ENSC 20032 - Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Module 1
Introduction to Computer, its Functions and Applications
Overview
Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for everyone to know
about computers. Purpose of this tutorial is to introduce you about computer and its
fundamentals.
Module Objective
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Determine the basic concepts and different functions of a computer
2. Determine the different applications of computer in today’s industry.
Reading No. 1
Functionalities of a Computer
• Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:

• Takes data as input.
• Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
• Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
• Generates the output
• Controls all the above four steps.
Definitions
Computer is an electronic data processing device which

• accepts and stores data input,
• processes the data input, and
• generates the output in a required format.
Advantages
The following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena.

High Speed
• Computer is a very fast device.

• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who
will spend many months for doing the same task.
ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Arjay B. Pineda, ECE 1
Accuracy
• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.

• The calculations are 100% error free.
• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been
given.
Storage Capability
• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.

• A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
• It can store large amount of data.
• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.
Diligence
• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of
concentration.
• It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
• It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
Versatility
• A computer is a very versatile machine.

• A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
• This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
• At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next
moment it may be playing a card game.
Reliability
• A computer is a reliable machine.

• Modern electronic components have long lives.
• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
Automation
• Computer is an automatic machine.

• Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically.
• Once a program is given to computer i.e. stored in computer memory, the program
and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.
Reduction in Paper Work
• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in

paper work and results in speeding up a process.
• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.

Reduction in Cost
• Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially
reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages
The following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena.
No I.Q
• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.

• Each instruction has to be given to computer.
• A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
• It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being.
Environment
• The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable.
No Feeling
• Computers have no feelings or emotions.

• It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a
human being.

Reading No. 2
Applications
Following list demonstrates various applications of computers in today's arena.
Business
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which
made it an integrated part in all business organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for:

• Payroll calculations
• Budgeting
• Sales analysis
• Financial forecasting
• Managing employee’s database
• Maintenance of stocks etc.
Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer
Banks provide following facilities:
• Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances,

deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
• ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The
insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers
for their concerns.
Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing
• procedure to continue with policies
• starting date of the policies
• next due installment of a policy
• maturity date
• interests due
• survival benefits
• bonus
Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.
• The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based
Education).
• CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
• The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.
• There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to
educate the students.
• It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried
out on this basis.

Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are following:

• Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics,
write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more
products.
• At Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of
computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit
direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
Health Care
Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The
computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is
also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT
Scans etc. are also done by computerized machines.
Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are:
• Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of illness.
• Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and reports are prepared by computer.
• Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check patient's signs for
abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.
• Pharma Information System - Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates, harmful
drug’s side effects etc.
• Surgery: Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Engineering Design
Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose.
One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design) that provides creation and
modification of images. Some fields are:
• Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of Ships,
Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc.
• Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation and
improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments.
• Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing
buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D
drawings.
Military
Computers are largely used in defence. modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also
employs computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been
used are:
• Missile Control
• Military Communication
• Military Operation and Planning
• Smart Weapons

Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is

received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for.
Some main areas in this category are:
• E-mail
• Chatting
• Usenet
• FTP
• Telnet
• Video-conferencing
Government
Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields in this category are:
• Budgets
• Sales tax department
• Income tax department
• Male/Female ratio
• Computerization of voter’s lists
• Computerization of driving licensing system
• Computerization of PAN card
• Weather forecasting

Activity 1
Introduction to Computer, its Functions and Applications
1. Site some importance on the use of computer in the current

crisis we are facing. Give at least four (4). (20pts)
2. Give a detailed example on how a computer processes data
and convert it in to useful information. (10 pts)
3. Give at least 5 advantages and disadvantages of a computer.
(10 pts)

Module 2
Generations of Computer
Overview
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being
used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware
technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together
make up an entire computer system.
Module Objective
1. Differentiate the computers introduced in each generation and its main features and
functions.
Reading No. 1
Computer Generations
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates
against each generation have been mentioned which are normally accepted.
Following are the main five generations of computers
S.N. Generation and Description

First Generation
1 The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
Second Generation
2 The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
Third Generation
3 The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
Fourth Generation
4 The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
Fifth Generation
5 The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based
First Generation
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing
of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large
organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched
cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in
this generation used machine code as programming language.

