Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A
TRECE MARTIRES CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

The learners demonstrate the key concepts in the Social Sciences rooted in
A. Content Standards
Filipino language/s and experiences
The learners shall be able to carry out an exploration of personal and social
B. Performance Standards
experiences using indigenous concepts

C. Most Essential Learning evaluate the roles and significance of Filipinos’ indigenous social ideas to
Competencies national development

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is also known as indigenous psychology or liberation psychology; it refers to the search and
use of indigenous concepts that could serve as bases for understanding the Filipino psyche from a distinctly Filipino
perspective.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino’s principal emphasis in psychology is on identity and national consciousness, social
awareness and involvement, psychology of language and culture, and applications and bases of Filipino
psychology in health practices, agriculture, art, mass media, and religion.

Kapuwa is the key concept in Sikolohiyang Pilipino; it is an indigenous concept that has a different meaning from
English counterpart, which is “other”, for kapuwa denotes unity of the self with others while “others” implies the
recognition of the self as a separate identity.

Virgilio G. Enriquez is considered the Father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and his legacy continues as his brainchild is
being used not only by social scientists in the country but also by international organization such as the UNICEF.

The institute of Philippine Culture paved the way for giving importance to the role of interpersonal relations in the
study of Philippine values.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino serves as an alternative to the Institute of Philippine Culture’s study on Philippine values for
espousing a Filipino perspective in the study of Philippine culture.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino where indigenous concepts were employed in order to understand the Filipino psyche,
Pantayong Pananaw chose to focus on indigenous concepts in Philippine history that would help us understand
ourselves. Kasaysayan is used as the key concept in Pantayong Pananaw.

In, kasaysayan, the relevance or importance of events, values, and phenomena to a group of people is given
emphasis instead of chronology of events. Kasaysayan is “salaysay na may saysay para sa isang grupo ng tao.”

According to Professor S. Lily Mendoza, “Pantayong Pananaw is a communication-based theoretical innovation

Dr. Zeus A. Salazar is considered as the “Father of Pantayong Pananaw” and one of the great minds, together with
Virgilio Enriquez (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) and Propero Covar (Pilipinolohiya), who pioneered the articulation of
Filipino perspective in the social sciences.

Pantayong provides a fresh alternative to colonial perspectives by promoting a Filipino approach in the study of
Philippine history.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
TRECE MARTIRES CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The use of Filipino language is a must for Pantayong Pananaw, hence it is called a “language-based framework”. It
advocates the idea that the choice of language is a clear indicator of whom, one wishes to talk to.

Pantayong Pananaw serves as an important Filipino social science perspective for it advocates the use of Filipino
language and concepts in analysing Philippine history and society

Activity 1: Imagining Yourself!

Try to analyze and answer your level to relationship with certain people like having them as visitors in your house.
Try to relate the idea of kapuwa with the concepts of “ibang tao” and “hindi ibang tao”.

1. Your teacher visited you in your house. In which part of the house would you entertain your teacher?
Would you treat him or her formally as if you were in the classroom? Would you offer refreshments? Justify
your answers.

2. You childhood friend visited you in your house. In which part of the house would you entertain him or her?
Would you treat him or her formally? Would you invite him or her to join you in your family dinner? Justify
your answers.

3. Between your teacher and childhood friend, whom would you consider as “hindi ibang tao?” as “ibang tao?”
Can you say that the more you allow your visitors to enter the more intimate parts of the house (such as
your bedroom), the more it reflects your close relationship with the person?

Activity 2: Rethinking Filipino Values!

Read the definition of Filipino values, make your own interpretation of Filipino values such as bahala na, utang na
loob and pakikisama with that of Sikolohiyang Pilipino through drawing, poem or song.

The Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective interprets “bahala na”. Lagmay (1977) explained that bahala na is
not ‘‘fatalism’’ but ‘‘determination and risk-taking’’. When Filipinos utter the expression ‘‘Bahala na!’’ they
are not leaving their fate to God and remaining passive. Rather, they are telling themselves that they are
ready to face the difficult situation before them, and will do their best to achieve their objectives. The
expression is a way of pumping courage into their system so that they do not buckle down. In fact, even
before they have said ‘‘Bahala na!’’ they have probably done their best to prepare for the forthcoming
situation.

