CE3 Route Surveying

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CE 3: Route Surveying

Course Syllabus

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE


Instructor I
ROUTE SURVEYING
I. Introduction and Definition

ROUTE SURVEYING
Deals with the design and layout of horizontal and
vertical curves, line grade; earthwork volumes, theory of
location as applied to highways and railways, mass diagram,
overhaul and estimate of cost. Layout and alignment of civil
works structures.

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
I. Introduction and Definition

COURSE TITLE : ROUTE SURVEYING


COURSE CODE : CE 3
CREDIT UNITS : 4
PRE-REQUISITE : CE 1–Fundamentals of Surveying
CO-REQUISITE : None
NO. OF HOURS : 144
NO. OF MODULES : 17

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
II. Couse Outcomes
Couse Outcomes:
After completing this course, the student must be able to:
1. Identify the different types and elements of common
road surveys
2. Apply the methodologies of carrying out the more
common surveys and investigations such as horizontal and
vertical curves, line grades, earthworks and theory of
locations, as applied to highways and railways, mass diagram
and overhaul.
3. Construct horizontal and vertical curves using
surveying tools and equipment

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Units and Modules

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
IV. Rubrics

Grading System:
Class Standing……………………………………………………………………… 60%
a. Quizzes ………………………………………………………...30%
b. Project/Laboratory/Fieldwork………………….......10%
c. Recitation/Boardwork/Assignments/Plates…..…5%
d. Attendance……………………………………………….....…5%
e. Class Behavior…………………….………………………...10%
Major Examinations …………………………………..………………………….40%

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
V. Platforms

Platforms:
Zoom…………………………………. for Online Discussion/Mentoring

YouTube Channel……………..... for Recorded Video Discussion

Google Drive/Messenger ….. for Learning Module Dissemination

Messenger…………………………. for Queries

Gmail………………………………… for Submission of Requirements

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


CE 7: Route Surveying

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE


Instructor I
ROUTE SURVEYING
I. Introduction and Definition

RAILROAD AND HIGHWAY CURVES


In highway or railroad construction, the curves most
generally used presently are circular curves although parabolic
and other curves are sometimes used.

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
I. Introduction and Definition
Question:
Why are there unnecessary curves and turns on roads?
Why doesn't a road always make a straight line between the
starting point and the destination?

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
I. Introduction and Definition
NEEDS OF PROVIDING CURVES
Curves are needed on Highways, railways and canals for
the following reasons:
I. To bring about gradual change in direction of motion
II. To bring about gradual change in grade
III. For good visibility
IV. To alert the drivers so that he may not fall asleep
V. To lay-out canal alignment
VI. To control erosion of canal banks by the thrust of
flowing water in canal.

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
I. Introduction and Definition

TWO TYPES OF CURVES


1. HORIZONTAL CURVES (X and Z - Axes)
– Simple Curve, Compound Curve, Reversed Curve and Spiral
Curve. This curve provides gradual change in direction.

2. VERTICAL CURVES (X and Y – Axes)


– Symmetrical, Unsymmetrical and Reversed Parabolic Curves.
This curve provides gradual change in grade.
Y

CE7: Route Surveying Z John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
II. Basis

DEGREE OF CIRCULAR CURVES (D)


The rate of curvature of circular curves can be
designated either by their radius (R) or by their degree of
curve (D). The degree of curve (D) determines the
sharpness or tightness of a horizontal curve.
Route designers choose a safe degree of curve (D)
according to the specified velocity of travel.
There are two definitions of the degree of curve (D):
the arc definition and the chord definition.

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
II. Basis

DEFINITION OF DEGREE OF CIRCULAR CURVES (D)


The arc definition for degree of curvature is used
primarily for roadway design applications.
The chord definition is used primarily for railway
applications.
Early railroad practice used a chord definition for
degree of curve because railroad stations were set 100 ft
apart on the chord, not the arc.

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Basis and Units

DEGREE OF CURVE (D) & RADIUS OF CURVE (R):


(ARC BASIS) – METRIC SYSTEM
20 m 20 𝐶
= ; 𝐶 = 2π𝑅
𝐷 360°
P.C. P.T. 20 2π𝑅
=
R R 𝐷 360°
D
(20)(360°)
O 𝐷 =
2π𝑅
360°
𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝟔
𝑫= 𝑹 =
𝑹 𝑫

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Basis and Units

DEGREE OF CURVE (D) & RADIUS OF CURVE (R):


(ARC BASIS) – ENGLISH SYSTEM
100 ft 100 𝐶
= ; 𝐶 = 2π𝑅
𝐷 360°
P.C. P.T. 2π𝑅
100
=
R R 𝐷 360°
D
(100)(360°)
O 𝐷 =
2π𝑅
360°
𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝟖
𝑫 = 𝑹 =
𝑹 𝑫

.: 5 times the metric system

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Basis and Units

DEGREE OF CURVE (D) & RADIUS OF CURVE (R): P.C.OP.T


(CHORD BASIS) – METRIC SYSTEM
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin θ =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

