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    7.1. Carbon Compounds As Fuels and Feedstock

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    Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is separated into fractions via fractional distillation. This process separates the hydrocarbons based on differences in their boiling points. The fractions can then be further processed to produce useful fuels and feedstocks. Larger hydrocarbon molecules can also be "cracked" into smaller, more useful molecules like alkenes via heating and catalytic cracking. This cracking process produces substances with properties better suited for fuels and petrochemicals.

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    7.1. Carbon Compounds As Fuels and Feedstock

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    Adell
    42 views4 pages
    Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is separated into fractions via fractional distillation. This process separates the hydrocarbons based on differences in their boiling points. The fractions can then be further processed to produce useful fuels and feedstocks. Larger hydrocarbon molecules can also be "cracked" into smaller, more useful molecules like alkenes via heating and catalytic cracking. This cracking process produces substances with properties better suited for fuels and petrochemicals.

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    7.1. Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock

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    Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is separated into fractions via fractional distillation. This process separates the hydrocarbons based on differences in their boiling points. The fractions can then be further processed to produce useful fuels and feedstocks. Larger hydrocarbon molecules can also be "cracked" into smaller, more useful molecules like alkenes via heating and catalytic cracking. This cracking process produces substances with properties better suited for fuels and petrochemicals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views4 pages

    7.1. Carbon Compounds As Fuels and Feedstock

    Uploaded by

    Adell
    Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is separated into fractions via fractional distillation. This process separates the hydrocarbons based on differences in their boiling points. The fractions can then be further processed to produce useful fuels and feedstocks. Larger hydrocarbon molecules can also be "cracked" into smaller, more useful molecules like alkenes via heating and catalytic cracking. This cracking process produces substances with properties better suited for fuels and petrochemicals.

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    of 4

    AQA​ ​GCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​7:​ ​Organic​ ​chemistry


    Carbon​ ​compounds​ ​as​ ​fuels​ ​and​ ​feedstock

    Notes
    (Content​ ​in​ ​bold​ ​is​ ​for​ ​Higher​ ​Tier​ ​only)

    www.pmt.education
    Crude​ ​oil,​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​and​ ​alkanes
    Crude​ ​oil:
    ● Is​ ​a​ ​finite​ ​resource​ ​found​ ​in​ ​rocks
    ● Is​ ​the​ ​remains​ ​of​ ​an​ ​ancient​ ​biomass​ ​consisting​ ​mainly​ ​of​ ​plankton
    that​ ​was​ ​buried​ ​in​ ​mud
    ● Is​ ​a​ ​mixture​ ​of​ ​a​ ​very​ ​large​ ​number​ ​of​ ​compounds
    o Mixture:​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​that​ ​are​ ​not​ ​chemically​ ​combined
    o The​ ​chemical​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​each​ ​substance​ ​in​ ​the​ ​mixture​ ​are
    unchanged
    ● It​ ​is​ ​possible​ ​to​ ​separate​ ​the​ ​substances​ ​in​ ​the​ ​mixture​ ​by​ ​physical
    methods​ ​including​ ​distillation
    ● Most​ ​of​ ​the​ ​compounds​ ​in​ ​crude​ ​oil​ ​consist​ ​of​ ​molecules​ ​made​ ​up​ ​of
    hydrogen​ ​and​ ​carbon​ ​only​​ ​(hydrocarbons).​ ​Most​ ​of​ ​these​ ​saturated
    hydrocarbons​ ​are​ ​alkanes.

    Hydrocarbons:
    ● have​ ​the​ ​general​ ​formula:​ ​Cn​​ H​2n+2
    ● Alkane​ ​molecules​ ​can​ ​be​ ​represented​ ​in​ ​the​ ​following​ ​forms:

    ● The​ ​first​ ​4​ ​alkanes​ ​are​ ​methane,​ ​ethane,​ ​propane​ ​and​ ​butane​ ​(MEPB:
    Monkeys​ ​Eat​ ​Peanut​ ​Butter)

    Fractional​ ​distillation​ ​and​ ​petrochemicals


    ● The​ ​oil​ ​is​ ​heated​ ​in​ ​the​ ​fractionating​ ​column​ ​and​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​evaporates
    and​ ​condenses​ ​at​ ​a​ ​number​ ​of​ ​different​ ​temperatures.
    ● The​ ​many​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​in​ ​crude​ ​oil​ ​can​ ​be​ ​separated​ ​into​ ​fractions
    each​ ​of​ ​which​ ​contains​ ​molecules​ ​with​ ​a​ ​similar​ ​number​ ​of​ ​carbon
    atoms
    ● The​ ​fractionating​ ​column​ ​works​ ​continuously,​ ​heated​ ​crude​ ​oil​ ​is
    piped​ ​in​ ​at​ ​the​ ​bottom.​ ​The​ ​vaporised​ ​oil​ ​evaporates​ ​and​ ​rises​ ​up​ ​the
    column​ ​and​ ​the​ ​various​ ​fractions​ ​are​ ​constantly​ ​tapped​ ​off​ ​at​ ​the
    different​ ​levels​ ​where​ ​they​ ​condense.

    www.pmt.education
    ● The​ ​fractions​ ​can​ ​be​ ​processed​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​fuels​ ​and​ ​feedstock​ ​for
    the​ ​petrochemical​ ​industry.
    ○ Many​ ​of​ ​the​ ​fuels​ ​on​ ​which​ ​we​ ​depend​ ​for​ ​our​ ​modern
    lifestyle,​ ​such​ ​as​ ​petrol,​ ​diesel​ ​oil,​ ​kerosene,​ ​heavy​ ​fuel​ ​oil​ ​and
    liquefied​ ​petroleum​ ​gases,​ ​are​ ​produced​ ​from​ ​crude​ ​oil.
    ○ Many​ ​useful​ ​materials​ ​on​ ​which​ ​modern​ ​life​ ​depends​ ​are
    produced​ ​by​ ​the​ ​petrochemical​ ​industry,​ ​such​ ​as​ ​solvents,
    lubricants,​ ​polymers,​ ​and​ ​detergents.
    ○ The​ ​vast​ ​array​ ​of​ ​natural​ ​and​ ​synthetic​ ​carbon​ ​compounds
    occur​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​of​ ​carbon​ ​atoms​ ​to​ ​form​ ​families​ ​of
    similar​ ​compounds.

