Mod 8 - Kiss Notes Worksheets

KISS Resources for NSW Syllabuses & Australian Curriculum
® KEEP IT SIMPLE SCIENCE

keep it simple science Biology Module 8
Non-Infectious Disease & Disorders

WORKSHEETS
Worksheet 1 Homeostasis Student Name......................................
Guided Notes. 5.
(Make your own summary) Sketch a flowchart diagram which outlines how
blood sugar levels are maintained.
1.
Define “homeostasis”.
2.
At the most basic level, why is homeostasis
essential for any living thing?
3.
a) How do “positive” and “negative” feedback
systems differ in the general way they operate? 6.
a) How are glucose & glycogen related chemically?
b) Which organs are mainly responsible for storing

glycogen?
b) Which type of feedback is always involved in
homeostasis? Explain why.
c) How do the hormones insulin & glycogen affect
glucose & glycogen?
4.
In the control of body temperature in a mammal: 7.
a) where is the “receptor & control centre”? a) What is the digestive function(s) of the
pancreas?
b) List the 5 “effectors” & outline what they can do
for temperature regulation.
b) Name the 2 types of cells in the pancreatic

“islets” and the hormone produced by each.
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® Worksheet 2 Temperature Regulation

keep it simple science Fill in the blanks Student Name......................................
Fill in the blank spaces. Animals which can regulate their body
temperature are called w)..............................
Temperature regulation in mammals is Examples are the x)......................... and
controlled by the a)..................................... at y).................. They use all the homeostasis
the base of the brain. If body temperature is techniques, plus rely on body insulation
too high it sends commands to the with fur, z).................... or aa).....................
b)..................................... organs to cool the
body. Cooling mechanisms include In extreme environments endotherms may
c)............................ of blood vessels to allow have extra adaptations. In Australian
d)................... (more/less) blood to flow near deserts many animals have large
ab).................... to radiate heat away. They
skin. Also, the e)............................ glands
don’t have sweat glands because they
may be activated, allowing f).........................
can’t afford to ac)..........................................
to flow. As it g).............................. from the but may lick their ad)............................... or
skin, it carries heat away. Metabolic rate pant to achieve some evaporative cooling.
may be reduced, to reduce heat production.
This is achieved by h).......................... which In cold environments, thick fur or blubber
are control chemicals. An example is gives ae)...................................... to retain
Thyroxine, produced by the body heat. The penguins have a special
i)....................................... gland. adaptation in the blood vessels to their
legs. In cold water, the blood flow to the
If the body is too cool, then the feet is af).................. ......................................
hypothalamus commands various warming so that less heat is lost through the
mechanisms. Blood vessels can be uninsulated feet.
j).................................... to reduce blood flow
Plants also have many adaptations to cope
to k)...................... Body hairs are
with temperature extremes. In cold
l).............................. to trap a layer of still air,
climates many plants are
which acts to m).................................. better. ag).............................. which means they
Nerve commands to muscles can cause ah)............................................ in winter.
them to n)............................. which produces
extra heat. The metabolic rate can be raised In hot climates with plenty of water, plants
by hormones as well. open their ai)............................ allowing
evaporation to cool them. In dry climates,
Animals which rely on the environment to plants cannot afford the water loss, so
supply their body heat are called they stay cool without losing water. For
o)........................................ Examples are example, cacti have aj).......................-
p)............................, amphibians, fish etc. In shaped leaves to reduce the surface area
terrestrial environments they often seek or absorbing heat from direct sunlight. They
avoid the heat of the q)................ in order to are often ak)...........................-coloured to
reflect heat radiation.
regulate temperature. An Australian
example is the r)............................, which
The Australian al)...................................
often s)......................... in the morning to plants mostly have am)..................................
warm up, and t)..................................... when (shape) leaves to reduce surface area, and
too hot. In cold winters, ectotherms cannot often allow the leaves to an).........................
get any heat from the environment and ................................... (orientation) to avoid
many, such as the u)..................................... the Sun’s heat at midday.
survive by v)............................ for the winter.
® Worksheet 3 Test-Style Questions Section 1

keep it simple science Answer in the spaces provided. Student Name......................................
(on reverse, if insufficient room)
Multiple Choice 6.
1. b) Give an outline of how the blood vessels
The “control centre” for homeostasis involving the function as “effectors” in the regulation of body
temperature.
nerve system is the:
A. Hypothalamus
B. Cerebrum
C. Cerebellum
D. Pituitary gland
2. c) List 3 other effectors (apart from blood vessels)

