International Conference on Business Society & Sustainability Recent Trends And Innovations

Organized By @ BSMED, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. December 10, 2018.

Sustainability of Tourism in India: Perception of

Tourists on Delhi Tourism
*Dr. Venugopalan T, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, SGTB Khalsa College, University of
Delhi, India. [email protected].
**M.Sushmaa, Research Scholar, Bharathiar School of Management and Entrepreneur Development,
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. [email protected]
***Dr.G.Barani, Associate Professor, Bharathiar School of Management and Entrepreneur Development,
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. [email protected]

Abstract - This research paper attempts to examine the impact of tourism on economy, environment, and socio-
cultural aspects of Delhi and explores how Delhi incorporated sustainable tourism development as the core mission to
achieve economic, environmental, and socio-cultural development of tourist destinations. This research paper also
examines the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability of tourism development in Delhi. A primary
research was conducted at various tourist destination in Delhi for evaluating the sustainability of tourism through the
questionnaire survey. A data set consisting of 141 responses were generated. The factor analysis provides rare insights
on the factors, which lead to sustainability of tourist destinations in Delhi. Research findings establish that the resource
management, pressure on resources, local empowerment, environmental management, socio-cultural unsustainability,
tourism governance, destination management, sustainable tourism promotion, local community participation and anti-
social activities are the important factors, which affects the sustainability of tourist destinations in Delhi. As this
research paper provides comprehensive and scientific evidences about the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural
impacts of tourism development in Delhi, the research findings can guide the government agencies, tourism operators,
hotels and restaurants, and NGOs while formulating and implementing tourism policies.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Economic Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability, Socio-cultural

Sustainability.

I. INTRODUCTION environmental, social and economic aspects of tourism; the

need to implement sustainability principles in all segments
The tourism industry is world’s largest and rapidly growing of tourism; and global aims such as poverty reduction.
segment of the economy. It is considered as an engine of Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process and
economic growth in both developed and developing it requires constant monitoring of impacts and introduces
countries. Tourism industry contributes precious foreign preventive and corrective measures whenever necessary.
exchange, generates employment, and helps infrastructure (Page, et al (2003), Mowforth and Mount (2009), Hall and
development and alleviation of poverty. However, the Richards (2003), Reddy and Wilkes (2013))
inconsiderate tourism development brings about disastrous
implications on the economy, society, and environment of Tourism development in India is at crossroads. Lopsided
tourist destinations. Sustainable tourism has emerged as the planning and haphazard implementation of tourism plans
most comprehensive approach to achieve sustainable have brought a plethora of problems and issues, which
development and mitigate the adverse impacts of tourism. challenge the economic, social, and environmental
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) defines existence of the destinations. Tourism is primarily driven
sustainable tourism as “sustainable tourism development by the private sector, with a multiplicity of stakeholders
meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while where size ranges from micro-enterprises to large
protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is transnational corporations. Interaction between all these
envisaged as leading to management of all resources in players along with tourists and local communities
such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can determine the overall impact of tourism on the
be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential environment. The Central Government and State
ecological processes, and biological diversity and life Governments play a critical role in determining sustainable
support systems”. It emphasizes the balance between tourism policies and introducing legal enactments

11 | ICBSSRTI2018003 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0453 © 2018, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Special Issue - ICBSSRTI – DEC 2018

surrounding sustainable tourism. Through positive  Governance mechanisms directly contribute to

