11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS
AND PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 – Module 5
Test-Statistic Value and Test of
Hypothesis on the Population Proportion
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Test-Statistic Value and Test of Hypothesis on the Population
Proportion
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 5
Test-Statistic Value and Test
of Hypothesis on the
Population Proportion
 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
▪ Computes for the t-statistic value (population proportion)
(M11/12SP-IVf-1)
▪ Draws conclusion about the population proportion based on the
test-statistic value and the rejection region (M11/12SP-IVf-2)
▪ Solves problems involving test hypothesis on the population
proportion (M11/12SP-IVf-g-1)

OBJECTIVES:
K: Familiarizes the five-step critical value test procedures for test
of hypotheses concerning population proportion;
I test-statistic value and draw conclusion about
S: Computes for the
the population proportion based on the test-statistic value and
rejection region; and
A: Develops perseverance in computing for the test-statistic value
and drawing conclusion about the population proportion.

2
 What I Know

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Answer the following statements by writing the letter of the correct answer
on your activity notebook/ activity sheets.

1. In this example, let’s say you had 1,000 people in the population and 237 of those
people have blue eyes. The fraction of people who have blue eyes is equal to.
A. 𝑝̂ = 4.22 B. 𝑝̂ = 2.37 C. 𝑝̂ = 23.7 D. 𝑝̂ = 0.237
2. A Senior High School in the Division of Negros Oriental is reported that out of 5000
Academic Track students 1800 are in General Academic Strand (GAS), 2050 are in
HUMSS, all the rest belong to STEM. What is the population proportion of p, for
STEM.
A. 0.41 B. 0.36 C. 0.23 D. 0.77
3. In a two-tailed type of test, what symbol you are going to use in an alternative
hypothesis?
A. > B. < C. = D. ≠
4. This helps to decide whether to accept or reject a formulated statement after
evaluation of the sample.
A. Hypothesis testing C. Use of any test statistic
B. Using significance level D. Avoiding type I and type II Error
5. When can we decide to reject a null hypothesis in the left-tail level of significance?
A. If the absolute computed value of the test statistic is greater than the absolute
critical value.
B. If the absolute critical value of the test statistic is greater than the absolute
computed value.
C. If the significance level is equal to the test statistic.
D. If the first four steps are met, then we decide to reject a null hypothesis.
6. Every hypothesis testing begins with the _________________________.
A. Statement of hypothesis C. Conclusion
B. Decision D. Significance Level

3
7. The level of significance is the maximum probability of committing a type I Error.
This probability is symbolized by a Greek letter _______.
𝐴. 𝜌 (𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑅ℎ𝑜) C. 𝛼 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎)

B. 𝜎 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎) 𝛿 𝐷. (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎)

8. After a significance level is chosen, a _____________ is selected from a table for the
appropriate test.
A. Computed value C. Absolute value
B. A range of values D. Critical value
9. The rejection region can be located on the following except.
A. On top of the normal curve
B. On both sides with the nonrejection region in the middle
C. On the left side of the nonrejection region
D. On the right side of the nonrejection region
10. The five steps in “Hypothesis Testing of Population Proportion” used in this lesson
are arranged accordingly in one of the choices below.
i. Compute the value of the test statistic.
ii. Identify the test statistic to use.
iii. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
iv. State the conclusion.
v. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.
A. i, ii, iii, iv, v
B. iv, v, i, iii, ii
C. iii, ii, i, v, iv
D. iii, ii, iv, v, i

4
 Computation and Drawing Conclusion
Lesson for the test-statistic Value and the
Rejection Region

’s In

Review
Let us recall the example given in the previous lesson, following the steps below.
The five-step critical value test procedure:
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Identify the test statistic to use. With the given level of significance and the
distribution of the test statistics, state the decision rule and specify the rejection
region.
3. Using a simple random sample of observation, compute the value of the test
statistic.
4. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.
5. State the conclusion.