Which of the following is a response by an effector involved in temperature regulation.
organ which would be appropriate when the body
is too warm?
A. Muscles begin shivering.
B. Blood vessels dilated.
C. Body hairs erected, forming “goose bumps”.
D. Metabolic rate increased by a hormone. 7.
a) Explain the difference between an ectotherm and
3. an endotherm.
Which statement is correct?
A. Ectotherms such as fish, generate their
own body heat.
B. Endotherms such as birds, rely on their
surroundings to supply their body heat.
C. Ectotherms such as mammals, b) Using a named Australian example, outline how
an ectotherm regulates its body temperature.
generate their own body heat.
D. Ectotherms such as reptiles, rely on the
surroundings to supply body heat.
4.
A typical response of an ectotherm to over-heating c) Using a named Australian example, outline 2
is: adaptations of desert-living endotherms to keep
A. sweating B. sun-baking their bodies cool.
C. seeking shade D. shivering
5.
An important adaptation in Australian mammals to
help keep cool in a desert environment is:
8.
A. a lot of sweat glands in the skin. Describe some adaptations of sclerophyll plants
B. a “stocky”, thick-set shape to minimise which help them minimise absorption of heat from
heat absorption. the Sun.
C. large ears to acts as heat radiators.
D. thick fat layers to prevent heat getting
into their body.
Longer Response Questions

6.
a) Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the
regulation of body temperature in a mammal.
® (Revision) Worksheet 4 Cancer

keep it simple science You will need the KISS notes for
Module 6 “Genetic Change” Student Name......................................
In each case, the page reference given is in KISS 3. (p.7)
Module 6. a) Outline how ionising radiations may contribute to
increased cancer occurrences.
1. (pp.4-5)
a) Which of the types of mutation which cause a
change in the structure of a chromosome are
associated with increased occurrence of cancers?
b) Outline the effect of non-ionising radiation (eg UV)
on DNA.
b) What is an “oncogene”?
c) What is the link to the occurrence of melanoma?

c) List some cancer types which are associated with
specific oncogenes.
4. (p.8)
a) What are the “ROS” mutagenic chemicals?
(including “free-radicals”) Where do they come from
d) Explain why a “duplication” mutation may and what effect can they have on DNA?
increase the risk from these cancers.
b) What are the “alkylating agent” mutagenic

chemicals? Where do they come from and what
2. (pp.5-6) effect can they have on DNA?
a) Outline the difference between a “point mutation”
and a “frameshift mutation” to a single gene, in
terms of the effect on the polypeptide encoded by
the gene.
5. (p.8)
a) What are the main biological sources of
mutagenic chemicals?
b) Outline the example given, of the link between b) List some human cancers with proven links to
prostate cancer and a frameshift mutation. virus infections.
® Worksheet 5 Representing & Analysing Data

keep it simple science Refer to the table of data Student Name......................................
on p.10 of KISS Module 8
1.
a) Re-tabulate this data in order to:
i) include only the % of deaths for 1968 & 2017.
ii) compact all forms of cancer into 1 category. Likewise, combine any diseases of the respiratory system.
b) Graph this data in an appropriate style to clearly show the changes over 50 years & to allow comparisons.
Questions (for discussion and/or written response) 2.

1. a) Which disease(s) now show significantly higher
a) Which disease(s) now show significantly lower (%) rates of mortality compared to 50 years ago?
(%) rates of mortality compared to 50 years ago?
b) How do you account for these changes?

b) How do you account for these changes?
® Worksheet 6 Epidemiology
keep it simple science Guided Notes. Student Name......................................
(Make your own summary)
3.
1. a) Discuss the different epidemiological
a) Define “epidemiology”. approaches which might be used in the case of an
infectious disease outbreak, compared to a non-
infectious disease.
b) What are the main techniques used?
b) What method(s) may be used in both cases?

c) What are some of the benefits which may result
from epidemiological studies?
c) How can the validity of a study be improved?
d) How can the reliability of a study be improved?
2. 4.
a) Outline one modern historical example of a great
a) What simple measurement is used to assess a
success in epidemiology.
person’s status with regard to “over-nutrition”.
(Including how is it calculated & what categories are usually defined)
b) It has been stated that: b) Outline the hypothesis AND the evidence that
“Lawn bowls is a very dangerous sport, because humans may be genetically prone to obesity.
statistics show that more people die while
playing it, than any other sport.”
Comment of this statement with reference to the
idea that “correlation does not prove causation”.
c) Outline the main effects of obesity on health &
longevity.
Use the data shown on p.14 (KISS Mod.8) to 6. What is/are the likely reason(s) for the difference
discuss & analyse the following ideas & questions. between rich & poor nations:
a) in deaths due to infectious disease?
5.
Re-tabulate the data into this (simpler) table.
(May require some discussion. Take “low” data to be zero scores)
Deaths per 100,000 population
poor nations rich nations b) in deaths due to non-infectious disease?
Infectious disease
Non-infectious
Birth-related + 7. Do you think that the deaths due to “kidney

