UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

Final Exam
Second Semester 2019/2020

Subject : Statistics for Economics and Business (ECEU601200)

Date : Wednesday, 10 June 2020
Time : 09.00-12.15

Note:
 It must be handwritten on paper and e-mailed to ………………………… in jpeg or pdf file (and make
sure the scanned/captured-answer files are clear and readable) and named
Fernando_19063XXXXXXX.pdf
 You can only submit one e-mail with the subject: JAWABAN UAS STATEKBIS (Fernando)
(19063XXXXXXX)
 Attachment files of your answer must be in order, and if there are two (or more) answer files for
a question, you also have to order the files
 Your e-mail must be submitted at latest at 12.15 p.m. Make sure time has been calibrated so
that no time difference between you and your lecturer. Late submission will not be accepted

Kode B

Page 1 of 9
PART 1 : MULTIPLE CHOICE (40%)

Write the letter that corresponds to the BEST answer. There is only one BEST answer for each
question.
1. X is a normally distributed random variable with mean 5 and standard deviation 1.75. Which of the
following is standard normal?
A. (X − 1.75) / 5
B. (X − 5) / 3.0625
C. (X − 1.75) / 3.0625
D. (X − 5) / 1.75

2. The t distribution is similar to the z distribution because _________________.

A. As the degrees of freedom go to infinity, the t distribution converges to the z distribution
B. Both have asymptotic tails—that is, their tails become closer and closer to the horizontal axis, but
never touch it
C. Both A and B are correct
D. Neither A nor B is correct

3. Given IQ scores are approximately normally distributed with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of
15, the proportion of people with IQs above 130 is aproximately:
A. 95%
B. 98%
C. 5%
D. 2%

4. Select the order of sampling schemes from best to worst.

A. simple random, stratified, convenience
B. simple random, convenience, stratified
C. stratified, simple random, convenience
D. stratified, convenience, simple random

5. Statisticians like precision in their interval estimates. A low margin of error is needed to achieve this.
Which of the following supports this when selecting sample sizes?
A. A larger sample size reduces the margin of error.
B. A smaller sample size reduces the margin of error.
C. A larger sample size increases the margin of error.
D. A sample size has no impact on the margin of error.

6. Which is the following is correct?

A. The probability of a type I error is β.
B. The probability of a type II error is (1 - β).
C. The probability of a type II error is β.
D. The probability of a type I error is (1 - α).

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7. The central limit theorem says that as the sample size, n, from a given population gets large enough, the
sampling distribution of the mean can be approximated by
A. The binomial distribution
B. The normal distribution
C. The Poisson distribution
D. A Bernoulli process

8. The smaller the population variance the

A. wider the width of the confidence interval, other things being equal.
B. larger the mean.
C. narrower the width of the confidence interval, other things being equal.
D. smaller the mean.

9. Other things being equal, the width of a 99 % confidence interval will be

A. wider than a 95 % confidence interval.
B. narrower than a 95 % confidence interval.
C. may be wider or narrower depending on the population variance.
D. the same width as a 95 % confidence interval.

10. The standard deviation of a normal population is 10. You take a sample of 25 items from this population
and compute a 95% confidence interval. In order to compute the confidence interval, you will use
A. the t table because the degrees of freedom will be 24.
B. the t table because you have estimated the standard deviation from the sample.
C. the z table because the population standard deviation is known.
D. the z table because the sample size is small.

11. Which of the following statements about hypothesis tests is INCORRECT?

A. H0 must always include equality.
B. In a one-tailed test, H1 involves either “>” or “<“, but not “≠”.
C. If the test statistic lies in the rejection region, we reject the claim.
D. The critical value indicates the start of the rejection region.

12. Based on your Business Statistics class, you know that a confidence interval is wider if:
A. A larger sample (n) is used.
B. A larger t or z value is used.
C. It is changed from a 95% CI to a 90% CI.
D. Both (b) and (c)

13. If a confidence interval has width 1 based on a sample of 50 observations, what is the width if the
sample size is increased to 800 (assuming everything else remains constant)?
A. 0.25
B. 0.5
C. 2
D. 4

14. What is the design in hypothesis testing for the statement “that the proportion has increased such that
it is above 0.2 now”.

