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Lifelines of
National Economy
CH 7 Geography | Class 10
Hand Written Notes
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 LIFELINES OF ctTATIoNAL ECONOMY
* Why transport is important ?
4 The movement of goods and services from their supply location to demand
locations necessitates the need for transport .

Means of Transport

Land water Air

Roadways Railways Pipelines Inland Overseas Domestic International

Airways Airways
→
Transport ,
communication and trade are complementary to each other due to
development of science and technology .

'
Transport
A) Roadways :

•
India has one of the largest road networks in the world .

•
In India , roadways have preceded railways .

* Advantages of roadways over

railways :

→
Construction cost is much lower than
railways .

→
It can
provide door to door service .

→
It is easier to make road as compared
to railways in difficult terrain .
 Golden Quadrilateral Super
Highways
National Highways
Classification of Roads State Highways
District Roads

Other Roads

Border Roads

9) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways :

Links Delhi ,
Kolkata .
Chennai Mumbai, ,
Delhi with 6 lane super Highways .

Implemented by NHAI .

Objectives was to reduce distance and time of travel .

) National Highways
ii :

Links extreme pants of the country .

Maintained by CPWD .

Historical Sher Shah Suri

mang is NH 9 -

from Delhi to Amritsar .

) State
iii Highways :

Connects state capital with district .

Maintained by PWD .

) District
iv Highways :

Links town with district headquarters .

Maintained by Zila Pauisad .

D Other Roads :

Links rural areas and villages .

Maintained by Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak Yojana ( PMGSY) .

vi. Border Roads :

Border road organisation constructs and maintain roads in border

of country .

Organisation was established in 9960 .

Improved access ability in areas

of different terrain .

B) Railways :

B
Principal mode of transport in India .

i. Conducts numerous activities like business , pilgrimage along with

transporting goods over long distance .

7. The Indian railway is reorganised in 98 zones .

* Problems with Railways :

7
Many passengers travel without ticket .

B.
Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped
completely .

i.
Pulling the chain unnecessarily causes heavy damage to railways .

C) Pipelines :

Used to transport crude oil .

Solids can also be transport through pipelines when converted in

Slaney .

i. Initial cost of pipelines is high but subsequent running costs

are minimal .

B Rules out trans -

shipment losses or delays .

* Important pipeline :

7 From Hazara in Gujarat connects Jagdish par in Uttar Pradesh

via
Vijaypwi in Madhya Pradesh .
⑦ Waterways :

a.a.
Cheapest means
of transport .

B.
Most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods .

a.
Fuel efficient and environment friendly .

Baa
India has inland waterways of 94500km in length .

At National waterways :

O on
* NW -9 Allhabad to tlaldiya ( Hangar river )
* NW 2
-

Between Sadiya and Dhubri ( Brahmaputra river)

*
NW -3 West coast canal in Kerala

* Major Sea ports :

•
There are major 92 Seaports in India .

95%
of the foreign trade is handled by the major sea
•

ports .

it Kandla Port :

•
Present in Kachchh .

•
First port after independence .

•
It was made to ease the volume of trade in Mumbai port .

ii Mumbai Port :

Biggest port with natural and well sheltered harbour .

The Jawaharlal Nehru Port :

•
Planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port
and serve as the hub port for this region .

id Morinaga Port :

•
It is located in Goa .

•
Premier iron ore
exporting port of the
country .
A New Mangalore Port :

Yup orts iron ore

from Kudermukh mines .

vid Kochi Port :

•
Extreme South -
Western port .

•
Located at the extreme of a
lagoon with a natural
harbour .

vid Tuticorin Port :

•
It is located in Tamil Nadu .

•
Handle trade from neighbouring countries like Sri lanka ,
Maldives
etc .

viii Vishakhapatnam Port :

Deepest Landlocked and well protected port .

Originally ,
concieved as an outlet for Iron ore exports .

id Chennai Port :

Oldest artificial port of the

country
•
.

•
2nd largest in terms of volume of trade .

Paradwip Part :

•
Present in Orissa .

Specialises in the export of iron ore .

xD Kolkata Port :

•
Inland reverie port .

•
Tidal port .

Haldia Port :

Developed to relieve
growing pressure on Kolkata port .
3) Airways :

4 Fastest and most comfortable means

of transport .