Enriquez (1977) dared to speculate that there is an element of wanting to promote reciprocity which is
useful for maintaining the image of the colonizer as benefactor. But looking at utang na loob more closely
in the context of Filipino culture, it actually means ‘‘gratitude/solidarity’’. It is not necessarily a burden as the
word ‘‘debt’’ connotes, because in the Filipino pattern of interpersonal relations, there is always an
opportunity to return a favor.

Pakikisama vs. pakikipagkapwa. Pakikisama was identified by Lynch (1961, 1973) as a Filipino value,
giving it the English translation of maintaining ‘‘smooth interpersonal relations’’ by going along with the
group or the majority decision, i.e., conformity

Acivity 3: Katimawaan: Paglala ng Krisis

Read carefully the passage entitled “Paglala ng Krisis”, If you were to use a Filipino perspective, how would you
describe the crisis during 1970’s and 1980’s in the Philippines. Give your interpretations in 5 to 6 sentences.
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A
TRECE MARTIRES CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Hindi nasustini ng Bagong Lipunan ang natamong kaunlaran sa unang hati ng dekada 70. Habang
lumalaon, lalong lumubha ang kahirapan sa kanayunan. Pito sa bawat 10 pamilyang magsasaka ang walang
sariling lupa. Ayon kay Ofreneo, 82% ng 5.3 milyong pamilya sa kanayunan ay nasa pinakamababang 30% ng
income bracket; 3.67 milyon o 37% ng lakas-paggawa sa agrikultura ang iniulat na walang kinita sa huling kwarto
ng 1982 at pababa nang pababa ang real wage ng mga magsasaka mula 1977 hanggang 1984. Ang bilang ng
mga walang lupa ay umaabot ng 4.4. milyon o halos kalahati ng lakas-paggawa.[46] Sa huling kwarto ng 1983,
pinahihirapan din sila ng kawalan ng sapat na irigasyon, atrasadong kagamitan sa produksyon, mataas na upa sa
lupa, usura, kalamidad at kawalan ng ibang mapagkakakitaan. Isa pang malaking dahilan sa paglikas ng mga tao
mula sa kanayunan ang pag-igting ng militarisasyon sa mga probinsya. Kaya sa Tundo, lumalaki din ang mga
dumadayo at lalong lumobo ang bilang ng mga vendor, kargador sa piyer at Divisoria, mga mekaniko, drayber,
klerk, at mga katulong sa bahay, mga trabahong nasa sektor pangserbisyo. Sa loob lamang ng limang taon, 1975-
1980, 400,000 ang dumayo sa Maynila, karamihan, may edad- 15-24. Karamihan din ay walang asawa at babae.
Malaking bahagi nito ay nanggaling sa 13 probinsya: Bulacan, Pampanga, Batangas, Laguna, Quezon, Albay,
Camarines Sur, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Leyte at Samar. Sa parehong panahon, 260,000 lamang ang mga taong
lumabas ng Maynila kaya’t lumalabas na sa bawat isang lumisan ng Maynila, dalawa ang pumapasok.

Ayon kay Ambrosio, “Mula 1978 hanggang sa unang hati ng dekada 80, lumubha ang krisis pangkabuhayan sa
bansa. Lumiit ang taunang GNP hanggang maging negatibo ito noong simula dekada 80. Isang dahilan ang
pagbagsak ng presyo ng mga pangunahing eksport sa Pilipinas. Umunlad man ang ekonomiya noong gitnang
bahagi ng dekada 70, hindi ito naramdaman ng mga karaniwang tao.”[48] Hudyat sa kawalan ng di-mapakaling
kalooban ng mga taga-Tundo ang pagputok ng welga sa La Tondeña noong 1975. Ang kauna-unahang welgang
inilunsad sa panahon ng Batas militar