accidents disease” might be mainly from infections? Why or
why not?
® Worksheet 7 Structure & Function of the Eye

keep it simple science Fill in the blanks
Student Name......................................
The major anatomical features of the mammalian This is achieved by the muscles of the
eye, and their functions, are: (from the front of ac)......................... .................. pulling on the flexible
the eye, back) lens. To focus a distant object, the lens needs a
ad).............................. shape, but needs to become
• Conjunctiva, which a)............................................... ae)............................ to focus on a close object.
....................................................................................
• b)............................ is a transparent tissue to admit The curved shape of the cornea, and the optical
light. Its shape helps to c)......................... the light. properties of the af)............................................... and
• d)................... Humor is a clear liquid which ............................ also help refract light rays to the
maintains the e).................... of the ............................. correct focus on the ag)...................................
• The Iris is a disk of tissue which controls
f)................................................. entering the eye. “Binocular vision” (also known as
• The g).......................... is a transparent structure “ah)......................................... vision”) is when both
which h)............................. light to form an image on eyes ai)............................................................................
the retina.
• The i)...................... Body can alter the shape of (g). The brain receives a slightly different image from
• j)............................. Humor is a k).................-like each eye, so we perceive a aj) ....................................
liquid which fills the eyeball and l)........................... view. This also allows us to judge ak)........................
........................................... quite accurately.
• The m).................................. contains the actual
“receptor cells” which n)............................... light Myopia is commonly called “al).................................
and initiate o)............................... to the brain. .................” Those with myopia cannot focus clearly
• The Choroid is a membrane containing blood on objects which are am)..............................
vessels to p).................... the (m). It also absorbs (distant/close) A common cause is the eyeball
light to prevent q).................................................. being too an)........................... (short/long) so that
the image position is not on the retina, but
• The r).............................. is a tough fibrous tissue ao)...................................... (in front of/behind) it.
which maintains the s)......................... of the eyeball. This can be corrected by spectacles containing
• The t)........................... Nerve carries messages ap)..................................................... lenses.
from the u)...................... to the .............................
The opposite condition is called “aq)........................”
Refraction of light occurs when the light It is commonly due to the lens losing its flexibility
v).................................................................... and being unable to ar)............................... for
objects which are as).......................... (distant/close).
A w)............................. lens refracts the light so that The focus position is at)............................... (in front
rays are brought together to a focus, and can form of/behind) the retina. This is corrected with
an image. A x)............................. lens spreads light spectacles containing au).......................... lenses.
rays out, so it cannot y)......................... ..................
Cataract Blindness is a condition in which the
The greater the curvature of a lens (the “fatter” it av).................. of the eye becomes aw)...................
is) the z)................................ (shorter/longer) its focal Treatment involves replacing the (aa) with
length. ax)............................................ Simple, cheap
treatment has important social implications in
The lens of the eye can change its focal length by helping to break the “ay)............................ cycle” in
changing aa).......................................... This is called az)..................................... countries.
“ab)........................................”
® Worksheet 8 Eye Eye Captain

keep it simple science Summary Questions Student Name......................................
1.
Identify each part of the eye from its function: 5.
a) Controls the amount of light entering the eyeball. a) Define “hyperopia”, and give a possible cause.
b) Contains the actual receptor cells for sight.
c) Carries nerve signals from eye to brain.

b) Use simple labelled sketches to:
i) explain why vision is unclear under the
d) Responsible for most of the focusing of light. conditions in (a)
e) Protective layer on the cornea.
2.
Describe the function of the
a) Ciliary body.
b) Vitreous and Aqueous humors.

ii) show how hyperopic vision can be
corrected.
c) Choroid
3.
Explain the “accommodation” of the eye by 6.
sketching labelled diagrams showing an eye a) Describe what happens in the eye to cause
focusing on a distant, and a close object. Cataract Blindness.
b) Outline the surgical treatment for Cataracts.
c) Discuss the implications of this technology for

society.
7.
Outline 3 different technologies which can correct
4. myopia.
Explain how “depth perception” in vision is
achieved.
® Worksheet 9 Now Ear This

keep it simple science Student Name......................................
Part A. Fill in the blanks c) round window.
To “hear” a sound the following organs, events and
energy transformations occur:
Sound waves are collected by the a)............................

