TLE Medical Trns. Quarter 2 Module 2

10- HONESTY
TLE MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION
COMMON MEDICATIONS
WHAT IS MEDICATION?
A medication is drug used to diagnose, cure, treat,
or prevent disease. Drugs are classified in multiple
ways.
LESSON 1 COMMON MEDICATIONS

Analgesics
In layman’s terms, analgesics are a classes of drugs used to
relieve pain. The effect produced by analgesics can be summed
up in two ways:
1. It blocks the pain signals going to the brain.
2. It interferes with the brain’s interpretation of the signals
without producing anaesthesia or loss of consciousness.
Basically two kinds of analgesics:
1. Non-narcotics
2. Narcotics
Non-Narcotic Analgesics
Acetaminophen is the most commonly used over the-counter, non-
narcotic analgesic. It is more popular than other pain-relievers because
it is both effective for mild and moderate pain and comparatively cheap
to buy. But be forewarned that the safety of acetaminophen is tied to
proper use of the drug (follow the doctor’s specific prescription). If
acetaminophen is not used according to the directions on the label,
serious side effects and possible fatal consequences can occur. For
example, taking more than 4,000 mg/day or using it long term can
increase the risk of liver damage. Alcohol consumption with
acetaminophen also increases the risk of liver damage.
Narcotic Analgesics
Narcotic analgesics are made up of two types:
1. Opiates- Opiates are the alkaloids found in the option-
a white liquid extract from the young seeds of the poppy
plant.
2. Opioids (derivatives of opiates) - Opioids are
any medication which cling to opioid receptors in the
central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract. Opioids
are divided into four broad classes.
 Endogenous opioid peptides (produced in the

body: endorphins , dynorphins, enkephalins)
 Opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine)
 Semi-synthetic opioids (heroin,
oxycodone,hydrocodone , dihydrocodeine,
hydromorphone, oxymorphone, nicomorphine)
 Fully synthetic opioids (pethidine or Demerol,
methadone, fentanyl, propoxyphene,
pentazocine, buprenorphine, butorphanol,
tramadol, and more)
Side Effects/Adverse Reactions of Opioids:

Common side effects and adverse reactions:
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Drowsiness
 Dry mouth
 Miosis (contraction of the pupil)
 Orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure lowers upon
sudden standing)
 Urinary retention
 Constipation and /or fecal impaction
Less common side effects and adverse

reactions:
 Confusion
 Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
 Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
 Hallucinations
 Delirium
 Raised intracranial pressure
 Hives
 Ureteric or biliary spasm
 Muscle rigidity
 Flushing
 Hypothermia
Most severe side effects and adverse reactions:
 Respiratory depression
 Fatal overdose
Antacids
It is a drug that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid
secreted I he digestive juice of the stomach.
Antacids (which include aluminium and magnesium
compounds) are used to relieve pain and discomfort
in disorders of the digestive system, including peptic
ulcer.
Antifungal (Antimyotic)
This is a drug that kills or inactivates fungi and used
to treat fungal (including yeast.) infections.
Antifungal drugs include:
 Amphotericine B
 Nystatin
 Terbinafine
 Griseofulvin
 Imidazoles
 Tolnaftate
 Itraconazole