20 m 𝐷 10
P.C. P.T. sin =
2 𝑅
R R 𝐷 10
D = Sin−1
2 𝑅
O
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
10 m 10 m 𝑫=𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏−𝟏
P.C. P.T. 𝑹 𝑹 = 𝑫
𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝑫 𝑫 𝟐
R 𝟐 𝟐 R

O
CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE
ROUTE SURVEYING
III. Basis and Units

DEGREE OF CURVE (D) & RADIUS OF CURVE (R): P.C.OP.T


(CHORD BASIS) – ENGLISH SYSTEM
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin θ =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
100 ft 𝐷 50
P.C. P.T. sin =
2 𝑅
R R
D 𝐷 50
= Sin−1
2 𝑅
O
𝟓𝟎
50 ft 50 ft 𝟓𝟎
P.C. P.T. 𝑫=𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝑹 = 𝑫
𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝑫 𝑫 𝟐
R 𝟐 𝟐 R

O
CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE
CE 7: Route Surveying

Simple Curves

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE


Instructor I
CONTENTS

Simple Curves
I. Introduction and Definition
II. Elements of Simple Curves
III. Formulas of Simple Curves
IV. Sample Problem

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
I. Introduction and Definition

SIMPLE CURVES
A simple curve is a circular arc, extending from one tangent
to the next.

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
II. Elements of a Simple Curve

V Where:
I
R – Radius of the Curve
T E T T – Subtangent Distance
L C – Length of Chord
𝑰 M L – Length of Curve
P.C. 𝟐 P.T. M – Middle Ordinate
C/2 I C/2 E – External Distance
𝑰 𝑰 I – Central Angle
R 𝟐 𝟐 R
A B
O

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
II. Elements of a Simple Curve

The point where the curve leaves the first tangent is called
the “point of curvature” (P.C.) and the point where the curve
joins the second tangent is called the “point of tangency” (P.T.).
The P.C. and P.T. are often called the tangent points. If the
tangent be extended, they will meet in a point of intersection
(P.I.) called the “vertex” (V).

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
II. Elements of a Simple Curve
The distance from the vertex to the P.C. or P.T. is called the
“subtangent distance” (T), which is only a part of tangent AV
(tangent BV).
The chord (C), is the straight line joining the P.C. and P.T.
while curve (L) is the arc between the P.C. and P.T.
The line segment (VO) from the vertex (V) to the center of
curvature (O) serves as the angle bisector, dividing the angle into
two equal parts.
The distance from the vertex to the middle of the simple
curve is called the “external distance” (E). while the line joining
the middle of the curve (L) and the middle of the chord (C) is
called the “middle ordinate” (M).

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
III. Formulas of Simple Curves

LENGTH OF CURVE (L):


L
𝐿 𝐶
= ; 𝐶 = 2π𝑅
P.C. P.T. 𝐼 360°

R R 𝐿 2π𝑅 20
I = =
𝐼 360° 𝐷
O
360° 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑰
𝑳 =
𝟑𝟔𝟎°

20𝐼
𝐿 =
𝐷

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
III. Formulas of Simple Curves
V
TANGENT LINE OR SUBTANGENT (T): P.C.OV
V T E
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
L b
tan θ =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑰 M
T P.C. 𝟐
a
𝐼 𝑇 C/2
tan =
2 𝑅
𝑰
R 𝟐
𝑰 P.C.
𝑻 = 𝑹 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐
O
𝑰
R 𝟐

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
III. Formulas of Simple Curves
V
CHORD LENGTH (C): P.C.Oa
T E
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 C/2 L b
sin θ = P.C. a
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑰 M
P.C. 𝟐
a
𝐶 C/2
𝐼
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2
2 𝑅 𝑰
𝑰
R 𝟐
𝐼 𝐶 R 𝟐
R sin =
2 2
O
𝑰
𝐂 = 𝟐𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 O
𝟐

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
III. Formulas of Simple Curves
V
EXTERNAL DISTANCE (E): P.C.OV
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 V
cos θ = T E
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
L b
𝐼 𝑅
cos = M
2 𝑅+𝐸 E 𝑰
𝐼 P.C. 𝟐
a
(𝑅 + 𝐸) cos = 𝑅 C/2
2 b
𝐼 𝐼
𝐸 cos = 𝑅 − 𝑅 cos 𝑰
2 2 R
P.C. 𝟐
𝐼
𝑅 1−cos
2
𝐸= 𝐼
cos R
2 O
𝑰
1
𝐸=𝑅 −1 R 𝟐
𝐼
cos 2
𝑰
𝑬 = 𝑹 𝒔𝒆𝒄 − 𝟏 O
𝟐

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


SIMPLE CURVES
III. Formulas of Simple Curves
V
MIDDLE ORDINATE (M): P.C.Oa
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 T E
cos θ = L b
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
b 𝑰 M
cos =
𝐼 𝑅−𝑀 M P.C. 𝟐
a
2 𝑅 P.C. C/2
a
𝐼
𝑅 cos = 𝑅 − 𝑀 R 𝑰
2 R 𝟐
𝐼 𝑰 R-M
𝑀 = 𝑅 − R cos
2 R 𝟐
O
𝑰
𝑴 = 𝑹 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐
O

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE


Thank you!!!

CE7: Route Surveying John Carlo Ramos, RCE

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