The main features of first generation are:
• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Supported machine language only
• Very costly
• Generated lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size
• Need of A.C.
• Non-portable
• Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:

• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-650
Second Generation
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors

were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable
and faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation,
magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch
processing and multiprogramming operating system.
The main features of second generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation
computers
• Smaller size as compared to first
generation computers
• Generated less heat as compared to first
generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to
first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• A.C. needed
Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation
The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation
used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors,
resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack
Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this
generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were
used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-
68 etc.) were used during this generation.
The main features of third generation are:
• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to previous
two generations
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:

• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth

generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about
5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation
computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave
rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time,
networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C,
C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.
The main features of fourth generation are:

• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
• Very small size

• Pipeline processing
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of
networks
Computers became easily available Some

computers of this generation were:
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This
generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and
method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C
and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.
AI includes:
• Robotics
• Neural networks
• Game Playing
• Development of expert systems to make
decisions in real life situations.
• Natural language understanding and
generation.
The main features of fifth generation are:
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language
processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor
technology
• More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features

Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Some computer
types of this generation are:
• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• ChromeBook
Activity 1
Generations of Computer
1. Differentiate the features of a computer introduced in each

generation (20pts)
2. Site pictures of computer per each generation. Also include
the year it was introduced as well as their features (5 pts
each)
3. For the most recent computer generation, what are the
latest technologies that are not mentioned in the module.
Explain each. (20 pts)

Module 3
Types of Computer
Overview
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed, computing power and to the number
of users the computer can support.
Module Objective
1. Contrast the different specifications of a computer based on their types.
Reading No. 1
Types of Computer
Sr. No. Type Specifications

PC (Personal It is a single user computer system having moderately
1 Computer) powerful microprocessor
It is also a single user computer system which is
2 WorkStation similar to personal computer but have more powerful
microprocessor.
It is a multi-user computer system which is
3 Mini Computer capable of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously.
It is a multi-user computer system which is capable
4 Main Frame of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Software technology is different from minicomputer.
It is an extremely fast computer which can
5 Supercomputer execute hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.
PC (Personal Computer)
A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an

individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables
manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for
word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal
computers is playing games and surfing Internet.
Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems

are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days High-end
models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability
as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.

Workstation
Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a
moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large

amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations
also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation,
called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC,
Workstations are also single- user computers like PC but are typically linked together to
form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users

simultaneously.
Mainframe
Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting

hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs
concurrently and supports many simultaneous executions of programs.

Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available.

Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that
require immense amount of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example,
weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in
petrochemical prospecting).
Activity 1
Types of Computer
1. Give example of industries that utilize the following types of

computer. (20pts)
2. What are the similarities and difference of a PC and
workstation? (10 pts)
3. Give example of computer per each type of computer. (20
pts)

Module 4
Components of a Computer
Overview
All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the following
five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users
Module Objective
1. Determine the five basic operations of a computer in converting raw data into
information
2. Contrast the common devices connected to the computer based the operations of
the computer.
Reading No. 1
Components
Sr. No. Operation Description

1 Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into the
computer system.
Saving data and instructions so that they are available for
2 Store Data processing as and when required.
Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in
3 Processing Data order to convert them into useful information.
The process of producing useful information or results for
4 Output Information the user, such as a printed report or visual display.
Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the
5 Control the workflow above operations are performed.

Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This
unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information
into the form understandable by computer.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data
processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program).It
controls the operation of all parts of computer.
CPU itself has following three components

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit
Output Unit
Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from
computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the
computer's output into the form understandable by users.
CPU – Central Processing Unit
CPU consists of the following features:
• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

• CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
CPU itself has following three components.
• Memory or Storage Unit:

• Control Unit
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Memory or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal
storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random-access memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and secondary
memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of memory unit are:
• It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing.
• It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any
actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are:
• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of
a computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of
the computer.
• It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
• It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely
• Arithmetic section
• Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making
repetitive use of above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing,

selecting, matching and merging of data.
Input Devices
Following are few of the important input devices which are used in a computer:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
• Optical Character Reader (OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
Activity 1
Components of a Computer
1. Explain the operation of the basic logical structure of a computer

(20pts)
2. Contrast the 3 components of a CPU? (10 pts)
3. Give examples of input and output devices (5 each). (10 pts)