intervention, the governments have to create an sustainable tourism development,
environment that enables the private sector to operate more  Tourism development directly contributes to
sustainably, influence the pattern of visitor flows and economic sustainability,
behaviours to optimize the impact of tourism. National  Tourism development directly contributes to
Tourism Policy, Incredible India campaigns, Millennium environmental sustainability,
Development Goals (MDG), Bharat Dharshan and Atithi  Tourism development directly contributes to
Devo Bhava campaign are the manifestations of sustainable socio-cultural sustainability of tourist destinations.
tourism development in India. India has endorsed the
principles and guidelines on sustainable tourism formulated II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
by various international conventions and declarations. 2.1 Sample, Sample Design and Research Methods
Government of India introduced eco-tourism in India. The
Ministry of Tourism designed and implemented a This research paper examines three aspects of sustainable
comprehensive “Sustainable Tourism Criteria for India tourism development: economic, environmental and socio-
(STCI) and Indicators for Tour Operators and the cultural sustainability. A primary research has conducted for
Accommodation Sector”. evaluating the sustainability of tourism based on the
questionnaire survey conducted at different tourist places in
Globalization has brought about enormous challenges and Delhi and prepared a database consisting of responses of 141
opportunities for the tourism industry. Tourism involves a tourists. The paper has identified and selected 36 attributes
complex and dynamic interaction between destinations and of sustainable tourism development representing four pillars
various stakeholders representing contradicting and of sustainability: economic, environmental and socio-cultural
conflicting interests, which exerts profound impact on the sustainability and tourism governance. A five point Likert
economy, ecology and society. This complex interaction scale is used to evaluate each variable based on the following
has widened the horizons of tourism management as a scale: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree,
discipline and has opened new vistas and dimensions to the 5=strongly agree. (Punch (2005)) In this research, 36
research that can lead to better destination management for statements are developed for collecting data from
achieving the social, economic, and ecological respondents based on the tourism governance, economic,
sustainability. In this research paper, Delhi has been environmental and socio-cultural sustainability.
identified as a heritage tourism model, which represents
Indian tourism. This study attempts to examine the impact 2.2 Multidimensional Statistical Analysis - Factor Analysis
of tourism on the economy, environment and society of The multidimensional statistical analysis – factor analysis based
Delhi. It will also explore how Delhi has incorporated the on principal component analysis (PCA) identifies the
sustainable tourism development as the core mission to underlying dimensions of the perceived variables of sustainable
achieve economic, environmental, and socio-cultural tourism development. The Principal Component Analysis
development of tourist destinations. (PCA) linearly transforms the original dependent variables
1.1 Objectives into new uncorrelated variables called principal components,
which summarize the information on dependent variables
The broad objective of this research paper is to examine and arranges them according to their contribution to the
critically the policies and programmes followed by tourism explanation in the total dispersion of the observed variables.
industry in achieving sustainable development. The The varimax rotation is used to maximise the differences
following are the main objectives of the research paper: - among the components extracted and to maintain the
 Study the impacts of tourism on economy, correlation among the components.
ecology and society of Delhi, 2.3 Variables of Sustainable Tourism
 Examine economic, environmental and socio-
cultural sustainability of tourism development in Tourism Governance: This research paper has identified 8
Delhi, variables for examining how tourism plans and tourism
governance system ensure sustainability of tourism in Delhi.
 Find the factors affecting sustainability of tourism
in Delhi  Tourism Plans: Tourism plans, policies and
programmes encourage tourism.
 Suggest measures to make tourism development
more sustainable.  Safety and Security: Government ensures safety and
security of tourists.
1.2. Research Hypothesis  Legal System: Efficient legal system exists to deal
Based on the objectives of the research projects we have with the violation of rules and regulations related to
formulated four alternative research hypotheses. These are the tourism sector.
stated as follows: -  Emergency Mechanism: Effective and efficient
mechanism to deal with emergency situations.

12 | ICBSSRTI2018003 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0453 © 2018, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Conference on Business Society & Sustainability Recent Trends And Innovations
Organized By @ BSMED, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. December 10, 2018.