Antihistamine
It is a drug that inhibits the actions of histamine in
the body by blocking receptors for histamine. The
most common side effect of these drugs, especially
the older antihistamines, is drowsiness and because
of this they are sometimes used for sedation. Newer
antihistamines like the following are less sedating:
 Acrivastine
 Loratadine
 Cetirizine
 Olopatadine
 Levocetirizene
Other side effects include dizziness, blurred vision,
tremors, digestive, upsets, and lack of muscular
coordination.
Anti-inflammatory
This is a drug that reduces inflammation. The
various groups of anti-inflammatory drugs act
against one or more of the mediators that initiate or
maintain inflammation. Some groups suppress only
certain aspects of anti-inflammatory response. The
main groups of anti-inflammatory drugs are the
following:
 Antihistamines
 Glucocorticoids
 Non-steroidal inflammatory drugs
Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic)
These are drugs that block the effects of certain
(muscarinic) receptors. The actions of these drugs
include relaxation of smooth muscles, decreased
secretion of saliva, sweet, and digestive juices, and
dilation of pupils. Atropine and similar drugs have
these effects: they are used in the treatment of gut
spasms and of parkinsonism; as bronchodilators;
and as mydriatics. Characteristics side effects
include dry mouth, thirst, blurred vision, dry skin,
increased heart rate, and difficulty in urination.
Antipruritic
It is an agent that relieves itching (pruritus). The
following examples are applied in creams or lotions:
 Doxepin
 Crotamiton
Antipyretic
It is a drug that lowers the body temperature.
Several analgesic drugs have antipyretic activity,
including.
 Aspirin
 Mefenamic acid
 Acetaminophen
Antitussive (cough suppressant)

It is a drug (such as dextromethorphan), that
suppresses coughing possibly by reducing the
activity of the cough center in the brain and by
depressing respiration. Some opioid analgesics also
have antitussive activity.
Codeine
Methadone
ANTIVIRAL
It is a drug effective against viruses that cause

disease. Antiviral drugs include DNA polymerase
inhibitions (acyclovir, foscarnet, ganciclovir)
idoxuridine, ribavirin, and respiratory syncytial virus
infections, and influenza. Antiviral drugs are also
used for threatening HIV infections and AIDS.
Laxative (cathartic, purgative)

It is a drug to stimulate or increase the frequency of
bowel evacuation, or encourage a softer or bulkier
stool. The common laxatives are listed below:
 Stimulants (bisacodyl, senna and its derivatives)
 Osmotic laxatives (lacoste, magnesium sulfate
and other mineral salt)
 Methycellulose and other bulking agents
Loperamide
It is a drug used in treatment of nonspecific diarrhea and
those associated with inflammatory bowel disease. It acts
by reducing peristalsis of the digestive tract and is
administrative by mouth; side effects are rare, but include
abdominal distension, drowsiness, and skin rash.
Amoxicillin
It is a drug used to treat some bacterial infections.
Amoxicillin is a form of penicillin that is made in the
laboratory.
Common side effects:
 Bloating
 Bloody nose
 Chest pain
 Peeling
 Abdominal
Aspirin
It is a drug for relieving minor aches, pains, and fevers.
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Stomach cramps
 Heartburn
 Allergic reaction
Ibuprofen
It is a drug used to manage mild to moderate pain,
fever, inflammation, menstrual cramps and swelling.
 Constipation
 Diarrhea
 Dizziness
 Nervousness
Acetaminophen
It is a drug used to relieve mild or chronic pain and
to reduce fever, muscle aches, toothaches,
menstrual periods, and backaches.
Antidepressants
It is a medicine that treat depression by balancing
chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters that
effect mood and emotions. These depression
medicines can help improve your mood, help you
sleep better, and increase your appetite and
concentration.
Amlodipine
It is a calcium channel blocker medication used to
treat high blood pressure and coronary artery
disease. Amlodipine may be used if other
medications are not sufficient for treating high
blood pressure or heart related chest pain.
Azithromycin
An antibiotic medication used for treatment of a
number of bacterial infections. It may also be used
for malaria.
This includes:
 Ear infections
 Strep throat
 Pneumonia
 Diarrhea
Lisinopril
A drug used to treat high blood pressure and certain
heart conditions. Treatment of side effects caused
by anticancer
Metformin
A drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition
in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in
the blood.)
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Stomach ache
 Weakness
 Diarrhea
 Metallic taste

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10- HONESTY

TLE MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION

LESSON 1 COMMON MEDICATIONS

 Endogenous opioid peptides (produced in the

Side Effects/Adverse Reactions of Opioids:

Less common side effects and adverse

Antitussive (cough suppressant)

It is a drug effective against viruses that cause

Laxative (cathartic, purgative)

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