4 Can cover difficult terrains like mountain .

AIR INDIA provides domestic and international air services .

4 Paniwahan Helicopter LTD provides services to oil and natural

gas cooperation in its offshore operations .

•
Communication

Personal Mass
communication Communication

* Postal Services :

→
India has largest postal network .

→
First class mail :

1) Includes cards and envelopes .

a) They are airlifted between stations covering both land and

water .

→
End Clas mail :

1) Book , parcel , newspaper , periodicals .

)
ii They are carried by surface mail ,
covering land and water
transport .

Rajdhani Channel
Metro
Periodical Channel
channel
6 mail channels
Green
Bulk mail
channel
Channel Business Channel

These for
* channel have been introduced
faster delivery .
*
Digital India
B.
It is an umbrella to prepare
programme
India for knowledge based transformation .

* Telecom :

Bara India has the largest telecom network in Asia .

B.a.
60% plus villages have been covered by STD telephone .

a.
It made possible the integration of development in
space
technology with communication
technology .

* Mass Communication :

Bom
Provides entertainment and creates awareness
among people
about various national programme and policies .

9. Includes radio ,
TV ,
newspaper ,
etc .

2. All India radio ( Aakash Wani) and TV (Doordarshan) broadcasts a

variety of programme .

3.
Newspapers are
published in more than 900-1
languages .

* Feature Films :

4 India 's largest producer of feature films .

I> THE CENTRAL BOARD OF FILM CERTIFICATION is the authority

to certify both Indian and foreign films .

* International Trade :

•
The balance
of trade of a country is the difference
between import and export .

→
Export >
Import [ Favourable balance of trade]

→
Exports Import [Unfavourable balance of trade]

* Products India Export :

Agricultural
•
Base Metals

Items . . . . . .
and many other products
* Products India Import :

•
Gems

Jewellery
•

•
Crude petroleum and petroleum products
. . . . . . . .
and many other products .

* Tourism and Trade :

•
Tourism promotes national integration .

It provides support to local handicraft .

It is good source of revenue as

foreign exchange .
 1 Mark Questions

1. Name the river-related to National Waterways No. 2

[1M, 2017]
A1. National Waterways No. 2 is related to the river
. ‘Brahmaputra’

2. Name the river which is related to ‘National Waterways’ No. 1.

[1M, 2017]
A2. The river-related with ‘National Waterways’ No. 1 is Ganga.
. Ganga- Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system from Allahabad
. to Haldia was declared as ‘National waterways No 1’.

3. Which port in India is the biggest with a spacious natural and

well sheltered harbour?
[1M, 2013]
 A3. Mumbai

4. Classify the economy based on the nature of the activity.

[1M, 2017]
A4. The economy is classified on the basis of economic activities
. into three sectors namely Primary sector, Secondary sector
. and Tertiary sector.

3 Mark Questions

5. “Dense and efficient network of transport is a prerequisite for

local and national development.” Analyse the statement.
[3M, 2018]
A5.
(i) Whether for an individual or for any industry use, materials
and services are required on daily basis. Goods and
services do not move from supply points to demand locals
on their own. The movement of these goods and services
 from supply location to demand locations necessitates the
need of transport.

(ii) Movements of these goods and services can be over three

important domains of our earth i.e., land, water and air.
Based on these, transport is divided/classified into land,
water and air transport.

(iii) The pace of development of a country and region depends

upon the production of goods and services as well as their
movement over space within the shortest time. Therefore,
efficient means of transport are prerequisite for fast
development.

6. Examine with example the role of means of transport and

communication in making our life prosperous and comfortable.
[3M, 2017]
A6. Transportation and communication have made our life
. prosperous and comfortable in the following ways:
(i) Because of transport, raw materials reach the factory and
finished products reach to consumers. The pace of
development of a country depends upon the production of
goods and services as well as their movement over time.
Therefore, efficient means of transport are a prerequisite
for fast development.

(ii) Apart from transport, the ease and mode of

communications, like mobiles, internet, and Wi-Fi makes
a seamless flow of information possible.
 (iii) Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world
despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-
cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways,
newspaper, radio, television, cinema and internet etc.,
have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in
many ways. The trade from local to international level has
added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our
life and has substantially added to growing amenities and
facilities for the comforts of life.