 Managed Tourist Destinations: Effective planning  Waste Management: Waste disposal and recycling is
and management of tourist destinations including effectively managed in the destinations.
temples, churches and mosques, national parks,  Environmental Education: Government promotes
wildlife, sanctuaries, coastal zones and natural environmental education.
heritage sites.  Energy Conservation: Government encourages
 Positive Behaviour of Officials: Tourism officials sustainable consumption of conventional and
maintain friendly attitude and positive behaviour renewable energy.
towards tourists.  Local Community Management of Environment:
 Local community Engagement: Local community is Active contribution of local community in the
consulted and engaged in the formulation and environmental management.
implementation of the tourism plans and policies.
Socio-cultural Sustainability: In order to examine the
 Tourists Follow Sustainable Tourism Practices:
social-cultural sustainability of destinations in Delhi this
Tourists follow sustainable tourism practices.
paper has identified 8 variables.
Economic Sustainability: This research has identified 5
 Preserve Social Heritages: Tourism preserves and
variables to examine the economic sustainability tourism
promotes the social heritages such as historical
development in Delhi.
monuments, museums, churches, temples and
 High Inflation: Tourism inflates general prices of
mosques.
goods and services, housing and properties.
 Promote Festivals and Folklores: Tourism protects
 Employment Generation: Tourism increases
and revives local festivals and folklores.
employment opportunities.
 Commercialisation of Culture: Tourism
 Prefer Locally Made Products: Tourists prefer
development leads to commercialization of culture.
locally made products to imported products.
 Cultural Clashes: Tourism leads to cultural clashes
 Poverty Reduction: Tourism reduces poverty and
between tourists and local community.
improves standard of living.
 Anti-social Activities: Tourism leads to anti-social
 Trained Guides: Guides and tour operators are
activities such as drugs, prostitution, alcoholism,
properly trained and skilled.
gambling and other criminal activities.
Environmental Sustainability: We have identified 15  Loss of Habitat: Loss of habitat to local community
variables for examining the environmental sustainability of due to tourism development in destinations.
tourist destinations in Delhi.  Bad Influence on Children: Tourism has bad
influence on children and juvenile.
 Pressure on Water: Tourism puts pressure on water
resources. 2.4 Methods of Examination
 Pressure on Air: tourism puts pressure on quality of
The factor analysis is utilised for examining the
air.
sustainability of tourism development in Delhi and
 Pressure on Land: Tourism puts pressure on land.
identifying the factors, which influence the economic,
 Pressure on Transportation: Tourism increases environmental and social-cultural sustainability of Delhi.
pressure on transportation infrastructure.
 Pressure on Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: III. DATA ANALYSIS
Tourism puts pressure on natural vegetation and
3.1 Factor Analysis
wildlife.
 Waste Generation: Tourism generates huge amount The main objective of the research is to examine the
of waste in the destinations. sustainability of tourism development in Delhi and
 Water Management: Effective and efficient identifying the synergies between environmental, economic
management to mitigate pressure on water resources. and socio-cultural sustainability in the development
 Mechanism to Reduce Air Pollution: Proper paradigm of Delhi by using factor analysis. The factor
Mechanism to Mitigate the Air Pollution. analysis is a data reduction method, which reduces a set of
 Land Management: Effective and efficient variables to a limited number of principal components,
management to reduce the pressure on land. which underlines the correlation between the original
variables. It explores and explains the magnitude and
 Transportation Management: Effective and
pattern of the correlation that exist within the set of
efficient management to mitigate pressure on
observed values by identifying variables and factors that
transportation.
influence those values. For examining the economic,
 Management of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife:
environmental and socio-cultural sustainability of tourism
Effective and efficient mechanism to reduce pressure
destinations, we have used multidimensional statistical
on natural vegetation and wildlife.

13 | ICBSSRTI2018003 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0453 © 2018, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Special Issue - ICBSSRTI – DEC 2018

analysis, called factor analysis based on the principal Bartlett's Test of Sphericity D.F 630
component analysis (PCA).
Sig. .000
Data Structure Analysis: The suitability of data for factor
analysis is examined by applying Keiser-Myer-Olkin test Source: SPSS output from primary survey
and Bartlett Test of Sphericity. Keiser-Myer-Olkin test
From the table above Table 4.1 the Bartlett test of
measures sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s test of
Sphericity is significant (Chi-square = 2194.44, p<0.000).
Sphericity tests the data assumptions. In order to be
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) overall measure of
suitable for factor analysis, a data set must have a Kaiser-
sampling is 0.690, which indicates that data are suitable for
Meyer-Olkin value between 0.5 and 1.0 and Bartlett’s test
the principal component analysis. The values from Kaiser-
of Sphericity must be statistically significant at p<. 05.
Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measures above 0.60 is an adequate
Table 7.2 shows the results of sampling test and data indicator for performing factor analysis.
assumption from Bartlett test of Sphericity and Kaiser-
Table 7.3 and Figure 4.1 represent the results of factor
Meyer-Olkin (KMO).
analysis including the components, eigenvalues, and
Table 4.1: KMO and Bartlett’s Test percentage of variance, cumulative variance, and
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
communalities for 36 variables after performing factor
.690
analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Approx. Chi-Square
2194.44