Example: Can the research group conclude that the percent of the births by Caesarian
Section has decreased at 5% level of significance?
Situation: An independent research group is interested to show the percentage of
babies delivered through Caesarian Section is decreasing. For the past years, 20% of
the babies were delivered through Caesarian Section. The research group randomly
inspects the medical records of 144 births and finds that 25 of the births were by
Caesarian Section.
For you to be able to answer the problem, follow the steps of hypothesis testing
procedures discussed in the previous lesson (Module 4).
Answering the first two steps in the previous discussion we have,
Step 1: Formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.
Answer: Ho: The proportion of births that were delivered by Caesarean Section is not
decreasing, that is, it is still at least equal to 0.20. In symbols, P ≥ 0.20 while Ha: The

5
proportion of births that were delivered by Caesarean Section is decreasing, that is, it
is less than 0.20. In symbols, P < 0.20.
In symbols,
𝐻0: P ≥ 0.20
𝐻𝑎: P < 0.20.
Step 2: Identify the test statistic to use. With the given level of significance and the
distribution of the test statistics, state the decision rule and specify the rejection
region.
Answer: Having the variable of interest defined as the number of births out of n that
were delivered through Caesarean Section, the appropriate test statistic is 𝑍𝑐 =
𝑃−𝑃0
. With 5% level of significance, the decision rule is “Reject the null
𝑃
√ 0(1−𝑃0).
𝑛

hypothesis (Ho) if 𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍0.05 = -1.645. Otherwise, we fail to reject Ho.” The
rejection region is found on the left tail of the standard normal distribution as shown
below:

This time, continue answering the situation by supplying the last 3 steps after the
discussion below.

’s New

Activity 1:
Direction: Supply the last 3 steps of the situation above.
𝑃−𝑃0
Step 3: Compute the value of the test statistic using 𝑍𝑐 = .
𝑃
√ 0(1−𝑃0).
𝑛

Step 4: Make a decision whether to reject or fail to reject Ho.

Step 5: State the conclusion.

6
 is It

Discussion
A test statistic is a standardized value that is calculated from sample data
during a hypothesis test. The procedure that calculates the test statistic compares your
data to what is expected under the null hypothesis.

A population proportion is a fraction of the population that has a certain

characteristic. For example, you had 1,000 people in the population and 237 of those
people have blue eyes. The fraction of people who have blue eyes is 237 out of 1,000,
or 237/1000. The letter p is used for the population proportion, so you would write
this fact like this: 𝑝̂ = 237/1000.

FORMULA:

Both the critical value approach and the p-value approach can be applied to
test hypotheses about a population proportion p. The null hypothesis will have the
form 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜 for some specific number 𝑝0 = between 0 and 1. The alternative
hypothesis will be one of the three inequalities 𝑝 < 𝑝0 , 𝑝 > 𝑝0 , 𝑝 ≠ 𝑝0 for the same
number 𝑝0 that appears in the null hypothesis.

In the formula 𝑝0 is the numerical value of p that appears in the two

hypotheses, 𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0 is the same proportion, and n is the sample size. Remember
that the condition that the same be large is not that n be at least 30 but that interval
̂
𝑝̂(1−𝑝) 𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂)
[𝑝̂ − 3√ , 𝑝̂ + 3√ ] lie wholly within the inter [0,1].
𝑛 𝑛

Standardized Test Statistic for Large Sample Hypothesis Tests

Concerning a Single Population Proportion

𝑝̂−𝑝0 𝑝̂−𝑝0
𝑍= or 𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑞
. The test statistic has the standard normal distribution.
𝑝 (1−𝑝0 )
√ 0 √ 0𝑛 0
𝑛

7
 The distribution of the standardized test statistic and the corresponding rejection
region for each form of the alternative hypothesis (left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-
tailed), is shown in the figure below.