Module 5
Computer Memory
Overview
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer
memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions
required for processing are stored.
Module Objective
1. Contrast the different types of computer memory, their classifications, functions and
uses.
2. Determine the uses and function of a motherboard.
Reading No. 1
Memory
The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell
has a unique address which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if
computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory locations. The
address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535. Memory is primarily of three types
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which can speed up

CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts
of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and
programs are transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from where
CPU can access them.
Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as follows
• Cache memory is faster than main
memory.
• It consumes less access time as compared
to main memory.
• It stores the program that can be executed
within a short period of time.
• It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are
as follows
• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expensive

Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is
currently working. It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is
generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers.
The data and instruction required to be processed reside in main memory. It is divided into
two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without primary memory.
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower

than main memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly
does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can
access it. For example: disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc.
Characteristic of Secondary Memory

• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as backup memory.
• It is non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

Random Access Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data,
program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is
working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.
Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location
inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of
time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive.
RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if
there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system (UPS) is often used
with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data
it can hold.
RAM is of two types
• Static RAM (SRAM)

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
The word static indicates that the memory

retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to
volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors
and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to
prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be
refreshed on a regular basis.
Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM

uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of
storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs
higher. So, SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access.

Characteristic of the Static RAM
• It has long life
• There is no need to refresh
• Faster
• Used as cache memory
• Large size
• Expensive
• High power consumption
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data.
This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several
hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap
and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor
and one transistor.
Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM

• It has short data lifetime
• Need to be refreshed continuously
• Slower as compared to SRAM
• Used as RAM
• Lesser in size
• Less expensive
• Less power consumption
Read Only Memory
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but
cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored
permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that
are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are
not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and
microwave oven.

Following are the various types of ROM
MROM (Masked ROM)
The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed
set of data or instructions. This kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are
inexpensive.
PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)
PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user
buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the
PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be
programmed only once and is not erasable.
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to

40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an
electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more
than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-
violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window(lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light
dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and

reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to
10 ms (milli second). In EEPROM, any location can be selectively erased and
programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire
chip. Hence, the process of re-programming is flexible but slow.
Advantages of ROM
The advantages of ROM are as follows:
• Non-volatile in nature
• These cannot be accidentally changed
• Cheaper than RAMs
• Easy to test
• More reliable than RAMs
• These are static and do not require refreshing
• Its contents are always known and can be verified

Reading No. 2
Motherboard
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer
together. A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card,
sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered
as the backbone of a computer.
Features of Motherboard
A motherboard comes with following features:
• Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.

• Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
• Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to be compatible with motherboard to
function properly.
• Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together
Popular Manufacturers
• Intel
• ASUS
• AOpen
• ABIT
• Biostar
• Gigabyte
• MSI

Description of Motherboard
The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely attached via small
screws through pre-drilled holes. Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal
components. It provides a single socket for CPU whereas for memory, normally one or
more slots are available. Motherboards provide ports to attach floppy drive, hard drive,
and optical drives via ribbon cables. Motherboard carries fans and a special port designed
for power supply.
There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards,
sound cards and other expansion cards can be connected to motherboard.
On the left side, motherboards carry a number of ports to connect monitor, printer,
mouse, keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports
which allow compatible devices to be connected in plug- in/plug-out fashion for example,
pen drive, digital cameras etc.
Reading No. 3
Memory Unit
Memory unit is:
• the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit.

• that in which storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.
Following are the main memory storage units:
Sr. No. Unit Description

Bit A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active
1 (Binary state of a component in an electric circuit.
Digit)
2 Nibble A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit which can
3 Byte represent a data item or a character.
A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits
processed as a unit which varies from computer to computer but is fixed
4 Word for each computer.
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length and it
may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer
stores the information in the form of computer words.

Few higher storage units are following
Sr. No. Unit Description

1 Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
2 Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
3 GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
4 TeraByte (TB 1 TB = 1024 GB
5 PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
Activity 1
Computer Memory
1. Differentiate the 3 types of Memory. (20pts)

2. What is the importance of a Motherboard in a computer? (10
pts)
3. Contrast RAM from ROM and their types. (20 pts)

Module 6
Computer Ports
Overview
In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices. In computer terms, a port generally refers to the part of a
computing device available for connection to peripherals such as input and output devices.
Module Objective
1. Familiarize with the different ports a computer system has including their
characteristics and functions.
Reading No. 1
What is a Port?
A Port:
• is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the
computer.
• can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a
program to computer or over the internet.
Characteristics
A port has the following characteristics
• External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.

• Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in.
• Examples of external devices attached via ports are mouse, keyboard, monitor,
microphone, speakers etc.

Following are few important types of ports
Serial Ports
• Used for external modems and older computer mouse

• Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin model
• Data travels at 115 kilobits per second
Parallel Ports
• Used for scanners and printers

• Also called printer port
• 25 pin model
• Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port
PS/2 Port
• Used for old computer keyboard and mouse
• Also called mouse port
• Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard
• Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

• It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer,
scanner, mouse, keyboard etc.
• It was introduced in 1997.
• Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum.
• Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds
• USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port
VGA Port
• Connects monitor to a computer's video card.
• Has 15 holes.
• Similar to serial port connector but serial port connector has pins, it has holes.
Power Connector
• Three-pronged plug
• Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket
•
Firewire Port
• Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed.
• Connects camcorders and video equipment to the computer
• Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds
• Invented by Apple
• Three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector and 9-
Pin FireWire 800 connector
Modem Port
• Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.

Ethernet Port
• Connects to a network and high-speed Internet.
• Connect network cable to a computer.
• This port resides on an Ethernet Card.
• Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network
bandwidth.
Game Port
• Connect a joystick to a PC
• Now replaced by USB.
Digital Video Interface, DVI port
• Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic cards.
• Very popular among video card manufacturers.
Sockets
• Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer
Activity 1
Computer Ports
1. What is the importance of port in a computer? (10pts)

2. Contrast serial from parallel port? Describe how information is
transmitted for each. Use figure to illustrate. (20 pts)

Module 7
Hardware and Software
Overview
When it comes to computers, the hardware is the physical and tangible part, like the
monitor, keyboard, and speakers. Software is the programs and operating systems that need to
be installed.
While a computer can’t run without hardware, it can run without software, but where’s
the fun in that? For instance, software needs hardware in order to operate how it is programmed
to. Your favorite video game or video conferencing platform are both examples of software that
needs computer hardware, like memory, processors, video cards, and sound devices, to work
how you want it to.
Module Objective
1. Contrast the difference between a hardware and software and how they interact with
each other.
Reading No. 1
Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e. the
components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are following:

• Input devices -- keyboard, mouse etc.
• Output devices -- printer, monitor etc.
• Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD,
DVD etc.
• Internal components -- CPU, motherboard,
RAM etc.
Relationship between Hardware and Software

• Hardware and software are mutually dependent
on each other. Both of them must work together
to make a computer produce a useful output.
• Software cannot be utilized without supporting
hardware.
• Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is useless.
• To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded into
the hardware
• Hardware is a one-time expense.
• Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.
• Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to run different jobs.
• A software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
• If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'. Both are
complimentary to each other.

Reading No. 2
Software
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function.

A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software

• System Software
• Application Software
System Software
The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and

extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software are generally
prepared by computer manufactures. These software products comprise of programs
written in low-level languages which interact with the hardware at a very basic level.
System software serves as the interface between hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,

Assemblers etc.
Features of system software are as follows

• Close to system
• Fast in speed
• Difficult to design
• Difficult to understand
• Less interactive
• Smaller in size
• Difficult to manipulate
• Generally written in low-level language
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular

environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad

for writing and editing simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often
called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a

spreadsheet package.
Examples of Application software are following
• Payroll Software
• Student Record Software
• Inventory Management Software
• Income Tax Software
• Railways Reservation Software
• Microsoft Office Suite Software
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft Powerpoint
Features of application software are as follows
• Close to use
• Easy to design
• More interactive
• Slow in speed
• Generally written in high-level language
• Easy to understand
• Easy to manipulate and use
• Bigger in size and requires large storage space
Activity 1
Hardware and Software
1. Elaborate how hardware interact with software in a computer.