or external ear and funnelled into the b)......................
....................... Next, they strike the eardrum or
d) hair cells of the Organ of Corti.
c)......................... .................... and cause it to vibrate.
Behind the eardrum are the “ear d)............................”
which are tiny bones of the e)............................ ear.
They pass the vibration to the “f)...............................
window”. Vibrations now become g)............................
waves in the fluid of the h)..........................................
2.
Within this spiral structure is the “organ of Evaluate the Cochlear Implant technology by
i)........................” which contains the actual sensory outlining
cells. When these are stimulated by pressure waves a) how it works.
they set off nerve signals which travel along the
j)....................... nerve to the brain.
There are 2 main technologies available to help

people with hearing loss. Hearing aids work by
basically k)................................. sounds, while
l)............................ implants work by direct b) conditions under which the technology will
stimulation of the m)..................... This by-passes a assist hearing.
non-functional n)..................................
Part B. Summary Questions

1.
State the function of the:
a) ear ossicles. c) limitations of the technology.
b) auditory nerve.
® Worksheet 10 Kidney Function & Water Balance

keep it simple science Student Name......................................
Part A. Fill in the blanks
Part B. Summary Questions
Each kidney contains about 1 million units called
a)............................ There is a coiled blood vessel, 1.
Discuss briefly the importance of water in living
the b)......................................., which is inside the
organisms, identifying 4 functions of water.
c)................................. capsule. Here the process of
d)................................ takes place, where water and
many dissolved substances leave the blood and
flow throught the e)..........................................
The second process is f).............................. in which

any useful substances (most of the water, plus
g)....................... and ...........................) are absorbed
back into the h)........................... by a combination
of active transport and i).................................
2.
Some water plus the j)......................... are not Outline the processes of Filtration and Reabsorption
reabsorbed, but pass into a k)................................. in the nephron of a mammalian kidney. Identify
duct, and down the l).......................... to the bladder where each process occurs and the main events
to await excretion. occurring.
The kidneys also have a role in m).............................

by adjusting the amounts of water and
n)...................... that are reabsorbed into the blood.
This function is controlled by the

o)..................................... which monitors “water
balance” and controls the release of the hormone
p).................. from the q)................................... gland.
3.
This hormone increases the permeability of Compare and contrast the role of the hormones
membranes in the r)............................... so that “ADH” and “Aldosterone” in the maintenance of
s)............... (more/less) water will be absorbed, and mammal homeostasis. Your answer should include
t)............................. (more/less) urine formed. • source of each hormone
• precise effect on the target organ
So, an increase in ADH secretion leads to greater • how this contributes to Homeostasis
u)....................................... (excretion/retention) of
water, while a decrease in ADH results in
v)................................ (more/less) urine production.
Another hormone called w).........................................

is produced by the x)..........................................
glands controls the reabsorption of y)......................
If a person’s kidneys fail, they can have their blood

“cleaned” of wastes by the process of “Renal
z)...................................
This is similar to kidney function in that both 4.

involve movement of dissolved chemicals through Outline the composition of “dialysis fluid” and how
aa)................................. membranes. It is different this helps osmosis “cleanse” the blood.
from kidney function in that it involves only
ab)............ (number) process, which involves
ac)...................................... (active/passive)
diffusion. Kidney function has ad)............. (number)
steps, and involves both ae).......................................
(active/passive) transport and osmosis.
® Answer Section
keep it simple science
6.
Worksheet 1 a) Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.
1.
Homeostasis is the process by which a living thing
maintains a stable internal environment in terms of
temp., pH, water balance, etc. Glucose
molecules Glycogen, a polymer of glucose
2. b) Liver & muscles.
All metabolic reactions are catalysed & controlled
by enzymes. These are protein molecules which are c) insulin: glucose glycogen
very sensitive to changes in temp, pH, etc. Even (lowers blood glucose)
quite small changes can reduce enzyme activity, glucagon: glycogen glucose
which can quickly become life-threathening. (raises blood glucose)
3.
a) A positive-feedback system means that any 7.
change to the system causes adjustment in the a) Pancreas secretes a range of digestive enzymes
same direction of that change. This means the to continue chemical digestion as the food leaves
system will either keep increasing, or die down to the stomach. It also secretes bicarbonate ions
nothing. which neutralise the acid from the stomach so the
pancreatic enzymes will work most efficiently.
Negative-feedback is a system where any change
causes the next change to be in the opposite b) The outer “alpha” cells secrete glucagon.
direction. This results in relative stability of the The central “beta” cells secrete insulin.
parameter involved.
b) Homeostasis is always negative feedback, so that Worksheet 2