Page 3 of 9
 A. 𝐻0 : 𝜋 ≥ 0.2; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜋 < 0.2.
B. 𝐻0 : 𝜋 ≤ 0.2; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜋 > 0.2.
C. 𝐻0 : 𝜋 = 0.2; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜋 ≠ 0.2.
D. 𝐻0 : 𝜋 > 0.2; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜋 ≤ 0.2.

15. What is the design in hypothesis testing for the statement “that the mean is at most 50”.
A. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑋 ≥ 50; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇𝑋 < 50.
B. 𝐻0 : 𝑋̅ ≤ 50; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑋̅ > 50.
C. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑋 ≤ 50; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇𝑋 > 50.
D. 𝐻0 : 𝜋 ≥ 50; 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜋 < 50.

16. If the null hypothesis is rejected at a 1% significance level, then _____________.

A. The null hypothesis will be rejected at a 5% significance level
B. The alternative hypothesis will be rejected at a 5% significance level
C. The null hypothesis will not be rejected at a 5% significance level
D. The alternative hypothesis will not be rejected at a 5% significance level

17. Which of the following statements is most accurate about a Poisson random variable?
A. It counts the number of successes in a given number of trials.
B. It is a continuous random variable.
C. It counts the number of successes in a specified time or space interval.
D. It has a bell-shape distribution

18. What is a type one error?

A. A type one error is where we reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
B. A type one error is obtaining a non significant result when it should be significant.
C. A type one error is obtaining a non-significant result by sampling error alone.
D. None of the above.

19. For a one-tailed test using the normal distribution, a significance level of 0.10. would have a critical
value of
A. | 1.645 |
B. | 1.960 |
C. | 1.282 |
D. | 2.575 |

20. Which of the statements below defines a type two error?

A. A type two error occurs when you reject a research hypothesis which is true.
B. A type two error occurs when you fail to reject a false null hypothesis.
C. A type two error occurs when you accept a null hypothesis which is false.
D. All of the above.

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21. A one-tailed test of the population would be appropriate if
A. H1:
B. H0 :
C. H1:0
D. H0 :

22. A type 2 error

A. results from accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false
B. results from rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
C. is a type of sampling error
D. represents the size of the test

23. The power of a test refers to the test’s

A. ability to control the type i error
B. ability to reject the null hypothesis
C. ability to control the type ii error
D. ability to reject the alternative hypothesis

24. How would we decrease Type II error?

A. Lowering .
B. Lowering sample size.
C. Increasing sample size.
D. Increasing confidence level.

25. Let X be normally distributed with mean μ and standard deviation σ > 0. Which of the following is true
about the z value corresponding to a given x value?
A. A positive z = (x − μ)/σ indicates how many standard deviations x is above μ.
B. A negative z = (x − μ)/σ indicates how many standard deviations x is below μ.
C. The z value corresponding to 𝑋̅ = μ is zero.
D. All of the above.
26. A sample mean is a ____ estimate and we do not know how close it is to the population mean.
A. distribution
B. point
C. sample
D. confidence

27. Which of the following is not an example of Poisson process?

A. The number of car accidents in a toll road.
B. The number of bacteria in two liters of water.
C. The number of misspelled words per page in a newspaper.
D. The number of houses sold in a city within a year.

28. In order to use the standard normal distribution in the sampling distribution of the sample means, you
need to transform the scores in the sample to the standard normal scores. This is achieved by which of
the following? What is the result called?
A. Subtracting the score from the standard deviation and then dividing by the mean of each score. The

Page 5 of 9
 result is called a probability distribution.
B. Subtracting the mean from the standard deviation and then dividing by each score. The result is
called a probability distribution.
C. Subtracting the score from each mean and then dividing by the standard deviation. The result is
called a z-score.
D. Subtracting the mean from each score and then dividing by the standard deviation The result is
called a z-score.

29. Normal distribution theory tells us that for large samples, 95% of sample means lie within how many
standard deviations above and below the population mean?
A. 95
B. 1.96
C. The square root of the sample size.
D. Whatever the z-score is.

30. The mean of a set of IQ's is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. The z score for one student is +2.2.
Using the necessary z-score table, what does this mean?
A. It tells us that the score is 2.20 standard deviations below the mean.
B. 1.39% of scores are equal to or lower than this student's score - they are not very bright.
C. 98.61% of scores are equal to or greater than this student's score - they are not very bright.
D. Only 1.39% of scores are equal to or greater than this student's score - they are very bright.