    Properties​ ​of​ ​hydrocarbons


    ● Some​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​depend​ ​on​ ​the​ ​size​ ​of​ ​their
    molecules.​ ​These​ ​properties​ ​influence​ ​their​ ​use​ ​as​ ​fuels.
    ● Shorter​ ​the​ ​molecules,​ ​the​ ​less​ ​viscous​ ​it​ ​is.​ ​(more​ ​runny)
    ● The​ ​longer​ ​the​ ​molecules,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​viscous​ ​it​ ​is.
    ● The​ ​shorter​ ​the​ ​molecules,​ ​the​ ​lower​ ​the​ ​temperature​ ​at​ ​which​ ​that
    fraction​ ​is​ ​vaporised​ ​or​ ​condensed​ ​–​ ​and​ ​the​ ​lower​ ​its​ ​boiling​ ​point.
    ● The​ ​shorter​ ​the​ ​molecules,​ ​the​ ​more​ ​flammable​ ​it​ ​is.
    ● Hydrocarbons​ ​are​ ​burnt​ ​so​ ​that​ ​they​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​as​ ​fuel,​ ​since​ ​the
    reaction​ ​produces​ ​energy.
    o ​ ​hydrocarbon​ ​->​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​+​ ​water
    o the​ ​hydrogen​ ​and​ ​carbon​ ​are​ ​oxidised​ ​in​ ​the​ ​reaction

    Cracking​ ​and​ ​alkenes


    ● Hydrocarbons​ ​can​ ​be​ ​cracked​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​smaller,​ ​more​ ​useful
    molecules.​ ​This​ ​process​ ​involved​ ​heating​ ​the​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​to
    vaporise​ ​them.
    ● The​ ​processes​ ​are:
    o Passing​ ​them​ ​over​ ​a​ ​hot​ ​catalyst​ ​(catalytic​ ​cracking)
    o OR​ ​mixing​ ​them​ ​with​ ​steam​ ​and​ ​heated​ ​to​ ​a​ ​very​ ​high
    temperature​ ​so​ ​that​ ​thermal​ ​decomposition​ ​reactions​ ​can
    occur​ ​(steam​ ​cracking)
    ● alkenes:
    o The​ ​products​ ​of​ ​cracking​ ​include​ ​alkanes​ ​and​ ​unsaturated
    hydrocarbons​ ​called​ ​alkenes.​ ​Alkenes​ ​have​ ​the​ ​general​ ​formula
    C​n​H​2n​​ ​and​ ​have​ ​at​ ​least​ ​one​ ​double​ ​carbon-carbon​ ​bond.

    www.pmt.education
    o The​ ​first​ ​2​ ​alkenes​ ​are​ ​ethene​ ​and​ ​propene.
    o Unsaturated​ ​carbons​ ​can​ ​be​ ​represented​ ​in​ ​the​ ​following
    forms:

    o
    o Alkenes​ ​react​ ​with​ ​bromine​ ​water,​ ​turning​ ​it​ ​from​ ​orange​ ​to
    colourless,​ ​alkanes​ ​do​ ​not​ ​(this​ ​is​ ​because​ ​an​ ​alkene’s​ ​double
    bond​ ​makes​ ​them​ ​more​ ​reactive​ ​than​ ​alkanes)
    o Alkenes​ ​are​ ​used​ ​for​ ​producing​ ​other​ ​chemicals​ ​(e.g.​ ​polymers)
    ● Some​ ​of​ ​the​ ​products​ ​made​ ​from​ ​cracking​ ​are​ ​useful​ ​as​ ​fuels,​ ​since
    they​ ​have​ ​shorter​ ​chains​ ​than​ ​the​ ​alkanes​ ​you​ ​started​ ​with,​ ​making
    them​ ​more​ ​flammable​ ​so​ ​a​ ​better​ ​fuel
    ● Equations​ ​for​ ​cracking:
    o you​ ​must​ ​make​ ​sure​ ​there​ ​are​ ​the​ ​same​ ​number​ ​of​ ​carbons
    and​ ​hydrogens​ ​on​ ​each​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​equation​ ​(the​ ​same​ ​as​ ​any
    other​ ​reaction)
    o remember​ ​you​ ​are​ ​going​ ​from​ ​a​ ​bigger​ ​molecule​ ​to​ ​usually​ ​2
    smaller​ ​molecules
    o e.g.​ ​if​ ​you​ ​had​ ​to​ ​add​ ​the​ ​other​ ​product​ ​to​ ​this​ ​reaction
    equation:​ ​C6​​ H​14​ →​
    ​ ​C2​​ H​4​​ ​+​ ​?,​ ​you​ ​simply​ ​calculate​ ​how​ ​many
    carbons​ ​and​ ​hydrogens​ ​are​ ​left​ ​over.
    carbons:​ ​6-2=4
    hydrogens:​ ​14-4=10
    therefore,​ ​?=​ ​C4​​ H​10

    www.pmt.education

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