the temp., pH, etc. is maintained at a steady state. a) hypothalamus b) effector
c) dilation d) more
4. e) sweat f) perspiration
a) The hypothalamus at the base of the brain. g) evaporates h) hormones
i) thyroid j) constricted
b) Blood vessels can dilate or constrict to control k) the skin l) raised / erected
blood flow near the skin. This changes the heat lost, m) insulate n) shiver
or retained. o) ectotherms p) reptiles
Sweat glands secrete perspiration if too hot. q) Sun r) Blue-tongue lizard
Evaporation causes cooling. s) sunbakes t) seeks shade
Body hairs can be raised or lowered to alter the u) copperhead snake / corroboree frog
level of insulation. v) becoming dormant w) endotherms
Muscles cause “shivering” if too cold. The extra x) & y) mammals & birds
muscle activity generates heat. z) feathers aa) blubber (fat)
Hormones, notably thyroxin, can adjust the body’s ab) ears ac) lose water
“thermostat” by changing the rate of metabolism. ad) fore arms ae) insulation
af) shunted back into the body
5. ag) deciduous ah) shed their leaves
Blood glucose ai) stomates aj) needle / spine
Insulin hormone
released decreases ak) light al) sclerophyll
am) narrow an) droop downwards
If too high Pancreas monitors If too low

Worksheet 3
blood sugar levels 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C
6.
a) The hypothalamus is both the receptor and
Blood glucose Glucagon control centre for regulation of temperature.
increases hormone released
Blood flowing through the hypothalamus is
constantly monitored by heat-sensitive cells. If body
temperature is even slightly high or low, the
hypothalamus sends nerve messages to various
effector organs to either warm or cool the body
back to its correct temperature.
® Answer Section
keep it simple science 2.
Worksheet 3 (cont.) a) A point mutation involves a change to a single
nucleotide base-pair in a DNA molecule. This may
6.
make no difference to the polypeptide because the
b) Veins and arteries can be constricted (narrowed)
new codon may still specify the same amino acid. At
to reduce the blood flow to the skin. This reduces
most, it will change one amino acid. This could have
the amount of heat lost through the skin, thereby
a range of effects, from none at all, to catastrophic...
helping to warm the body. The opposite process of
it is highly variable in the possible effects.
dilating (widening) the blood vessels allows more
blood flow to the skin. This allows more heat to be
A frameshift involves the deletion of a base-pair, or
lost from the skin, thereby cooling the body.
insertion of an extra base-pair. This alters all
codons from that point on. This will almost certainly
c) Three other effector organs:
result on a non-functional polypeptide.
Sweat glands (perspiration), skeletal muscles
(shivering), thyroid gland (hormone thyroxine), body
b) Aggressive prostate cancer is associated with a
hair muscles (goose bumps).
frameshift mutation which effects production of a
protein which normally suppresses tumour growth.
7.
A catastrophic frameshift to the gene allows a
a) Endotherms are animals which generate their
tumour to grow out of control.
own body heat.
3.
Ectotherms rely on their environment to supply their
a) Ionising radiations can break chemical bonds &
body heat; they do not generate internal body heat.
damage DNA molecules. The damage MAY be
repaired, but the chance of mutation is greatly
b) Ectotherms such as the Blue-Tongue Lizard often
increased. Many (most?) cancers are known to
use instinctive behaviours to regulate temperature.
begin with a mutation.
When too cold, it will sunbake, flattening its body to
increase the surface area exposed to the Sun. When
b) UV radiation does not ionise, but can damage
too hot, it will seek shade and avoid the heat of the
DNA molecules by causing adjacent bases to join
Sun.
together forming a “pyrimidine dimer”. Usually this
damage is repaired quickly, but multiple repairs
c) Desert-living endotherms, such as the Bilby,
increases the chance of errors occurring. Errors can
cannot afford the water loss involved with sweating
result in mutations, which can be the first step in a
to cool off. Instead, they have large ears to radiate
cancer developing.
heat away. They seek shade in the heat of the day
and are active only in the evenings and early
c) There is a very strong correlation between
morning. Instead of sweating, they “pant” so that
exposure to UV and occurrence of melanoma and
evaporation from the mouth and throat has a
other skin cancers.
cooling effect.
4.
8.
a) ROS = “reactive oxygen species”. These include
Sclerophyll plants have
a variety of chemicals capable of attacking DNA by
• small, narrow leaves to reduce surface area
chemical oxidation. This can cause mutation and
exposed to Sun.
increase cancer risks. Included are the “free
• shiny leaf cuticle to reflect some radiant heat
radicals” released by normal metabolism.
• leaves which “droop” downwards. This allows for
absorption of light for photosynthesis in the cool of
b) “Alkylating chemicals” include a huge variety of
the morning, but avoids heat absorption in the heat
chemicals which can attach to, or cause cross-
of midday.
linking between DNA molecules. Once again, any
damage MAY be repaired, but this increases the
Worksheet 4 chances of mutation & cancer initiation. The main
1. sources of these “carcinogenic” chemicals include
a) Duplication of part of a chromosome and cigarette smoke, smoked meats, pesticides and
translocation of a section of chromosome to a other synthetic substances.
different one.
5.
b) Oncogenes are inherited genes which can a) Some infections (stomach ulcer bacterium)
increase the risk of developing a cancer IF activated release ROS chemicals. Some viruses cause
by an infection or environmental conditions. mutations when they insert DNA into the host’s
genome. Some plants produce “alkaloids” with
c) Breast cancer, bowel & lung cancers, sarcoma & mutagenic properties.
stomach & ovarian cancers. b) Cervical, hepatitis B & C, Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
d) Duplication may amplify the cancer risk if an
oncogene is duplicated during the mutation.
® Answer Section
Worksheet 6
Worksheet 5 1.
1. a) a) Epidemiology = the study of the occurrence of
%deaths % deaths diseases, including the causes, changes & patterns
involved.
1968 2017
b) The main techniques often involve data
Heart disease 30.5 11.6 collection and analysis, possibly by statistical
Dementia 0.2 8.5 methods.
Stroke 14.0 6.3 c) Identify a new disease or detecting a new
Respiratory 6.4 7.9 outbreak of a disease. Identifying correlations &
All cancers 6.4 11.2 related risks of diseases in order to improve health
services.
Diabetes 1.8 3.0
Urinary tract 1.8 2.2 2.
Road accidents 3.3 0.8 a) Thalidomide was a drug commonly prescribed to
Infant mortality 2.2 0.4 pregnant women in the 1960’s. Epidemiology
analysis discovered a link to increased risks of
birth defects associated with the drug. Its usage
b) Leading Causes of Death 1967 cf. 2017 was promptly discontinued, which saved many
30
people from serious disability.
b) It is a fact that more people die while playing