TABLE 4.2: TOTAL VARIANCE EXPLAINED

Components Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings

Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %

1 5.196 14.044 14.044 3.933 10.630 10.630
2 4.887 13.209 27.253 3.841 10.382 21.012
3 3.051 8.245 35.499 3.064 8.282 29.294
4 2.374 6.417 41.916 2.423 6.549 35.843
5 2.063 5.576 47.492 2.242 6.059 41.902
6 1.709 4.620 52.112 2.153 5.820 47.722
7 1.428 3.859 55.970 1.752 4.736 52.457
8 1.411 3.815 59.785 1.650 4.460 56.917
9 1.224 3.308 63.093 1.645 4.445 61.362
10 1.018 2.752 65.845 1.418 3.832 65.195

Source: SPSS output from primary survey

Figure 4.1: Scree Plot

Source: SPSS output from primary survey
From the table 4.2, and figure 4.1, we have chosen top ten variables having the eigenvalues more than one (>1), which form a
strong argument for representing the factors. The factor analysis with varimax rotation is performed to measure how the
variables are clustered around the principal factors. Ten factors are rotated, based on the eigenvalues greater than one (>1).
The table 4.2 reveals that all the variables are clustered into eleven factors or components. These factors are named as
resource management, pressure on resources, local empowerment, environmental management, socio-cultural unsustainability,
tourism governance, destination management, sustainable tourism promotion, local community participation and anti-social
activities. The cumulative variance for the ten significant factors is 65.195% after varimax rotation of factors. The resource
management contributes 10.63%, pressure on resources accounts 10.382%, local empowerment explains 8.282%,
environmental management represent 6.549%, socio-cultural unsustainability explains 6.059%, tourism governance

14 | ICBSSRTI2018003 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0453 © 2018, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Conference on Business Society & Sustainability Recent Trends And Innovations
Organized By @ BSMED, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. December 10, 2018.

contributes 5.820%, destination management explains 4.736%, sustainable tourism promotion shares 4.460%, local
community participation accounts 4.445% and anti-social activities represent 3.832% to the cumulative variance explained
(65.195%) by the model.
Table 4.3 shows the results of factor analysis with varimax rotation of ten factors generated from the factor analysis. The
principal factors with loading above 0.45 are shown in the table, which indicates strong significance of correlation exists
among the particular group of variables.
TABLE 4.3: ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX
VARIABLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.90
Mechanism to Reduce Noise Pollution
9
.85
Mechanism to Reduce Water Pollution
5
.84
Mechanism to Reduce Air Pollution
8
.84
Mechanism to Reduce Pressure on Transportation
2
.68
Mechanism to Reduce Degradation of Natural Vegetation
9
.84
Pressure on Land
1
.83
Pressure on Water
1
.81
Pressure on Transportation
5
.81
Pressure on Air
4
.76
Pressure on Natural Vegetation
1
.83
Increase Employment
5
.75
Revives Socio-cultural Heritages
4
.70
Improve Standard of Living
4
.67
Revives Local Festivals
5
.53
Preference to Local Products
1
.72
Promotes Environmental Education
8
.66
Promotion of Renewable Energy
6
.59
Management of Waste
5
Local Community Contribution to Environmental .56
Management 6
.79
Cultural Clashes and Acculturation
1
.72
Commercialization of Culture
3
.61
Loss of Identity and Values
8
.81
Safety and Security
5
.60
Efficient Legal System
8
.50
Tourism Plans
6
.77
Officials Behaviour
0
.74
Emergency Mechanism
4
.73
Trained Guides
2
Tourists Follow Rules .72

15 | ICBSSRTI2018003 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0453 © 2018, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Journal for Research in Engineering Application & Management (IJREAM)
ISSN : 2454-9150 Special Issue - ICBSSRTI – DEC 2018