7. Why do the movement of goods and services from one place to

another require fast and efficient means of transport? Explain
with examples.
[3M, 2017]
A7. Fast and efficient means of transport is the most desirable
. requirement of movement of goods and services. It plays a
. vital role in the development of a country.
• We use different materials and services in our daily life.
Some of these are easily available in our immediate
surroundings, while other requirements are met by bringing
things from other places.
• Goods and services do not move from supply location to
demand location on their own. The movement of these
goods and services needs transportation.
• The products come to consumers by transportation.
 • The pace of development of a country depends upon the
production of goods and services as well as their movement
over space.

8. ‘’Modern means of transport and communication serve as

lifelines of our nation.” Justify this statement by giving
supportive arguments.
[3M, 2016]
A8. India is well linked with the rest of the world despite its vast
. size and diversities because of efficient means of transport and
. communication. They are rightly called the lifelines or arteries
. of a nation because:
1. Economic development of a country depends on the well
developed and efficient means of transport and
communication.
2. They are indispensable for movement of people, goods and
services from one place to another.
3. They have contributed to socio-economic progress in many
ways by connecting far flung areas of the country.
4. They have enriched all aspects of our lives — social,
cultural, individual and economic.
5. They promote trade, tourism and business thus adding
value to the economy.
9. Explain the importance of railways as the principle mode of
transportation for freight and passengers in India.
[3M, 2015]
A9.
1. Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight
and passengers in India, as they link different parts of the
country.
2. They carry huge loads and bulky goods to long distances.
3. Railways make it possible to conduct multiple activities like
business, tourism, pilgrimage along with goods transportation
over longer distances.
4. Railways have been a great integrating force for the nation, for
more than 150 years now.
5. They have been helpful in binding the economic life of the
country and also promoted cultural fusion.
6. They have accelerated the development of the industry and
agriculture

10. Analyse the physiographic and economic factors that have

influenced the distribution pattern of the railway network in our
country.
[3M, 2015]
A10. Factors that affect the distribution pattern of railway network
in India:

(i) Physiographic factors. The Northern plains with vast level

land, high population density and rich agricultural resources
provide most favourable conditions for railway network. The
nature of terrain and the number of rivers running through
the region determine the density of railway network in that
region. Mountains, marshy, sandy and forested areas have
sparse network whereas plain areas have dense network of
the railways. It was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy
plains of Western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat and
forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Economic factors. Regions which have rich resources and

are economically more developed have denser network of
railways in comparison to the regions with low economic
development.

(iii) Administrative factors. The administrative and political

decisions also affect the distribution of railway network in a
region.

11. Why is ‘tourism’ considered as a trade and industry in India?

Give reasons in support of your answer.
[3M, 2015]
A11.
1. With increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting
India, we earned foreign exchange worth Rs. 21,828 crore
 in 2004 which is further increasing year by year making
tourism an important trade.
2. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year for
appreciating our heritage, our culture for medical purposes
or for business purposes, etc.
3. Over 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism
industry.
4. Tourism promotes national integration, provides support to
local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
5. Tourism also helps in the development of international
understanding about our culture and heritage.
6. Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir and temple towns of
south India are the most popular tourist destinations. These
states earn huge sums of money from tourism trade.

12. Why is the distribution of roads not uniform in India? Explain

with examples.
[3M, 2014]
A12.
1. Distribution of roads is not uniform in India due to different
types of geographical features.
2. Moreover, the volume of traffic as well as passengers also
affects road networking in India. Roads are highly congested
in cities. Most of the bridges and culverts have become
narrow, old and broken.
 3. Some roads are metalled, that is well built with brick and
cement and about half of the roads are unmetalled specially in
rural areas which makes them inaccessible during rainy
seasons.
4. The regions with rugged terrain have steep roads with lots of
hairpin bends.

13. Write four merits of waterways in India.

[3M, 2014]
A13.
1. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
2. Waterways are a fuel efficient and environment friendly mode
of transport.
3. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
4. India’s trade with foreign countries is carried from the ports
located along the coast, and more than 95% of the country’s
trade volume is moved by the sea.

14. Why is air travel preferred in the north-eastern states? Give

reasons.
 [3M, 2014]
A14. The north-eastern part of the country is marked with:
1. Dissected relief,
2. dense forests,
3. Frequent floods
4. Big rivers.
Under these difficult conditions, the road and rail transport is
not well developed. Journey through land transport is very
tiresome and time-consuming. So, for all these reasons, air
travel is preferred in this part of the country, where special
provisions are made to extend the services to common
people at cheaper rates.