bowls than other sports. However, this does not
% of total deaths
mean it is a dangerous game. The correlation does

20
NOT mean that bowls causes death. There is also a

correlation to the age of the main participants. The
causitive correlation is age, not the sport played.
3.
10
a) Infectious disease outbreak: gather immediate

data about those affected, looking for patterns in
where they have been, what eaten, etc.
Non-infectious: longer-term approach, possibly
requiring data collection from surveys & research
0
studies over many years.

Heart disease
Dementia
Stroke
Respiratory
All cancers
Diabetes
Urinary tract
Road accidents
Infant mortality
b) Both involve the gathering & analysis of factual

data about people’s movements, diet, etc.
c) Validity requires verification of the disease &

Q1. pathogen (by blood tests, cultures, etc.) OR
a) Heart disease, stroke, urinary disease, road measurable parameters such as blood pressure,
accidents, infant deaths. BMI, etc.
b) Medical treatments of these events has improved
greatly. (Plus road safety laws & awareness are d) Reliability is enhanced by studying more people
better) in surveys & research, or finding more victims of an
Q2. outbreak.
a) Dementia, respiratory, cancers, diabetes.
b) The first 3 may be related to increased life- 4.
expectancy which is a tribute to improved public a) “Body mass index” (BMI) = weight / (height)2
health & medical treatments. Living longer brings (kg) (m)
increased risks that these are the conditions that BMI 18-25 considered healthy.
eventually cause death. 25-30 considered “overweight”.
Increased incidence of diabetes-related deaths is over 30 considered “obese”.
associated with over-nutrition & obesity.
b) Hypothesis: humans have evolved the ability to
store surplus food (as body fat) when available.
This helps survival during a famine.
Evidence: over 40 genes linked to obesity have
been identified in the human genome. Their gene
frequency suggests they have been favoured by
Natural Selection.
® Answer Section
Worksheet 8
Worksheet 6 (cont.) 1.
4. a) iris b) retina c) optic nerve
c) Life-expectancy shortened by 6-7 years because d) lens e) conjunctiva
of heightened risks of type-2 diabetes, heart 2.
disease, stroke, various cancers and more. a) Controls the shape of the lens for focusing.
b) These transparent liquid/jelly materials allow light
5. through, while maintaining the shape of
eyeball/cornea.
c) Contains blood vessels to carry nutrients to
Deaths per 100,000 population
retina cells. Also contains pigments to absorb any
poor nations rich nations light not collected by the retina. This prevents
Infectious disease 261 40 internal reflections, which could be very confusing
to your sight perception.
Non-infectious 93 438
3.
Image on
Birth-related + 83 7 Retina
accidents
Muscles of Ciliary Body relax.
6. Lens has thinner shape.
a) “Rich” nations have well-developed public health
programs, immunisation, etc. This has reduced the
death rate due to infectious disease dramatically. Distant
object
b) Since people in “richer” nations live longer, yet
must die eventually, the predominant causes of
death are age-related, non-infectious diseases such
as dementia, stroke, etc. Close
object
7. Could be some of both, but in “richer” nations it
Muscles of Ciliary Body pull lens
is unlikely that many of these deaths are due to into thicker shape
infectious diseases. Therefore, probably mainly due
to non-infectious diseases associated with age or 4.
diabetes. When both eyes focus on the same object together,
the brain receives 2 images of the same thing, but
from slightly different angles. From this we are able
Worksheet 7 to accurately judge distances, for example for
a) protects the cornea b) cornea walking on uneven ground.
c) refract / focus d) Aqueous 5.
e) shape of the cornea f) the amount of light a) Hyperopia is when a person can focus on distant
g) lens h) refracts/focuses
i) ciliary j) vitreous objects, but close objects are unclear... “long-
k) jelly l) maintains its shape sightedness”. It is commonly caused by the lens
m) retina n) absorb losing its flexibility (due to aging, for example... this
o) nerve messages p) nourish is why many people need reading glasses as they
q) internal reflections in the eyeball get older) and not being able to become “thick
r) Sclera s) shape enough” to accommodate fully.
t) optic u) retina to the brain b) i)
v) travels from one medium to another Lens unable to become thick
w) convex x) concave enough to focus image on
y) focus light/ form an image retina
z) shorter aa) shape
ab) accommodation ac) ciliary body Close
ad) thinner ae) more curved/ “fatter” object
af) aqueous & vitreous humors
ag) retina ah) stereoscopic
ai) focus on the same object together
aj) 3-dimensional ak) distances Focus position is
al) short-sightedness am) distant behind the retina
an) long ao) in front of
Convex lens in spectacles
ap) concave aq) hyperopia ii)
ar) accommodate / change shape
as) close at) behind
au) convex av) lens Image now
aw) opaque/cloudy ax) a plastic lens focused on
ay) poverty az) developing retina
® Answer Section
keep it simple science 2.
Worksheet 8 (cont.) a) Sounds are picked up by a microphone and
electronically analysed by a processor unit. This
6.
a) the Lens becomes cloudy and blocks light from sends signals to a transmitter which beams radio
reaching the Retina. waves to the actual cochlear implant, which has
b) The cloudy lens material is removed (by suction) been surgically placed in the skull. This sends
through a small incision in the cornea. A flexible electrical signals via an electrode to the auditory
plastic lens is inserted into the lens capsule. The nerve, which is stimulated to carry impulses to the
procedure takes only 30 minutes under local brain.
anaesthetic. b) Cochlear Implants may help in cases where the
c) In developing countries in Africa, Asia & the hair cells in the Organ of Corti are dead or non-
Pacific region, cataracts causes blindness in many functional.
people who cannot afford treatment. They cannot c) Cannot restore hearing if the deafness is due to
work or farm and become a burden on family and damage to the auditory nerve. Requires extensive
community. therapy and learning because the sensations
received by the brain are not the same as normal
The treatment (in (b)) can be done cheaply and hearing.
quickly and restore people to productive lives. This
is a really effective and attainable way to help break Worksheet 10
the “poverty cycle” and raise living standards in Part A
poorer nations. a) nephrons b) glomerulus
c) Bowman’s d) filtration
7. e) renal tubules f) reabsorption
Myopia can be corrected by: g) sugars / salts / amino acids
• spectacles containing concave lenses. h) bloodstream i) osmosis
• “contact lenses”. These are flexible, plastic lenses j) urea k) collecting
worn in contact with the conjunctiva, and do the l) ureter m) homeostasis
same job as spectacles. n) salt o) hypothalamus
• Laser surgery can precisely re-shape the cornea p) ADH q) pituitary
so it refracts light to a clear focus on the retina, and r) renal tubules s) more
no spectacles or contacts are needed. t) less u) retention
Worksheet 9 v) more
x) adrenal
w) aldosterone
y) salt
Part A z) dialysis aa) semi-permeable
a) pinna b) outer ear canal ab) 1 ac) passive
c) tympanic membrane d) ossicles ad) 2 ae) active
e) middle f) oval
g) pressure h) cochlea Part B
i) Corti j) auditory 1.
k) amplifying l) cochlear
Water is the solvent of life
m) nerve n) cochlea
All the chemical reactions of metabolism take place
Part B in water solution, and the transport of materials
1. takes place in water solution.
a) To transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to Water is involved in life chemistry
the cochlea. Water is a reactant or product of many metabolic
reactions.
b) Carries nerve signals from cochlea to brain. Water is vital in temperature regulation
Water has a very high specific heat capacity. This
c) This lets vibrations exit the cochlea so that helps stabilise the temperature of all living things.
sound does not continue to reverberate within the Evaporation of sweat is an important cooling
cochlea. (This could cause “ringing in the ears”
mechanism in mammals.
sensations)
Water supports & cushions cells and organs
d) The hair cells are the actual “sensory cells” Water solutions in the tissues helps to cushion
which initiate a nerve signal when stimulated by a organs against bumps and impacts.
pressure wave in the cochlea. (eg cerebrospinal fluid around the brain)
®
Answer Section
Worksheet 10 (cont.) 4.
2. The “dialysis fluid” is water with small amounts of
Filtration occurs in the glomerulus. Some of the dissolved sugar & salt to match the normal
water of the blood plasma and its dissolved sugars, concentrations of these in blood. As the blood
minerals, urea etc., seep out of the blood vessel, flows past (separated by a membrane) very little
like water through a filter paper. Blood cells and diffusion of these substances occur, because there
proteins cannot leak out. is little, or no concentration gradient.
This “filtrate” flows along the renal tubules where
reabsorption occurs. Useful nutrients (sugars, However, urea flows from the blood into the
amino acids) are actively transported back into the dialysis fluid and is later disposed of.
bloodstream. Most of the water in the filtrate flows
back to the blood by osmosis. A portion of the
water with dissolved urea flows on to be excreted
as urine.
3.
ADH is secreted by the pituitary gland (under
control of the hypothalamus) It alters the
permeability of the renal tubules to water. Increased
ADH allows greater water reabsorption, and less
urine production.
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal glands. It