]
Reject 𝑯𝟎
𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 < 𝒑𝟎

a. Left-tailed

[
b. Right -tailed Reject 𝑯𝟎
𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 > 𝒑𝟎

𝑎 𝑎
2 2

] [
Reject 𝑯𝟎 Reject 𝑯𝟎
𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 ≠ 𝒑𝟎

c. Two-tailed
Figure 1.
Distribution of the Standardized Test Statistic and the Rejection Region

8
 Table 1. Critical values for one- and two-tailed tests at commonly used levels of
significance

Significant Type of Test

Level (𝜶) Left-Tailed Right-Tailed Two-Tailed
0.20 -0.8416 0.8416 ±1.282
0.10 -1.282 1.282 ±1.645
0.05 -1.645 1.645 ±1.960
0.025 -1.960 1.960 ±2.241
0.010 -2.326 2.326 ±2.576
0.005 -2.576 2.576 ±2.807
0.001 -3.090 3.090 ±3.2901
0.0001 -3.719 3.719 ±3.891

Computing the Value of the Test Statistic

Note: In this section assume that the sample is sufficiently large for the relevant test to
be validly performed.
Compute the value of the test statistic for each test using the given information and
construct the rejection region for the test for 𝛼 = 0.05 and make the decision based on
your answer of z- value.
a. Testing 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.50 vs 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 0.50 , 𝑛 = 360, 𝑝̂ = 0.56.
𝑝̂−𝑝0
Using the formula. 𝑍 = 𝑝 (1−𝑝0 )
.
√ 0
𝑛

0.56−0.50 0.06 0.06 0.06

Solution: 𝑍 = 0.50(1−0.50)
= 0.25
= =
.000694 0.0263
√
= 2.28
√ √
360 360

Rejection region:

𝛼 = 0.05

1.645

Computed Value (2.28) >Critical Value (1.645)

Decision: Since the computed value is greater than the critical value, then reject 𝐻0.

9
b. Testing 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.50 vs 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.50 , 𝑛 = 360, 𝑝̂ = 0.56.

0.56−0.50 0.06 0.06 0.06

Solution: 𝑍 =
0.50(1−0.50)
= 0.25
=
√.000694
=
0.0263
= 2.28
√ √
360 360

Rejection region:

𝛼
= 0.025
𝛼 2
= 0.025
2

-1.96 1.96

Computed Value (2.28) >Critical Value (1.960)

Decision: Since the computed value is greater than the critical value, then reject 𝐻0.
c. Testing 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.37 vs 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.37 , 𝑛 = 1200, 𝑝̂ = 0.35.
0.35−0.37 −0.02 −0.02 −0.02
Solution: 𝑍 = 0.37(1−0.37)
= 0.2331
=
√.00019425
= 0.013937 = -1.435
√ √
1200 1200

Rejection region:

𝛼 = 0.05

-1.645

< Absolute Critical Value (-1.645)

Absolute Computed Value (-1.435)dgjh
Decision: Since the absolute computed value is less than the absolute critical value,
then accept 𝐻0.

10
 Solving Problems Involving Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Example 1.

A soft drink maker claims that a majority of adults prefer its leading beverage
over that of its main competitor’s. To test this claim 500 randomly selected people
were given the two beverages its random order to taste. Among them, 270 preferred
the soft drink maker’s brand, 211 preferred the competitor’s brand, and 19 could not
make up their minds.

Determine whether there is sufficient evidence, at 5% level of significance, to

support the soft drink maker’s claim against the default that the population is evenly
split in its preference.

Solutions: We will use the critical value approach to perform the test. We must check
that the sample is sufficiently large to validly perform the test. Since

270
𝑝̂ = = 0.54
500

𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂) 0.54 (0.46)

√ =√ ≈ 0.02
𝑛 500

̂
𝑝̂(1−𝑝) 𝑝̂(1−𝑝̂)
Hence [𝑝̂ − 3√ , 𝑝̂ + 3√ ] =[0.54 − (3)(0.02), 0.54 + (3)(0.02)]
𝑛 𝑛

= [0.48, 0.54 + 0.06] ⊂ [0, 1] so the sample is sufficiently large.

Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.05
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 0.50 at 𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance where p denotes the proportion
of all adults who prefer the company’s beverage over that of its competitor’s
beverage.
Step 2. Identify the test statistic to use.
𝑝̂−𝑝0
The test statistic is 𝑍 = and has the standard normal distribution.
𝑝 (1−𝑝0 )
√ 0
𝑛

11
Step 3. Using a simple random sample of observation, compute the value of the test
statistic.
𝑝̂ − 𝑝0
𝑍=
√𝑝0 (1 − 𝑝0 )
𝑛
0.54 − 0.50 0.04 0.04 0.04
𝑍= = = = = 1.789
√0.0005 0.022360679
√(0.50)(0.50) √0.25
500 500
𝑍 = 1.789
Step 4. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.
Since the symbol in 𝐻𝑎 is”> ", this is a right-tailed test, so there is a single critical
value, 𝑍𝑎 = 𝑍0.05. From the table 1 of commonly used significance level, the
critical value here is 1.645 and the computed value is 1.789 which is greater than
the critical value. The decision is to reject 𝐻0 .
Step 5. State the conclusion.
The data provide sufficient evidence, at 5% level of significance, to conclude
that majority of adults prefer the company’s beverage to that of their competitor’s.

Example 2.
A manufacturing company claimed that a majority (55%) of the city’s consumers uses
their toothpaste (x). In a random sample of 200 consumers, 125 are users of their
product. Based on the data, is it safe to say that the company’s claim was valid? Use
𝛼 = 0.05.
Solution:
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
𝐻: 𝑝 = 0.55 There is no significant difference between the claim of the company on
the proportion of customers using their product with that obtained from the sample.)
𝐻: 𝑝 ≠ 0.55 . (There is a significant difference between the claim of the company on
the proportion of customers using their product with that obtained from the sample.)
Level of significance = (0.05).
Step 2. Identify the test statistic to use.
𝑝̂−𝑝0
The test statistic is 𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑞
and has the standard normal distribution.
√ 0𝑛 0

12
 Step 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.
𝑝̂ − 𝑝0
𝑍=
√𝑝0 (1 − 𝑝0 )
𝑛
0.625−0.55 0.075 0.075 0.075
𝑍= = = = 0.035178118 = 2.132
√
(0.55)(0.45)
√
0.24765 √0.0012375
200 200

Step 4. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.

Decision:
Reject 𝐻0 .
Step 5. State the conclusion.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the claim of the company on
the proportion of customers using their product with that obtained from the sample.

Example 3.
Suppose that the average passing percentage in the College of Nursing in the last 10
years in board exams is 97% and this school year there were 300 students who took
the exam and the passing percentage is 98% since 294 passed. Does this mean that the
present crop of nursing graduates is superior compared to the previous batches? (Use
0.05 level of significance)
Solution: Given:
𝑝̂ = 0.98
x = 294
n = 300
𝑝0 = 0.97

Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

Null Hypothesis: 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.97
Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.97
Step 2. Identify the test statistic to use.
𝑝̂−𝑝0
The test statistic is 𝑍 = 𝑝 𝑞
and has the standard normal distribution.
√ 0𝑛 0

13
 Step 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.
𝑝̂ − 𝑝0
𝑍=
√𝑝0 (1 − 𝑝0 )
𝑛
0.98−0.97
𝑍= = 1.015
(0.97)(0.03)
√
300

Step 4. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.

Decision:
Accept 𝐻0 .
Step 5. State the conclusion.
Conclusion:
Since 1.015 is less than 1.645, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected

’s More

Activity 2.

A. Compute the value of the test statistic for each test using the given
information.
1. Testing 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.48 vs 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.48 𝑎𝑡 𝛼 = 0.10 , 𝑛 = 540, 𝑝̂ = 0.58
2. Testing 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.94 vs 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 0.94 𝑎𝑡 𝛼 = 0.025 , 𝑛 = 1200, 𝑝̂ = 0.96.
3. Testing 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.36 vs 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.36 𝑎𝑡 𝛼 = 0. 05 , 𝑛 = 1300, 𝑝̂ = 0.40.
B. For each test above, construct the rejection region given the respective significance
level and make the decision based on your answer.

I Have Learned

Generalization

Activity 3

Directions: Reflect the learning that you gained after taking up this lesson on “Hypothesis
Tests for a Population Proportion) by completing the given statements below. Do this on your
activity notebook. Do not write anything on this module.