15. Name the mail channels which were introduced by the Indian
postal network to facilitate quick delivery of mails. What was the
main purpose of this decision?
[3M, 2014]
A15. Mail channels introduced by the Indian postal network are:
1. Rajdhani Channel
2. Business Channel
3. Metro Channel
4. Bulk Mail Channel
5. Green Channel
6. Periodical Channel
 The main purpose is to facilitate quick delivery of mail to
large towns and cities.

16. What is meant by trade? What is the difference between Local

and State level trade?
[3M, 2014]
A16. The exchange of goods and services among people, states
. and countries, through market channels, is referred to as trade.

Local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages.

State level trade is carried between two or more states.

17. Define ‘road density’. What is the average road density in

India? Name the states having the highest and lowest densities
respectively. What is the main reason for this difference in their
densities?
[3M, 2013]
A17.
• Road density is defined as the length of road per 100 sq km,
of area.
 • Average road density of India is 75 kms / 100 sq kms of area
(1996-97).
• Highest road density is in Kerala — It is 375 km / 100 sq
kms.
• Least road density is in Jammu & Kashmir—It is 10 km / 100
sq kms.
• In Jammu & Kashmir, road density is less because of
mountainous terrain, whereas Kerala has levelled nature of
land coupled with agricultural development which supports a
lot of population, therefore road density is higher

18. List three factors which favoured the development of dense

network of railways in the northern plains.
[3M, 2012]
A18.
1. The vast level land provided the most favourable conditions
for their growth. It is cheaper and easier to construct railway
tracks here.
2. The agricultural and industrial development in this region
necessitated the development of railway lines.
3. High population density in this region further required the
development of railway lines.
19. Mention any two inland waterways of India. Write three
characteristics of each.
[3M, 2011, 2017]
A19. Two inland water ways are:
a) The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia:
Characteristics:
• The Inland Waterways Authority has declared this
waterway as National Waterway No. 1.
• Its total length is 1620 km.
• It is one of the most important waterway of India which is
navigable by mechanical boats upto Patna.

b) The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri:

Characteristics:
• The total length is 891 km.
• It is declared as National Waterway No. 2.
• It is navigable by steamers upto Dibrugarh

5 Mark Questions

20. Describe the role of mass communication in India

 [5M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A20.
(i) Mass communication provides entertainment.

(ii) Creates awareness among people about various national

programmes and policies. It includes radio, television,
newspapers, magazines, books and films.

(iii) All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of

programmes in national, regional and local languages.

(iv) Doordarshan broadcasts programmes of entertainment,

educational, sports, etc. for people of different age groups.

(v) India publishes a large number of newspapers and

periodicals annually.

21. Describe the benefits of Roadways.

[5M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A21.
(i) Roads need less capital than the railways.

(ii) Road transport provides door-to-door service.

(iii) The road transport provides flexible service to men and

materials.
(iv) Road transport is useful in small distances.

(v) Road transport is helpful in production of perishable goods as

it facilitates the distribution of perishable goods from point of
production to point of consumption.

22. “Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to

its economic prosperity”. Elaborate with examples.
[5M, 2019]
A22.
i. Trade between two countries through sea, air or land route
helps in the development of country.

ii. No country can survive without International trade.

iii. Export and Import are the component of Trade.

iv. Commodities in export- agriculture and allied products, areas

and minerals, gems and jewellery etc.

v. The commodities imported to India include Petroleum and its

products, precious stores, chemicals etc.
23. State any five features each of public sector and private
sector.
[5M, 2015]
A23. Public Sector:
1. The government owns most of the assets.
2. All the services are provided by the government.
3. The main motive of the public sector is the welfare of the
people (masses). Activities are guided by the interest of
the nation as a whole.
4. Employees feel secured and there is discipline and
regular work.
5. Governments raise money through taxes and other me
6. For example, railways, post offices, construction of
roads, bridges, harbours, dams, etc.
Private Sector:
1. In the private sector, ownership of assets is in the hands
of private individuals or companies.
2. Services are provided or are in the hands of individuals.
3. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive
to earn profits and not welfare of the people.
4. Jobs of the employees are less secured and the whims
of the owners are above all.
5. Private sector charges high rates for the use of services
provided by them.
6. For example, Companies like Tata Iron and Steel Co.
(TISCO), Reliance Industries, etc
24. Why is road transport more useful than rail transport in India.
Give reasons.
[5M, 2016]
A24. Roadways score over railways because:
1. Construction of roads is easier and cheaper as compared
to railways.
2. Roads provide door to door service, thus the cost of
loading and unloading is much lower as compared to
railways which generally leave the people and goods at
the destined railway stations.
3. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and, as
such, can traverse through mountainous terrain. But
railways cannot negotiate steep gradients.
4. Road transport is economical in transportation of few
persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over
short distances.
5. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of
transport. They provide links between railway stations,
airports and sea ports.