(20pts)
2. Differentiate System software form Application Software. (10
pts)
3. Give example hardware and software. (10 pts)

Module 8
Number System
Overview
When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in numbers as computers can
understand only numbers. A computer can understand positional number system where there
are only a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on
the position they occupy in the number.
Module Objective
1. Determine the types of number system the computer utilize.
2. Convert numerical values from one number system to another.
Reading No. 1
A value of each digit in a number can be determined using
• The digit
• The position of the digit in the number
• The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of
digits available in the number system).
Decimal Number System
The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number
system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal
number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units,
tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.
Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the
decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units’ position, 3 in the tens position, 2
in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands position, and its value can be written as
(1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4xl)
(1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4xl00) 1000 + 200 + 30 + 4

1234
As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should understand the following number

systems which are frequently used in computers.
S.N. Number System and Description
1 Binary Number System

Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
2 Octal Number System

Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
3 Hexa Decimal Number System

Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F

Binary Number System
Characteristics of binary number system are as follows

• Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
• Also called base 2 number system
• Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Example 20
• Last position in a binary number represents a x power of the base (2). Example 2x
where x represents the last position - 1.
Example
Binary Number: 101012 Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Step Binary Number Decimal Number
Step 1 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10
Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 101012 2110
Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.
Octal Number System
Characteristics of octal number system are as follows

• Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
• Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example 80
• Last position in an octal number represents a x power of the base (8). Example 8x
where x represents the last position - 1.
Example
Octal Number: 125708 Calculating Decimal Equivalent:

Step Octal Number Decimal Number
Step 1 125708 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 80))10
Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10
Step 3 125708 549610
Note: 125708 is normally written as 12570.

Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics of hexadecimal number system are as follows

• Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B,C,D,E,F.
• Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =
15.
• Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example
160
• Last position in a hexadecimal number represents a x power of the base (16). Example
16x where x represents the last position - 1.
Example
Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16 Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Step 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 160))10
1
Step 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (15 x 162) + (13 x 161) + (14 x 160))10
2
Step 19FDE16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10
3
Step 19FDE16 10646210
4
Note: 19FDE16 is normally written as 19FDE.
Reading No. 2
Number Conversion
There are many methods or techniques which can be used to convert numbers from one
base to another. We'll demonstrate here the following
• Decimal to Other Base System

• Other Base System to Decimal
• Other Base System to Non-Decimal
• Shortcut method - Binary to Octal
• Shortcut method - Octal to Binary
• Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal
• Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal to Other Base System
Steps
• Step 1 - Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
• Step 2 - Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of

new base number.
• Step 3 - Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
• Step 4 - Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base
number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero
in Step 3. The last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new
base number.
Example
Decimal Number: 2910 Calculating Binary Equivalent:
Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
Step 2 14 / 2 7 0
Step 3 7/2 3 1
Step 4 3/2 1 1
Step 5 1/2 0 1
As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order
so that the first remainder becomes the least significant digit (LSD) and the last remainder
becomes the most significant digit (MSD).
Decimal Number: 2910 = Binary Number: 111012.
Other base system to Decimal System
Steps
• Step 1 - Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on the
position of the digit and the base of the number system).
• Step 2 - Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the
corresponding columns.
• Step 3 - Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value in
decimal.
Example
Binary Number: 111012 Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
Step 1 111012 ((1 x 24) + (1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10
Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 111012 2910
Binary Number: 111012 = Decimal Number: 2910

Other Base System to Non-Decimal System
Steps
• Step 1 - Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10).

• Step 2 - Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number.
Example
Octal Number: 258 Calculating Binary Equivalent:
Step 1: Convert toDecimal

Step Octal Number Decimal Number
Step 1 258 ((2 x 81) + (5 x 80))10
Step 2 258 (16 + 5 )10
Step 3 258 2110
Octal Number: 258 = Decimal Number: 2110
Step 2: Convert Decimal to Binary

Step Operation Result Remainder
Step 1 21 / 2 10 1
Step 2 10 / 2 5 0
Step 3 5/2 2 1
Step 4 2/2 1 0
Step 5 1/2 0 1
Decimal Number: 2110 = Binary Number: 101012 Octal Number: 258 = Binary Number: 101012
Shortcut method - Binary to Octal
Steps
• Step 1 - Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right).
• Step 2 - Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.