6
.59
Behaviour of Local Community
2
.74
Bad Influence on Children
2
.50
Increases Anti-social Activities
4
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalisation.
Rotation Converged in 10 Iterations.
Source: SPSS output from primary survey

1 Resource Management: The factor analysis suggest that cultural heritages, improvement of standard of living,
the resource management is significant factor that revives local festivals and preference to locally made
contributes to the sustainability of tourism in Delhi. products are distinctive characteristics of Delhi Tourism.
Mechanism to reduce Noise Pollution (.909), mechanism to
4. Environmental Management: The environmental
reduce pressure on water (.855), mechanism to reduce Air
management is the fourth factor, which contributes to the
Pollution (.848), mechanism to reduce Pressure on
sustainability of tourism in Delhi. The Environmental
Transportation (.842) and mechanism to mitigate
management is composed of the variables such as promotes
Degradation of Natural Vegetation (.689) are the important
environmental education (.728), promotion of Renewable
variables that explain the sustainability of Delhi tourism.
energy (.666), waste management (.595) and local
The important disastrous impacts of tourism are water
community contribution to environmental management
pollution, air pollution, misuse of land, pressure on
(.566). These variables are the essential elements of
transportation and degradation of natural vegetation. Delhi
sustainable tourism, which have been given prominent place
tourism integrates the system of resource management for
in the tourism development of Delhi.
ensuring efficient and effective utilisation of resources by
installation of proper mechanism to mitigate the adverse 5. Socio-cultural Unsustainability: The Socio-cultural
impact of tourism on resources. Unsustainability is the fifth factor that influences the
sustainability of tourist destinations in Delhi. The socio-
2. Pressure on Resources: The second factor is termed as
cultural unsustainability consists of the adverse impacts of
resource pressure includes the pressure on water, air, land,
tourism on the socio-cultural environment of Delhi such as
transportation, and natural vegetation and wild life.
Cultural clashes (.791), Commercialisation of Culture
Although tourism development has brought huge benefits,
(.723), and Loss of Identity and Values (.618).
the negative impacts of tourism such as scarcity of water,
Indiscriminate tourism development is posing adverse
air pollution, misuse of land, traffic congestions have
impacts on society and culture of Delhi and appropriate
directly affected both the local communities and tourists.
measures have to be introduced for making tourism more
The high factor loadings on the such as the pressure on
socially sustainable.
Land Resources (.841), Water Resources (.831),
Transportation (.815) Air (.814) and Natural Vegetation 6. Tourism Governance: Tourism Governance is another
(.761) in the factor analysis reveals that the resource important factor that contributes to the sustainability of
utilisation in in Delhi is unsustainable and the negative tourism in Delhi. The Safety and security (.815), Efficient
impacts of tourism development is escalating and putting legal system (.608), Tourism Plans (.506) are the
tremendous pressure on both manmade and natural governance mechanism which enhances sustainability of
resources. tourism in Delhi. The safety and security provided by the
government at the tourist destinations, and meticulously
3. Local Empowerment: Local empowerment is another
formulated and implemented tourism plans and programmes
important factor, which ensures sustainability of Delhi
are contributing to the sustainable tourism development.
tourism. The local empowerment is reinforced by the
variables such as the Employment generation (.835), 7. Destination Management: Destination management is
Revives Socio-cultural Heritages (.754), improve standard next important factor, which draws millions of tourists
of living (.704), Revives local festivals (.675) and from across the world. The destination management
preference to locally made products (.531). The attributes such as positive attitude and friendly behaviour
Government has identified tourism as an engine of socio- of officials towards tourists (.770) and Emergency
economic development and introduced various plans and Mechanism (.774) are instrumental in promoting tourism in
programmes to eradicate poverty by strengthening economic Delhi sustainably.
relationship between the tourism industry and the local 8. Sustainable Tourism Promotion: The sustainable
community for marketing the produce made by the local tourism promotion is another important factor, which
communities. The employment generation, revival of socio- positively contributes to the sustainable tourism. The

16 | ICBSSRTI2018003 DOI : 10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0453 © 2018, IJREAM All Rights Reserved.

 International Conference on Business Society & Sustainability Recent Trends And Innovations
Organized By @ BSMED, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. December 10, 2018.

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