25. “Efficient means of transport are prerequisites for the fast

development of the country.” Express your views in favour of
this statement.
[5M, 2016, 2014]
A25. India is well linked with the rest of the world despite its vast
. size and diversities because of efficient means of transport
. and communication. They are rightly called the lifelines or
. arteries of a nation because:
1. Economic development of a country depends on the well
developed and efficient means of transport and
communication.
2. They are indispensable for movement of people, goods
and services from one place to another.
3. They have contributed to socio-economic progress in
many ways by connecting far flung areas of the country.
4. They have enriched all aspects of our lives — social,
cultural, individual and economic.
5. They promote trade, tourism and business thus adding
value to the economy.

26. Explain the importance of railways as the principle mode of

transportation for freight and passengers in India.
[5M, 2015]
A26.
1. Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight
and passengers in India, as they link different parts of the
country.
2. They carry huge loads and bulky goods to long distances.
 3. Railways make it possible to conduct multiple activities like
business, tourism, pilgrimage along with goods
transportation over longer distances.
4. Railways have been a great integrating force for the nation,
for more than 150 years now.
5. They have been helpful in binding the economic life of the
country and also promoted cultural fusion.
6. They have accelerated the development of the industry and
agriculture.

27. Why is ‘tourism’ considered as a trade and industry in India?

Give reasons in support of your answer.
[5M, 2015, 2014]
A27.
1. With increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting
India, we earned foreign exchange worth Rs. 21,828 crore
in 2004 which is further increasing year by year making
tourism an important trade.
2. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year for
appreciating our heritage, our culture for medical purposes
or for business purposes, etc.
3. Over 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism
industry.
4. Tourism promotes national integration, provides support to
local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
 5. Tourism also helps in the development of international
understanding about our culture and heritage.

28. “Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to

its prosperity.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
[5M, 2014]
A28.
Exchange of goods (buying and selling of goods) between two
countries is called international trade. It may take place
through sea, air or land routes. It has two components—export
and import.
1. Advancement of international trade of a country is an
index to its economic prosperity.
2. As no country is self-sufficient in all resources, it cannot
survive without international trade.
3. If the balance of international trade is favourable that is
value of export is more than the value of import, a country
will be able to earn more foreign exchange.
4. International trade encourages a country to develop
secondary and tertiary sectors for exporting goods which
can fetch more foreign exchange. In this day and age of
globalization exchange of goods and commodities has
also been overtaken by the exchange of information and
knowledge as well.
5. A country’s economic prosperity can be gauged by the
health of its international trade.
29. How are means of transport and communication
complementary to each other? Explain with three examples.
[5M, 2013]
A29.
1. Transport and communication establish links between
producing centres and consuming centres. Trade or the
exchange of such commodities relies on transportation and
communication. Transport provides the network of links and
carriers through which trade takes place.
2. Dense network of roads, railways and airways connect the
remote areas of the country hence help in production and
distribution of goods and services.
3. Advancement in communication system has accelerated trade
by carrying information all over the world quickly.
4. Good transport helps in quick carrying of raw material from
remote areas to the production centre and allows distribution
of goods efficiently.
5. With expansion of rail, ocean and air transport, better means
of refrigeration and preservation, trade has experienced
spatial expansion.

30. What are the problems faced by road transportation in India?

 [5M, 2013]
A30. Problems faced by road transportation:

1. The road network is inadequate in proportion to the

volume of traffic and passengers.
2. About half of the roads are unmetalled which makes them
useless during rainy season.
3. The National Highways are inadequate and lack roadside
amenities.
4. The roadways are highly congested in cities.
5. Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.