Example
Binary Number: 101012 Calculating Octal Equivalent:
Step Binary Number Octal Number
Step 1 101012 010 101
Step 2 101012 28 58
Step 3 101012 258
Binary Number: 101012 = Octal Number: 258
Shortcut method - Octal to Binary
Steps
• Step 1 - Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits may be
treated as decimal for this conversion).
• Step 2 - Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single binary
number.
Example
Octal Number: 258 Calculating Binary Equivalent:

Step Octal Number Binary Number
Step 1 258 210 510
Step 2 258 0102 1012
Step 3 258 0101012
Octal Number: 258 = Binary Number: 101012
Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal
Steps
• Step 1 - Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from the right).
• Step 2 - Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal symbol.

EXAMPLE
Binary Number: 101012

Calculating hexadecimal Equivalent:
Step Binary Number Hexadecimal Number
Step 1 101012 0001 0101
Step 2 101012 110 510
Step 3 101012 1516
Binary Number: 101012 = Hexadecimal Number: 1516
Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary
Steps
• Step 1 - Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number (the

hexadecimal digits may be treated as decimal for this conversion).
• Step 2 - Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4 digits each) into a single binary
number.
Example
Hexadecimal Number: 1516 Calculating Binary Equivalent:
Step Hexadecimal Number Binary Number
Step 1 1516 110 510
Step 2 1516 00012 01012
Step 3 1516 000101012
Hexadecimal Number: 1516 = Binary Number: 101012
Activity 1
Number System
Complete the table. Show your solutions.

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
1 56110
2 10001011112
3 143ABF16
4 56328
5 1110110110102

Module 9
Data and Information
Overview
Many believe that the terms “data” and “information” can be used interchangeably and
mean the same. However, there is a subtle difference between the two. Data can be a number,
symbol, character, word, and if not put into context, individual pieces of data mean nothing to
humans. On the other hand, information is a data put into context. Information is utilized by
humans in some significant way. A good example of information would be a computer. A
computer uses programming scripts, formulas, or software applications to turn data into
information.
Module Objective
1. Differentiate data from information and understand the data processing cycle of a
computer.
2. Determine the components needed in computer networking.
Reading No. 1
What is Data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized

manner which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or
electronic machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits (0-9) or
special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.).
What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data which has some

meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on
which decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics
• Timely - Information should be available when required.
• Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
• Completeness - Information should be complete.

Reading No. 2
Data Processing Cycle
Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine to

increase their usefulness and add values for particular purpose. Data processing consists
of basic steps input, processing and output. These three steps constitute the data
processing cycle.
• Input - In this step the input data is prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when
electronic computers are used, the input data could be recorded on any one of
several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes and so on.
• Processing - In this step input data is changed to produce data in a more useful
form. For example, pay- checks may be calculated from the time cards, or a
summary of sales for the month may be calculated from the sales orders.
• Output -Here the result of the proceeding processing step are collected. The
particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For example,
output data may be pay-checks for employees.

Reading No. 3
Networking
What is a Computer Network?
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to
share information and resources.
Characteristics of a computer network
• Share Resources from one computer to another

• Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other
computer(s) connected over the network
• Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network
and let other computers of the network use the machines available over network.
Following is the list of hardwares required to setup a computer network.

• Network Cables
• Distributors
• Routers
• Internal Network Cards
• External Network Cards
Network Cables
Network cables are used to connect
computers. The most commonly used cable is
Category 5 cable RJ-45.

Distributors
A computer can be connected to another one via a serial port but if we need to
connect many computers to produce a network, this serial connection will not work. The
solution is to use a central body to which other computers, printers, scanners etc. can be
connected and then this body will manage or distribute network traffic.
Router
A router is a type of device which acts as the central point among computers and
other devices that are part of a network. A router is equipped with holes called ports and
computers and other devices are connected to a router using network cables. Now-a-days
router comes in wireless modes using which computers can be connected without any
physical cable.
Network Card
Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a computer cannot

be connected over a network. It is also known as network adapter or Network Interface
Card (NIC). Most branded computers have network card pre-installed. Network cards are
of two types: Internal and External Network Cards.

Internal Network Cards
Motherboard has a slot for internal network card where it is to be inserted. Internal
network cards are of two types in which first type uses Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI) connection while the second type uses Industry Standard Architecture
(ISA). Network cables are required to provide network access.
External Network Cards
External network cards come in two flavours: Wireless and USB based. Wireless network
card needs to be inserted into the motherboard but no network cable is required to
connect to network.
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
USB card are easy to use and connect via USB port. Computers automatically detect
USB card and can install the drivers required to support the USB network card
automatically.