31. Based on the central limit theorem, the size of the sampling error is
A. Directly related to the sample size, i.e., the larger the sample size the larger the sampling error.
B. Directly related to the population mean, i.e., the larger the mean, the larger the sampling error
C. Inversely related to the sample size, i.e., the larger the sample size the smaller the sampling error.
D. Inversely related to the population standard deviation, i.e., the smaller the standard deviation, the
larger the sampling error.

32. A 95% confidence interval infers that the population mean

A. is within 1.645 standard deviations of the sample mean.
B. is within 1.96 standard deviations of the sample mean.
C. is within 1.96 standard errors of the sample mean.
D. is within 1.645 standard errors of the sample mean.

33. When constructing interval estimates for the population mean we should use the
A. Z distribution when the population variance is unknown and the t distribution when the population
variance is known.
B. Z distribution when the population variance is known and the t distribution when the population
variance is unknown and is estimated with a small sample.
C. Z distribution whether the population variance is known or not, if the sample size is large enough.
D. F distribution.
34. Which best describes the lower endpoint of a confidence interval?
A. Point estimate
B. Margin of error
C. Point estimate plus margin of error
D. Point estimate minus margin of error

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35. The null hypothesis
A. is the hypothesis we are trying to reject
B. Conforms to the status quo
C. Usually has the greatest cost when it is incorrectly rejected
D. Results from a type I error

36. The standard error has been calculated as 2.6 and the sample mean is 10.00. Thus the 95% confidence
interval lies between:
A. 4.904 to 15.096
B. 7.40 to 12.60
C. 3.85 to 26
D. There is not enough information available to work out the confidence interval.

37. What is an important similarity between the uniform and normal probability distributions?
A. The mean, median and mode are all equal.
B. The mean and median are equal.
C. They are negatively skewed.
D. About 68% of all observations are within one standard deviation of the mean.

38. Two normal distributions are compared. One has a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 10. The
second has a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 2. Which of the following it true?
A. the locations of the distributions are different
B. the distributions are from two different families of distributions
C. the dispersions of the distributions are different
D. None of the above

39. What is the value of z such that 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) = 0.025?

A. 1.96.
B. 0.05.
C. 1.96.
D. ± 1.96.

40. Which of the following is NOT necessary to determine how large a sample to select from a population?
A. Level of confidence in estimating the population parameter.
B. Size of the population.
C. Maximum allowable error in estimating the population parameter.
D. Estimate of the population variation

Page 7 of 9
PART 2: ESSAY QUESTIONS (60%)

A student must ANSWER 3 QUESTIONS OF 4. YOU CAN CHOOSE EITHER PROBLEM 1 OR PROBLEM 2,
BUT PROBLEM 3 AND 4 ARE MANDATORY. Each essay has a similar contribution to the total mark.

Problem I (OPTIONAL).
Recently, BPJS Kota Depok received complaints on the quality of direct service is 5 times per week. While the
Government plan to raise BPJS fee, it is interesting to see the behaviour patterns of BPJS’ users in Depok City. It
has been estimated that level of complaints will decline due to declining community participation, especially
from low-income groups after raising the fee.
A. Before raising the fee, what is the probability of 7 complaints in one week by Depok participants? (2 Points)
B. Before raising the fee, what is the probability of being at least 2 complaints in one week by Depok
participants? (2 Points)
C. Before raising the fee, what is the probability of a complaint between 2 and 4 times per week? (6 Points)
D. When BPJS fee is raised, it is estimated that the average complaint will be reduced to 3 times per week, due
to declining the membership. So, what is the probability per week there are at least 2 complaints? (5 Points)
E. Compare the results of "B" and "D", Give comments on tuition increases and reduced number of participants
impacting the number of complaints! (5 Points)
Additional information: e  2.718

Problem II (OPTIONAL).

