryonic stage.
A. Fossil record B. Comparative Anatomy C. Molecular Biology D. Embryology
5. This is the study of body structures of organisms to compare and infer evolutionary links.
A. Fossil record B. Comparative Anatomy C. Embryology D. Biogeography
6. Which among the following best explains the fossil records as an evidence of evolution?
A. Recorded events from the past indicates that the Earth was once filled with water.
B. Fossils suggest that the Earth is not the same as it is today, for instance there were once a huge
massive interconnected land termed as Pangaea.
C. Fossils recorded the history of life on Earth and indicates that ancient life forms were different from
modern day species.
D. Recorded activities of animals from prehistoric times suggest that people came from monkeys.

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7. What evidence of evolution is portrayed by the unique species on islands which are usually isolated from
another mainland?
A. Fossil record B. Comparative Anatomy C. Embryology D. Biogeography
8. Mapping of DNA allows scientist to compare the genes of organisms from the past and organisms present
today, the evidence of evolution used is:
A. Fossil record C. Analogous structures
B. Molecular Biology D. Comparative Anatomy
9. Which is NOT true about fossils?
A. They suggest that life has a history.
B. They are proofs of life in the past.
C. The older the fossil, the less it looks like modern day species.
D. They seem precisely like modern-day species, regardless of their age

10. The following are the pieces of evidence of evolution that may be used to infer the evolutionary
relationship between organisms, EXCEPT _________________.
A. Comparative Anatomy B. Fossil record C. Molecular Bonds D. Embryology

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ANSWER KEY:
WHAT’S NEW
Adaptation Origin
Embryology Period
Evolution Species
Fossils Theory
Homologous Traits
Inheritance Vestigial

WHAT I CAN DO
Answers may vary

WHAT’S MORE:
A.
Fossils
Embryology
Anatomical Evidence
Biochemical
Biogeography

B.
1. Evidence 6. Proteins
2. Vestigial organs 7. Biogeography
3. Fossils 8. Embryology
4. Homologous 9. Analogous
5. Deoxyribonucleic acid

ASSESSMENT
1. C
2. D 9. C
3. A 10. B
4. D 11. D
5. D 12. B
6. B 13. D
7. A 14. D
8. B 15. C