14
What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?

I learned that ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?
I will apply ________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

I Can Do

Activity 4: Performance Task

Company A claims that 80% of their customers are very satisfied with the
service they receive. To test the claim, a certain group of researchers surveyed
600 customers, using simple random sampling. Among the sampled customers,
438 say they are very satisfied. Assume that the sample is sufficiently large for
the relevant test to be validly performed. Based on these findings, can we reject
the Company A’s hypothesis that 80% of the customers are very satisfied? Use
a 0.05 level of significance.

A. Supply the given in the problem.

1. Total number of customers =________
2. Sample size (n)= ________
3. Hypotheses: 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = _________ and 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ _________.
4. 𝑝
̂ = __________
5. Significance level (𝛼) = ___________
6. Test Statistic to be used:_______________________

15
 B. Apply the five-step critical value test procedures for the given problem.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Null Hypothesis: _______________________________
Alternative Hypothesis: __________________________
Step 2. Identify the test statistic to use.
_______________________________________
Step 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.
Computation:__________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
Step 4. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.
Decision:
_____________________________________________________________________
Step 5. State the conclusion.
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
The total points earned in this performance task is credited 30 points. It is
based on the Data Analysis Project Rubric below.
Unsatisfactory Needs Satisfactory Exemplary
(0 point) Improvement (7 points) (10 points)
(5points)
Completeness 0-25% data 26-50% data 51-75% data 76-100% data
of answer complete complete complete complete
Answer 0-25% accuracy 26-50% 51-75% 76-100%
accuracy accuracy accuracy accuracy

Neatness 0-25% data 26-50% data 51-75% data 76-100% data

neatness neatness neatness neatness

PLUS points: A. 2 points each = 12 points

B. 2 points each – 12 points
C. (points from the rubric) (30)
TOTAL POINTS ( 54).

(Note to teacher: The final say as to the number of credit points in each column still depends
on the teacher).

16
Instructions: Multiple Choice. Answer the following statements by writing the letter of the
correct answer on your activity notebook.

1. The standardized test statistic for large sample hypothesis test concerning a single
population proportion is represented by this formula.
𝑝̂−𝑝0 𝑝̂−𝑝0 𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
A. 𝑧 = 𝑝0 (1−𝑝0 ) B. 𝑧 = C. 𝑧 = 𝑠 D. 𝑇 = 𝑠
𝑝 (1−𝑝0 )
𝑛 √ 0 √𝑛 √𝑛
𝑛

2. A veterinary clinic reports that out of 3,412 animals registered at the clinic, 1712 are
cats, 1072 are dogs and the rest are birds. What is the population proportion of p, for
cats at the clinic.
A. 0.314 B. 0.184 C. 0.502 D. 3.14
3. How to get 𝑝̂ ?
A. Multiply the total population by the number of items you’re interested in
B. Add the total population by the number of items you’re interested in
C. Subtract the total population by the number of items you’re interested in
D. Divide the total population by the number of items you’re interested in
4. In a survey of 3121 people, 412 are under-vaccinated. What is the proportion of
under-vaccinated people in the local population?
A. 3533 B. 1285 C. 0.132 D. 2709

5. A survey claims that 9 out of 10 doctors recommend aspirin for their patients with
headaches. To test this claim, a random sample of 100 doctors is obtained. Of these
100 doctors, 82 indicate that they recommend aspirin. Is this claim accurate? Use
alpha = 0.05. What pair of null and alternative hypothesis that best fits in this survey?

A. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.90 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.90 C. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.90 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.90

B. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.90 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≈ 0.90 D. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.90 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 > 0.90

6. In item # 5, find the proportion (𝑝̂ ).

A. 𝑝̂ = 0.90 B. 𝑝̂ = 0.82 C. 𝑝̂ = 0.122 D. 𝑝̂ = 1.82

17
 𝑝̂−𝑝0
7. Compute the test statistic in problem number 5, using 𝑧 = .
𝑝 (1−𝑝0 )
√ 0
𝑛