Dry-cell batteries are widely used, including for smartphones and other gadgets. A certain type of battery still
applies old technology, and on average it has 320 minutes of a lifetime if it is used at maximum power. Lifetime is
assumed to be normally distributed with a standard deviation of 50 minutes.
A. If we buy a unit of battery (assuming it is taken randomly), what is the probability of battery lifetime more
than 6 hours? (2 Points)
B. if we buy a unit of battery (consider it randomly taken), what is the probability of battery lifetime between 5
and 6 hours? (4 Points)
C. The factory states that 5% of the battery is considered defective, so the lifetime is very low. What is the
maximum lifetime of a battery that is considered a defective battery? (7 Points)
D. The factory says that 2.5% of products have a perfect cathode, so battery lifetime is maximum. What is the
minimum lifetime of a battery with that perfect cathode? (7 Points)

Problem III (MANDATORY).

Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia is implementing a course standardization process. The
standardization process features a standardized content such as a common syllabus, assignments, and exam
questions. The faculty reasons that the standardization is an efficient way to ensure consistent learning outcomes.
Yet, there are some drawbacks from standardized courses. It provides a limited opportunity for instructors to fully

Page 2 of 9
leverage their expertise, and in some cases, there may be a poor fit between the course design and the instructor’s
teaching style.
In order to check the outcome of a course standardization process, the faculty plans to take a random sample of
student grades, across all instructors. The grades represent the proportion of problems answered correctly on a
final exam.

A. Under a 90 percent confidence interval and 2% of maximum margin of error, what is the minimum sample
size you would suggest? (7 Points)

B. Suppose that finally the faculty decides to take a random sample of 100 student grades. The sample
proportion correct was calculated as 0.78.
a) Construct a 90 percent confidence interval on the population of correctly answered problems. (5 Points)
b) Suppose that the faculty concluded that the population proportion of correctly answered questions will
be in the interval [0.6989, 0.8611]. What is the actual confidence’s level chosen by the faculty? (5 Points)
c) Was the normality condition met for the validity of the confidence interval formula? (3 Points)

Problem IV (MANDATORY).

A student in FEB UI wants to examine changes in the average working hours of lecturers in FEB UI as a result of
work from home policies implemented during the period of COVID-19 pandemic. She surveyed 30 lecturers at FEB
UI to find out whether the average increase in working hours is lower than the national average of 16 hours per
week. From the responses, she calculates the mean of 13.43 hours and a standard deviation of 3.5 hours.
A. Specify the null and the alternative hypotheses for the test! (3 Points)
B. Calculate the value of the appropriate test statistic! (3 Points)
C. At a 5% significance level, specify the critical value(s) and the decision rule! (6 Points)
D. Compute the p-value of the test statistic you have in (B)! (4 Points)
E. State the conclusion of the hypothesis test and interpret the results! (4 Points)

__________ooo000ooo__________

Page 3 of 9
 z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-3.8 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
-3.7 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
-3.6 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
-3.5 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641

Page 1 of 9
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998
3.6 0.9998 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.7 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.8 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Page 2 of 9
Table 2. T student

Area at right tail

df
0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 1.3764 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567
2 1.0607 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248
3 0.9785 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409
4 0.9410 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041
5 0.9195 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321
6 0.9057 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074
7 0.8960 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995
8 0.8889 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554
9 0.8834 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498
10 0.8791 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693
11 0.8755 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058
12 0.8726 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545
13 0.8702 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123
14 0.8681 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768
15 0.8662 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467
16 0.8647 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208
17 0.8633 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982
18 0.8620 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784
19 0.8610 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609
20 0.8600 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453
21 0.8591 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314
22 0.8583 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188
23 0.8575 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073
24 0.8569 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969
25 0.8562 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874
26 0.8557 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787
27 0.8551 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707
28 0.8546 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633
29 0.8542 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564
30 0.8538 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500
31 0.8534 1.3095 1.6955 2.0395 2.4528 2.7440
32 0.8530 1.3086 1.6939 2.0369 2.4487 2.7385
33 0.8526 1.3077 1.6924 2.0345 2.4448 2.7333
34 0.8523 1.3070 1.6909 2.0322 2.4411 2.7284
35 0.8520 1.3062 1.6896 2.0301 2.4377 2.7238
40 0.8507 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045
50 0.8489 1.2987 1.6759 2.0086 2.4033 2.6778
60 0.8477 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603
70 0.8468 1.2938 1.6669 1.9944 2.3808 2.6479
80 0.8461 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387
100 0.8452 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259
1000 0.8420 1.2824 1.6464 1.9623 2.3301 2.5808

Page 3 of 9