Activity 1
Data and Information
1. What is the main reason why we perform computer networking?

Explain (10pts)
2. Give an example of data and explain how it is converted into
information in a computer. (10 pts)
3. Site examples of computer networking that we commonly
encounter nowadays. (10 pts)

Module 10
Operating System
Overview
The computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the same
time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and
storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what it
needs.
Module Objective
1. Determine the features and objectives of an operating system installed in a
computer.
2. Determine the characteristics of an operating system.
3. Contrast the difference between internet and intranet.
Reading No. 1
Operating System
It is a program with following features:
• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the software
and the computer hardware.
• It is an integrated set of specialized programs that are used to manage overall
resources and operations of the computer.
• It is specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of all other
programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and other
system software.
Objectives of Operating System

• To make a computer system convenient to use in an efficient
manner
• To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users
• To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer
system
• To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users
and making it easier for the users to access and use other
resources
• To manage the resources of a computer system
• To keep track of who is using which resource, granting
resource requests, according for resource using and mediating
conflicting requests from different programs and users
• To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users
and programs

Characteristics of Operating System
• Memory Management -- keeps tracks of primary memory i.e. what part of it is in
use by whom, what part is not in use etc. and allocates the memory when a
process or program requests it.
• Processor Management -- allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and
deallocates processor when it is no longer required.
• Device Management -- keeps track of all devices. This is also called I/O controller
that decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time.
• File Management -- allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the
resources.
• Security -- prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of
passwords and similar other techniques.
• Job accounting -- keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs and/or users.
• Control over system performance -- records delays between request for a service and
from the system.
• Interaction with the operators -- The interaction may take place via the console
of the computer in the form of instructions. Operating System acknowledges the
same, does the corresponding action and informs the operation by a display
screen.
• Error-detecting aids -- Production of dumps, traces, error messages and other
debugging and error- detecting methods.
• Coordination between other software and users -- Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
Reading No. 2
Internet and Intranet
Internet
It is a worldwide system which has the following characteristics:
• Internet is a world-wide / global system of

interconnected computer networks.
• Internet uses the standard Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Every computer in internet is identified by
a unique IP address.
• IP Address is a unique set of numbers
(such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies
a computer’s location.
• A special computer DNS (Domain Name
Server) is used to give name to the IP
Address so that user can locate a
computer by a name.
• For example, a DNS server will resolve a
name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to
a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
• Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

Intranet
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.
• PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside the intranet.
• Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network and
members/employees of that company can access the computers in their intranet.
• Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address which is unique among
the computers in that Intranet.
Similarities in Internet and Intranet
• Intranet uses the internet protocols such as TCP/IP and FTP.

• Intranet sites are accessible via web browser in similar way as websites in internet.
But only members of Intranet network can access intranet hosted sites.
• In Intranet, own instant messengers can be used as similar to yahoo messenger/ gtalk
over the internet.
Differences in Internet and Intranet
• Internet is general to PCs all over the world whereas Intranet is specific to few PCs.
• Internet has wider access and provides a better access to websites to large
population whereas Intranet is restricted.
• Internet is not as safe as Intranet as Intranet can be safely privatized as per the need.
Activity 1
Operating System
1. Contrast internet from intranet. What are the common aspects

between the two? (20pts)
2. What are the characteristics of an OS? Elaborate. (20 pts)
3. What are the objectives of an OS? (10 pts)

Module 11
Basic Computer Programming
Overview
Computer programming is a way of giving computers instructions about what they
should do next. These instructions are known as code, and computer programmers write code
to solve problems or perform a task.
Module Objective
1. Demonstrate a basic understanding of computer hardware and software.
2. Demonstrate problem-solving skills.
3. Apply logical skills to programming in a variety of languages.
Reading No. 1
Turbo C
Turbo C was a software development tool for writing programs in the C language. As an
IDE, it included a source code editor, a fast compiler, a linker and an offline help file for
reference. Version 2 included a built-in debugger. Turbo C was a follow-up product to Borland's
Turbo Pascal, which had gained widespread use in educational institutions because the Pascal
language was suited for teaching programming to students. Although Turbo C was initially
developed by a different company, it shared a lot of features with Turbo Pascal, namely, the
look-and-feel of the interface and the various programming and debugging tools included.
However, it was not as successful as Turbo Pascal because of competition from other C
products such as Microsoft C, Watcom C, Lattice C, etc. Nevertheless, Turbo C still had the
advantage in compile speed and price.
Computer Programming using C++
C++ is a statically-typed, free-form, (usually) compiled, multi-paradigm, general-purpose