A. 2.667 B. -2.667 C. 1.96 D. 1.645

8. In this example, let’s say you had 1,000 people in the population and 237 of those
people have blue eyes. The fraction of people who have blue eyes is equal to.
𝐴. 𝑝̂ = 4.22 B. 𝑝̂ = 2.37 C. 𝑝̂ = 23.7 D. 𝑝̂ = 0.237
9. A Senior High School in the Division of Negros Oriental is reported that out of
5000 Academic Track students, 1800 are in General Academic Strand (GAS),
2050 are in HUMSS, all the rest belong to STEM. What is the population
proportion of p, for GAS and STEM?
A.0.314 B. 0.184 C. 0.502 D. 0.59
10. In a two-tailed type of test, what symbol you are going to use in an alternative
hypothesis?
A. > B. < C. = D. ≠
11. This helps to decide whether to accept or reject a formulated statement after
evaluation of the sample.
A. Hypothesis testing C. Use of any test statistic
B. Using significance level D. Avoiding type I and type II Error
12. When can we decide to reject a null hypothesis in left-tail level of significance?
A. If the absolute computed value of the test statistic is greater than the absolute
critical value.
B. If the absolute critical value of the test statistic is greater than the absolute
computed value.
C. If the significance level is equal to the test statistic.
D. If the first four steps are met, then we decide to reject a null hypothesis.
13. Every hypothesis testing begins with the _________________________.
A. Decision C. Conclusion
B. Statement Of the hypothesis D. Significance Level
14. The level of significance is the maximum probability of committing a type I Error.
This probability is symbolized by a Greek letter _______.
A. 𝜌 (𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑅ℎ𝑜) C. 𝛼 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎)

B. 𝜎 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎) 𝛿 𝐷. (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎)

18
15. After a significance level is chosen, a _____________ is selected from a table for the
appropriate test.
A. A range of values C. Critical value
B. Computed value D. Absolute value

19
 20
Step 3: Using a simple random sample of observations, compute for the value of the test statistic.
P−P0 0.17−0.20⬚
Answer: The computed test statistic , Zc = =Zc = =-0.9
√P0(1−P0 ). ඥ0.20(1−0.2)/144.
n
Step 4: Make a decision whether to reject or fail to reject Ho.
Answer: With the computed test statistic equal to -0.9, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5: State the conclusion.
Answer: We then say that the proportion of births that were delivered by Caesarean Section is not decreasing.
1.
The absolute computed value (4.65) is greater than the absolute critical value (-1.285), therefore reject 𝐻0 .
2.
The absolute computed value (2.917) is greater than the absolute critical value (1.960), therefore reject 𝐻0 .
3.
The absolute computed value (3.005) is greater than the absolute critical value (1.96), therefore reject 𝐻0 .
 21
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Null Hypothesis:
Alternative Hypothesis:
Step 2. Identify the test statistic to use.
𝑝̂−𝑝0
The test statistic is 𝑍 = 𝑝0 𝑞0
.
√ 𝑛
Step 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.
𝑝̂−𝑝0 0.73−0.80 −0.07 −0.07 −0.07
𝑍= ; 𝑍= = 0.16
= = = -4.26
𝑝0 (1−𝑝0 ) (0.80)(0.20) √0.00027 0.01643
√ √ √
𝑛 600 600
Step 4. Make a decision on whether to reject or fail to reject (accept) Ho.
Decision: Looking at table 1 of significance level, we find a critical value of ±1.96 for two-tailed test, and z = -
4.26. Thus, we should reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5. State the conclusion.
Conclusion: The claim that
2. C 7. B 12. B
3. D 8. D 13. B
4. C 9. D 14. C
5. C 10. D 15. C
References

Books

Abacea, Zita VJ., et al. 2016. "Random Variable and Probability Distribution." In Statistics
and Probability TG for SHS, 403-411 . Quezon City: Commision on Higher education.
Alferez, Merle S. et al. 2006. “Hypothesis Testing. In Statistics and Probability.
155-158. Imelda Avenue, Cainta. MSA Publishing House.
Chua, Simon L., et al. 2016. “Hypothesis Testing Concerning Proportions.” In 21st Century
Statistics and Probability, 41-45. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Malate, Jose S. 2018. “Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion. In
Statistics and Probability, 144-148. Sta. Ana, Manila: Vicarish
Publications and Trading, Inc.
Website

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-0-387-32833-
1_349#:~:text=The%20rejection%20region%20is%20the,0%20in%20a%20hypothesis%20t
est

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