CHAPTER 4 Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator Circuits

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (4th Edition)
By LOUIS E. FRENZEL JR.
CHAPTER 4
Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator Circuits
Modulator circuits have been created that vary the carrier amplitude in response
to the modulating information signal. At low and high power levels, circuits will generate
AM, DSB, and SSB. The square of the input signals determines the shape of a square-
law equation. A square-law answer is best approximated by a diode. Bipolar and field-
effect transistors (FETs) can be biased to provide a square-law response as well. The
answer of a FET is nearly perfect square-law, while diodes and bipolar transistors with
higher-order components only approximate the square-law operation.
Third-, fourth-, and higher-order harmonics, also known as intermodulation
components, are generated by diodes and transistors whose function is not a pure
square-law function and are easy to filter out. Since it uses a transistor instead of a
diode, this better variant of the circuit has benefit. A diode and a nonlinear system, the
emitter-base junction is a diode. Modulation happens in the same way as before, except
that the base current regulates a greater collector current, amplifying the circuit.
Because of the emitter-base intersection, there is rectification. In the tuned circuit, this
results in greater half-sine current pulses. The output is a classic AM wave.
An exceptional amplitude modulator is a differential amplifier modulator. The
modulator in high-level AM changes the voltage and power in the transmitter's final RF
amplifier cycle. As a consequence, the RF amplifier has a high efficiency and overall
high-quality output. The collector modulator of a high-level modulator circuit is a high-
power class C amplifier, and the output stage of the transmitter is a high-level modulator
circuit. Class C amplifiers only operate for a portion of the input signal's positive half-
cycle. The tuned circuit oscillates (rings) at the desired output frequency as a result of
the collector current pulses. The requirement for a modulation transformer to link the
audio amplifier to the class C amplifier in the transmitter is a significant drawback of
collector modulators. The larger and more powerful the transformer, the higher the
output.
Demodulators, also known as detectors, are circuits that embrace modulated
signals and extract the modulating information. In every radio receiver, the demodulator
circuit is the most important circuit. Demodulator circuits may also be used as basic
radio receivers of their own. The diode detector is the most basic and effective
amplitude demodulator. The envelope, which is the original modulating information, is
recovered by rectifying the AM signal with a diode and then filtering it with a capacitor.
The envelope of the AM signal, which is the original modulating signal, is recovered by
the diode detector, which is also known as an envelope detector.
Synchronous detectors turn the AM signal off and on using an internal clock
signal at the receiver's carrier level, providing rectification close to that of a typical diode
detector. A balanced modulator produces a DSB signal by removing the carrier
frequency and leaving only the total and difference frequencies at the output. Filters or
phase-shifting circuitry may be used to remove one of the sidebands from the output of
a balanced modulator, resulting in an SSB signal. Differential amplifiers are used in
another popular balanced modulator circuit.
The famous 1496/1596 IC balanced modulator is an example of a circuit that can
operate at carrier frequencies up to about 100 MHz and achieve carrier suppression of
50 to 65 dB. The IC's inputs and outputs have pin numbers that correspond to a regular
14-pin dual in-line module (DIP) IC. A 10-lead metal can and a variety of surface-mount
kits are also available for the unit. The analog multiplier is another kind of IC that can be
used as a balanced modulator. DSB signals are often produced using analog
multipliers. The main distinction between an IC balanced modulator and an analog
multiplier is that the former is a switching circuit.
The filter method is the simplest and most commonly used method of producing
SSB signals. The carrier signal is produced by a crystal oscillator and is also applied to
the balanced modulator. A double-sideband (DSB) signal is generated by the balanced
modulator. By passing the DSB signal through a highly selective band pass filter that
selects either the upper or lower sideband, an SSB signal is generated. Since it is used
to retrieve the modulating signal rather than produce a carrier that will relay it, the
balanced modulator is called a commodity detector.

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PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (4th Edition)

By LOUIS E. FRENZEL JR.

Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator Circuits

higher-order components only approximate the square-law operation.

Third-, fourth-, and higher-order harmonics, also known as intermodulation

results in greater half-sine current pulses. The output is a classic AM wave.

An exceptional amplitude modulator is a differential amplifier modulator. The

high-quality output. The collector modulator of a high-level modulator circuit is a high-

audio amplifier to the class C amplifier in the transmitter is a significant drawback of

Demodulators, also known as detectors, are circuits that embrace modulated

amplitude demodulator. The envelope, which is the original modulating information, is

the diode detector, which is also known as an envelope detector.

detector. A balanced modulator produces a DSB signal by removing the carrier

another popular balanced modulator circuit.

The famous 1496/1596 IC balanced modulator is an example of a circuit that can

multipliers. The main distinction between an IC balanced modulator and an analog

multiplier is that the former is a switching circuit.

the balanced modulator. A double-sideband (DSB) signal is generated by the balanced

balanced modulator is called a commodity detector.

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