stimulates the cells lining the renal tubules to
actively transport more sodium ions back into the
blood from the renal filtrate. This retains more salt
in the body to adjust “osmotic balance”.

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How does the body regulate temperature?

How does the body regulate temperature?

How does the kidney regulate water and salt levels in the body?

How does the kidney regulate water and salt levels in the body?

KISS Resources for NSW Syllabuses & Australian Curriculum

® KEEP IT SIMPLE SCIENCE

Non-Infectious Disease & Disorders

b) Which organs are mainly responsible for storing

b) Name the 2 types of cells in the pancreatic

® Worksheet 2 Temperature Regulation

® Worksheet 3 Test-Style Questions Section 1

2. c) List 3 other effectors (apart from blood vessels)

Longer Response Questions

® (Revision) Worksheet 4 Cancer

c) What is the link to the occurrence of melanoma?

b) What are the “alkylating agent” mutagenic

® Worksheet 5 Representing & Analysing Data

Questions (for discussion and/or written response) 2.

b) How do you account for these changes?

b) What method(s) may be used in both cases?

d) How can the reliability of a study be improved?

Birth-related + 7. Do you think that the deaths due to “kidney

® Worksheet 7 Structure & Function of the Eye

® Worksheet 8 Eye Eye Captain

b) Contains the actual receptor cells for sight.

c) Carries nerve signals from eye to brain.

e) Protective layer on the cornea.

b) Vitreous and Aqueous humors.

b) Outline the surgical treatment for Cataracts.

c) Discuss the implications of this technology for

® Worksheet 9 Now Ear This

Sound waves are collected by the a)............................

There are 2 main technologies available to help

Part B. Summary Questions

® Worksheet 10 Kidney Function & Water Balance

The second process is f).............................. in which

The kidneys also have a role in m).............................

This function is controlled by the

Another hormone called w).........................................

If a person’s kidneys fail, they can have their blood

This is similar to kidney function in that both 4.

b) Homeostasis is always negative feedback, so that Worksheet 2

If too high Pancreas monitors If too low

people from serious disability.

b) It is a fact that more people die while playing

mean it is a dangerous game. The correlation does

NOT mean that bowls causes death. There is also a

a) Infectious disease outbreak: gather immediate

studies over many years.

b) Both involve the gathering & analysis of factual

c) Validity requires verification of the disease &

Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal glands. It

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