middle-level programming language based on C. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in
1979.
Many of today’s operating systems, system drivers, browsers and games use C++ as their core
language, making it one of the most popular languages used.
This is a comprehensive guide that explores the reasons you should consider learning C++ and
the ways you can get started with C++.
Features of C++ Programming
1. Speed
Since, C++ is an extended version of C, the C part of it is very low level. This offers a
huge boost in speed that high-level languages like Python and Java cannot provide.
2. Statically typed
Since C++ is a statically typed programming language, it does not allow the compiler to
make assumptions about the type of data. For example, 10 is different from "10" and it must
be declared explicitly. Since these are determined at compile-time, it helps the compiler
catch errors and bugs before the execution of the program.

3. Multi-paradigm programming language
C++ supports at least 7 different styles of programming and gives developers the
freedom to choose one at their will. Unlike Java, you don’t need to use objects to solve
every task unless necessary.
4. Object-oriented
C++ supports Object-Oriented programming, which provides a clear modular structure
for programs. With its use in C++, you are able to divide these complex problems into
smaller sets by creating objects.
5. Standard library (Standard template library - STL)

The use of C++ can be further extended using the standard library it contains. These
libraries contain efficient algorithms that you can use extensively while coding your own
projects. This saves ample amount of programming effort, which otherwise would have been
wasted reinventing the wheel.
6. Inline assembly with full access to the C language symbolic structures and names
This allowed programmers to write some assembly language codes right into their
programs without the need for a separate assembler.
7. Support for all memory models

This had to do with the segmented memory architecture used by 16-bit processors of
that era, where each segment was limited to 64 kilobytes (Kb). The models were called tiny,
small, medium, large and huge, which determined the size of the data used by a program,
as well as the size of the program itself. For example, with the tiny model, both the data and
the program must fit within a single 64-Kb segment. In the small model, the data and the
program each used a different 64-Kb segment. So in order to create a program larger than
64 Kb or one that manipulates data larger than 64 Kb, the medium, large and huge memory
models had to be used. In contrast, 32-bit processors used a flat memory model and did not
have this limitation.
8. Speed or size optimization

The compiler could be configured to produce an executable program that was either fast
or small in size, but not both.
9. Constant folding
This feature allowed the Turbo C compiler to evaluate constant expressions during
compile time rather than during run time.
For further readings and Video Tutorials, refer to:

http://www.softwareandfinance.com/CPP/Video_Lessions.html

http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-
03_introduction.html
Activity 1
Basic Computer Programming
Perform the following programming problems using C++. The output will be
a screenshot of the code used and the output.
1. Write a program in C++ to display the n terms of odd natural
number and their sum. (30 pts)
2. Write a program in C++ to display the first n terms of Fibonacci
Series. (20 pts)
3. Write a program in C++ to print a welcome text in a separate line.
(20 pts)


ENSC 20032 - Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENSC 20032 - Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENSC 20032 - Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 1

Introduction to Computer, its Functions and Applications

• Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:

Computer is an electronic data processing device which

The following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena.

• Computer is a very fast device.

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.

• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.

• A computer is a very versatile machine.

• A computer is a reliable machine.

• Computer is an automatic machine.

Reduction in Paper Work

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

The following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena.

• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.

• It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being.

• The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable.

• Computers have no feelings or emotions.

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Computer is used in business organizations for:

Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer

Banks provide following facilities:

• Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances,

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

In marketing, uses of computer are following:

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose.

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

1. Site some importance on the use of computer in the current

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Following are the main five generations of computers

S.N. Generation and Description

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Some computers of this generation were:

The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

The main features of third generation are:

Some computers of this generation were:

The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth

The main features of fourth generation are:

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Computers became easily available Some

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

1. Differentiate the features of a computer introduced in each

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Sr. No. Type Specifications

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an

Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large

ENSC 20032 – Computer Fundamentals and Programming

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users

Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting