6th Chemistry Book - Vol-2

SVS
IIT FOUNDATION
CHEMISTRY
CLASS VI VOLUME-2
2016-2017
FOREWORD
Sri Vijaya Sai High School is the institution that translated all its words into deeds. For
seventeen years, we had shouldered the responsibilities of the sowing educational seeds in
and around Bodhan and igniting sparks in the minds of younger generation.
Our vision was not just their successful career but also chiseling them into befitting and
laudable citizens, which was indeed a challenging job. We have never run away from these
challenges but rather accepted them and converted them into our responsibility.
Our motto is to realize the dreams of students come true by facilitating all the tools of successful
career. We are happy to say that most of the esteemed institutions offering professional
courses have a considerable number of our students.
We proudly declare that our school is the first institution in the district to introduce various
talent and merit oriented programmes like IIT Foundation, Abacus, SPAES, etc. Since the
installation of these programmes, our students got selected in many prestigious institutions
like Ramaiah, Krishna Murthy, Delta, FIITJEE, etc. During the academic year 2009-2010, three
students of Sri Vijaya Sai High School got selected in the prestigious Ramaiah Coaching Centre,
Hyderabad. Sri Vijaya Sai High School is the first institution in the district to receive this
honour. As a result, most our students became IITians, Charted Accountants, Doctors,
Engineers, etc.
From the time of the inception of IIT Foundation Course at our school, our faculty dedicated
their time and experience to impart a successful foundation course. We tied up with many
reputed organization to ensure that our students receives the best of the coaching in the
industry. But, every year, in spite of unbeaten success, our expert faculty felt that there are
some gaps in the course packages that are used for the course. Since then they started
recording these gaps along with some new features that would be helpful for all the students
undergoing foundation course. With all these years’ efforts, this year Sri Vijaya Sai High School
is happy to announce the release of its own IIT Foundation Course Books.
These books were prepared by our high qualified faculty in consultation with the best faculty
and authors who have more than 30 years experience in IIT and IIT Foundation. These books
exclusively focus on strengthening the conceptual clarity and fundamental of the subject.
Further it develops application skills, analytical skills, problem solving skills, logical thinking,
scientific aptitude, etc among students. We assure you that we leave no stone unturned in the
process of moulding our young buds into blossoms of success.
S.Krishna Mohan
Principal,
Sri Vijaya Sai High School
Bodhan.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE BOOK
This program is suggested for the students of achiever’s level (excellent) in school academics and
also craving for the achievable success in competitive exams. For the students registered for this
course, the school academics should not be an hurdle. The aim of this program is to ensure
ABSOLUTE SUCCESS in JEE MAIN and JEE ADVANCED.
1. Each chapter (unit) start with a header (for all subjects). It gives the information about the
chapter title and its number.
2. Every chapter is divided into: main topics, subtopics, sub sub topics, etc. Each main topic is
numbered and presented with a unique style of identification. Sub topics and sub sub topics
are also presented in a different style and format for easy identification. These concepts are
made clear through well structured explanation.
3. All the concepts of the chapters are explained in detail as per the order of of the topics and
sub topics
4. For each set of topics, there is an exercise containing objective questions. These questions
are categorized as Level-1 to Level-5. The order of complexity follows:
LEVEL-1 < LEVEL-2 < LEVEL-3 < LEVEL-4 < LEVEL-5
Depending on the volume and importance of chapters, the number of exercises in a
chapter varies. These exercises are named according to the chapter number. For example,
the exercises of first chapter of a subject are named as 1.1,1.2,.....etc. Similarly, for second
chapter, they are named as 2.1, 2.2, etc.
Note: (i) Students should make an attempt to solve all Level-1 Questions.
(ii) Teachers will teach the selected problems from Level 2 to Level 5.
5. At the end of the chapter, New Pattern Questions for IIT JEE exercise is included. It
includes the following type of questions or problems.
I. MCAT: Multiple Correct Answer Type
This section contains MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE questions. Each question has
four choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of which one or more answers are correct
II. RT: Reasoning Type
Each question in section has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is
correct.
III. LCT: Linked Comprehension Type
Each set in this section contains a paragraph followed by questions. Each question has four
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which one or more answers are correct
IV. MMT: Matrix Match Type
Each question in this section contains statements given in two columns, which have to he
matched Statements in Column 1 are labelled as a, b, c, d .... whereas statements in column II
are Labelled as p, q, r, s.... The answers to this question have to be appropriately bubbled.
V. IAT: Integer Answer Type
Each question in this section has an answer which is a non-negative integer.
Note: This section is for students to get an awareness about New pattern questions
that appear in competitive exams and have to attempted. Teachers will teach
the selected problems from this section.
INDEX
1. Air and Its Components .......... 1 - 20
2. Metals and Non Metals .......... 21 - 46
3. Acids, Bases and Salts .......... 47 - 76
4. Water .......... 77 - 112

Chemistry Air and Its Components | 1
Chapter-1
Air and Its Components

1.1 Introduction
Air is found everywhere on the earth. Living things cannot survive without air. Air is necessary for
breathing and combustion. The earth is surrounded by an envelope of air, is commonly called ‘atmosphere’.
The air not only contains oxygen and nitrogen, but also variety of other gases in small amounts.
The chief amongst the other gases are carbon dioxide, water vapour, ozone and noble gases (Helium,
Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon are collectively called noble gases).
In addition to these, there are impurities like dust particles, carbon particles, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
The composition of the air changes from place to place. In cities, where there are more vehicles, factories,
etc., the percentage of carbon dioxide is more than that in the villages.
The percentage of nitrogen in air, by volume, varies from 77.9% to 78.03%.’
TABLE 1.1
Constituent of air Percentage
1. Nitrogen 78.03%
2. Oxygen 20.9%
3. Noble gases 0.94%
4. Carbon dioxide 0.03%
5. Water vapour Variable
6. Impurities Variable
1.2 Properties of Air

i) Air is a colourless gas ii) It occupies space
iii) Air has weight and exerts pressure in all directions
COMPONENTS OF AIR
i) Air is not a single substance
ii) It consists of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour
iii) Air is a mixture
EXERCISE-1.1
LEVEL-1
1. Air is:
(A) an element (B) a mixture (C) a compound (D) a gas
2. Air is necessary for
(A) Breathing (B) Combustion (C) both (D) None
2 | 6th Class IIT Foundation
3. The atmosphere consists mainly ___________

(A) Oxygen and Nitrogen (B) Nitrogen and Hydrogen
(C) Hydrogen and Oxygen (D) None of the above
4. Air contains in a little quantity:
(A) Neon (B) Chlorine (C) Hydrogen (D) Fluorine
5. Radha wakes up in the morning and observes a beam of sunlight entering her room from a tiny
hole in the window. She sees some tiny shining particles, which appear to dance merrily around in
air. These particles show that air contains
(A) Dust (B) Oxygen (C) Water vapour (D) Carbon dioxide
6. The component of air that is necessary for burning a candle is
(A) Dust (B) Smoke (C) Vapour (D) Oxygen
7. We can see water vapour that is present in the air, when it condenses on a
(A) Hot surface (B) Cold surface (C) Rough surface (D) Smooth surface
LEVEL-2
8. What is the ratio of oxygen and Nitrogen in the atmosphere, respectively?
(A) 2 : 4 (B) 4 : 2 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4
9. When sunlight is allowed to enter through a small hole in a dark room, a certain component of air,
X, can be seen floating in the air in the form of particles.This component X of air is
(A) Dust or smoke (B) Oxygen or nitrogen
(C) Dust or oxygen (D) Nitrogen or smoke
10. When wood is burnt, it produces a certain gas X that is a component of air. This gas when inhaled
in large amounts causes suffocation. The gas X is identified to be
(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Water vapour (C) Oxygen (D) Nitrogen
11. Gas evolved, when fuel is ignited:
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (C) Water vapour (D) Carbon dioxide
12. This atmospheric gas is used by green plants to make food. It is produced by living organisms
during respiration. It is also produced when an object is burned. The gas described is
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (C) Water vapour (D) Carbon dioxide
13. On a hot evening, Mutum sits under a big tree. After sometime, he feels fresh and cool.
Mutum feels fresh because the tree releases
(A) Nitrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Glucose (D) Smoke
14. Which of the following statements about nitrogen is correct?
(A) It forms a small portion in the composition of air.
(B) It forms the maximum portion in the composition of air.
(C) It is used by living organisms during respiration.
(D) It is used by the green plants during photosynthesis.
LEVEL-3
15. The volume of water vapour high in the regions of:
(A) Coastal areas (B) Plateau regions (C) Industrial areas (D) All the above
16. __________ is turned lime water milky.
(A) Nitrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Chlorine (D) Carbon dioxide
17. Which two components of air comprise 99% of total volume?
(A) Nitrogen and dust (B) Nitrogen and oxygen
(C) Carbon dioxide and oxygen (D) Nitrogen and carbon dioxide
18. Plants prepare food by ________.

(A) Respiration (B) Photolysis (C) Photosynthesis (D) Electrolysis
19. Which of the following components of air is primarily used by the green plants to make their
food?
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (C) Dust particles (D) Carbon dioxide
food?
LEVEL-4
21. The bacteria which changes the ________ in the air in to nitrate.
(A) Hydrogen (B) Nitrogen (C) Oxygen (D) None of these
22. Which plants are having nodules in their root system?
(A) Pamacae (B) Leguminous (C) Fabacae (D) None of these
23. __I__ is used by the living organisms for respiration. It contributes __II__ percent to the total
composition of air. The information in which alternative completes the given statements?
(A) I-Oxygen , II- 78 (B) I - Nitrogen , II-21
(C) I-Nitrogen, II-78 (D) I-Oxygen, II-21
24. Arunima fixes two small candles of the same size in the middle of two shallow containers labelled
I and II. She fills the containers with equal amount of water. She then covers the candle with two
inverted glasses of different sizes as shown in the given figure.
Which of the following observations is Arunima expected to make?

(A) Both the candles extinguish at the same time
(B) The rise of water level in each container is the same
(C) The candle in container II extinguishes before the one in container I.
(D) The rise of water level in container II is greater than that in container I.
25. Consider the following statements regarding carbon dioxide.
I. It is produced when an object is burnt.
II. It is consumed by living organisms during respiration.
III. It is released by green plants during photosynthesis.
Among the given statements,
(A) Only I is incorrect (B) Only III is incorrect
(C) Both I and II are incorrect (D) Both II and III are incorrect
LEVEL-5
26. Which of the following constituents of air can be seen floating in the air when a beam of sunlight
enters a dark room?
(A) Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide (B) Smoke, oxygen, water vapour
(C) Nitrogen, dust, carbon dioxide (D) Smoke, dust, water vapour
27. The given figure shows a pie chart of the constituent gases in the atmosphere.
IV III
II
The portion of the pie chart representing oxygen is labelled

(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV
28. Consider following statements regarding nitrogen
I. About 3/4th of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen
II. Living organisms use nitrogen for respiration.
III. Nitrogen is a part of the photosynthesis process
Among the given statements,
(A) Only statement I is incorrect (B) Only statement III is incorrect
(C) Both statements I and II are incorrect (D) Both statements II and III are incorrect
1.3 Atmospheric Pressure

Air has weight, so it exerts pressure on earth’s surface. This pressure is called ‘Atmospheric Pressure’.
Torricelli designed the Cistern Barometer. It is mainly used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
CISTERN BAROMETER
Figure 1.1 : Cistern barometer

The construction of a Cistern barometer:
i) Take a thick walled glass tube of length one meter and diameter 1 cm which is closed at one end.
ii) Mercury is poured into this tube without any air bubbles.
iii) Close the open end of the tube with your thumb and invert it. Place the open end of the tube in a
trough of mercury and remove the thumb.
iv) A portion of mercury in the tube falls down into the trough. Mercury in the tube stands still at a
certain height of centimeters. This is called Mercury column.
v) Vacuum is developed above the surface of mercury column. This is called Torricellian vacuum.
vi) The height of the level of mercury column in the tube from the level of mercury in the trough is
measured. This is nearly 76 cm.
vii) Usually this will be 76 cm near the sea level. This is called normal atmospheric pressure.
viii) The pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a point on the surface of the mercury in the trough is
equal to the pressure exerted at any point in the tube which is in the same horizontal line.
ix) It means that the weight of 76 cm height of mercury column exerts the same pressure in the tube as
exerted by the atmosphere outside the tube.
x) This is the reason that height of mercury is used in measuring the atmospheric pressure.
The information we can get by using a barometer:
i) At any place, atmospheric pressure is known with a barometer.
ii) The height of any place from the sea level can be found with a barometer.
iii) Forecast of storms, rains can be made with the help of barometer.
iv) For every height of 272.7 meters from the sea level, a decrease of 2.54 cm of pressure takes place.
v) For every depth of 272.7 meters from the sea level, an increase of 2.54 cm of pressure occurs.
vi) Gradual decrease in the height of the mercury column in the barometer indicates the rainfall.
vii) Sudden fall in the height of the mercury column in the barometer forecasts occurrence of storms.
EXERCISE-1.2
LEVEL-1
1. Air exerts ______ pressure.
(A) Upward (B) Downward (C) Sideward (D) All
2. ________ is used for filling air in cycle tubes, football bladders
(A) Air pump (B) Ink filler (C) Kerosene pump (D) None
3. The air that is present on the earth is called;
(A) Atmosphere (B) Photosphere (C) Hydrosphere (D) Electrosphere
4. Cistern barometer is designed by:
(A) Boyle (B) Torricelli (C) Charles (D) Graham
5. This is used to find the atmospheric pressure:
(A) Barometer (B) Spherometer (C) Speedometer (D) Gravitometer
6. Normal atmospheric pressure is ___________ of mercury column.
(A) 76 cm (B) 76 km (C) 76 mm (D) 76 m
LEVEL-2
7. ___________ are fly in air using the difference in air pressure.
(A) Insects (B) Aeroplanes (C) Scooters (D) Wind mills
8. Sudden fall in mercury barometer forecasts:
(A) Wind blow (B) Rain (C) Storm (D) Cool weather
9. Gradual decrease in mercury column in the Barometer forecasts:
(A) Storm (B) Rainfall (C) Cool weather (D) Dry weather
10. Vacuum in the barometer is called:
(A) Volt vacuum (B) Torricellian vacuum (C) Ampere vacuum (D) Edison’s vacuum
11. Air has weight so it exerts pressure on earth’s surface, the pressure is called_______.
(A) Atmospheric volume (B) Atmospheric pressure
(C) Atmospheric energy (D) None of the above
12. The mercury column is used to measure:
(A) Atmospheric pressure (B) Atmospheric volume
(C) Atmospheric energy (D) Atmospheric weight
LEVEL-3
13. When the volume of air inside the barrel increases then the air pressure inside it is________.
(A) Increases (B) Decreases (C) Constant (D) None
LEVEL-4
14. When we heat the tin we observe the side of the tin are pressed, because:
(A) Air exerts downward pressure (B) Air exerts upward pressure
(C) Air exerts sideward pressure (D) All the above
LEVEL-5
15. Say true [T] or false [F].
(i) At any place, atmospheric pressure is known with a barometer.
(ii) The height of mercury column for 1 atmospheric pressure is 176 cm.
(iii) Compressed air is used in the brake system for stopping a moving train.
(iv) The wind mills are used for drawing water from the tube wells
(v) Compressed air cannot be used for digging purpose in the mines.
(A) i-F, ii-F, iii - T, iv-T, v-F (B) i-T, ii-T, iii - F, iv-F, v-T
(C) i-T, ii-T, iii - T, iv-T, v-F (D) i-T, ii-F, iii - T, iv-T, v-F
1.4 Importance of Air in Daily Life

We cannot live without air. We need air for breathing. Plants and animals also need air for breathing. So
air is necessary for living beings.
We use fire for different purposes. Air is necessary for burning or combustion of objects.
I. FIREWOOD OVEN
i) When fire wood is placed in the oven, the air present in between them is used for burning.
ii) For facilitating burning in the fire wood oven we use a hand fan or blow air through a wooden tube.
II. KUMPATI
i) In the Kumpati (Sigri), the grate (metal bars fixed to an angular frame) prevents the coal pieces
from falling down.
ii) There are gaps in between the metallic rods of the grate which allow the passage of air.
III. KEROSENE STOVE
i) In a Kerosene Wick Stove there is a cylindrical sheet with holes drilled.
ii) These holes allow the passage of air.
iii) For a continuous combustion process there should be supply of air without interruption.
1.5 Air is Necessary for Combustion
Candle burns Candle does

in air Glass tumbler not
burns in the
Water
absence of air
Figure 1.2
i) Take a glass trough and fill 1/3 of its volume with water.
ii) Add a spoonful of caustic soda (Sodium hydroxide) and few drops of coloured ink to the contents of
the trough.
iii) Place a wooden slab or stone in the trough and place a lighted candle on it as shown in the figure.
iv) Invert a wide mouthed glass jar over the burning candle. The candle is put off within few seconds.
At the same time the coloured water in the glass jar raises.
v) The supporter of combustion i.e., oxygen in the air, contained in the glass jar was exhausted and
carbon dioxide is released in its place. Hence oxygen in the air is useful for combustion.
vi) The carbon dioxide so formed is absorbed by caustic soda solution. The nitrogen which is still
available in air does not give support for burning.
vii) As vacuum is created in the glass jar, the coloured water raises in the trough.
viii) However if the glass jar is not placed in an inverted position over the burning candle, the candle
goes on burning forever, as air is available continuously.
ix) Hence, we can say that oxygen in air is necessary for burning.
1.6 Uses of Different Constituents of Air

I. NITROGEN
The percentage of nitrogen in air, by volume, varies from 77.9% to 78.03%.
Significance of Nitrogen in Atmosphere
It dilutes the activity of oxygen. Thus, the combustion of fuel during burning takes place at a moderate
rate.
The compounds of nitrogen are of vital importance to plants as they help the plants to manufacture
proteins. However, free nitrogen cannot be absorbed by plants. The free nitrogen is converted into its
compounds by the following natural methods.
During lightening, an electric spark passes through air. Due to this spark, nitrogen combines with oxygen
to form nitric oxide gas.
electric
N 2  O 2 
  2NO
spark Nitric
Nitrogen Oxygen
oxide gas
The nitric oxide gas, further reacts with oxygen and water vapour present in air to form nitric acid
vapour.
electric
NO  O 2 

spark 
 2NO 2
Nitric oxide gas Oxygen Nitric
dioxide gas
4NO2  O 2  2H 2 O 
 4HNO3
Nitric dioxide gas Oxygen Water Nitric acid
When it rains, the nitric acid in very dilute form is washed down to earth, where it reacts with soil
carbonates to form soil nitrates.
CaCO3  Ca  NO3  2 
 2HNO3  CO2  H 2O
Calcium carbonate Nitric acid Calcium nitrate Carbon dioxide Water
The soil nitrates, so formed, act as excellent food for the growth of plants.
• Symbiotic Bacteria are present in nodules of pod bearing plants such as peas, grams, sweet peas,
etc. The bacteria absorb nitrogen directly from air and convert it into compounds of nitrogen. These
compounds are absorbed by the plants for the manufacture of proteins.
• Nitrogen being inert gas is used in the preservation of foods. The containers containing food are
flushed with nitrogen to drive out oxygen and then sealed. Because, of the absence of oxygen, the
bacteria do not grow and hence food remains fresh.
II. OXYGEN
The percentage of oxygen in air by volume, varies from 20.8% to 20.9%.
Significance of Oxygen in Atmosphere:
• It supports all animals and plant life on the earth, as it is essential for respiration.
• It is essential for the combustion of fuels. Man burns an enormous amount of fuels for his energy
needs. Oxygen helps in the combustion of fuels to form carbon dioxide and water vapour as principal
products.
• In nature, it dissolves in water. This, in turn, helps to keep the water fresh and is a source of respiration
for water animals.
III. CARBON DIOXIDE
The percentage of carbon dioxide in air, by volume, varies from 0.03% tn 0.04%. The areas where
a lot of fuel burns have more percentage of carbon dioxide.
Significance of Carbon dioxide in Atmosphere:
• It acts as food for plants. During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and water vapour.
These are converted into carbohydrates and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.
Sunlight
6CO 2  6H 2 O 
Photosynthesis
 C6 H12 O6  6O 2
Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide, dissolved in water, can dissolve rocks containing calcium carbonate (chalk) or
magnesium carbonate. The salts, so formed, are calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate.
These dissolved salts give taste to natural water. Furthermore, they satisfy the needs of plants for
growth, as calcium and magnesium ions are needed by the plants.
MgCO3  H 2 O  CO2   Mg  HCO 3 2
Magnesium Water Carbon Magnesium
carbonate dioxide bicarbonate
 Ca  HCO3 2
CaCO3  H 2 O  CO 2 
Calcium Water Carbon Calcium
carbonate dioxide bicarbonate
• It does not allow the earth to radiate heat energy rapidly at night. It is because the carbon dioxide
molecules present in air reflect back heat radiations.
Note: The temperature in big cities is higher than in the countryside because the heat radiations are
reflected back in the cities due to the presence of excessive carbon dioxide.
IV. WATER VAPOUR
The percentage composition of water vapour in air, by volume, varies from 0.4% to 4%.
Significance of water vapour in atmosphere:
• The presence of water vapour in air determines climatic conditions. Excessive water vapour causes
rain. The amount of rain produced depends upon the geographical location and the surroundings.
Depending upon the temperature, the water vapour produce snow, fog, mist, hails and other
phenomenon.
• The presence of water vapour controls the rate of evaporation from the plants and animals.
• The presence of water vapour is very essential for the growth of plants.
• The presence of water vapour is very essential for health and comfort of animals. Excess or deficiency
of water vapours in air can lead to a number of problems related to good health.
V. NOBLE GASES
A group of gases which do not react chemically with any substance are called noble gases. They are
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon. Their percentage composition in air by volume is 0.94%.
Significance of Noble Gases in Air:

Apparently, they do not have any use for the animals or plants. They can be separated from air and
put to a number of industrial uses.
• Helium gas is very light and is used for filling weather observation balloons.
• Argon gas is used for filling electric bulbs at low pressure.
• Neon gas is used for making advertising glow tubes, which you see at night on big Shops, Hotels,
etc.
VI. IMPURITIES
The percentage of impurities in air is variable, depending upon the location of place. In general, the
air contains a large amount of impurities in industrial areas.
Following are the impurities present in air:
i) Dust Particles: Small amount of dust particles do no harm. As a matter of fact, they help in the
precipitation of water vapour and, hence in the formation of clouds and rain. However, an excessive
amount of these can cause serious respiratory problems.
ii) Smoke Particles: Smoke particles are present in a large amount where coal is used as fuel. They
also act as nucleus for the precipitation of water vapour. However, an excessive amount of these can
lead to serious respiratory problems.
iii) Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen sulphide
These gases are present in variable amounts in big cities, industrial districts, etc. They can cause the
following problems:
a) They can cause serious respiratory problems.
b) They can destroy ozone layer, which protects us from ultra-violet radiations.
c) They can cause acid rain, which ruins crops and forests.
EXERCISE-5.3
LEVEL-1
1. This is needed for respiration:
(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Hydrogen (C) Nitrogen (D) Oxygen
2. Absence of oxygen leads to:
(A) Life (B) Death (C) Dullness (D) Activity
3. The limewater turns milky because:
(A) It reacts with carbon monoxide (B) It reacts with oxygen
(C) It reacts with carbon dioxide (D) All the above
LEVEL-2
4. Which of the following is correct statement?
(I) We can live with out air.
(II) Air is necessary for burning or combustion of objects.
(A) Only I is correct (B) Only II is correct
(C) Both I and II are correct (D) Both I and II are incorrect
5. The anhydrous copper sulphate turns to blue coloured hydrated salt because:
(A) It reacts with carbon dioxide (B) It reacts with water vapour
(C) Both (D) None
6. What is used for making carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and water?
(A) Oxygen (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Hydrogen (D) Nitrogen
7. What is need to living organisms for respiration?
(A) Nitrogen (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Oxygen (D) Hydrogen
8. Which of the following components of air is filtered by the fine hair and mucus present in the
nostrils during breathing?
(A) Dust (B) Nitrogen (C) Water vapour (D) Carbon dioxide
9. Oxygen in the air is used by living organisms during
(A) Respiration (B) Decomposition
(C) Collection of water (D) Production of food
10. Carbon dioxide is a component of air. It is used by
(A) Bees to produce honey (B) Fishes during swimming
(C) Animals to make their food (D) Green plants to make their food
11. Oxygen in the air is used by living organisms during
(A) Respiration (B) Decomposition
(C) Collection of water (D) Production of food
12. CaCO3 + H2O + _____  Ca(HCO3)2
(A) CO (B)CO2 (C) C (D) O2
LEVEL-3
13. There is fine hair and mucus inside the nostrils to prevent ___i___ from getting into the ___ii___.
The information in which alternative completes the given statement?
(A) I-nitrogen, II- respiratory system (B) I - dust particles, II-respiratory system
(C) I-water vapour, II-digestive system (D) I-oxygen, II-digestive system
14. Carbon dioxide is a component of air. It is used by
(A) Bees to produce honey (B) Fishes during swimming
(C) Animals to make their food (D) Green plants to make their food
15. In which alternative are a process and the component of air involved in it correctly matched?
Components of the air Process
(A) Oxygen Water cycle
(B) Nitrogen Photosynthesis
(C) Water vapour Respiration
(D) Carbon dioxide Burning
LEVEL-4
16. Read the following statements.
(I) When fire wood is placed in the oven, the air present in between them is used for burning.
(II) In the Kumpati (Sigri), there are gaps in between the metallic rods of the grate which allow
the passage of air and help in burning.
(III) In a Kerosene Wick Stove, there is a cylindrical sheet with holes drilled. These holes allow
the passage of air.
Choose the correct option
(A) I is true, II and III are false. (B) I is false, II and III are true.
(C) I, II and III are true. (D) I and II is true and III is false.
17. ___i__ are present in nodules of pod bearing plants such as peas, grams, sweet peas, etc. The
bacteria absorb ___ii__ directly from air and convert it into compounds of nitrogen. These
compounds are absorbed by the plants for the manufacture of ___iii__ .
Chemistry Air and Its Components | 1 1
Choose the correct answer.
(A) i-symbiotic bacteria, ii-oxygen , iii-proteins
(B) i-symbiotic bacteria, ii-nitrogen, iii-carbohydrates
(C) i-parasitic bacteria, ii-nitrogen, iii-proteins
(D) i-symbiotic bacteria, ii-nitrogen, iii-proteins
LEVEL-5
18. During lightening, an electric spark passes through air. Due to this spark, nitrogen combines with
oxygen to form a gas P. The gas P further reacts with oxygen in air to form a gas Q. The gas Q also
combines with water vapour in air to form the vapours of R. Identify P, Q and R.
(A) P - SO2, Q- SO3, C-H2SO4 (B) P - CO, Q- CO2, C-H2CO3
(C) P - NO, Q- NO2, C-HNO3 (D) None
Sunlight
19. 6CO2  6H 2 O 
Photosynthesis
 AB
MgCO3  H 2 O  CO 2 
 C
CaCO3  H 2O  CO 2 
D
Identify A, B, C and D
(A) A-C12H22O11, B- O2 , C-Mg (HCO3)2, D-Ca (HCO3)2
(B) A- C6 H12 O6 , B-C O2 , C-Mg O, D-Ca (HCO3)2
(C) A- C6 H12 O6 , B- O2 , C-Mg (HCO3)2, D-Ca (OH)2
(D) A- C6 H12 O6 , B- O2 , C-Mg (HCO3)2, D-Ca (HCO3)2
1.7 Respiration in Plants

Guard Cells
Stomatal
Aperture
Outer wall Inner Wall
Epidermal Cells
Chloroplasts
Stomata
Figure 1.3
STRUCTURE OF STOMATA
Much like animals, the plants also respire day and night. However, the rate of respiration in plants is far
slower than animals for the simple reasons that plants do not perform as many activities as do the animals.
During respiration the plants breathe through stomata, the minute openings on the surface of leaves. An
opening (stoma or pore) of a stomata is surrounded by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells containing
chloroplasts for photosynthesis. During respiration, the stoma opens and the air diffuses in the cells.
After the oxidation the carbon dioxide diffuses out. The activity given below shows that plants breathe
out carbon dioxide during respiration.
To show that plants produce carbon dioxide during respiration:
Cotton wool plug
Glass funnel
Germinating Small dish containing

seeds clear limewater
Grease seal Grease seal
Glass plate
To prove plants breath out carbon dioxide
Figure 1.4
For doing this activity you need germinating seeds. The seeds can be germinated by placing the Germinating
seeds (seeds of barley, wheat, beans, etc.) in thick moist cloth for 48 hours.
1. Take a clean glass plate and over it place about 25 g germinating seeds. Sprinkle some water over
the seeds.
2. Along with seeds place a small dish containing clear limewater.
3. Place an inverted funnel over the germinating seeds and limewater as shown in Fig. 1.4. Plug the
stem of funnel with cotton wool. Apply grease all along the rim of the funnel, so as to prevent the
entry of air.
4. Leave the apparatus undisturbed for overnight.
You will find that limewater turns milky. It is because the germinating seeds give off carbon dioxide
during respiration.
1.8 Photosynthesis
The chemical process taking place in the green leaves is called photosynthesis.
DEFINITION
The process due to which the plant leaves absorb carbon dioxide gas from atmosphere and then in the
presence of water, chlorophyll and sunlight, convert it to glucose (sugar) and oxygen is called
‘photosynthesis’.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon dioxide + Water Light Sugar + Oxygen
 
Chlorophyll
It is interesting to note that photosynthesis is the reverse chemical process of respiration. During respiration,
it is the glucose and oxygen which react chemically to form carbon dioxide, water and release heat
energy. However, during photosynthesis, the carbon dioxide and water react chemically by the absorption
of light energy to form glucose and oxygen.
5.9 Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Cycles
Figure 1.5
Vast amount of oxygen present in the air is consumed during the respiration of billions of plants and
animals, which in turn release the vast amount of carbon dioxide and water vapour. Furthermore, large
amount of oxygen is consumed during the process of combustion of fuels. In spite of the fact that oxygen
is being continuously consumed, its amount in air remains same. During the day time, the carbon dioxide
diffuses into the pores of green leaves. Here, it reacts with water, in the presence of chlorophyll to form
oxygen and glucose. The oxygen is released in the air. The glucose is converted into sugar and then
starch by a very complex process. As the volume of oxygen released is equal to the volume of carbon
dioxide absorbed.
EXERCISE-1.4
LEVEL-1
1. The plants breath (during respiration) through:
(A) Stomata (B) chloroplast (C) Metaplast (D) Both (A) and (C)
2. The plants breathe out ________ during respiration
(A) CO2 (B) O2 (C) H2O (D) None
3. The chemical process taking place in the green leaves is called:
(A) Photolysis (B) Photosynthesis (C) Catalysis (D) Electrolysis
4. An opening of a stomata is:
(A) Stoma (B) Pore (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None
food?
6. Plants also consume oxygen for respiration similar to animals. It is said that trees should not be
cut down in order to maintain the balance of oxygen in the atmosphere because
(A) animals take more oxygen than plants
(B) plants release more oxygen than what they take
(C) animals release more oxygen than what they take
(D) plants recharge the soil with oxygen dissolved in soil
LEVEL-2
7. The day time, the carbon dioxide reacts with water in the presence of chlorophyll to form:
(A) Oxygen and Glucose (B) Glucose and Carbon dioxide
(C) Water and Glucose (D) Oxygen and water
8. The carbon dioxide react with water in the presence of chlorophyll to form:
(A) Oxygen & Glucose (B) Sugar and Starch
(C) Oxygen & Starch (D) None
9. Humans release __i__ gas during __ii__ process.
(A) I-nitrogen, II- respiration (B) I - carbon dioxide, II-respiration
(C) I-oxygen, II-transpiration (D) I-water vapour, II-transpiration
10. The process of photosynthesis, which gas is evolved:
(A) CO2 (B) O2 (C) Water vapour (D) None
11. Oxygen and carbon dioxide is cycled in the atmosphere between
(A) Animals and mountains (B) Mountains and oceans
(C) Plants and animals (D) Plants and oceans
LEVEL-3
12. Which of the following alternatives contains the names of gases that are incorrectly matched with
the processes associated with them?
(A) I-Oxygen, II- Respiration (B) I - Carbon dioxide, II-Photosynthesis
(C) I-Nitrogen, II-Burning (D) I-Water vapour, II-Water cycle
13. Plants also consume oxygen for respiration similar to animals. It is said that trees should not be
cut down in order to maintain the balance of oxygen in the atmosphere because
(A) Animals take more oxygen than plants
(B) Plants release more oxygen than what they take
(C) Animals release more oxygen than what they take
(D) Plants recharge the soil with oxygen dissolved in soil
14. It is one of the components of air. It is used by living organisms during the process of respiration
and is essential for burning. This component of air is returned to the environment by
(A) Rain (B) Volcanoes (C) Green plants (D) Human beings
LEVEL-4
15. The gases released by a tree during photosynthesis and by an animal during respiration, are indicated
by the arrows in the figure.
The gases marked as I and II are

(A) Both oxygen (B) Both carbon dioxide
(C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively (D) Carbon dioxide and oxygen respectively
LEVEL-5
16. Carbon dioxide and oxygen is cycled through the environment by the processes of burning or
combustion, respiration and photosynthesis.
I III
Burning II IV Respiration
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is released during the processes labelled

(A) I and II (B) II and III (C) III and IV (D) IV and I
***
NEW PATTERN QUESTIONS FOR IIT-JEE

MCAQ Multi Correct Answer Questions
DIRECTIONS: Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which one or more than one is correct.
1. Carbon dioxide evolved from the surface of the earth on:
(A) Death valley in Java (B) Grotodel cave in Naples
(C) Dense forest of Mexico (D) Dense forest of Africa
2. Identify the correct statement: from the following:
(A) Air has weight
(B) Air exerts pressure as earth surface
(C) Torricelli a scientist designed cistern barometer.
(D) Barometer is used to measure the weight of air.
3. Which of the following statements about air is correct?
(A) It cannot be seen. (B) It contains dust particles
(C) Moving air is called wind. (D) Water does not contain air.
4. Identify the true statement from the following:
(A) The composition of air changes from place to place.
(B) Air occupies space and has weight.
(C) The percentage of nitrogen in air, by volume 28.03%
(D) The temperature is high, the volume to water vapour increases in air.
5. These fly in air using the difference in air pressure:
(A) Parachutes (B) Sail boats (C) Helicopters (D) Birds
6. Our food mainly consists of compounds of:
(A) Carbon (B) Hydrogen (C) Oxygen (D) Nitrogen
7. Choose the correct statement/s.
(A) The percentage composition of water vapour in air, by volume, varies from 0.4% to 4%.
(B) The presence of water vapour controls the rate of evaporation from the plants and animals
(C) Helium gas is very light and is used for filling weather observation balloons
(D) Neon gas is used for filling electric bulbs at low pressure
STQ Statement Type Questions

DIRECTIONS: Each question in section has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is
correct. Mark your choices as follows:
8. Statement I: Leguminous plants have nodule on their roots.
Statement II: The bacteria present on nodules takes nitrates from the plants.
9. Statement I: Atmosphere is a thin layer around earth that is composed of air.
Statement II: Air occupies space.
10. Statement I: Air is a colourless gaseous substance
Statement II: Air has weight and exerts pressure in all directions.
11. Statement I: The carbon monoxide turns lime water milky.
Statement II: Carbon dioxide evolves from the surface of the earth like the Death Valley in Java.
12. Statement I: Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Statement II: The height of mercury column near the sea level will be 76cms.
13. Statement I: When a glass tumbler inverted over a burning candle the flame burns for a few
seconds then it goes off.
Statement II: The burning candle does not receive any fresh supply of air on account of water
deal.
14. Statement I: The anhydrous copper sulphate in the U-tube change its colour to blue colour.
Statement II: The anhydrous copper sulphate reacts with the water vapour to form blue coloured
hydrated copper sulphate.
CTQ Comprehension Type Questions

DIRECTIONS: Each set in this section contains a paragraph or comprehension followed by questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which one or more answers are correct.
COMPREHENSION -1 (Q.No. 15–18)

The air not only contains oxygen and nitrogen, but also variety of other gases in small amounts. The
chief amongst the other gases are carbon dioxide, water vapour, ozone and noble gases (Helium, Neon,
Argon, Krypton and Xenon are collectively called noble gases). In addition to these, there are impurities
like dust particles, carbon particles, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. The
composition of the air changes from place to place. In cities, where there are more vehicles, factories,
etc., the percentage of carbon dioxide is more than that in the villages.
15. The percentage of nitrogen in atmosphere is
(A) 0.03 (B) 0.94 (C) 20.9 (D) 78.03
16. The percentage of oxygen in atmosphere is
(A) 0.03 (B) 0.94 (C) 20.9 (D) 78.03
17. The percentage of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is
(A) 0.03 (B) 0.94 (C) 20.9 (D) 78.03
18. The percentage of noble gases in atmosphere is
(A) 0.03 (B) 0.94 (C) 20.9 (D) 78.03
COMPREHENSION -2 (Q.No. 19–20)

The percentage of oxygen in air by volume, varies from 20.8% to 20.9%. It has vital roles in atmosphere.
(A) Oxygen supports all animals and plant life on the earth
(B) Oxygen is essential for respiration
(C) Oxygen is essential for the combustion of fuels
(D) All the above
20. The vital products of combustion are
(A) CO2 and H2O (B) CO and H2O (C) NO2 and H2O (D) NO and H2
MMTQ Matrix Match Type Questions

DIRECTIONS: Following questions has four statements (a, b,c and d) given in Column I and four or more
statements (p, q, r, s, t...) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching
with one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Match the entries in Column I with entries in
Column II.
For example, if correct matches are a-p, a-s, b-q, b-r, c-p, c-q and d-s, then the correctly bubbled 4×4
matrix should be as follows.
21. Column-I Column-II

(a) Nitrogen and oxygen (p) Grotodel cave
(b) Water vapour (q) Nodules as their roots.
(c) Leguminosae (r) 4 : 1
(d) Naples (s) Mist
(t) Death valley
Composition of air Percentage
(a) Nitrogen (p) 20.9%
(b) Oxygen (q) 0.03%
(c) Carbon dioxide (r) 0.94%
(d) Noble gases (s) 28.9%
(t) 78.03%
(a) Nitrogen (p) Causes respiratory problems
(b) Oxygen (q) controls the rate of evaporation
(c) Carbon dioxide (r) food for plants.
(d) Water vapour (s) essential for respiration
(t) dilutes the activity of oxygen
ITQ Integer Type Questions

DIRECTIONS: The answer to each of the questions is a single digit non negative integer, ranging from 0
24. If the ranking is given based on the percentage of different gases present in atmosphere, the rank
that would be given to nitrogen is ____.
25. If the ranking is given based on the percentage of different gases present in atmosphere, the rank
that would be given to oxygen is ____.
26. In photosynthesis reaction, if 6 molecules of CO2 reacts with 6 molecules of H2O, _____ molecules
of glucose are formed.
***
KEY
EXERCISE-1.1
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B C A A A D B D A A
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key D D B B B D B C D D
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Key B B D D D D B D
EXERCISE-1.2
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key D A A B A A A C B B
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15
Key B A B C D
EXERCISE-1.3
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key D B C B B B C A A D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key A B B D D C D C D
EXERCISE-1.4
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key A A B C D B A A B B
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16
Key C C B C C B
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key AB ABC ABC ABD ABCD ABC ABC C B B
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key D B A A D C A B D A
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26
Key * * * 1 2 1
21. a-r; b-s;c-q; d-p

22. a-t; b-p; c-q; d-s
23. a-t; b-s; c-r;d-q
Chemistry Metals and Non Metals | 2 1
Chapter-2
Metals and Non Metals

2.1 Introduction
Man’s friendship with metals dates from prehistoric times. Initially, man became familiar with those
metals which were occurring free in nature, like gold and copper. Gold was found at the burial sites. Then
man came across copper and this was the first metal man started using extensively. This is the reason
why this period was called the Copper Age. This was followed by the Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
There are more than 100 elements known today. On the basis of their general characteristics, they are
broadly divided into two major groups :
(i) Metals and (ii) Non-metals.
There is yet another group of elements which shows characteristics of both metals and non-metals. Such
elements are called metalloids. Among the total elements discovered, approximately 80% of them are
metals and the remaining are either non-metals or metalloids.
Position in the periodic table : In the periodic table, metals are placed on the left hand side and in the
centre, whereas non-metals are placed on the right hand side with the exception of hydrogen, which is
placed with metals on the extreme left. The metalloids form a border diagonal line, separating metals
from non-metals, as shown in the diagram below :
Long form of Periodic Table
Metals
Period IA Non-metals VIIIA
1 2
1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Metalloids B C N O F Ne
11 12
Heavy Metals 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
2.2 Metals
The solid state of matter, in which the atoms are very closely packed together and have a special type of
bond known as metallic bond is called a metal. Because of very tight, or close packing, the metals are
quite hard. Out of 115 elements, nearly 70 elements are found to be metals.
LIST OF COMMON METALS
English Name Symbol English Name Symbol
1. Lithium Li 14. Zinc Zn
2. Sodium Na 15. Gallium Ga
3. Magnesium Mg 16. Silver Ag
4. Aluminium Al 17. Tin Sn
5. Potassium K 18. Barium Ba
6. Calcium Ca 19. Platinum Pt
7. Vanadium V 20. Gold Au
8. Chromium Cr 21. Mercury Hg
9. Manganese Mn 22. Lead Pb
10. Iron Fe 23. Radium Ra
11. Cobalt Co 24. Uranium U
12. Nickel Ni 25. Tungsten W
13. Copper Cu 26. Thorium Th
2.3 Physical Properties of Metals

1. APPEARANCE
Metals usually have a silver or grey colour (except copper and gold).
Copper has a reddish-brown colour whereas gold has a yellow colour. Metals are widely used in our
daily life for a large number of purposes. The cooking utensils, electric fans, sewing machines, cars,
buses, trucks, trains, ships and aeroplanes, are all made of metals or mixtures of metals called
alloys. In fact, the list of articles made of metals which we use in our daily life is unending.
Silver Aluminium
2. PHYSICAL STATE
Metals are solids at the room temperature. Generally, metals are very hard solids. All the
metals like iron, copper, aluminium, silver and gold, etc., are solids at the room temperature.
Liquid Mercury Liquid Gallium

Exceptions: Only one metal, mercury, is in liquid state at the room temperature. Whereas gallium is
a liquid at 30 °C.
3. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS

Metals generally have high melting points and boiling points. This means that most of the
metals melt and vapourise at high temperatures. Iron is a very important metal. We use about nine
times more iron than all the other metals put together. Iron is made into steel and used for making
large things like bridges , as well as small things like needles. For example, iron is a metal having a
high melting point of 1535°C. This means that solid iron melts and turns into liquid iron (or molten
iron) on heating to a high temperature of 1535°C. Copper metal has also a high melting point of
1083°C.
Iron is melted at 15350C
Exceptions: Metals like sodium and potassium have low melting points (of less than 100°C).
Another metal gallium has such a low melting point that it starts melting in hand (by the heat of our
body).
4. HARDNESS
Metals are generally hard. Most of the metals are hard. But all the metals are not equally hard.
The hardness varies from metal to metal. Most of the metals like iron, copper, aluminium, etc., are
very hard. They cannot be cut with a knife.
Cutting sodium with a knife

Exceptions: Sodium and potassium are soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife.
5. TENSILE STRENGTH
The ability to hold large weights without breaking is called tensile strength. Metals are hard and
have high tensile strength. For example, iron metal (in the form of steel) is very strong having a high
tensile strength. Due to this, iron metal is used in the construction of bridges, buildings, railway lines,
gliders, machines, vehicles and chains, etc. Though most of the metals are strong but some of the
metals are not strong. For example, sodium and potassium metals are not strong. They have low
tensile strength.
Railway wagon Bridge made of iron

6. DENSITY:
Metals have high densities. This means that metals are heavy substances. For example, the
density of iron metal is 7.8 g/cm3 which is quite high. There are, however, some exceptions. Sodium
and potassium metals have low densities. They are very light metals.
7. MALLEABILITY
Metals can be beaten into thin sheets with a hammer (without breaking). This property of
metals is called Malleability.
Gold and silver metals are some of the best malleable metals. Aluminium and copper metals
are also highly malleable metals. All these metals can be beaten with a hammer to form very thin
sheets called foils. For example, silver metal can be hammered into thin silver foils because of its
high malleability. The silver foils are used for decorating sweets. Similarly, aluminium metal is quite
malleable and can be converted into thin sheets called aluminium foils. Aluminium foils are used
for packing food items like biscuits, chocolates, medicines, cigarettes, etc. Milk bottle
caps are also made of aluminium foil. Aluminium sheets are used for making cooking utensils.
Copper metal is also highly malleable. So, copper sheets are used to make utensils and other
containers. Thus, malleability is an important characteristic property of metals.
Copper sheet Aluminium sheet
8. DUCTILITY
The property of metals by which they can be drawn (or stretched) into thin wires is called
ductility. All the metals are not equally ductile. Some are more ductile than the others. Gold and
silver are among the best ductile metals. For example, just 100 milligrams of a highly ductile
metal like silver can be drawn into a thin wire about 200 metres long. Copper and aluminium metals
are also very ductile and can be drawn into thin wires which are used in electrical wiring. So, we
can say that metals are malleable and ductile. It is due to the properties of malleability and
ductility that metals can be given different shapes to make various articles.
Copper wire Silver wire
9. LUSTROUSNESS
Metals are lustrous (or shiny), and can be polished. Gold, silver and copper are shiny metals
and they can be polished. The property of a metal having a shining surface is called metallic lustre
(chamak). The shiny appearance of metals makes them useful in making jewellery and decoration
pieces. For example, gold and silver are used for making jewellery because they are bright and
shiny. The shiny surface of metals makes them good reflectors of light. Silver metal is an excellent
reflector of light.
Polished steel uten sils

10. HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Conductivity is the ability of a substance allow heat and electricity to pass through them
easily.
Metals are generally good conductors of heat (The conduction of heat is also called thermal
conductivity). Silver metal is the best conductor of heat. It has the highest thermal conductivity.
Copper and aluminium metals are also very good conductors of heat. The cooking utensils and
water boilers, etc., are usually made of copper or aluminium metals because they are very
good conductors of heat. The poorest conductor of heat among the metals is lead. Mercury metal
is also a poor conductor of heat.
Water boiler made with alumin ium
Metals are good conductors of electricity. The metals offer very little resistance to the flow of
electric current and hence show high electrical conductivity. Silver metal is the best conductor
of electricity. Copper metal is the next best conductor of electricity followed by gold, aluminium
and tungsten. The electric wires are made of copper and aluminium metals because they
are very good conductors of electricity. The metals like iron and mercury offer comparatively
greater resistance to the flow of current, so they have lower electrical conductivity.
Electrical cables are made

with metallic wires
11. SONORITY
Metals are sonorous. This means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them. It is
due to the property of sonorousness of metals that they are used for making bells, plate type musical
instruments like cymbals (manjira), and wires (or strings) for stringed musical instruments such as
violin, guitar, sitar and tanpoora, etc.
Metallic chimes
Metals differ significantly from non-metals in many of the physical and chemical properties. Let us
study them in detail.
2.4 Non-metals
As the name suggests, non-metals are opposite to metals, which means that their properties are quite
different, from the metals. They are comparatively less in number. Out of 118 elements, only about 14 to
15 elements are found to be non-metals. A non-metal is an element that is neither malleable nor ductile,
and does not conduct electricity.
LIST OF COMMON NON-METALS
Non-metal State Colour
Hydrogen Gas Colourless
Nitrogen Gas Colourless
Oxygen Gas Colourless
Fluorine Gas Colourless
Chlorine Gas Greenish yellow
Bromine Liquid Reddish brown
Iodine Solid Greyish brown

Carbon Solid Grey
Phosphorus Solid Waxy yellow
Sulphur Solid Yellow
2.5 Physical properties of non metals

1. APPEARANCE
Non metals are dull in appearance and are present in different colours. For example, sulphur is
yellow, phosphorus is white or red, graphite is black, chlorine is yellowish-green, bromine is red-
brown whereas hydrogen and oxygen are colourless.
Sulphur Carbon
2. PHYSICAL STATE
Non-metals can exist in all the three physical states : solid, liquid and gaseous. For example, carbon,
sulphur and phosphorus are solid non-metals; bromine is a liquid non- metal; whereas hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine are gaseous non-metals. Diamond ( a non metal) is the hardest
substance known.
Solid phosphorus Liquid Bromine

3. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS

Non-metals have comparatively low melting points and boiling points This means that non-
metals melt and vapourise at comparatively low temperatures. For example, sulphur is a non-metal
having a low melting point of 119°C. The majority of non- metals have very low boiling points due to
which they exist as gases at room temperature.
Exception: Only one non-metal graphite has a very high melting point (of 3700°C).
Graphit e
4. HARDNESS
Non-metals are generally soft . Most of the solid non-metals are quite soft. They can be easily
cut with a knife. For example, sulphur and phosphorus are solid non-metals which are quite soft and
can be easily cut with a knife.
Exception: Only one non-metal carbon (in the form of diamond) is very hard. In fact, diamond
(which is an allotropic form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known.
Diamond
5. TENSILE STRENGTH
Non-metals are not strong. They have low tensile strength. This means that non-metals cannot
hold large weights (without breaking). For example, graphite is a non-metal which is not strong. It
has a low tensile strength. When a large weight is placed on a graphite sheet, it breaks.
6. DENSITIES
Non-metals have low densities. This means that non-metals are light substances. For example,
sulphur is a solid non-metal having a low density of 2 g/cm3, which is quite low. The density of
gaseous non-metals is very low.
Exception: One non-metal iodine has higher density compared to other non metals.
Iodin e
7. MALLEABILITY
Non-metals are not malleable and are brittle. This means that non- metals cannot be beaten
into thin sheets with a hammer. Non-metals break into small pieces when hammered. For example,
sulphur and phosphorus are solid non-metals which are not malleable, they cannot be beaten into
thin sheets with a hammer. Thus, we cannot get thin sheets from non-metals. Sulphur and phosphorus
non-metals are brittle. When beaten with a hammer, they break into small pieces. Brittleness is a
characteristic property of solid non-metals.
8. DUCTILITY
Non-metals are not ductile. This means that non-metals cannot be drawn into wires. They are
easily snapped on stretching. For example, sulphur and phosphorus are non-metals and they are not
ductile. When stretched, sulphur and phosphorus break into pieces and do not form wires. Thus, we
cannot get wires from non-metals.
Note: Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile. Non- metals are brittle.
9. LUSTROUSNESS
Non-metals are not lustrous (not shiny). They are dull in appearance. Non-metals do not have lustre
which means that non-metals do not have a shining surface. The solid non-metals have a dull
appearance. For example, sulphur and phosphorus are non-metals which have no lustre, that is, they
do not have a shining surface. They appear to be dull.
Exception: Iodine is a non-metal having lustrous appearance. It has a shining surface (like that of
metals).
10. HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity. This means that non-metals do not allow
heat and electricity to pass through them. For example, sulphur and phosphorus are non-metals
which do not conduct heat or electricity. Many of the non-metals are, in fact, insulators.
Exception: A form of the carbon element, diamond is a non-metal which is a good conductor
of heat. And another form of carbon element, graphite is a non-metal which is a good conductor
of electricity. Being a good conductor of electricity, graphite is used for making electrodes (as that
in dry cells).
11. SONORITY
Non-metals are not sonorous. This means that solid non-metals do not make a ringing sound when
we strike them.
2.6 Metalloids and Noble gases

METALLOIDS
Elements that exhibit some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals are called metalloids.
Examples : Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te) and
Polonium (Po)
NOBLE GASES
These elements are found in air in the form of gas in very small amounts. Therefore, they are sometimes
called rare gases.
They are also called noble gases, because they do not react chemically with any known element.
Examples: Heliium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon.
Note : Helium is the second lightest element after hydrogen.
Radon is given out by the radioactive emission from earth.
2.7 Abundance of elements in earth’s crust

Element Percentage by weight Element Percentage by weight
Oxygen 49.85 Potassium 2.33
Silicon 26.03 Magnesium 2.11
Aluminium 7.28 Hydrogen 0.97
Iron 4.12 Titanium 0.41
Calcium 3.18 Other elements 1.39
Sodium 2.33
2.8 Summary of physical and chemical properties of metals and

non metals
Physical property Metals Non-metals
1. State All metals are solids at room Generally gases at ordinary
temperature. Eg : Iron temperature. Eg: chlorine.
Exception : Mercury and Exception : Bromine is a
Gallium (liquids) liquid. Iodine is a solid.
2. Lustre Lustrous and can be polished. Possess no meta llic luster and
(ability to reflect light) cannot be polished.
Exception : Iodine and
dia mond
3. Hardness Generally hard Generally soft
Exception : Sodium, Exception : Diamond (hardest
potassium, mercury and lead substance known)
4. Density Generally have high density Generally have low density.
Exception : Sodium,
potassium
5. Melting and boiling Generally have high M.P. and Generally have low M.P. and
point B.P. B.P.
Exception : Sodium, Exception : Ca rbon, boron and
potassium, gallium, mercury silicon.
6. Sonority They are sonorous (make Non-sonorous.
(ability to produce sound) sound when struck).
7. Malleability Generally malleable. Non-malleable.
(Ability to mould into Eg: Silver and gold-highly
shapes and sheets without malleable.
breaking)
8. Ductility Generally ductile. Non-ductile.
(ability to be drawn into a
thin wire)
9. Conductivity Good conductors of heat and Poor conductors of heat and
electricity. electricity.
Exception : Tungsten
10. Solubility Usually metals are insoluble in Non-metals are soluble even
wa ter or other solvents. But if without chemical reaction and
a metal dissolves, it does by reobtained by evaporation.
reacting chemically with the Eg: Sulphur in carbon
solution. disulphide
Eg : Na with water Generally do not form alloys.
But carbon, phosphorous,
sulphur etc, can be present in
some alloys.
11. Alloy formation Forms alloys.
(A mixture made by Eg: Brass, bronze etc.
combining two or more
metals)
EXERCISE-2.1
LEVEL-1
1. The most abundant metal in earth’s crust is:
(A) Oxygen (B) Aluminium (C) Gold (D) Platinum
2. Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets?
(A) Zinc (B) Phosphorus (C) Sulphur (D) Oxygen
3. The non metal which exist in liquid state at room temperature is:
(A) Diamond (B) Graphite (C) Carbon (D) Bromine
4. Most abundant element upon the earth is ________.

(A) Nitrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Silicon (D) Carbon
5. Which metal is found in liquid state at room temperature?
(A) Fe (B) Zn (C) Hg (D) Al
6. Which of the following can’t be beaten into sheets?
(A) Zinc (B) Iron (C) Aluminium (D) Sulphur
7. Heat conduction is the property of
(A) Non-metal (B) Metal (C) Metalloids (D) All of these
8. The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is known as
(A) ductility (B) malleability (C) sonorousity (D) conductivity
9. Aluminium foil is used for wrapping food because-
(A) It is ductile (B) It is malleable
(C) It is a good conductor of heat (D) It is sonorous
10. Which material is hard in nature?
(A) Iron (B) Graphite (C) Oxygen (D) sodium
11. Which one of the following metal is used in thermo meters?
(A) Copper (B) Mercury (C) Aluminium (D) Iron
12. Which of the following materials does not the show property of malleability?
(A) Iron (B) Graphite (C) Aluminium (D) Silver
LEVEL-2
13. Metal which occur in free state as well as in combined state is ____.
(A) Copper (B) Silver (C) Gold (D) Platinum
14. The second most abundant non metal in earth’s crust is:
(A) Phosphorus (B) Sulphur (C) Silicon (D) Oxygen
15. The non metal that can conduct electricity is:
(A) Carbon (B) Graphite (C) Diamond (D) None
16. Which one of the following is a good conductor of electricity?
(A) Iron (B) Plastic (C) Wood (D) Glass
17. The property of metal by which it can be drawn into wires is called
(A) Conductivity (B) malleability (C) Ductility (D) Decorating
18. The metals that produce ringing sounds, are said to be
(A) malleable (B) sonorous (C) Lustrous (D) hard
19. Which of the following property is generally not shown by metals?
(A) Electrical conduction (B) Sonorous in nature
(C) Dullness (D) Ductility
20. All materials shown property of malleability expect
(A) Iron (B) Graphite (C) Aluminium (D) Silver
21. Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity because it
(A) offers a high resistance to the flow of current
(B) is light weight and exists in a solid state
(C) has a large number of mobile electrons
(D) has a large number of static electrons
LEVEL-3
22. The major metals in the earth’s crust in the decreasing order of their abundance are:
(A) Sodium > Potassium > Magnesium > Iron > Calcium > Aluminium.
(B) Sodium > Aluminium > Potassium > Magnesium > Iron > Calcium.
(C) Aluminium > Iron > Calcium > Sodium > Potassium > Magnesium.
(D) Iron > Calcium > Aluminium > Sodium > potassium > Magnesium.
23. Metals are good conductors of electricity because,
(A) They are malleable.
(B) They are ductile.
(C) They have free electrons in their outermost shell.
(D) They show elasticity and plasticity.
24. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Since iodine is lustrous, it is a metal
(B) All existing metals have a high melting point
(C) All metals are solid except mercury, which is a liquid
(D) Since sodium and potassium are not hard, they are not metals
LEVEL-4
25. Statement A: Metals lose electrons to form positive ions.
Statement B: Nonmetals possess lusture, are malleable and ductile.
Statement C: Metals have 4 to 8 electrons in their outermost shell.
Statement D: Non metals have 1 to 3 electrons in their outermost shell.
(A) Statements A and B are correct, statement C is incorrect.
(B) Statement A is correct, statements B and C are incorrect.
(C) All the three statements are correct.
(D) All the three statements are incorrect.
LEVEL-5
26. State true or false.
P) All metals react with other substances to form chemical compounds.
Q) All the elements having one electron in their outermost shell are metals.
R) Metals are good reducing agents.
S) Nonmetals are good oxidizing agents.
P Q R S
(A) True False True False
(B) False True False False
(C) True True False False
(D) False False True True
2.9 Chemical Properties of Metals and Non metals
Chemical property Metals Non-metals

1. Electro chemical Electropositive in nature. Electronegative in nature.
nature
2. Action with Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide Non-metal + Oxygen
oxygen    Non-metal oxide
2Ca + O2   2CaO
 Calcium   Calciu mox id e  Basic
 C  O2   CO2  Acidic
4K + O 2   2K 2 O  oxides 
 Potassium   Potassium oxide  S  O2  SO 2  oxides
4 Al + 3O2   2Al 2O 3  Exception : CO, NO, N2 O,
 Aluminium  Alu min iu mox id e  Amphoteric H2 O  Neutral
 oxide
2 Zn + O2   2ZnO 
Zinc  Zincox id e 
Exception : Cr 2O3  acidic
3. Action with Very reactive metals like potassium, calcium, Non – metals do not react
water sodium react with water and displace hydrogen with water. In fact, they
by forming metal hydroxide. are kept in water to prevent
Metal + Water  Metal + Hydrogen the action of air on them.
hydroxide
2 K + 2 H2 O  2 KOH+ H 2
 Potassium 
 Potassium
hydroxide 
 Ca OH 2 + H 2
Ca + 2 H2 O 
 Calcium   Calcium hyd roxide 
2 Na + 2 H 2O 
 2NaOH + H 2
Sodium   Sod iu m hydro xide 
4. Action with Metals such as sodium, magnesium, zinc and Majority of non metals do
acids iron react with dilute hydrochloric acid and not react with acids. But
sulphuric acid to for m salt and hydrogen. sulphur reacts with
Metal + Acid  Salt + Hydrogen concentrated nitric acid to
2 Na + 2 HCl   2 NaCl + H 2 form sulphur dioxide,
S odium chlo rid e  nitrogen dioxide and water
2 Mg + 2 HCl   MgCl2 + H 2 S + 4 HNO3  SO2 +
M agnesium chloride  4NO2 + 2H2O
Zn + H 2SO4  ZnSO4 + H 2
 Zin csulphate
2 Fe + 6HCl  2FeCl3 + 3H 2
 Ferricchlo ride
5. Hydrides Generally do not form hydrides. Generally for m hydrides
Exception : Sodium, potassium with hydrogen.
6. Action on litmus Magnesium ribbon is burnt and the residue is Sulphur is heated in a
paper collected in glass tumbler. A little qua ntity of spoon and transferred to
water is added to it and is tested with both red glass tumbler. Water is
and blue litmus papers. added to it and it is tested
The blue litmus paper remains unaffected. with both red and blue
Whereas the red litmus paper c hanges to blue litmus papers.
indicating it is a basic oxide. The red litmus paper
remains unaffected.
Whereas blue litmus paper
changes to red indicating it
is acidic oxide.
2.10 Metal Activity Series

Some metals are very reactive and others are less reactive. They can be arranged in a series according
to their reactivity. This series is called metal activity series.
Reaction Magnesium Zinc Iron Copper
On heating Burns very easily Does not burn as Iron filings burn With copper
with a brilliant white easily as much less easily powder there is
flame. magnesium. than zinc. They very little
glow red hot and reaction. It just
produce a few glows a little.
sparks.
With acid Very fast reaction. Fast reaction Slow reaction No reaction
From the above observations we conclude that the metals differ in their reactivity. Some are very reactive,
some are less reactive and few are unreactive.
When we arrange the above metals in their order of reactivity, we have the following series.
Most reactive Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Least reactive Copper
Let us extend the above analogy to a bigger group of metals and the resulting series in their decreasing
order of reactivity is called reactivity series or activity series of metals.
The series and its members are as shown below :
SALIENT FEATURES OF REACTIVITY SERIES

1. The metals present higher position in the series are more reactive.
2. The metals present at the bottom are less reactive.
3. The metal present at the top position can replace the metals at the lower position from their salts.
4. Although hydrogen is not a metal, it is placed in the reactivity series of metals as hydrogen has the
ability to lose electrons to form positive ions like metals.
2.11 Displacement of Metals
(i) Decolourisation of CuSO4 solution
When a strip of Zn metal is placed in a blue coloured solution of CuSO4, the colour of the solution
fades away gradually and the solution becomes colourless due to the formation of ZnSO4. The
copper gets deposited on Zn strip. Here copper of CuSO4 is displaced by Zn, as Zn is more reactive
than copper.
Zn + CuSO4 
 ZnSO4 + Cu
displacing blue colour colourless metal solution
(ii) Colour change of CuSO4 solution
Similarly, when a strip of iron is placed in a blue coloured solution of CuSO4, the colour of the
solution becomes green due to the formation of FeSO4. Here copper of CuSO4 is displaced by iron,
since iron is more reactive than copper.
Fe + CuSO4 
 FeSO4 + Cu
displacing blue colour green metal solution
2.12 Uses of Metals and Non Metals

Metals Uses Non-metals Uses
 Making house hold
utensils and factory
equipments.
 Copper and aluminium are
used in making wires that
conduct electricity.  In making silicon steel alloy
Copper  Iron is used as catalyst in  In making semi-conductor
Aluminium the preparat ion of Silicon devices such as transistors.
and Iron ammonia gas by Haber’s
process. It is also t he  Silica (sandi) is used in making
constituent of glass and cement.
haemoglobin.
 The aluminium foils are
used in packing of
medicines and food
materials.
 In manufacturing phosphoric
acid a nd super phosphate
 It is used for galvanizing fertilizer.
iron to protect it from
 For making phosphor-bronze
rusting. It is also a
Zinc Phosphorus alloy, which can resist
constituent of enzymes
corrosion.
which act as biological
catalysts.  In the preparation of fireworks,
smoke screens and in match
industry.
Metals Uses Non-metals Uses

 They are used for  In the manufacture of
Chromium and electroplating and in the sulphuric acid.
Sulphur
nickel manufacture of stainless  To make soft rubber hard
steel. (vulcanization).
 As a dry lubricant.
Silver and  They are used to make
Graphite  As electrodes in dry cells
gold jewellery and ornaments.
and electric arcs.
Sodium
 They are used in projects related to atomic energy and space science.
titanium and
zirconium  Zirconium is also used for making bullet proofs.
2.13 Noble Metals

The noble metals are a group of metallic elements consisting of gold, platinum, iridium, rhodium, osmium,
ruthenium, palladium and silver.
These metals are called noble because,
(i) They are non reactive, hence, occur free in nature.
(ii) They maintain their metallic lustre for a longer time.
(iii) The availability of these metals is very scarce.
SOME IMPORTANT NOBLE METALS AND THEIR USES
Noble metal Description Uses
Gold i) Gold is soft, shiny, metallic i) It is used in jewellery and ornaments.

element.
ii) Gold is used as currency for trade in various
ii) Its chemical symbol is countries.
‘Au’.
iii) Gold can easily be beaten into different shapes,
hence, it is used in dentistry, fillings and
crowns.
iv) Gold can be beaten into sheets. It is used for
gold lettering.
Platinum i) Platinum is a rare silvery i) It is used to make surgical instruments and

element. chemical equipments.
ii) Its chemical symbol is ‘Pt’. ii) It is used in number of different alloys.
iii) It is used to make fine jewellery.
iv) It is used as catalyst in many chemical
reactions.
Silver i) Silver is scarce and a highly i) It is used in making jewellery, utensils and
valued metallic element table ware.
ii) The chemical symbol of ii) It is used to make coins and medals.
silver is ‘Ag’.
iii) It is used to make contacts in some kinds of
electrical equipment.
iv) Silver is used in electroplating.
v) Silver compounds are widely used in
photography. Silver iodide, chloride and
bromide are all photography elements since
they are sensitive to light.
EXERCISE-2.2
LEVEL-1
1. Phosphorus is a ________ non-metal.
(A) non reactive (B) moderately (C) highly reactive (D) None
2. Metals are ________ conductors of heat and electricity.
(A) Good (B) Bad (C) Neutral (D) None
3. Iron is ________ reactive than copper.
(A) less (B) more (C) same (D) None
4. Metals react with acids to produce _____ gas.
(A) oxygen (B) hydrogen (C) sulphur dioxide (D) ozone
5. Which of the following is the most powerful reducing agent?
(A) Li (B) Ca (C) Al (D) Na
6. Fe and Zn are distinguished by
(A) H2 O (B) HCl (C) Alcohol (D) NaOH
LEVEL-2
7. The basic oxides reacts with acids to form
(A) Salt (B) Water (C) Metalloid (D) All
8. A and B are products when Fe reacts with steam. Identify A and B.
(A) Fe3O4, H2O (B) Fe2O3, H2O (C) Fe3O4, H2 (D) Fe2O3, H2
9. When steam is passed through zinc, then
(A) Hydrogen gas is liberated (B) Zinc hydroxide is formed
(C) Zinc oxide is formed (D) None
10. Metals react with mineral acids to form
(A) Salt + Water (B) Salt + Hydrogen (C) Salt + HCl (D) All
11. Metals react with hydrogen (no heating) form
(A) Hydrides (B) Hydroxide (C) Hydrogen metalloids (D) No reaction
12. Among the following groups of oxides, the group that cannot be reduced by carbon to give the
respective metals is
(A) Cu2O, K2O (B) Fe2O3, ZnO (C) CaO, K2O (D) PbO, Fe3O4
13. Which of the following reacts most vigorously with water?
(A) Na (B) K (C) Cs (D) Rb
14. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
(A) NaCl solution and copper metal (B) MgCl 2 solution and aluminium metal
(C) FeSO4 solution and silver metal (D) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
LEVEL-3
15. The correct decreasing order of the reactivity of different metals is :
(A) K > Na > Mg > Ca > Al > Zn (B) K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn
(C) K > Na > Ca > Mg > Zn > Al (D) K > Na > Mg > Ca > Zn > Al
16. X + 4H2O  Y + Z
X + S  R
‘Y’ is the magnetic oxide of iron and ‘R’ is a grey sulphide.
X Y Z K
(A) Fe Fe2 O 3 H2 FeS
(B) Fe Fe3 O 4 H2 FeS
(C) Fe Fe3 O 3 O2 FeS
(D) Fe Fe2 O 3 O2 FeS
LEVEL-4
17. ‘X’ reacts with oxygen to form a compound ‘Y’. ‘Y’ on reaction with water forms a new substances
‘Z’ that turns blue litmus red. Identify X, Y and Z respectively.
(A) Metal, metallic oxide, base (B) Non-metal, non-metallic oxide, acid
(C) Metal, metallic oxide, neutral solution (D) Metalloid, metalloid oxide, neutral solution
LEVEL-5
18. 2Mg Z
+ +
4Na + X Y + H 2O 2NaOH
2Z ‘K’
Identify X, Y, Z and K.
X Y Z K
(A) H2 O O2 MgO Mg(OH)2
(B) O2 Na 2 O 2 Mg MgO
(C) O2 Na 2 O MgO Mg(OH)2
(D) H2 O O2 Mg(OH)2 MgO
2.14 Alloys
I. INTRODUCTION
An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. For example,
iron is the most widely used metal. But it is never used in the pure form. this is because iron is very
soft and stretches easily when not. But when it is mixed with a small amount of carbon (about
0.05%), it becomes hard and strong. The new form of iron is called steel.
II. OBJECTIVE OF ALLOY MAKING
Alloys are generally prepared to have certain specified properties which are not possessed by the
constituent metals. The main objects of alloy-making are:
(a) To increase resistance to corrosion: For example, stainless steel is prepared which has more
resistant to corrosion than iron.
(b) To modify chemical reactivity: The chemical reactivity of sodium is decreased by making an
alloy with mercury which is known as sodium amalgam.
(c) To increase the hardness: Steel, an alloy of iron and carbon is harder than iron.
(d) To increase tensile strength: Magnesium is an alloy or magnesium and aluminum.
It has greater tensile strength as compared to magnesium and aluminum.
(e) To produce good casting: Type metal is an alloy of lead, tin and mercury.
(f) To lower the melting point: For example, solder is an alloy of lead and tin (50) Pb and 50% Sn).
It has a low melting point and is used for welding electrical wires together.
III. SOME IMPORTANT ALLOYS
The approximate composition and used of some important alloys are given below:
A. ALLOYS OF IRON
Steel: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing 0.1 to 1.5% carbon. Steel is very hard,
tough and strong. It is used for making rails, screws, girders, bridges, railway lines etc. Steel can
also be used for the contraction for building, vehicles, ships etc.
Alloy Steel: Steel obtained by the addition of some other elements such as chromium, vanadium,
titanium, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt or nickel to carbon steel are called Alloy Steel.
B. ALLOYS OF ALUMINUM
This common alloys of aluminum are:
i) Duralumin: It is an alloy containing aluminum, copper and traces of magnesium and manganese.
Its percentage composition is - A l – 95%, Cu = 4%, Mg = 0.5 % Mn = 0.5% It is stronger than pure
aluminum, Since duralumin is light and yet strong, it is used for making bodies of aircrafts, helicopter,
jets and kitchenware’s like pressure cookers etc.
ii) Magnalium: It is an alloy of aluminum and magnesium having the composition: Al - 95%, Mg =
5% It is very light and hard. It is more harder than pure aluminum. It is used for making light
instruments, balance beams, pressure cookers etc.
iii) Alnico: It is an alloy containing aluminum, iron, nickel, and cobalt. It is highly magnetic in nature and
can be used for making powerful magnets.
C. Alloys of Copper
The important alloys of copper are Brass and Bronze.
i) Brass - It is an alloy of copper and zinc having the composition: Cu = 80% Zn = 20%. Brass is
more malleable and more strong than pure copper. It is used for making cooking utensils, condenser
sheets, pipes, hardware, nuts, bolts, screws, springs etc.
ii) Bronze - It is an alloy of copper and tin having the composition: Cu = 90% Sn = 10% Bronze is very
though and highly resistant to corrosion. It is used for making utensils, statues, cooling pipes, coins,
hardware etc.
iii) German Silver - It is an alloy of copper, zinc and nickel having the composition: Cu = 60%, Zn =
20%, Ni = 20%. It is used for making silverware, utensils and for electroplating.
D. ALLOYING OF GOLD
Pure gold is very soft and cannot be used as such for jewellery. Therefore, it is generally alloyed
with other metals commonly copper or silver to make it harder and modify its colour. The purity of
gold is expressed as carats. Pure gold is of 24 carat. A 18 carat gold means that is contains 18 parts
of gold is 24 parts by weight of alloy. Most of the jewellery is made of 22 carat gold.
AMALGAMS
Amalgams are homogenous mixtures of a metal and mercury. For example, sodium amalgam contains
sodium and mercury. Different amalgams are prepared according to their used. For example,
i) Sodium amalgam is produced to decrease the chemical reactivity of sodium metal. It is also used as
a good reducing agent.
ii) Tin amalgam is used for silvering cheap mirrors.
iii) The process of amalgamation is used for the extraction of metals like gold or silver from their native
ores.
EXERCISE-2.3
LEVEL-1
1. Ornaments are usually made up of ______ gold.
(A) 24 Carat (B) 22 carat (C) 28 carat (D) None
2. Iodine is used as an antiseptic in the form of ______ solution.
(A) Aqueous (B) Alcoholic (C) Homogenous (D) None
3. Edible common salt contains
(A) Bromine (B) Fluorine (C) Iodine (D) Sulphur
4. Salt petre is used as
(A) Fertilizer (B) insecticide (C) Fungicide (D) All the above
LEVEL-2
5. Fizzy drinks are __________.
(A) Basic (B) Acidic (C) Amphoteric (D) Soft
6. Chips packets are filled with an inactive gas, which prevents the spoilage of chips. the gas is.....
(A) Oxygen (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Nitrogen (D) Sulphur
7. Plastic bags (carry bags) are made from polythene which are ______
(A) Semi conductors (B) Conductors (C) Polymers (D) Semi solids
8. Chrome tungsten steel is used in making
(A) Drilling tool (B) Ridged wheel
(C) Amalgam (D) Solder
9. Common brass is an alloy of
(A) Cu and Tin (B) Tin and Zinc (C) Copper and zinc (D) Bronze and lead
10. Stainless steel is addition to iron contains
(A) Nickel and Chromium (B) Copper and tin
(C) Aluminium and magnesium (D) Carbon and manganese
11. The metal that has to be present in an alloy for it to be called an amalgam is
(A) zinc (B) copper (C) sodium (D) mercury
12. Galvanisation is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of
(A) Chromium (B) Copper (C) Zinc (D) Tin.
13. Silver metal becomes black on exposure to air by the coating of -
(A) silver chloride (B) silver oxide (C) silver sulphide (D) silver hydroxide
14. Alloys are a homogeneous mixture of -
(A) metals only (B) non - metals only
(C) metals or metals and non-metal (D) None of these
15. Bronze contain
(A) Cu, Zn & Sn (B) Cu and Sn (C) Cu and Zn (D) Cu, Zn and Al
16. German silver is an alloy of

(A) Cu and Ni (B) Cu, Sn and Ag (C) Cu, Zn and Ni (D) Cu, Ni, Fe and Mn
17. Parts of aeroplanes are generally made from
(A) phospher bronze (B) metal (C) Magnalium (D) Duralium
LEVEL-3
18. Aluminium is good conductor of heat, so it so used in
(A) Duralumin (B) Paint (C) Electric wire (D) All the above
19. Sulphur is used in volcanisation of _______
(A) Tyre (B) Rubber (C) Polymer (D) None
20. Painting keeps away ____ and ____ from steel structures and prevents rusting of it
(A) Oxides and chlorides (B) Air and moisture
(C) Nitrogen and Oxygen (D) None
21. Chromium & Nickel metals are used for
(A) Stainless steel (B) Electro plating
(C) Galvanisation (D) None
22. The process of coating iron sheets with a thin layer of zinc is called
(A) Hibernation (B) Electroplating (C) Galvanisation (D) None
23. Which metal is used as a reducing agent in smelting ?

(A) C (B) Al (C) Zn (D) None
24. German silver is an alloy of -
(A) Cu and Ni (B) Cu, Sn and Ag (C) Cu, Zn and Ni (D) Cu, Ni, Fe and Mn
25. Which of the following is not and alloy of aluminum ?
(A) Duralumin (B) Mangalium (C) Alnico (D) All are alloys of aluminum.
26. Which of the following alternative lists the alloys with their compositions?
(A) Bronze -Copper and tin ; Solder- Lead and tin
(B) Bronze- Lead and tin, Solder - Copper and tin
(C) Bronze -Copper and zinc, Solder - Lead and tin
(D) Bronze- Copper and tin, Solder-Lead and zinc
LEVEL-4
27. P) German silver is used in decorating sweets
Q) Ornamental gold is an alloy of gold and silver
R) Coins are made up of pure metals
(P) (Q) (R)
(A) False True False
(B) True False True
(C) False True True
(D) True False False
28. P) Duralumin - (Al = 95%, Cu = 4%, Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%)
Q) Solder- (Sn = 50% to 60% Pb = 50% to 40%)
R) Brass- (Cu = 60% to 80% Sn = 0% to 40%)
(P) (Q) (R)
(A) false true false
(B) True False True
(C) False True False
(D) True False False
LEVEL-5
29. P: Duralumin is a alloy of Nickel gold
Q: Silicon is used in making aeroplane chips
R : Amalgam is used for filling cavities in teeth
S : Nichrome is an alloy of nickel and chrome
(P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) False True True False
(B) True False True False
(C) False True False True
(D) True False False True
30. P) Stain less steel is an alloy of iron and copper
Q) Alnico can also be called as magnetic steel
R) German silver is an alloy of silver and nickel
S) Bell metal and gun metal are Iron-carbon alloys.
(P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) False True False False
(B) False True False False
(C) False True False True
(D) True False False True

1. Metal which occur in free state as well as in combined state is ____.
(A) Copper (B) Silver (C) Gold (D) Platinum
2. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(A) All metals are ductile.
(B) All non-metals are ductile.
(C) Generally, metals are ductile.
(D) Some non-metals are ductile.
3. Which of the following metals have low tensile strength?
(A) Sodium (B) Mercury (C) Zinc (D) Tin
4. Which of the following statement (S) are true?
(A) Among all the naturally occuring elements, around eighty percent are metals
(B) Non-metals are more abundant than metals.
(C) Sodium and potassium are soft like wax.
(D) Bromine is a reddish brown liquid at room temperature.
5. The metal that occurs in free state in the earth’s crust is:
(A) Gold (B) Silver (C) Platinum (D) Sodium
(A) Metals are good conductors of electricity.
(B) Metals are lustrous.
(C) Metals are generally soft.
(D) Metals are bad conductors of heat.
7. Choose the INCORRECT statement.
(A) Metals lose electrons to form positive ions.
(B) Nonmetals possess lusture, are malleable and ductile.
(C) Metals have 4 to 8 electrons in their outermost shell.
(D) Non metals have 1 to 3 electrons in their outermost shell.
8. Sodium metal can be kept under:
(A) Kerosene (B) Benzene (C) Toluene (D) Alcohol
9. Sodium metal can be kept under:
(A) Kerosene (B) Benzene (C) Toluene (D) Alcohol
10. Choose the correct statement.
(A) All metals reacts with other substance to form chemical compounds.
(B) All the elements having one electron in their outermost shell are metals.
(C) Metals are good reducing agents.
(D) Nonmetals are good oxidizing agents.
11. Which of the following metals react with oxygen at room temperature to form their respective
oxides?
(A) Mg (B) Na (C) K (D) Ca
12. Which of the following metals do not burn in air even on strong heating?
(A) Fe (B) Cu (C) Mg (D) Zn
13. Which of the following metals react with cold water to form their respective hydroxides?
(A) Mg (B) Na (C) K (D) Ca
14. Which of the following metals reacts with only steam?
(A) K (B) Ca (C) Zn (D) Al
15. Which of the following metals react violently with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCI) or dilute sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) liberating hydrogen gas and corresponding metal salt?
(A) Fe (B) Na (C) Ca (D) Cu

16. Statement I: Metals are sonorous.
Statment II: They are generally brittle in the solid state, they break into pieces when hammered.
17. Statment I: Non metals have many different colours.
Statement II: Nonmetals are less dense and have low melting and boiling points.
18. Statement I: Non metals are sonorous.
Statment II: Metals are sonorous.
19. Statement I: Metals are sonorous.
Statement II: They are generally brittle in the solid state, they break into pieces when hammered.
20. Statement I: Mercury and gallium are liquid metals.
Statement II: Bromine is a liquid non metal.
21. Statement I: In general, metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Statement II: This is due to the presence of free electrons.
22. Statement I: Non metals form alloys with other non metals.
Statement II: Metals are ductile in nature.
23. Statement I: Generally, non-metals react with acids.
Statement II: Sodium is a very reactive metal.
24. Statement I: Zinc displaces copper from zinc sulphate solution.
Statement II: Coal can be drawn into wires.
25. Statement I: Sodium reacts with water, producing a hissing sound.
Statement II : Sodium reacts with water and produces hydrogen gas.
26. Statement I : Sodium and potassium are highly reactive metals.
Statement II : Sodium and potassium are stored under water.
27. Statement I: Metals like magnesium and zinc do not react with oxygen at room temperature. They
burn in air only on strong heating to form corresponding oxides.
Statement II: Metals like iron and copper do not burn in air even on strong heating. However, they
react with oxygen only on prolonged heating.
28. Statement I: Sodium and potassium metals react vigorously with cold water to form respective
hydroxide and hydrogen gas is liberated.
Statement II: Magnesium reacts very slowly with cold water but reacts rapidly with hot boiling
water forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen.
29. Statement I: The order of reactivities of different metals with water is :Na > Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu
Statement II: Sodium, magnesium and calcium react violently with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCI) or
dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) liberating hydrogen gas and corresponding metal salt.
30. Statement I: The order of reactivity of different metals with dilute acid: Na > Mg > Al > Zn >
Fe > Cu
Statement II: The metal which is higher in the activity series is more reactive than the other.
31. Statement I : When soft iron nails are dipped in a strong solution of copper sulphate, a greenish black
solution is formed.
Statement II : Iron replaces copper from copper sulphate solution forming iron sulphate.

COMPREHENSION-1(For Q.no.32-34)
Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals; most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen,
oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine); and a few are
solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, selenium, and iodine).
32. Name a non-metal which is yellow and volatilizes at high temperatures.
(A) carbon (B) phosphorus (C) sulphur (D) selenium
33. Name a non-metal which is hard and has a high melting point.
34. Name a non-metal which has lustre but does not sublime on heating.
COMPREHENSION-2 (For Q.no.35-36)

The atoms of the metals have usually 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outermost shells. These outermost
electrons are loosely held by their nuclei. Therefore, the metal atoms can easily lose their outermost
electrons to from positively charged ions.
35. Name the gas liberated when dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate.
(A) oxygen (B) hydrogen (C) sulphur dioxide (D) hydrogen
36. Name the green coloured compound formed when iron nails are placed in copper sulphate solution?
(A) Copper sulphide (B) Iron sulphide (C) Iron sulphate (D) None

Saloni took a piece of burning charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube.
37. What is the nature of the gas she collected?
(A) Acidic (B) Basic (C) Neutral (D) None
38. Name the gas liberated in this process.
(A) H2 (B) O2 (C) CO2 (D) CO
39. Name the acid formed when the gas liberated reacts with water.
(A) Hydrochloric acid (B)Nitric acid (C) Sulphuric acid (D) Carbonic acid

DIRECTIONS: Following questions has four statements (a, b,c and d) given in Column I and four or
more statements (p, q, r, s, t...) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Match the entries in Column I with
entries in Column II.
40. Column - I Column - II

(a) Ductile p) The property of making resonating sound.
(b) Malleable q) A substance can be drawn into wires.
(c) Sonority r) The substance can be beaten into thin sheets.
(d) Tensile strength s) Ability to withstand the longitudinal pull.
The activity series consists of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing chemical activity. Match
the property with the respective metal.
41. Column I Column II
(a) Its oxide is not reduced to the metal by any reducing agent. (p) Ag
(b) Its hydroxide is converted to its oxide at elevated temperatures. (q) Na
(c) Its carbonate is converted to its oxide by thermal decomposition. (r) Ca
(d) Its oxide, hydroxide and carbonate are stable to heat. (s) Mg
(e) Its oxide, hydroxide and carbonate decompose to give (t) K
the corresponding metal and oxygen.
42. Match the substances given in Column A with their uses given in Column B.
Column I Column II
(a) Gold (p) Thermometers
(b) Iron (q) Electric wire
(c) Aluminium (r) Wrapping food
(d) Carbon (s) Jewellery
(e) Copper (t) Machinery
(f) Mercury (u) Fuel

(a) Magnalium (p) Cu = 90%, Sn = 10%
(b) Bronze (q) Cu = 60%, Zn = 20%, Ni = 20 %
(c) Brass (r) Al = 95%, Mg = 5%
(d) German silver (s) Cu = 80%, Zn = 20%
(a) Silicon (p) Dry lubricant
(b) Phosphorus (q) To make soft rubber hard
(c) Sulphur (r) Match industry
(d) Graphite (s) In making semi conductor devices
45. The atomic number of the lightest non metal is ____.
46. The atomic number of the non metal that has wider applications is _____.
47. The atomic number of the lightest metal is ____.
48. The number of neutrons present in the atom of the non metal present in metal reactivity series is
49. The atomic number of the non metal present in metal reactivity series is
50. In 100 g of Magnalium, the percentage weight of magnesium is ___g.
***
KEY
EXERCISE-2.1
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B B D B C D B A B A
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key B B B C B A C B C B
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26
Key C C C C B D
EXERCISE-2.2
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key D A B B A D B C C B
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Key D C C D B B B C
EXERCISE-2.3
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B B C A B C C A C A
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key D C C C A C D B A B
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key B C A C D A C B A B
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key AB ABD AC ABCD ABC AB BCD ABC ABC CD
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key BCD AB BCD CD BC C B D C B
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key A D D C A A B B B A
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Key A C A A D C A C D *
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Key * * * * 1 6 3 0 1 5
40.a-q, b-r, c-p, d-s 41. a-t, b-s, c-r, d-q, e-p
42.a-s, b-t, c-r, d-u, e-q, f-p 43. a - r, b-p, c-s, d-q
44.a - s, b-r, c-q, d-p
Chemistry Acids, Bases and Salts | 4 7
Chapter-3
Acids, Bases and Salts

3.1 Introduction
We have learnt in the previous class that it is possible to classify substances into groups based on their
physical properties. Substances can also be grouped simply on the basis of whether they are sweet, salty,
sour, or bitter to taste.
Have you ever squeezed a lemon and tasted the juice without adding water or sugar?
Yes! It’s extremely sour. So, why are substances sour or bitter to taste?
Substances like lemon juice taste sour because of the presence of a chemical called acid in them. In
Latin acere meaning sour. Materials containing an acid are called acidic substances.
Have you ever accidentally tasted soapy water while taking bath?
Well! It tastes bitter. It is also slippery.
Your soap is slippery and bitter because of the presence of a chemical called base in it.Washing soda,
baking soda, etc., contain bases.
Substances containing bases are called basic substances.
3.2 Acids
As we have seen, acidic substances contain acids. Acids are of two types:
1. Mineral or laboratory acids
2. Organic acids
MINERAL ACIDS
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), etc. are some examples of mineral
acids that are used in the laboratory.
ORGANIC ACIDS
Organic acids occur naturally in animal and plant materials.
Examples Source
Tartaric acid Grapes
Acetic acid Vinegar and tomato
Formic acid Stings of ants and bees
Malic acid Apples
Citric acid Lemon and oranges
Lactic acid Milk
Oxalic acid Spinach
PREPARATION OF ACIDS
The preparatory method of acids is as follows:
The oxides of non-metals which react with water to form acids are called acidic oxides.
C  O2  CO 2
1.  Carbon   Oxygen Carbon dioxide 
(non  metal)  (acidic oxide ) 
2.
CO2  H2O  H2CO3
 Carbon dioxide   Water   Carbonic acid 
3.
SO2  H2O  H2SO3
 Sulphur dioxide  Water  Sulphurous acid
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
Some of the characteristic properties of acids are:
• Acids have a sour taste.
• Acids also have the ability to corrode metals such as iron and aluminium. For this reason, acids are
generally stored in glassware.
• Mineral acids such as nitric acid and sulphuric acid can destroy human tissues, clothes, paper, etc.
Thus, one should handle acids with care as they can cause burns upon contact with the skin.
• Acids are soluble in water. Most acids dissolve in water either at room temperature or on heating to
form a clear solution. For example, vinegar is a 3-5% solution of acetic acid in water.
• Depending on the amount of water, acids can be either dilute or concentrated.
• If the amount of water is more in an acid, it is called dilute acid and if the amount of water is less,
it is called concentrated acid.
STRONG ACIDS AND WEAK ACIDS

Acids can be strong or weak.
A strong acid is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns.
Nitric acid and sulphuric acids are a few examples of strong acids.
Weak acids, on the other hand, are not as destructive as strong acids.
Organic acids are generally weak acids.
GENERAL CHEMICAL PORPERTIES OF ACIDS

Action with metals: Metals displace hydrogen from the acids. It has been found that when metals like
magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron are treated with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid, they
displace hydrogen.
Examples:
Metal + Acid (dil)  Metal salt + Hydrogen
(i) Zn  H SO
2 4  ZnSO 4  H 2
Zinc Dil. Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate Hydrogen
(ii) Mg  2HC  dil   MgC 2  H 2

Magnesium Dil. Hydrochloric acid Magnesium Hydrogen
Chloride
Action with metallic oxides: All dilute mineral acids (sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid),
react with all metallic oxides to form their respective metallic salts and water only.
Examples:
Metal + Acid (dil)  Metal salt + Hydrogen
(i) CaO  2HNO 3  Ca  NO3 2  H2O
Calcium oxide Dil. Nitric acid Water
Calcium nitrate
(ii) ZnO  2HC  dil   ZnC 2  H2O

Zinc oxide zinc Chloride Water
Dil. Hydrochloric acid
Action with metallic hydroxides: All dilute mineral acids react with all metallic hydroxides to form their
respective metallic salts and water only.
Examples:
Metallic + Acid (dil)  Metal salt + Hydrogen
Hydroxide
(i) 2NaOH  H2SO4  Na 2SO4  2H2O
Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Water
Hydroxide acid (dil ) sulphate
(ii) Ca(OH)2  2HC  CaC 2  2H2O

Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Water
hydroxide acdi (dil) chloride
Action with metallic Carbonates: All dilute mineral acids react with metallic carbonates to form their
respective metallic salts, carbon dioxide gas and water.
Examples:
Metallic Metallic Carbon

+ Acid (dil)  +  Water
carbonate salt dioxide
(i) 2MgCO3  H2 SO4  MgSO4  H2O  CO 2

Magnesium Sulphuric Magnesium Water Carbon
carbonate acid (dil) sulphate dixoide
(ii) ZnCO3  2HC  ZnC 2  CO 2  H2O

Zinc Hydrochloric Zinc Carbon Water
carbonate acid (dil) chloride dioxide
USES OF ACIDS
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• Dilute hydrochloric acid is used in various industries for removing deposits from inside boilers. This
process is known as de-scaling.
• Hydrochloric acid is also used for cleaning sinks and sanitary ware.
• It helps in the purification of common salt.
Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4 )
Sulphuric acid is such an important industrial chemical that it is called the King of chemicals.
Due to its oily appearance, it was earlier called oil of vitriol.
Some of its major uses are as follows:
• Sulphuric acid is used in car batteries
• It is used in the manufacture of paints, drugs, dyes, and artificial silk.
• It is also used to produce fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate and super phosphate.
Nitric Acid (HNO3 )
• Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of explosives such as TNT (trinitrotoluene) and
nitroglycerine.
• It is used by goldsmiths for cleaning gold and silver ornaments.
• It is also used for the production of fertilizers such as ammoniumnitrate.
Acetic Acid (CH 3COOH)
• Acetic acid is used directly to enhance the flavour of food. In fact, we commonly know acetic acid
as vinegar.
• It is also used as a cleansing agent in products meant for cleaning windows, floors, utensils, etc.
It also helps to remove stains on woodwork and carpets.
• Acetic acid is used as a preservative in pickles, etc.
Most micro-orgnasims cannot live in an acidic environment.
An acidic environment either slows down their activities or can also kill them.
This is why you will find vinegar in many common packaged food items such as pickles, sauces, ketchups,
etc.
Phosphoric Acid
It is used in the manufacture of phosphatic fertilisers.
Carbonic Acid
It is commonly called plain soda. Mixed with citric acid and sugar it is used for making soft drinks.
Tartaric Acid
It is used in the manufacture of baking powder.
3.3 Acid rains

Pollutants such as sulphur dioxide gas and oxides of nitrogen present in the air react in the atmosphere
with water and oxygen to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively.
These acids come down as rain. Acid rains cause great damage to plants and animal life, it also
damage buildings and monuments.
EXERCISE-3.1
LEVEL-1
1. Acids are ________ to taste.
(A) sweet (B) sour (C) Bitter (D) none
2. HCl is a
(A) mineral acid (B) organic acid (C) weak acid (D) All
3. Which of the following is an acid.
(A) HCl (B) HNO3 (C) H2SO4 (D) All
4. Tartaric aicd is a .
(A) mineral acid (B) organic acid (C) weak acid (D) All
5. Which of the following is an organic acid?
(A) Acetic acid (B) Malic acid (C) Formic acid (D) All
6. Which of the following is an acid?
(A) Sea water (B) Tap water (C) Lime juice (D) Human saliva
7. Which of the following is acidic?
(A) Alcohol (B) Sea water (C) Ammonia (D) Soap solution
8. Addition of water
(A) Dilutes an acid (B) concentrates an acid (C) Both (D) None
9. Which of the following acids is called king of chemicals?
(A) Hydrochloric acid (B) Suphuric acid
(C) Nitric acid (D) Formic acid
10. Phosphoric acid is a
(A) solid (B) liquid (C) gas (D) none
11. Boric acid is a
(A) solid (B) liquid (C) gas (D) none
12. Nitric acid is a
(A) Strong acid (B) Weak acid (C) Dibasic acid (D) Hydracid
13. Which of the following is a weak acid?
(A) Carbonic acid (B) Sulphurous acid (C) Hydrogen sulphide (D) All
14. Carbonic acid is a
(A) Strong acid (B) Volatile acid (C) Monobasic acid (D) Hydracid
15. Which of the following react with hydrogen to form an acid?
(A) Chlorine (B) Bromine (C) Iodine (D) All
16. The property which is not shown by acids is :
(A) they have sour taste (B) they feel soapy
(C) they turn litmus red (D) their pH is less than seven
17. The property which is common between vinegar and curd is that they :
(A) have sweet taste (B) have bitter taste (C) are tasteless (D) have sour taste
18. Which of the following acids is used in batteries?
19. Which of the following acids is used in TNT (tri nitro toluene)?
20. Vinegar is
(A) Formic aicd (B) Tartaric acid (C) Acetic acid (D) Oxalic acid
21. The acids which are obtained from the minerals present in earth, are called:
(A) Organic acids (B) Strong acids (C) Inorganic acids (D) Weak acids
22. Metals displace _________ from the acids
(A) Oxygen (B) Carbondioxide (C) Hydrogen (D) Nitrogen
23. Which of the following acid is used in the purification of gold and silver?
(A) Acetic acid (B) Nitric acid (C) Tartaric acid (D) Sulphuric acid
24. Which one of the following is not an organic acid?
(A) ethanoic acid (B) formic acid (C) citric acid (D) carbonic acid
25. Which one of the following is a mineral acid?
(A) Acetic acid (B) Formic acid (C) citric acid (D) Nitric acid
26. Which one of the following is an organic acid?
(A) Acetic acid (B) Formic acid (C) citric acid (D) All
27. Phoshphoric acid is a
(A) organic acid (B) mineral acid (C) Hydracid (D) all
28. Benzoic acid is a
(A) organic acid (B) mineral acid (C) Hydracid (D) all
LEVEL-2
29. An acid will convert the colour of litmus paper to which colour?
(A) Red (B) Blue (C) Green (D) Yellow
30. Which of the following acids causes acidity in stomach?
(A) Sulphuric acid (B) Acetic acid (C) Hydrochloric acid (D) Nitric acid
31. Nitric acid is
(A) a strong aicd (B) a weak acid (C) a neutral acid (D) None
32. Which of the following acid is used as a preservative?
(A) Formic aicd (B) Tartaric acid (C) Acetic acid (D) Oxalic acid
33. Which of the following are responsible for acid rain
(A) SO2 (B) NO2 (C) Both (D) None
34. Given are some statements about acids. Which of them are correct?
(I) Acids are sour to taste. (II) Acids turn red litmus to blue.
(III) Acids are good conductors electricity. (IV) Acid react with base to form salt and water.
(A) I, II, III are all correct (B) I, II, IV are all correct
(C) II, III and IV are correct (D) I, III, IV are all correct
35. The acid produced naturally in our stomach is :
(A) acetic acid (B) citric acid (C) hydrochloric acid (D) sulphuric acid
36. Acetic acid is
(A) a strong aicd (B) a weak acid (C) a neutral acid (D) None
37. When a litmus paper is dipped in soap solution, its colour changes to blue. However, when the
litmus paper is dipped in vinegar, its colour changes to red. It can be concluded from the given
observations that
(A) soap solution is acidic, whereas vinegar is basic
(B) soap solution is basic, whereas vinegar is acidic
(C) soap solution as well as vinegar is acidic
(D) soap solution as well as vinegar is basic
38. When a litmus paper is dipped in alcohol, its colour changes to red. However, when the litmus
paper is dipped in water, its colour does not change. What can be concluded from this observation?
(A) Alcohol is acidic in nature (B) Alcohol is basic in nature
(C) Water is acidic in nature (D) Water is basic in nature
39. Oranges, lemons, grapefruits, all taste sour because they all have a high amount of vitamin C.
When few drops of blue litmus solution are added to lime juice, the colour of the solution becomes
(A) Yellow (B) red (C) orange (D) blue
40. Which of the following acids is not present in acid rain?
(A) Carbonic acid (B) Sulphuric acid (C) Ascorbic acid (D) Nitric acid
41. Which of the following acids is present in curd?
(A) Sulphuric acid (B) Acetic acid (C) Lactic acid (D) Citric acid
42. Litmus solution is a natural indicator used to distinguish between acids and bases by showing a
colour change. Litmus is naturally obtained from
(A) lichen (B) turmeric (C) beetroot (D) tamarind
43. Zn + I  ZnSO4 + II
Find I and II.
(A) I  HSO4, II  2H2 (B) I  2HSO4, II  2H2
(C) I  2H2SO4, II  H2 (D) I  H2SO4, II  H2
44. MgCO3 + H2SO4  A + B + C
(A) A  Mg, B  CO2, C  H2 (B) A  MgSO4, B  CO, C  H2
(C) A  2MgSO4, B  2CO2, C  H2 (D) A  MgSO4, B  CO2, C  H2O
LEVEL-3
45. Which of the following acid used for purification of common salt?
(A) HNO3 (B) HCl (C) H2SO4 (D) CH3COOH
46. Which of the following acid is found in Olive Oil?
(A) Palmitic acid (B) Stearic acid (C) Oleic acid (D) Lactic acid
47. Joanne prepares a list of chemicals that change the colour of litmus paper to blue.
I. Baking soda II. Sea water
III. Citrus juice IV. Ammonia
Which substance is listed incorrectly by Joanne?
(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV
48. Direct synthesis of hydrogen with non metals form
(A) acid (B) base (C) salt (D) none
49. Which of the following gas on reaction with water forms carbonic acid?
(A) CH4 (B) CO (C) CO2 (D) All
50. Which of the following on reaction forms phosphoric acid?
(A) PCl3 (B) PCl5 (C) PH3 (D) P 2O5
51. Acids are ______ to taste.
(A) sweet (B) bitter (C) sour (D) All
52. Conc. sulphuric acid stains the skin
(A) black (B) yellow (C) blue (D) pink
53. Conc. nitric acid stains the skin yellow.
(A) black (B) yellow (C) blue (D) pink
54. All aqueous solutions of mineral acids are _______conductors of electricity.
(A) good (B) bad (C) moderate (D) None
55. All metallic oxides reacts with mineral acids to form
(A) metallic salt (B) water (C) both (D) None
56. All metal hydroxides react with dilute mineral acids to form their respective salts and _____only.
(A) hydrogen (B) oxygen (C) water (D) none
57. Potassium carbonate reacts with dilute HCl and liberate
(A) H2 (B) Cl2 (C) CO2 (D) O2
58. Lime water is i , soda water is ii , and distilled water is in iii nature.
(A) i - acidic, ii- acidic, iii-neutral (B) i - acidic, ii- basic, iii-neutral
(C) i - acidic, ii- neutral, iii-basic (D) i - basic, ii- acidic, iii-neutral
59. Name the acid which gives brown fumes in normal condition ?
(A) Carbonic acid H2CO3 (B) Sulphuric acid H2SO4
(C) Nitric acid HNO3 (D) Hydrocyanic acid HCN
60. A + B  CO2
CO2 + C  H2CO3
(A) A  2C, B  2O2, C  2H2O (B) A  C, B  O2, C  H2O
(C) A  C, B  2O2, C  H2O (D) A  2C, B  O2, C  2H2O
61. Which of the following is the correct preparatory method of acids?
(A) 2NaOH + O2  Na2SO4 + 2H2O (B) CO + H2O  H2CO3
(C) 4Na + O2  2Na2O (D) SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
62. Metallic oxide + I  II + Water
(A) I  Acid, II  Metallic salt (B) I  Base, II  Non-metallic salts
(C) I  Acid, II  Non-metallic salt (D) I  Base, II  Metallic salt
63. Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + 2H2O
Which of the following statements is/are true for the above reaction?
(A) A metallic oxide reacts with an acid to form salt and water
(B) A non-metallic oxide reacts with an acid to form salt and water
(C) A metallic hydroxide reacts with an acid to form salt and water
(D) A non-metallic oxide reacts with an acid to form base and water
LEVEL-4
64. Differentiate the following acids into solids and liquids.
1) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 2) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
3) Boric acid (H3BO3) 4) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
(A) Solids - 2, 3 ; Liquids - 1, 4 (B) Solids - 1, 2; Liquids - 3, 4
(C) Solids - 1, 4 ; Liquids- 2, 3 (D) Solids - 1, 3 ; Liquids - 2, 4
65. Prashanth made a list of some acids and their resepctive sources.
Name of acid Source

1 Citric acid Lemon
2 Lactic acid Milk
3 Oxalic acid Orange
4 Tartaric acid Tamarind
Which of the sources of acid is incorrectly matched in Prashant's list?

(A) Lemon (B) Milk (C) Orange (D) Tamarind
LEVEL-5
66. P  HNO3  Cu  NO3 2  H2O
ZnO  HC  Q  H2O
R  H2SO4  MgSO4  S  H2O

Identify P, Q, R and S.
P Q R S
(A) CuO ZnCl2 MgCO3 CO 2
(B) ZnCl2 MgCO3 CO 2 CuO
(C) MgCO3 CO 2 CuO ZnCl2
(D) CuO ZnCl2 CO 2 MgCO3
67. All dilute mineral acids react with all I to form their respective II & III only
(A) I  Metallic salt, II  Metallic oxides, III  reacter
(B) I  Metallic salts, II  Metallic hydroxides, III  Water
(C) I  Metallic carbonates, II  Metallic salts, III  Water
(D) I  Metallic Nitrides, II  Non-metallic salts, III  Water
3.4 Bases
BASIC SUBSTANCES
Basic substances are those which contain bases.
Examples:
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
Bases also occur in plant and animal bodies such as corn starch, fresh egg white, etc.
Many bases are found in household cleaners.
Bases may have a strong irritating odour and should be used with caution as it can harm the skin and
eyes.
PREPARATION OF BASES
By direct combination of metals with oxygen:
Most of the metals when heated, catch fire and burn to form their oxides.
Examples:
Heat
Metallic + Oxygen  Metal oxide
Heat
4Na  O 2   2Na O 2
Sodium Oxygen Sodium oxide
Heat
2Mg  O 2   2MgO
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide
The oxides of metals are commonly called basic oxides, because they react with acids to form salt and
water as only products.
PREPARATION OF ALKALIES
The alkalies are prepared by dissolving basic oxides of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in
water.
Example:
Soluble
+ Water  Alkali
basic oxide
Na O
2  H2O  2NaOH
Sodium oxide Water Sodium hydroxide
(caustic soda )
K O
2  H2O  2KOH
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium oxide Water
(caustic potash)
Ammonium hydroxide is commonly called ammonia solution or ammonia liquor. It does not contain any
metal ion,
Instead, ammonium radical (NH4 ) acts as positively charged metal ion.
PROPERTIES OF BASES
Some of the characteristic properties of bases are:
• Bases are bitter in taste
• Solutions of bases are soapy to touch. If you rub a drop or two of a very dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide between your fingers, they will feel slippery.
• Bases may or may not be soluble in water. Bases that can dissolve in water are called alkalis.
Some examples of soluble bases or alkalis are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium
hydroxide.
AN INTERESTING FACT
There are acids and bases in our body, HCl is present in the stomach.
The saliva in your mouth is basic in nature.
Blood when healthy is also basic.
STRONG AND WEAK BASE

Like acids, bases can also be strong or weak.
Strong bases are very corrosive and can burn the skin.
Caustic soda or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and caustic potash or
potassium hydroxide (KOH) are strong and corrosive bases.
On the other hand, copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2], zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2], and ammonium hydroxide
(NH4 OH) are weak bases.
USES OF BASES
Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime) [Ca(OH)2 ]
• It is used to neutralize the acidity in soils.
• It is an ingredient in whitewash and mortar.
• It is a component of the Bordeaux mixture used for protecting agricultural crops from pests.
• It is used in the preparation of dry mixes for painting and decorating.
Magnesium Hydroxide [Mg(OH)2 ]
• It is also called of Milk of Magnesia.
• It is used as an antacid or a laxative. It helps to correct excess acidity in the stomach.
Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH]
• It is also called of Caustic Soda
• It is used in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents.
• In homes it is occasionally used to unblock drains.
Ammonium Hydroxide and Other Weak Bases
• It is also called of Caustic Soda
• It is used in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents.
• In homes it is occasionally used to unblock drains.
3.5 Indicators
To overcome this, certain chemicals called indicators have been developed.
Indicators are substances which show a change in colour when brought in contact with acids and bases.
LITMUS
The most common indicator used in the laboratory is the litmus.
It is extracted from lichens and is available either in the form of solutions or in the form of strips of paper
known as litmus paper.
Litmus paper is either red or blue in colour. It changes colour depending upon whether the compound is
an acid or a base.
Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions.
Red litmus paper turns blue under basic conditions.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
Phenolphthalein is another indicator.
Acids turn colourless and bases turn pink in Phenolphthalein.
METHYL ORANGE
Methyl orange is another indicator.
Acids turn pink and bases turn yellow in methyl orange.
NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES
The solutions that do not effect a change in colour in any of the indicators are neither acidic nor basic.
These substances, as you already know, are called neutral substances.
Examples:
Sodium chloride, sugar, etc.
UNIVERSAL INDICATORS
We also know that acids or bases can be either strong or weak.
So, if we have two solutions that are acidic, how do we find out which one is more acidic?
Similarly we would have situation where we would have to know which one of the two solutions is more
basic in nature.
Scientists have made it very easy to know the strength of an acid or a base.
Different strengths have been given what is known as a pH number which ranges from 1 to 14.
1 is considered as strongly acidic and 14 strongly basic. 7 is neutral. You can measure pH of a solution
using universal indicator.
A universal indicator is a mixture of indicators so chosen that it gives a different colour for different pH
values.
The indicator can be used as a liquid or can be soaked into paper.
This paper is called pH paper.
When a pH paper is dipped in an acid or a base, the colour obtained can be matched with the chart given
below
NATURAL INDICATORS
Indicators can be prepared very easily from brightly coloured parts of plants such as flowers (china rose,
rose), roots (beet root), stems (turmeric), and leaves (red cabbage).
Indicator solution can be prepared by boiling coloured parts of the plant e.g., petals in water for sometime
and straining out the petals.
This solution gives different colour in acidic and basic solutions.
For example, red cabbage juice will change to deep red with acids, to purple with neutrals, and to green
and yellow with bases.
EXERCISE-3.2
LEVEL-1
1. Bases are ___________ in taste.
(A) Sour (B) Bitter (C) Sweet (D) none
2. Bases that are soluble in water are called.
(A) Salts (B) Crystallized Bases (C) Alkalis (D) none
3. NH3 (Ammonia) is
(A) Acidic (B) Basic (C) Amphoteric (D) Neutral
4. The oxides of metals are commonly called _______ because they react with acids to form salt
and water as only products.
(A) Salts (B) Non-metals (C) Basic oxides (D) Acidic oxides
5. Blood is ________ in nature.
6. Substances that are bitter in taste contain some kind of
(A) Salt (B) base (C) acid (D) oxide
7. The substances which react with acids to form salt and water as the only products are called
_______.
(A) Metals (B) Salts (C) Bases (D) Non-metals
8. What is the product formed when potassium oxide reacts with water?
(A) NaOH (B) Na2 O (C) Ca(OH)2 (D) KOH
9. A base will convert the colour of litmus paper to
(A) Red (B) blue (C) green (D) yellow
10. All bases are bitter in taste. Which of the following substances is a base?
(A) Milk (B) Vinegar (C) Lemon juice (D) Baking soda
11. __________ are the substances that show a change in colour when brought in contact with acids
and bases.
(A) Salts (B) Indicators (C) Alcohols (D) ehers
12. Blue litmus paper turns red under _____ conditions.
13. Blue litmus paper turns red under _____ conditions.
14. If pH of a solution is 1, then it is
(A) Acidic (B) Stongly aicd (C) Weak acidic (D) None
15. The pH of basic solution is
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 7 (D) 9
16. Acids change red cabbage juice to
(A) green (B) yellow (C) purple (D) deep red
17. Highly active metals dissolve in water gives _________ gas in the formation of their respective
basic oxides.
(A) Oxygen (B) Hydrogen (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Nitrogen
18. Generally a base is a compound,
(A) Which reacts with an acid to give salt and water.
(B) Which reacts with a proton of an acid.
(C) Which on dissolving in water furnishes OH– ions.
(D) All are correct.
19. Which base is commonly known as slaked lime?
(A) Sodium hydroxide (B) Calcium hydroxide
(C) Potassium hydroxide (D) Ammonium hydroxide
20. Among the following which is an indicator?
(A) Drisehman stain (B) Benedict Reagent
(C) Phenolphthalein (D) Methelene blue
21. Name of the factory indicator among the following .

(A) Methyl orange (B) Phenolphthalein
(C) Vanilla essence (D) KMnO4 solution
22. In Lime water, strips of Litmus paper shows the colour of
(A) Red (B) Pink (C) Green (D) Blue
23. When a drop of phenolphthalein is added to a solution of baking soda, the colour of the solution
changes to
(A) red (B) pink (C) purple (D) magenta
24. Which of the following substances would give a red colour with blue litmus paper?
(A) Window cleaner (B) Milk of magnesia (C) Vinegar (D) Soap
25. Which of the following indicators produces green colour when added to a base?
(A) Turmeric (B) China rose (C) Phenolphthalein (D) Litmus solution
26. Which of the following terms does not represent an indicator?
(A) Rose (B) Litmus (C) Turmeric (D) Phenolphthalein
LEVEL-2
27. Choose the correct statements.
(A) All bases have a bitter taste (B) All bases have a slippery touch
(C) All bases react with the indicators (D) All the above
28. Which of the following is a strong base?
(A) NaOH (B) KOH (C) Both (D) None
29. Which of the following is a weak base?
(A) NaOH (B) KOH (C) Ca(OH)2 (D) None
30. Which of the following in an ingredient of white wash?
(A) Milk of magnesic (B) Slaked slime
(C) Caustic soda (D) Caustic potash
31. Acids turn __i___ and bases turn __ii__in phenolphthalein.
(A) i – yellow; ii – pink (B) ii – colourless; ii – pink
(C) i – pink; ii – colourless (D) i – pink; ii – yellow
32. A teacher performed the following experiment in the class.
He took a small amount of lemon juice, apple juice, vinegar in three separate test tubes. He pouared
a drop of blue litmus in each of the test tubes.
What will you notice about blue litmus?
(A) Blue litmus turns red only in lemon juice.
(B) Blue litmus turns red only in apple juice.
(C) Blue litmus turns red only in vinegar.
(D) Blue litmus turns red in all the three juices.
33. Which of the following bases is used in the manufacture of paper industry?
(A) Caustic soda (B) Magnesium hydroxide
(C) Calcium hydroxide (D) Sodium hydroxide
34. Which of the following is correct statement?
(A) Methyl orange solution change its colour from yellow to pink in bases.
(B) Acids reacts with bases to form salt and water.
(C) Calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide are used for making artificial fibers such as rayon, nylon
etc.
(D) Caustic soda is used as antacids.
35. Sodium burns in air forming a white powdery substance called sodium oxide, Na2O. This oxide,
when dissolved in cold water, has a soapy touch and turns red litmus paper blue.
The nature of the solution formed by dissolving Na2O in water is
(A) Acidic (B) alkaline (C) neutral (D) amphoteric
36. Distilled water is in nature, but lime water is in nature.
(A) i - acidic, ii- neutral (B) i - neutral, ii- basic
(C) i - neutral, acidic (D) i - basic, ii- acidic
37. A substance X is bitter to taste and soapy to touch.
Hence, substance X is _____i____ in nature, and it will turn the colour of China rose indicator to
____ii____.
(A) i - acidic, ii-magenta (B) i - acidic, ii-green
(C) i - basic, green (D) i-basic, ii-magenta
38. Which of the following turns turns turmeric strip into red?
(A) Solid baking soda (B) Sugar solution (C) Soap solution (D) Vinegar
39. Seema took some petals of China rose and kept them in hot water. After some time, she added a
little shampoo to it. Which alternative represents the colour of the solution obtained by Seema after
the addition of shampoo?
(A) Magenta (B) Green (C) Yellow (D) Blue
40. A substance 'X' is sour to taste. Hence, substance 'X' is ____i____ in nature, and it turns the
colour of ____ii____ litmus paper _____iii____. The information in which
alternative completes the given statement?
(A) i - basic, ii-red, iii-blue (B) i-acidic, ii-blue, iii-red
(C) i - acidic, ii-red, iii-blue (D) i-basic, ii-red, iii-blue
41. Which of the following is/are correct?
(A) All non-metallic oxides are basic in nature.
(B) All metallic oxides are bases.
(C) All metallic hydroxides are bases.
(D) Both b and c are correct.
42. A base which is soluble in water is called:
(A) a salt (B) an acid (C) an alkali (D) None
43. All metallic oxides dissolve in water to give:
(A) Acidic hydroxides (B) Basic hydroxides
(C) Amphoteric hydroxides (D) None
44 Which one of the following is a strong alkali?
(A) Mg(OH)2 (B) NH4OH (C) Ca(OH)2 (D) KOH
45. Na2O is a:
(A) an acidic oxide (B) a basic oxide
(C) an amphoteric oxide (D) None
46. Which of the following is not the characteristic of a base?
(A) They have a bitter taste
(B) They turn red litmus blue
(C) They show red colour with methyl orange
(D) Their aqueous solutions conduct electricity
LEVEL-3
47. Bordeaux mixture contain __i__ and milk of magnesia is ___ii__.
(A) i – Mg(OH)2; ii – Ca(OH)2 (B) ii – NaOH; ii – Mg(OH)2
(C) i – Ca(OH)2; ii – Mg(OH)2 (D) i – Ca(OH)2; ii – Mg(OH)2
48. A list of some substances is given below.
I. Vinegar II. Lemon juice III. Distilled water IV. Baking soda
V. Limewater VI. Curd
Which of the following pair of substances is basic in nature?
(A) I and II (B) IV and V (C) II and III (D) IV and VI
49. The wastes produced from factories contain many chemicals. These chemicals change the colour
of blue litmus solution to red while the red litmus solution remains unaffected. When these chemicals
are discharged in the water bodies, it harms the aquatic life. This is because these chemicals are
__i__ in nature. Thus, __ii__substances should be added to these chemicals before discharging
them. The information in which alternative completes the given statements?
(A) i - acidic, ii-neutral (B) i - acidic, ii- basic
(C) i-basic, ii-acidic (D) i - basic, ii-neutral
50. Excessive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides makes the soil acidic. Plants do not grow very
well in acidic soil. Which of the following substances should be added to such a soil?
(A) Sodium chloride (B) Acetic acid (C) Limewater (D) Water
51. Study the following reaction.
AlCl3 + 3NaOH  Al(OH)3  + 3NaCl
The above preparatory method of bases is:
(A) Direct combination of metal and oxygen. (B) Dissolution of basic oxides in water.
(C) Dissolution of active metals in water. (D) Precipitation reaction of aqueous salt and strong
base.
52. Choose the false statements:
(A) Na2O is a common base. (B) NaOH is a common base.
(C) CuO is a common alkali. (D) Al(OH)3 is a common alkali.
53. A teacher performed the following experiment in the class.
He took some clear lime water and added red litmus solution.
What is the conclusion of the above experiment?
(A) Red litmus remains red (B) Red litmus turns yellow
(C) Red litmus turns green (D) Red litmus turns blue
54. Consider the following statements.
(i) All metallic oxides (simple oxides) are bases.
(ii) A base which is soluble in water is called alkali.
Choose the right option.
(A) (i) is true but (ii) is false. (B) (i) is false but (ii) is true.
(C) Both (i) and (ii) are true. (D) Both (ii) and (ii) are false.
(i) All alkalis are bases. (ii) All bases are not alkalis.
(A) (i) is true but (ii) is false. (B) (i) is false but (ii) is true.
(C) Both (i) and (ii) are true. (D) Both (ii) and (ii) are false.
56. Which one of the following is correct?
(A) Both bases and alkalies are soluble in water
(B) Alkalies are soluble in water but all bases are not
(C)Bases are soluble in water but all alkalies are not
(D) C2H5OH is a base because it has OH group
57. When a base is dissolved in water
(A) Concentration of OH– ions per unit volume increases
(B) Concentration of OH– ions per unit volume decreases
(C) Concentration of OH– ions per unit volume may increase or decrease depending upon the
nature of the base
(D) No change in concentration of OH– ions per unit volume occurs
58. The pH value of acidic solutions is
(A) < 7 (B) > 7 (C) = 7 (D)  7
59. John takes 20 mL each of apple juice, lime-water, rain water, lemon juice in four separate beakers.
He then adds two drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each beaker. Phenolphthalein will give
pink colour with
(A) apple juice (B) rain water (C) lime water (D) lemon juice
60. Jacob measures the pH of rain water and finds it to be slightly lower than the pH of normal tap
water. He is told by his teacher that the pH of rain water is low because of its reaction with some
gas. The pH of rain water becomes low because of its reaction with
(A) carbon dioxide (B) sulfur dioxide (C) nitrogen (D) oxygen
61. When Joshua dipped a red litmus paper in a glass full of sea water, the litmus paper turned blue.
What is the approximate pH value of sea water?
(A) 2.0 (B) 3.5 (C) 7.0 (D) 8.0
62. The pH value of a weakly basic solution will lie in which of the following range?
(A) 0 – 2 (B) 4 – 7 (C) 7– 9 (D) 12 – 14
63. Which of the following substances has pH value more than 7?
(A) Ca(OH)2 (B) HNO3 (C) CO2 (D) SO2
64. The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
Which of the following substances has pH value less than 7?
(A) NaOH (B) H2SO4 (C) CaO (D) CuO
65. A solution is formed by a weak acid and strong base. The pH value of the solution is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 8
66. The acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured using an instrument called the pH meter or with
the help of pH papers that show different colours when dipped in solutions of different pH.
Pure drinking water has pH of value
(A) 0 (B) 7 (C) 10 (D) 14Hide Solution
LEVEL-4
67. Few drops of tamarind juice were added to turmeric paper, China rose, and red litmus paper.
The colour changes will be
(A) yellow, magenta, and red respectively
(B) yellow, magenta, and blue respectively
(C) red, magenta, and blue respectively
(D) red, magenta, and red respectively
68. Shashank takes 10 mL of liquids I and II. He observes that liquid I turns blue litmus red and
liquid II turns red litmus blue. He also observes that when the two liquids are mixed, the resulting
solution becomes warm. He then boils the solution to dryness. Consequently, a substance III is left
in the beaker.
Using his observations, Shashank can conclude that
Liquid I is i and B is ii in nature. The substance III obtained in the beaker is a salt.
The salt produced in the reaction can be iii in nature. The information in which alternative
completes the given statements?
(A) i - acidic, ii-basic, iii-acidic, basic or neutral
(B) i - basic, ii-acidic, iii-acidic or basic
(C) i - neutral, ii-basic, iii- neutral or acidic
(D) i - acidic, ii-neutral, iii- acidic or neutral
69. If the pH value of a solution is 6.3, then the solution is
(A) weakly acidic (B) strongly basic (C) strongly acidic (D) weakly basic
70. The pH value of coffee lies in the range 4.5 – 5.5. Coffee is
(A) highly basic (B) neutral (C) basic in nature (D) acidic in nature
3.6 Salts
A substance formed by the neutralisation of an acid with a base is called salt.
Examples:
Acid + Base 
 Salt + Water
H SO
2 4 + 2NaOH 
 Na SO
2 4 + 2H 2 O
Sulphuric acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate Water
2Hcl + CuO 
 CuCl 2 + H 2O
Hydrochloric acid Copper oxide Copper chloride Water
KINDS OF SALTS
Normal Salt
If you carefully study the above chemical equations, you will notice that salts are formed, when hydrogen
ions of an acid are completely replaced by metal ions.
For example, in case of sodium sulphate, a salt is formed when all the hydrogen ions in the molecule of
sulphuric acid are replaced by sodium ions,. Similarly, copper chloride is formed when all the hydrogen
ions of hydrochloric acid are replaced by a copper ion. From the above discussion, a normal salt can be
defined as follows:
A salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen ions (H+) of an acid with metal ions (or
positively charged ions) is called a normal salt.
Examples of normal salts
Following is the list of some common normal salts:
(i) sodium chloride (NaCl) (ii) Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
(iii) Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (iv) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
(v) Potassium chloride (KCl) (vi) Potassium sulphate (K2SO4)
(vii) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (viii) Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)
(ix) Copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)(B) (x) Lead sulphide (PbS)
(xi) Zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)(B) (xii) Aluminium carbonate (Al2(CO3)(C)
Acid Salts
A salt formed by the partial replacement of H+ ions of an acid from its molecule, with metal ions, is called
acid salt.
The acid salt on dissolving in water furnishes hydrogen ion (H+) and turns blue litmus solution red.
(i) NaOH + H 2SO 4 + 

 NaHSO 4 + H 2 O
Sodium hydroxide Sulphuric acid Sodium hydrogen Water
sulphate
(ii) NaHSO 4 

H2 O
 
 Na + + H+ + SO 2-
4
Sodium hydrogen Sodium ion Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion
Sulphate
In the above reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and sulphuric acid, only one H+ ion of the
molecule of H2SO4 is replaced by Na+ ion. The salt so formed is sodium hydrogen sulphate, which is an
acid salt.
It shows that when acid salt is dissolved in water, it furnishes H+ ions, and hence, is acidic in nature.
Examples of acid salts
Sodium hydrogen sulphate [NaHSO4]
Sodium hydrogen carbonate [NaHCO3]
Sodium hydrogen sulphite [NaHSO3]
Potassium hydrogen sulphate [KHSO4]
Potassium hydrogen carbonate [KHCO3]
Potassium hydrogen sulphite [KHSO3]
Calcium hydrogen carbonate [Ca(HCO3)2]
Calcium hydrogen sulphate [Ca(HSO4)2]
Magnesium hydrogen carbonate [Mg(HCO3)2]
Magnesium hydrogen sulphate [Mg(HSO4)2]
Basic Salt
A salt formed by the partial neutralisation of hydroxyl ions (OH–) of a base, by an acid is called
basic salt.
The basic salt on dissolving in water furnishes OH– ions and turns red litmus blue.
Examples of basic salts
Zinc hydroxy chloride [Zn(OH)Cl]
Copper hydroxy chloride [Cu(OH)Cl]
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SALTS

(a) Preparation of salts
A salt is formed from an acid when a metal takes the place of hydrogen in acids. The metals can
take the place of hydrogen when the acids react chemically with the following :
i) Metal hydroxides
ii) Metal oxides
iii) Metal carbonates
iv) Active metals such as magnesium, zinc, etc.
(b) Properties of salts
i) Most of the salts are solids with high melting points and boiling points.
ii) Salts are usually soluble in water. However, salts like carbonates,, oxides and sulphates
are generally insoluble in water.
iii) Salt solutions in water are good conductors of electricity.
iv) Crystals of some salts have some fixed number of water molecules attached to them.
Such salts are called hydrated salts and the water molecules attached to them are called
water of crystallisation.
Hydrated salts: The salts which contain certain fixed number of water molecules, attached loosely to
their one molecule are called hydrated-salts.
Water of crystallisation: The fixed number of water molecules which are in loose combination with one
molecule of a salt is called water of crystallisation. On strong heating, the hydrated salts lose their water
of crystallisation. In doing so they lose their shape and colour and form a powdery substance. The compound
left after heating is called anhydrous salt.
LIST OF HYDRATED SALTS
S.no Name of hydrated salt Chemical formula Colour
1. Copper sulphate CuSO4 5H2 O Blue

2. Iron sulphate Fe SO4 .7H2O Green
3. Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 .10H2O White
4. Magnesium sulphate Mg SO4.7H2 O White
5. Zinc sulphate ZnSO4 .7H2 O White
Anhydrous salts: The residue left when a hydrated salt loses its water of crystallisation, is called anhydrous
salt.
The anhydrous salts regain their colour on the addition of water.
Some salts have a tendency to absorb moisture from air and change into solution. Such salts are called
deliquescent salt.
Deliquescent salts: The salts which change into solution form due to the absorption of water from air
are called deliquescent salts.
Examples:
(i) Calcium chloride, (ii) magnesium chloride, (iii) mercury nitrate, (iv) zinc chloride.
NAMING OF SALTS
Salts obtained from the sulphuric acid are called sulphates.
Examples: Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4); copper sulphate (CuSO4).
Salts obtained from hydrochloric acid are called chlorides.
Examples: Potassium chloride (KCl); zinc chloride (ZnCl2).
Salts obtained from nitric acid are called nitrates.
Examples: Calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]; lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2.
Salts obtained from carbonic acid are called carbonates.
Examples: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3); magnesium carbonate (MgCO3).
Salts obtained from phosphoric acid are called phosphates.
Examples: Calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4 )2]; potassium phosphate K3 PO4. In all the above salts, the
metal part is a basic radical and non-metallic part is an acidic radical.
USES OF SALTS IN DAILY LIFE

Common salt: It is used in large amount as table salt. It is used for preservation of food in pickling. It is
used to preserve raw hides. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals such as chlorine and caustic soda
(NaOH).
Baking soda: It is used for making baking powder. It is used for preparing antacid tablets, for controlling
acidity of stomach.
Washing soda: It is used by washermen to wash clothes. It is used in manufacture of glass and caustic
soda. It is used in fire extinguishers. It is used in the manufacture of detergents.
Chile saltpeter: It is used in the manufacture of nitric acid, gun powder and fire works.
Nitre: It is used as a fertiliser. It is also used in the manufacture of gun powder, fire works and nitric acid.
Smelling salt: It provides relief from common cold.
Epsom salt: It is used as a laxative by patients suffering from constipation.
Green vitriol: It is used in making blue black inks and in curing leather.
Blue vitriol: It is used as fungicide in agriculture. It is used in dyeing and printing industry. It is used in
electroplating copper metal.
Plaster of Paris: It is used for making statues. It is used for setting broken bones.
Potash alum: It helps in rapid settling of suspended impurities in water. It is used for the purification of
water.
COMMON NAMES OF SALTS

Certain salts are better known by their common names, rather than by their chemical names. The following
table shows some of the salts, along with their common names, chemical names and chemical formulae:
Common Name Chemical Name Formula
Common salt or Table sa lt Sodium chloride NaCl
Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3

Washing soda Hydrated sodium carbonate Na2 CO3 .10H2 O
Soda ash Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2 CO3
Chile saltpetre Sodium nitrate Na2 NO3
Nitre Potassium nitrate KNO3
Smelling salt Ammonium carbonate (NH4) 2 CO3
Epsom salt Hydrated magnesium sulpha te MgSO4.7H2O
Green vitriol Hydrated ferrous sulphate FeSO4 7H 2O
Blue vitriol Hydrated copper sulphate CuSO45H2 O
Chalk or limestone or marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Plaster of Paris Hydrated calcium sulphate
CaSO4 1 H2 O
2
White vitriol Hydrated zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2 O
EXERCISE-3.3
LEVEL-1
1. The formula of Table salt is
(A) NaCl (B) KCl (C) MgCl2 (D) CuCl2
2. Acid + Base   Salt + Water. This is a
(A) Combination reaction (B) Decomposition reaction
(C) Neutralisation reaction (D) None
3. Strong acid + weak base  
(A) Basic salt (B) Acid salt (C) Neutral salt (D) None
4. Weak acid + Strong base  
5. Strong acid + strong base 
6. Antacid contain
(A) Baking soda (B) Magnesium hydroxide (C) Both (D) None
7. The salts that contain water of crystallization are called
(A) hydrated salts (B) Acidic salts (C) Neutral salts (D) Basic salts
8. Which of the following substances is used to relieve indigestion?
(A) Curd (B) Vinegar (C) Acetic acid (D) Magnesium hydroxide
9. Indicators are substances that give different colours and are commonly used in detecting acids and
bases. Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are the common indicators. The use of indicators depends
upon the strength of the acid and the alkali solutions which are being neutralized.
Solution X turns the colour of methyl orange to pinkish red. Solution X is
(A) amphoteric in nature (B) basic in nature
(C) acidic in nature (D) neutral in nature
10. Which of the following substances will not turn China rose indicator green?
(A) Antacid (B) Shampoo (C) Lime water (D) Distilled water
11. Which of the following substances would show a colour change with turmeric paste?
(A) Vinegar (B) Lemon (C) Soap (D) Curd
12. Which of the following word equations correctly represents the neutralization reaction?
(A) Acid + Base  Salt + Water + Heat (B) Acid + Salt  Base + Water + Heat
(C) Acid + Water  Base + Salt + Heat (D) Acid + Heat  Base + Salt + Water
13. The process due to which an acid completely reacts with base to form salt and water as the only
products is called _______.
(A) Crystalisation (B) Neutralisation (C) Distillation (D) Condensation
14. Which of the following base is used in the preparation of bleaching powder?
(A) Caustic soda (B) Calcium oxide
(C) Aluminium hydroxide (D) Magnesium hydroxide
15. A substance formed by the neutralisation of an acid with base is called ______.
(A) Solution (B) Solute (C) Salt (D) Solvent
16. The formula of zinc nitrate is:
(A) Zn(NO3) (B) Zn(NO)2 (C) Zn(NO)3 (D) Zn(NO3)2
LEVEL-2
17. Identify the basic salt among the following.
(A) Pb(OH)NO3 (B) NaNO3 (C) KOH (D) Pb(OH)NO3
18. NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O ; In this reaction NaCl is formed by the process of
(A) Decomposition reaction (B) Double decomposition
(C) Neutralization reaction (D) Precipitation reaction
19. Katherine performs the following chemical reaction in her laboratory.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + X ; What is the composition of X?
(A) H2O2 (B) H2O (C) HCN (D) Na 2O2
20. Which of the following is a normal salt?
(A) Na2 SO4 (B) NaHSO4 (C) Na2CO3 .10H2 O (D) Zn(OH)
21. The chemical name of Mg (HCO3)2:
(A) Magnesium carbonate (B) Magnesium hydrogen carbonate
(C) Magnesium hydroxide (D) Magnesium bicarbonate
22. Which of the following colour changes is observed when phenolphthalein is added to a base?
(A) Colourless to red (B) Red to colourless
(C) Colourless to pink (D) Pink to colourless
23. Stephen puts a red litmus paper on a soap bar. The paper turns blue in colour. Then, he puts the
paper in orange juice and the paper turns red in colour. This test indicates that the soap bar i is
in nature and the orange juice is ii in nature. Which of the following alternative correctly
completes the sentence?
(A) i - acidic, ii-basic (B) i-basic, ii-acidic (C) acidic, acidic (D) basic, basic
24. If dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide, then the reaction mixture will become i
and the products obtained will be ii and iii . The information in which alternative completes
the given statement?
(A) i-hot, ii-sodium chloride, iii-water (B) i-hot, ii-sodium chloride, iii-hydrogen
(C) i-cold, ii-sodium, iii-water (D) i-cold, ii-sodium, iii-hydrogen
25. Among the following which is soluble in hot water ?
(A) PbSO4 (B) AgCl (C) KHCO3 (D) PbCl2
26. The mild base that can be use as an antacid is
(A) Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 (B) Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
(C) Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (D) Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
27. Among the following which one is responsible for the acidity in our stomach?
(A) Hydrogen chloride HCl (B) Hydrogen bromide HBr
(C) Hydrogen floride HF (D) Hydrogen iodide HI
28. A substance X is sour to taste. Another substance Y was added to X. On doing so, the temperature
of reaction mixture increased. Also, two new substances were formed, both of which were neutral
in nature. One of the substances formed is used as common salt. The information in which
alternative correctly represents X and Y?
(A) X-Hydrochloric acid, Y-Sodium hydroxide
(B) X-Sulphuric acid, Y-Magnesium hydroxide
(C) X-Acetic acid, Y-Sodium hydroxide
(D) X-Lactic acid, Y-Magnesium hydroxide
29. Identify the incorrect statement from the following
(A) The hydrated salt on heating turns to anhydrated salt.
(B) Salts like carbonate, oxides and sulphates are soluble in water.
(C) Copper sulphate chemical formula is CuSO4.5H2O.
(D) Generally salt solutions can pass electricity through them.
30. Which of the following is/are deliquescent salts?
(A) Calcium chloride (B) Magnesium chloride (C) Mercury nitrate (D) All of these
31. The chemical name of nitre is:
(A) Sodium nitrate (B) Potassium nitrate
(C) Calcium nitrate (D) Ammonium nitrate
32. The chemical name of smelling salt is:
(A) Epsom salt (B) Hydrated magnesium sulphate.
(C) Ammonium carbonate (D) Magnesium hydroxide sulphate.
LEVEL-3
33. Which of the following is a double salt ?
(A) Mohr’s salt FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
(B) Potassium Ferrocyaride K4Fe(CN)6
(C) Sodium potassium carbonate NaKCO3
(D) Barium sulphate BaSO4
34. Ca3(PO4)2 represents calcium phosphate. Which of the following statements is true for the above
salt?
(A) The metal part is a basic radical. (B) The non-metallic part is an acidic radical.
(C) The metal part is an acidic radical. (D) Both A and B
35. Which of the following salts is used in electroplating copper metal?
(A) Green vitriol (B) White vitriol (C) Blue vitriol (D) Red vitriol
36. On mixing lemon juice and limewater, a colourless solution is obtained. This reaction is known as
neutralisation reaction. Which of the following statements is correct about the given activity?
(A) The resulting solution has no effect on litmus solution.
(B) The resulting solution can be used to treat acidic soil.
(C) Heat is absorbed during the reaction.
(D) No new substances are formed.
37. In a neutralisation reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce i and ii . During the
process, the reaction mixture generally becomes iii .
The information in which alternative completes the given statements?
(A) i-hydrogen, ii-oxide, iii-hot (B) i-hydrogen, ii-oxide, iii-cold
(C) i-salt, ii-water, iii-cold (D) i-salt, ii-water, iii-hot
38. The reaction between i and ii is called neutralization reaction. In this reaction, iii and iv
are produced along with the evolution of heat. The information in which alternative completes the
given statements?
(A) i- a base, ii- a salt, iii- an acid, iv-water (B) i- an acid, ii- a base, iii- a salt, iv- water
(C) i- an acid, ii- a salt, iii- a base, iv-hydrogen (D) i- an acid, ii- a base, iii- a salt, iv-hydrogen
LEVEL-4
39. Which of the following chemical equations is an example of a neutralisation reaction?
(A) 2Na + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2 (B) CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2 H2O
(C) NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl (D) H2SO4 + 2 NH4OH  (NH4)2SO4 + 2 HOH
40. A salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen ions (H+) of an acid with metal ions
(or positively charged ions) is called:
(A) Acid salt (B) Normal salt (C) Basic salt (D) Hydrated salt
41. A and B represents:
NaOH + A  B + H2O
(A) A  HSO4, B  Na2SO4 (B) A  H2SO4, B  Na2SO4
(C) A  2H2SO4, B  Na2SO4 (D) A  NaHSO4, B  Na2SO4
LEVEL-5
42. Ravi mixed sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid in a beaker. By touching the beaker, he observed
that the resulting solution is hot. He then tested the acidic, basic, or neutral nature of the reaction
mixture with the help of a litmus paper. He observed that both red and blue litmus papers remain
unaffected with the solution.What can be concluded from Ravi's experiment?
(A) The resulting solution is acidic in nature and heat is absorbed during the reaction
(B) The resulting solution is basic in nature and heat is evolved during the reaction
(C) The resulting solution is neutral in nature and heat is evolved during the reaction
(D) The resulting solution is neutral in nature and heat is absorbed during the reaction
43. I is used as fungicide in agriculture.
II is used in making blue or black inks
III is used in making statues.
I II III
(A) Green vitriol Blue vitriol Plaster of paris
(B) Green vitriol Plaster of paris Blue vitriol
(C) Plaster of paris Blue vitriol Green vitriol
(D) Blue vitriol Green vitriol Plaster of paris
44. All chlorides are soluble salts. Which of the following salts are exceptional?
(A) Lead (B) Ammonia (C) Silver (D) Mercurus

1. Which of the following is true for acids?
(A) Acids are sour to taste (B) Acids are soluble in water
(C) Acids are sweet to taste (D) Acids are insoluble in water
2. HNO3 is a
(A) mineral acid (B) organic acid (C) weak acid (D) strong acid
3. Which of the following is an acid?
(A) HCl (B) HNO3 (C) H2SO4 (D) NaOH
4. Which of the following is an organic acid?
(A) Acetic acid (B) Malic acid (C) Formic acid (D) HCl
5. Which of the following is true for acids?
(A) Acids are sour to taste (B) Acids are soluble in water
(C) Acids have ability to corrode (D) Acids change red litmus to blue
6. Which of the following is/are bases/s?
(A) Magnesium oxide (B) Copper oxide
7. Which of the following is a strong base?
(A) NaOH (B) KOH (C) Ca(OH)2 (D) NH4OH
8. Which of the following is a weak base?
(A) NaOH (B) KOH (C) Ca(OH)2 (D) Zn(OH)2
9. Identify the correct statement.
(A) The oxides and hydroxides of sodium and potassium are strong bases.
(B) Strong bases are very soluble in water.
(C) The oxides and hydroxides of all other metals are weak base.
(D) Ammonia gas in water is a strong base.
10. The acidity in the soil is neutralized by adding
(A) CaO (B) Ca(OH)2 (C) CaCO3 (D) NaCl
11. Identify the acidic salt from the following.
(A) Potassium hydrogen sulphite (B) Copper hydroxy chloride
(C) Magnesium hydrogen carbonate (D) Sodium hydrogen sulphite
12. Identify the correct chemical formula.
(A) K2SO3 (B) Zn(NO3)2 (C) KHSO3 (D) Ca(H(SO4)2
13. 2HCl + CuO  CuCl2 + H2O
Which of the following statements is true for the above reaction?
(A) Hydrogen ions of acid are completely replaced by metal ions.
(B) One of the products formed is a salt.
(C) It is a neutralisation reaction.
(D) CuO is an insoluble base.
14. Identify the correct chemical formula from the following.
(A) CaSO4.5H2O – copper sulphate (B) Magnesium sulphate – MgSO4.7H2O
(C) Zinc sulphate – ZnSO4.7H2O (D) Iron sulphate – FeSO3.7H2O
15. Which of the following salts are obtained from sulphuric acid?
(A) Sodium sulphate (B) Cupper sulphate
(C) Calcium carbonate (D) Potassium phoshate

16. Statement I: Lactic acid is found in curd and milk.
Statement II: Ascrobic acid is commonly called vitamin C which is present in citrus fruits.
17. Statement I: Acids are formed by the reaction of oxides of non-metals with water.
Statement II: CO2  H2O  H2CO3
18. Statement I: CaO  HNO3  Ca  NO3 2  H2O

Statement II: Metallic oxides react with mineral acids to form their respective metallic salts.
19. Statement I: The oxides and hydroxides of sodium and potassium are strong bases.
Statement II: Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are not soluble in water.
20. Statement I: All oxides and hydroxides of metals are bases.
Statement II: The substances which react with acids to form salt and water as only products are
called acids.
21. Statement I: The oxides and hydroxides of all other metals are weak bases.
Statement II: Ammonium hydroxide obtained by dissolving ammonia gas in water is a weak base.
22. Statement I: The oxides of metals are commonly called basic oxides.
Statement II: The basic oxides react with acids to form salt and water as only products.
23. Statement I: Calcium hydrogen carbonate is a acidic salt.
Statement II: The chemical formula of aluminium carbonate is Al2(CO2)3.
24. Statement I: A salt formed by the partial replacement of H+ ions of an acid from its molecule, with
metal ions is called acid salt.
Statement II: The acid salt on dissolving in water furnishes hydrogen ion and turns red litmus to
blue.
25. Statement I: Copper chloride is formed, when all the hydrogen ions of hydrochloric acid are replaced
by a copper ion.
Statement II: A salt is formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen ions of an acid with
metal ions is called normal salt.
26. Statement I: Copper hydroxy chloride is a basic salt.
Statement II: The salt formed by the neutralisation of hydroxyl ions of a base by an acid is called
basic salt.

COMPREHENSION-1 (For Q.no 27-29)
Sulphuric acid is such an important industrial chemical that it is called the King of chemicals.
Due to its oily appearance, it was earlier called oil of vitriol.
27. Sulphuric acid is used in
(A) car batteries (B) cleaning sinks
(C) cleaning sanitary wares (D) All
28. Sulphuric acid is used in manufacture of

(A) paints (B) dyes (C) drugs (D) All
29. Sulphuric acid is used to produced
(A) ammonium sulphate (B) super phoshpate
(C) TNT (D) Both A and B
COMPREHENSION- 2 (For Q.no 30-32)

Acids are useful to us in our day to day life.
30. Which of the following acid is used in manufacture of TNT?
(A) HCl (B) H2SO4 (C) HNO3 (D) CH3COOH
31. Which of the following acid is used in manufacture of fertilizers
32. Which of the following acid is used for cleaning sinks and sanitary wares?
COMPREHENSION-3 (Q.no 33-34)

Raju wants to test the acidic, basic, or neutral nature of two different solutions (I and II) with the help of
a red and blue litmus paper. He observed that the colour of red litmus paper turns blue with solution
I,whereas blue litmus paper remains unaffected with it. On the other hand, both red and blue litmus papers
remain unaffected with solution II.
33. What is the nature of solution I?
(A) Acidic (B) Basic (C) Neutral (D) None of these
34. What is the nature of solution II?
COMPREHENSION-4 (Q.no 35-36)

When an ant bites, it causes pain and irritation. A certain substance, which is a common household
substance, when applied to the affected area gives relief.The substance turns red litmus paper blue, and
blue litmus paper remains unaffected with it.
35. What is the nature of the mentioned substance?
36. What is the nature of the substance present in the stingof an ant?
COMPREHENSION -5 (For Q.no.37-39)

A Substance formed by the neutralisation of an acid with a base is called salt.
37. The salt formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with copper oxide is:
(A) Copper oxide (B) Copper hydroxide
(C) Copper chloride (D) Copper carbonate
38. The chemical formula of lead sulphide is:
(A) PbSO4 (B) PbSO2 (C) Pb(SO4)2 (D) PbS
39. What are the ions formed when sodium hydrogen sulphate dissolved in water?
(A) Na+ (B) H+ (C) SO42 (D) All the above

DIRECTIONS: Following questions has four statements (a, b,c and d) given in Column I and four or
more statements (p, q, r, s, t...) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Match the entries in Column I with
entries in Column II.
40. Match the following

organic acid Source
(a) Oxalic acid p) lemon
(b) Acetic acid q) milk
(c) Lactic acid r) vinegar and tomato
(d) Citiric acid s) spinach
Source Name of the acid
(a) Lemon (p) Formic acid
(b) Grapes (q) Acetic acid
(c) Vinegar (r) Citric acid
(d) Brown ants (s) Tartaric acid
(a) Calcium hydroxide (p) CaCl2
(b) Magnesium carbonate (q) Na2SO4
(c) Calcium chloride (r) Ca(OH)2
(d) Sodium sulphate (s) MgCO3
(t) Mg2CO3
(a) 4Na + O2 (p) 2NaOH
(b) 2Mg + O2 (q) 2 KOH
(c) Na2O + H2O (r) 2Na2O
(d) K2O + H2O (s) 2MgO
(t) 2NaO
44. Match the following:
Column-I Column-II
(a) Marble (p) NaHCO3
(b) Washing soda (q) NaCl
(c) Baking soda (r) CaCO3
(d) Common salt (s) Na2CO3 . 10H2O

Column-I Column-II
(a) Copper nitrate (p) Al2(CO3)3
(b) Sodium sulphate (q) Cu(NO3)2
(c) Aluminium carbonate (r) Na2SO4
(d) Potassium sulphate (s) K2SO4

46. The number of H atoms in acetic acid is ______
47. The number of oxygen atoms in king of chemicals is _____
48. The pH of strong acid is ___________.
49. The pH of neutral solution is ___________.
50. The number of water molecules in hydrated copper sulphate is ___________.
***
KEY
EXERCISE-3.1
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B A D B D C A A B A
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key A A D B D B D B C C
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key C C B D D D B A B C
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Key A C C - C B B A B C
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Key C A D D B C C A C D
Q.No 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Key C A B A C C C D C B
Q.No 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
Key D A C D C A C
EXERCISE-3.2
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B C B C B B C D B D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key B A A B D D B D B C
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key D A B C B A D C C B
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Key B D A B B B C C B B
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Key D C B D B C C B B C
Q.No 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Key D D D C C B B B C A
Q.No 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Key D C A B D B A A A D
EXERCISE-3.3
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key A C B A C A C D C D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key C A B A C D C C B A
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key B C B A C A A A B D
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Key B C A D C A D B D B
Q.No 41 42 43 44
Key D C D C
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key AB AD ABC ABC ABC ABCD AB BC ABC ABC
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key ACD ABCD ABC BC AB B B A C C
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key B B B C A A A D D C
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Key B A A C B A C D D *
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Key * * * * * 4 2 1 7 5
41. a-r, b-s, c-q, d-p 42. a - r, b-s, c-p, d-q 43. a-r, b-s, c-p, d-q
44. a– r; b – s; c – p; d – q 45. a – q, b – r, c – p, d–s
Chemistry Water | 7 7
Chapter-4
Water
4.1 Introduction
Water is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid that covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface. It is
present in rain, clouds and the seas. Water is not only all around us, but it is inside us as well. On an
average, the human body contains almost 65% of water. Some foods are almost all water. For example,
a ripe tomato consists of nearly 95% water.
HISTORICAL NOTE
In 1669, Becher and Stahl put forward the theory of phlogiston, an imaginary constitute of combustible
bodies, which escapes from them when they burn. Phlogiston was represented by the Greek letter O .
In 1781, Henry Cavendish showed that water could be prepared by introducing an electric spark through
a mixture of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen.
Cavendish was a strong believer of phlogiston theory. He thought that, water pre-existed in the two gases
as hydrogen and oxygen.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
Role of Water in the Human Body:
1. Water is a medium of transport of chemicals to and from cells.
2. Metabolic reactions occur in water.
3. Water regulates the temperature of the body by the process of sweating and evaporation.
4. Blood is a colloidal solution of many compounds such as salts, proteins, enzymes, glucose etc, in
water.
Role of Water in Plants:
1. Germination of Seeds: Water helps in the germination of seeds.
2. Photosynthesis : Along with carbon dioxide, plants use water for manufacturing food.
3. Transport of Minerals : Minerals present in the soil dissolve in the water and form a solution. This
solution is then absorbed by the roots and conducted upwards through the plant tissues.
IMPORTANCE OF SEA WATER

Extraction of Common Salt from Sea Water:
1. In warm climate, seawater is evaporated in large shallow ponds called sea pans or meadows by the
heat of the sun. Sea water is pumped into these pans. On evaporation, salt is left behind. This salt
is called solar salt.
The slower the evaporation takes place, the larger are the crystals obtained in the pan. The mother
liquor obtained after the removal of common salt crystals is called bitteru and it contains magnesium
salts and bromides of the sea water.
2. Sea provides the biggest habitat for living organisms. The majority of Earth’s producers and consumers
live in sea water. Phytoplankton comprising sea algae and sea plants are the major producers
while zooplanktons, protozoans, crabs, fishes, sea snakes, sea turtles, crocodiles and sea birds are
the primary consumers in sea water.
Reasons for Life in Sea Water:
1. Sunlight can easily pass through sea water, helping water plants to carry on photosynthesis.
2. Temperature variation in the sea is mild. Thus, there is no threat to the life of these life forms when
the weather changes.
3. Sea water contains dissolved oxygen, which is utilized by animals and plants for respiration.
4. Sea water contains dissolved carbon dioxide, a vital substance to carry out photosynthesis to produce
food for sea plants.
5. Sea plants and animals require traces of salts and minerals containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
etc, for their growth. These minerals are provided by sea water.
The mystery of Dead Sea:
The dead sea is a terminal lake with no outlet, meaning water can only leave through evaporation. Water
from its surrounding tributaries flow in to the dead sea. Bringing with them all sorts of minerals, including
salts. Since, there is no outlet, the water evaporates depositing minerals and salts. This is the basic reason
why dead sea has such high concentration and thus life cannot sustain in it.
4.2 Occurrence of Water

Water is widely distributed in nature in all the physical states. It is found in the combined states in certain
minerals and crystalline substances.
IN SOLID STATE
It occurs as ice, snow and hails stones in Polar regions and mountainous areas of the Earth. As the
temperature rises during summer, some amount of these forms melt down.
IN LIQUID STATE
Water in the liquid state covers about three-fourth of the surface of the Earth. The volume of water in
ocean is estimated to be 3 × 1018 cubic metres.
IN GASEOUS STATE
A large amount of water is present in the form of vapours in the atmosphere. This water plays a vital role
in sustaining life in plants and animals. A dry weather (without moisture) is injurious to plant and animal
tissues.
Note: Water is the only substance that can exist in all three states (solid, liquid, gas), at ordinary temperature
and pressure.
Combined state of water: In combined state, water is an important constituent of all living beings. It is
present in carbohydrates, proteins, etc. It is also present in salts containing water of crystallisation, such
as CuSO4.5H2O, FeSO4.7H2O.
Hydrated salts and anhydrous salts: Compounds containing water of crystallization are called hydrated
salts. If the water of crystallization is removed, then the compound is said to be anhydrous.
Hydrated salts on strong heating lose water of crystallization and give rise to anhydrous salts.
For example, Na2CO3.2H2O is hydrated sodium carbonate. On heating, it changes to Na2CO3 (anhydrous
sodium carbonate).
Note: All crystalline compounds do not contain water of crystallization, e.g., sodium chloride (NaCI),
potassium nitrate (KNO3).
4.3 Composition of water:

1. Ancient philosophers believed that water is an element.
2. Henry Cavendish (1786) showed that water can be prepared by igniting two volumes of hydrogen
with one volume of oxygen.
3. A. L. Lavoisier(1783) showed that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen atoms combined
together in the ratio of 2 : 1.
Reasons to regard water as a compound:
1. A compound has some elements, combined together in a fixed proportion by weight: As
the water molecule consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms combined together in the ratio of 1 : 8
by weight, water is a compound.
2. A compound has properties different from constituting elements: Hydrogen is a combustible
gas, the oxygen is supporter of combustion, but water is a liquid which extinguishes fire. Therefore,
its properties are different from constituting elements and, hence, it is a compound.
3. The components of a compound cannot be separated by any physical means. However,
they can be separated by chemical means: In case of water it is just not possible to separate
hydrogen from oxygen by any physical means. However, the constituents of water can be separated
by electro-chemical means, i.e., electrolysis of water.
4.4. Classification of Water

NATURAL WATER AND TREATED WATER
Water which occurs in nature in free state is called natural water.
Examples: River water, Well water, Rain water, Spring water etc.
Treated water: The natural water that obtained after the treatment by some man made process/es and
which can be used for some purposes.
TYPES OF TREATED WATER
Types of treated water
Distilled water Potable water

(i) Used for preparing soluble (Used for human consumption)
injectables
(ii) Used in qualitative analysis
Distilled water: Water obtained by the distillation of natural water, such that it contains no dissolved
salts or gaseous impurities, is called distilled water.
The distilled water is purest form of water. It is used for preparing soluble injectables as well as qualitative
analysis.
Potable water: Potable water (drinking water) contains dissolved salts. Every 1 litre of potable water
contains from 1 g to 2 g of dissolved salts, the chief amongst them being common salt.
Every 1 litre of sea water contains 24 g of dissolved salts, the chief amongst them being common salt. If
we drink sea water, we may start vomiting due to excessive salt.
The saline water is distilled to obtain pure distille d water. To this distilled water is added about 2 g of
common salt per litre
If we drink distilled water, it will dissolve essential salts present in our body. This may lead to deficiency
of vital salts which in turn can make us sick
Any sample of natural water which contains more than 2% of dissolved salts, especially the common
salt, is called saline water.
Underground Water: Part of rain water goes into the soil. It cannot go beyond a certain level. It gets
collected there. This reservoir of water over the hard rock, below the surface of Earth is called
underground water.
Well Water: The reservoir of water above the impervious rocks is called a well and water in this type of
reservoir is called well water. The depth of well varies from place to place. Well water contains soluble
impurities.
Spring Water: Rain water collects over the impervious rocks under the Earth. This water exerts pressure
and comes out in the form of spring from any opening in the Earth.
Surface Water: Surface water is present on the surface of the Earth. It is of three types:
River and Lake Water:The water in rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on the
mountains.
Sea Water: Rivers finally flow into the sea and therefore, seas are the largest reservoirs of natural water.
The water which contains large amounts of dissolved salts is called saline water.
97.4% of the total water available on the Earth is in oceans. It is salty and hence is unfit for consumption
or agriculture.
Only 0.01% of the fresh water is available in the form of lakes, rivers, underground water, etc., which is
fit for human and the animals use. It is this water which is continuously recycled in nature.
4.5 Water Cycle

Water vapour is continuously added into the air by the following
natural processes: Direct evaporation of water from water
bodies by the heat of Sun. Release of water into the air by the
leaves of plants by the process of transpiration. Breathing of
plants and animals releases water vapour in air. Burning of
various kinds of fuels releases water vapour in air.
The enormous amount of water vapour released into the air,
rises up in the atmosphere, as it is lighter than air. In the upper
Lakes and streams
regions of atmosphere, the water vapour condenses to form
Water table
tiny droplets of water, commonly called clouds. When the clouds
Ground water
contain too much of water, they cause rain. The rain water
flows over the surface of earth in the form of streams, and
rivers. Some amount of rain water collects within the earth in the form of sub-soil water. Ultimately, the
water is absorbed by the soil or flowing water of surface reaches the sea through rivers. Thus, a natural
balance is built, i.e., the amount of water which vaporises is equal to amount of water which returns to
earth in the form of rain.
EXERCISE-4.1
LEVEL-1
1. Who proved that water can be prepared by igniting two volumes of hydrogen with one volume of
oxygen?
(A) Robert Boyle (B) Henry Cavendish (C) Avogadro (D) W. Ostwald
2. What type of water is used for preparing soluble injectables?
(A) Natural water (B) Potable water
(C) Distilled water (D) All of these
3. Who showed that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen atoms combined together in the
ratio of 2 : 1?
(A) A. L. Lavoisier (B) Avogadro
(C) Henry Cavendish (D) Robert Boyle
4. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water molecule respectively is:
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 3
5. Well water is an example of:
(A) Rain water (B) River water (C) Surface water (D) Underground water
6. The water which contains large amounts of dissolved salts is called:
(A) Distilled water (B) Saline water (C) Sea water (D) Natural water
7. The reservoir of water over the hard, rock, below the surface of earth is called:
(A) Surface water (B) Underground water
(C) Shallow water (D) Marine water
8. The physical state of water in the glaciers and polar ice caps is:
(A) Liquid (B) Solid (C) Gas (D) None of these
9. Which one of the following is a liquid state of water?
(A) Mist (B) Dew (C) Frost (D) Fog
10. Which of the following is extinguishes fire?
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (C) Water (D) Hydrogen
LEVEL-2
11. The amount of water content in the human body is:
(A) 40% (B) 10% (C) 65% (D) 50%
12. Choose the property given below to state that “water is a liquid”.
(A) Water has a definite mass and volume.
(B) Water has a number of free surfaces.
(C) Water has more density.
(D) Water has no definite shape.
13. For all practical purposes, water free from dissolved impurities and pure enough for accurate
chemical work can be obtained by:
(A) Crystallization (B) Distillation (C) Evaporation (D) Dissolution
14. The present form of natural water is:
(A) River water (B) Rain water (C) Lake water (D) Sea water
15. The water which gets collected in lakes, ponds and puddles is :
(A) Runaway water (B) Surface water (C) Soil water (D) Ground water
LEVEL-3
16. Which of the following statements do not define the characteristic property of water, “water is a
universal solvent”?
(A) It can dissolve maximum number of compounds.
(B) It has very low dielectric constant.
(C) It has high liquid range.
(D) None of these.
17. (I) % of the total water available on the Earth is in oceans.
Only (II) % of the fresh water is available in the form of lakes, rivers, underground water.
I II
(A) 50.4 % 49.6 %
(B) 20.4 % 80.6 %
(C) 97.4 % 0.01 %
(D) 90.3 % 9.07 %
(A) (B)
18.  Water 
Ice  
 Steam

Melting Liquefaction
(A) (B)
(A) 10°C 90°C
(B) 20° 80°C
(C) 100°C 0°C
(D) 0°C 100°C
LEVEL-4
Row - I Row - II
(a) Water occurs in (p) Carbohydrates the the free state in gaseous form in
(b) Water occurs in (q) Dew combined state in
(c) Water occurs in (r) Mist the free state in liquid form in
(d) Treated water (s) Distilled water
(t) Potable water

(A) a  r, b  p, c  q, d  s,t
(B) a  p, b  q, c  r, d  t
(C) a  r, b  p, c  q, d  s
(D) A  p, B  q, C  r, D  s,t
4.6 Physical properties of Water

COLOUR, ODOUR AND TASTE
Water is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid. Deep water bodies like ponds, lakes, rivers and
appear greenish blue due to the scattering of light.
MELTING POINT OF ICE OR FREEZING POINT OF WATER
Ice melts and water freezes at 0°C at 1 atm. The melting point decreases with increase in pressure, and
rises with decrease in pressure.
BOILING POINT
Water boils at 100°C at 1 atm.
As is the case with other liquids, the boiling point of water rises as the pressure is raised and decreases as
the pressure is lowered.
In a pressure cooker, food is cooked better and quicker because the temperature of the boiling water
inside the cooker, i.e., under pressure, is higher than 100°C, say 110°C or so. Surgical instruments are
sterilized in an autoclave, which works on the same principle as a pressure cooker. At temperatures
higher than 100°C, the bacteria are killed.
The atmospheric pressure decreases and the boiling point of water is reduced at higher altitudes. For
example, water boils at around 70°C at Mount Everest. Hence, cooking food at high altitudes becomes
difficult. Using a pressure cooker, however, solves the problem.
FREEZING POINT
Pure water freezes at 0°C at 760 mm of mercury pressure.
a. Presence of impurities lowers the freezing point, i.e., the water freezes at temperature lower than
0°C.
b. At higher pressure, the freezing point is slightly less than 0°C.
CONDUCTION
Pure water is a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
DENSITY THE ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR OF WATER
A behavior that goes against a general rule is said to be anomalous.
Usually, the density of a substance in the solid state is higher than that in the liquid state. Also, the density
of a liquid decreases as the temperature rises. However, water shows a peculiar behavior below 4°C.
The density of water is maximum (1 g/mL) at 4°C, and lower at greater and lower temperatures. Thus ice
is lighter than water and floats on it.
Solvent properties: Water is polar covalent compound. It has unique property to break the electrostatic
forces, holding the ionic compounds. Thus, ionic compounds rapidly dissolve anything and everything in
it. It is for this reason that water is called universal solvent.
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF WATER AT A GLANCE

Latent heat of vaporization: 2268 J/g
One gram of water at 100°C absorbs 2268 joules of heat and is converted to steam.
The steam releases 2268 joules of heat (per gram of water) and changes back to water.
Latent heat of fusion of ice: 336 J/g
One gram of water at 0°C loses 336 joules of heat and is converted to ice.
One gram of ice absorbs 336 joules of heat and changes back into water.
Density: 1 g/cm3 at 4°C
Specific heat: 4.2 J/g°C, which is highest among all substances.
FACTORS EFFECTING THE SOLUBILITY OF AIR IN WATER

Effect of temperature on the solubility of air in Water:
The solubility of gases in water decreases with the rise in temperature. It is because of the decrease in
solubility that the dissolved air is expelled out from tap water.
It is the expulsion of air from boiled water that it tastes flat. However, if same water is shaken with air, the
taste returns because of the dissolution of air.
It is for the same reason that chilled soda water bottle does not produce large effervescence on opening,
as compared to another soda water bottle at room temperature, because the solubility of gases increases
with the fall in temperature.
Effect of pressure on the solubility of air in Water
An increase of pressure on the surface of water, increases the solubility of gases in it and vice versa. The
solubility of gases in water at a fixed temperature can be stated by ‘Henry’s law’ as under:
At any given temperature, the mass of gas dissolved by a fixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to
the pressure on the surface of liquid.
EXERCISE-4.2
LEVEL-1
1. Water has a fixed freezing point (0°C at 1 atm) and boiling point (100°C at 1atm). This is a
characteristic of a/an:
(A) Element (B) Compound (C) Mixture (D) None of the above
2. At what temperature pure water boils?
(A) 100°C (B) 0°C (C) –4°C (D) 70°C
3. The formula of heavy water is
(A) H2O18 (B) D2O (C) T2O (D) H2 O17
4. The amount of heat energy liberated by 1gm of water, at 0°C to form 1 gm of ice, at 0°C is called:
(A) Specific heat capacity (B) Specific latent heat of vaporisation
(C) Specific latent heat of solidification (D) None.
LEVEL-2
5. Water has maximum density at:
(A) 100°C (B) 0°C (C) 4°C (D) 10°C
6. What would have happened if ice were denser than water?
(A) Water bodies would have frozen from the bottom upwards
(B) The water layer would have remained in contact with the cold atmosphere
(C) With in a short time, the entire lake or sea would have frozen
(D) All the above
7. Choose the peculiar behavior of water.
(A) High boiling point (B) Low boiling point (C) Anomalous behavior (D) None
8. When atmospheric pressure is more than 76 cm of mercury, then freezing point of water is:
(A) Above 4°C (B) Above 0°C (C) Above 100°C (D) Below 0°C
(A) Water at different places have same taste.
(B) Due to presence of dissolved salts provides a specific taste to water.
Choose the correct alternative.
(A) ‘A’ is true, ‘B’ is false (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘B’ is true
(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are true (D) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are false
LEVEL-3
10. If the pressure on the surface of water increases, the boiling point of water
(A) Increases (B) Decreases
(C) Remains the same (D) First increases then decreases
11. In an experiment, a student took pure liquid and started boiling. He noted the boiling temperature
of that liquid. After he took sand solution and started boiling and he noted the temperature. Based
on the above experiment, what is his observation?
(A) Pure liquid boils at lower temperature than sand solution
(B) Sand solution boils at lower temperature than pure liquid
(C) Both liquid and sand solutions boil at same temperature
(D) Vapour pressure of pure liquid is lower than that of vapour pressure of sand solution.
12. The solubility of gases in water at a fixed temperature can be stated by:
(A) Joule’s law (B) Henry’s law (C) Raoult’s law (D) Avagadro’s law
13. The solubility of gases in water decreases with:
(A) Constant in temperature (B) Decrease in temperature
(C) No change (D) Rise in temperature
(i) Ice is lighter than water and floats on it.
(ii) The density of water is maximum (1g/mL) at 4°C and lower at greater and lower temperatures.
(A) Both (i) and (ii) are true and (ii) is the correct explanation of (i).
(B) Both (i) and (ii) are true and (ii) is NOT the correct explanation of (i).
(C) (i) is true and (ii) is false. (D) (i) is false and (ii) is true

(i) Water can absorb large amount of heat energy.
(ii) Water has a very high specific heat capacity.
(C) (i) is true and (ii) is false. (D) (i) is false and (ii) is true
(i) If distilled water is kept in a sealed bottle for a long time, it leaves itching on the surface of
glass.
(ii) As water is an universal solvent, it can dissolve all substances, including small amount of glass
materials also.
(C) (i) is true and (ii) is false.
(D) (i) is false and (ii) is true
LEVEL-4
17. i) In an experiment, appearance of concentric rings on watch glass against light indicates the
presence of __________.
ii) In an experiment, production of boiled off air indicates presence of _______.
(i) (ii)
(A) Undissolved solids Dissolved solids
(B) Dissolved solids Undissolved gas
(C) Dissolved solids Dissolved gas
(D) Undissolved solids Dissolved gas
18. “Carbon dioxide gas rapidly bubbles out, when soda water bottle is opened”. This is due to:
(A) Sudden increase of pressure on the surface of water.
(B) Sudden raise in solubility of gas.
(C) Sudden decrease of pressure on the surface of water.
(D) All the above.
19. i) Boiling point of water _________ with decrease in atmospheric pressure.
ii) Pressure cooker works based on the principle of ___________.
(i) (ii)
(A) Increases Boiling point
(B) Decreases Freezing point
(C) Decreases Boiling point
(D) Does not change Melting point
LEVEL-5
20. i) The amount of heat required to change one gram of water at 100°C into one gram of steam at
100°C is called_________.
ii) The amount of heat liberated by 1 gram of water at 0°C to form 1 gram of ice, at 0°C is
called_________.
iii) The fixed amount of heat absorbed by 1 gram of water, when heated through 1°C is
called__________.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(A) Specific heat capacity Latent heat of solidification Latent heat of vaporisa tion
(B) Latent heat of vaporisation Latent heat of solidification Specific heat capacity
(C) Latent heat of solidification Latent heat of vaporisation Specific heat capacity
(D) Specific heat capacity Latent heat of vaporisation Latent heat of solidification
4.7 Chemical properties of Water

Nature : Pure water has no effect on litmus solution, i.e., it is neutral to litmus.
Stability : Water is a stable compound, i.e., it does not decompose on heating. At very high temperatures
(between 2000°C-3500°C), it decomposes very slightly to form hydrogen and oxygen.
However, the water molecule can be split by the passage of an electric current. This process is called
electrolysis.
SPLITTING UP OF THE WATER MOLECULE BY ELECTROLYSIS
(i) Water acidified with dilute sulphuric acid is taken in a glass apparatus with three interconnected
limbs. This apparatus is also called Hoffman’s Voltameter.
(ii) The lower ends of the two side limbs are fitted with platinum plates called electrodes.
The plate connected to the positive end of a battery is called the anode, while the plate
connected to the negative terminal of the battery is the cathode.
(iii) Electric current is passed through the electrolyte for sometime.
(iv) Oxygen gas accumulates at the anode.
(v) Hydrogen gas accumulates at the cathode.
Catalytic nature of Water : In many chemical reactions, water acts as a catalyst.
(i) Hydrogen and oxygen, when sparked together, combine only if moisture is present.
(ii) Yellow phosphorus burns in air in the presence of moisture.
Electrolysis : It is a chemical process by which a chemical substance in its fused or aqueous solution is
decomposed by the passage of an electric current, leading to the discharge of ions at the electrodes.
Electrolysis of aci dulated water

Moisture 2H O
2H  O 
2 2 2
4P  5O Moisture  2P O

2 2 5
REACTION OF WATER WITH METALS :
Since, water is a compound containing hydrogen, most metals above hydrogen in the activity series are
able to displace hydrogen from cold water or steam, and form the corresponding alkali or base.
Cold Water and Potassium [K]
When a piece of potassium is added to a trough of water to which a few drops of red litmus solution has
been added, the following changes are observed:
(i) Potassium being lighter than water darts around on the water surface.
(ii) The reaction with water is extremely vigorous and large amounts of heat is given off.
(iii) A colourless gas (hydrogen) is given off. It is ignited due to the heat produced. Although hydrogen
burns with a pale blue flame, the flame appears lilac due to the presence of potassium vapours.
(iv) The water turns blue indicating that the solution formed (potassium hydroxide) is alkaline,
(v) When a small piece of potassium is dropped into a trough of cold water, it reacts violently to form
their respective hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Cold Water and Sodium [NA]

When sodium is added to a trough of cold water to which the red litmus solution has been added, the
following changes are observed :
(i) The reaction is less vigorous and exothermic than potassium. The sodium melts, forms a silvery
globule and revolves at its position.
(ii) The hydrogen evolved along with sodium vapour, burns with a golden yellow flame.
(iii) The hydrogen gas can be collected, if the sodium is wrapped in a wire gauze.
(iv) The solution left behind is alkaline due to the formation of sodium hydroxide.
(v) When a small piece of sodium is dropped into a trough of cold water, it reacts violently to form
their respective hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
2Na  s  + 2H 2 O  l   2NaOH  aq  + H 2  g  + ΔT
Cold Water and Calcium [Ca]

Calcium is a hard and heavy metal [density 1.55 g/cm3] with a high m.p. [810°C]. When added to a trough
of cold water, the following observations are noted:
(i) The reaction is less exothermic and proceeds smoothly, forming alkaline calcium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
Ca  s  + 2H 2 O  l   Ca(OH) 2 + H 2  g  + ΔT
(ii) The solution left behind is turbid due to an insoluble suspension of calcium hydroxide.
(iii) The hydrogen that is liberated can be collected as shown in the diagram below.
Reaction of Metals with Steam
Magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron react with steam to form the oxide and liberate hydrogen.
(i) Magnesium with steam
It reacts slowly with boiling water to form magnesium oxide and hydrogen. Since magnesium oxide
is slightly soluble in water, some amount of magnesium hydroxide is also formed. Magnesium liberates
hydrogen more rapidly with steam.
Mg (s) + H2O (g)   MgO (s) + H2(g)
Why reaction of magnesium with steam stops? Magnesium oxide, formed by the action of
steam on the metal, continues sticking to the surface of metal. Thus, fresh surface of metal is not
exposed, with the result the reaction stops.
(ii) Zinc, Aluminium and Steam
At ordinary temperatures, there is no reaction between aluminium and steam. This is because, a
coating of aluminium oxide forms on the surface of aluminium, due to atmospheric oxidation.
Reaction occurs at temperature above 800°C, after the oxide layer is destroyed by heat.
Δ
2Al  s + 3H 2 O  g  
Above 800°C
 Al 2 O3  s  + 3H 2  g 
 Red hot 
Δ
Zn  s + H 2 O  g  
Above 400°C
 ZnO  s  + H 2  g 
 Red hot 
(iii) Iron and Steam

Iron reacts reversibly with steam to form triferric tetroxide and hydrogen. This reaction is also
exothermic.
[A reversible reaction never reaches completion. This is because, the products formed are constantly
reacting to form the original reactants.]

3Fe  s + 4H 2 O  g  
Δ
 Fe3 O 4  s  + 4H 2  g 
Above 800°C
 Red hot 
(iv) Copper and Lead
Lead, being only slightly above hydrogen in the activity series, and copper being below hydrogen in
the activity series, do not react with water at any temperature. Hence these find use in making water
pipes and boilers.
REACTION OF WATER WITH OXIDES
(i) Metallic oxides
Water reacts with oxides of sodium, potassium and calcium to form the corresponding hydroxides.
Magnesium oxide is very slightly soluble in water while iron oxide is insoluble in water.
K2 O + H2 O  2KOH
Na 2 O + H2 O  2NaOH
CaO + H2 O  Ca(OH)2
(ii) Non-metallic oxides
Water reacts with oxides of non-metals to form the respective acids.
Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid
CO 2 + H2 O  H2 CO 3
Sulphur dioxide forms sulphurous acid
SO2 + H2 O  H2 SO 3
Sulphur trioxide forms sulphuric acid
SO3 + H2 O  H2 SO 4
Phosphorus pentoxide forms phosphoric acid
P2O5 + 3H2 O
 2H 3PO 4
Activity Series of Metals
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Ag.
Metals more reactive than hydrogen, can displace hydrogen from compounds containing hydrogen.
Example: Mg + H2O  MgO + H2 but Cu + H2O  no reaction
Action of water with non-metals
Formation of water gas
C  s   H 2 O  g  
 CO  g   H 2  g 

Water gas
Action of water with chlorine gas

Diffused
C 2  g   H 2O    
light
 HC  aq   HCO  g 
Direct
2C 2  g   2H 2O    
Sunlight
 4HC  aq   O 2  g  .
EXERCISE-4.3
LEVEL-1
1. The decomposition of water molecule into its constituents using electric current is called
(A) Electrolysis (B) Photolysis (C) Both A and B (D) None
2. When a small piece of _________ is dropped into a cold water, it reacts violently to form their
hydroxides and __________.
(A) Ca, Oxygen gas (B) Mg, Hydrogen gas
(C) Na, Hydrogen gas (D) K, oxygen gas
3. Which of the following compounds is formed as a white solid when hot magnesium burns in
steam?
(A) Mg(OH)2 (B) MgCO3 (C) MgO (D) Mg3N2
4. The apparatus used to split up the water molecule by electrolysis is
(A) Electrolytic cell (B) Hoffman’s voltameter
(C) Voltmeter (D) None
5. During the process of electrolysis of water oxygen gas and hydrogen gas is accumulated respectively
at the electrodes
(A) Anode, Cathode (B) Cathode, Anode (C) Anode, Anode (D) Cathode, Cathode
6. Hydrogen and Oxygen, when sparked together they combine in the presence of _________.
(A) Nickel (B) Platinum (C) Moisture (D) None of the above
7. Water is the compound of __________ and ____________ respectively.
(A) Hydrogen and oxygen (B) Hydrogen and hydrogen
(C) Hydrogen and carbon (D) Oxygen and carbon
8. The products formed when sodium reacts with cold water are:
(A) Sodium hydroxide (B) Hydrogen
(C) Sodium oxide (D) Both A and B
9. Which metals react with water to form steam?
(A) Magnesium (B) Aluminium (C) Zinc (D) All of these
10. Which reaction take place in the presence of sunlight with moisture from the following reactions?
(A) P4 + 5O2  2P2 O5 (B) H2 O  2H 2 + O 2
(C) Na + 2H 2 O  2NaOH + H 2 (D) H2 + Cl2  2HCl

11. Calcium reacts ____________ with cold water in comparison to sodium.
(A) Less vigorously (B) More vigorously (C) Mildly (D) None of these
12. What are the products formed, when chlorine water is exposed to diffused sunlight?
(A) H2 and HCl (B) HCl (C) HCl and HClO (D) O2 and HCl
13. A colourless liquid converts blue coloured cobalt chloride to pink on addition of a few drops of the
liquid to the chloride. Identify the colourless liquid.
(A) Hydrochloric acid (B) Sulphuric acid (C) Water (D) Ethanol
LEVEL-2
14. What is the correct order of reactivity series in the following?
(A) Pb > Sn > Cu > Hg (B) Ag > Hg > Cu > Au
(C) K > Al > Zn > Mg (D)Ag > Au > Hg > Cu
15. Which of the following metals, displace hydrogen from water in cold conditions to form their
hydroxides?
(A) Calcium (B) Magnesium (C) Mercury (D) Silver
16. Which of the following metals undergo reversible reaction with steam?
(A) Al (B) Mg (C) Zn (D) Fe
17. What is the product formed, when steam is passed over red hot iron?
(A) Fe3O and H2 (B) Fe + H2O (C) Fe3O4 and H2 (D) Fe2O and H2O
18. Lead pipes are not used for carrying drinking water. Because
(A) They are covered with a coating lead carbonate.
(B) They are corroded by air and moisture.
(C) Water containing dissolved air attacks lead forming soluble hydroxide.
(D) None of these.
19. Statement A: Metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series displace hydrogen from water.
Statement B: Metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series do not displace hydrogen from water.
(A) ‘A’ is true, ‘B’ is false. (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘B’ is true.
(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are true. (D) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are false.
20. Statement A: Formation of water gas is an endothermic reaction.
Statement B: Formation of sodium hydroxide, from the action of water with sodium oxide is an
exothermic reaction.
(A) ‘A’ is true, ‘B’ is false (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘B’ is true
(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are true (D) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are false
21. What happens when Na (or) K is dissolved in mercury?
(A) Increases the activity of metals (B) Decreases the activity of metals
(C) No change in activity (D) None of these
22. Among the metals aluminium, zinc and iron which metal reacts with steamfaster?
(A) Aluminium (B) Zinc (C) Iron (D) All of these
23. Among the metals aluminium, zinc and iron which metal reacts with steam slowest?
(A) Aluminium (B) Zinc (C) Iron (D) All the above
24. Which of the following will determine, whether the given colourless liquid is water or not?
(A) By melting (B) By tasting
(C) Using phenolphthalein (D) Adding a pinch of anhydrous CuSO4
LEVEL-3
25. With which of the following elements, water does not give hydrogen?
(A) Mg (B) K (C) Fe (D) Cu
26. What is the correct order of reactivity with steam?
(A) A l > Zn > Fe (B) Fe > Zn > Al (C) Fe > Al > Zn (D) Zn> Al > Fe
27. What is the observation when calcium metal dissolved in water?
(A) Blue litmus paper turns to red.
(B) It rapidly reacts with water to liberate bubbles of hydrogen gas.
(C) The temperature of water decreases slightly.
(D) The product calcium hydroxide formed is insoluble in water.
28. A VI class student was given an experiment, to collect hydrogen gas from the reaction of calcium
metal and cold water. He conducted the experiment and collected the hydrogen gas in boiling tube.
Which process is involved in collection of hydrogen gas?
(A) Upward displacement of water (B) Steam distillation
(C) Fractional distillation (D) Downward displacement of water
29. The metal that cannot displace hydrogen from dilute HCl is:
(A) Al (B) Fe (C) Cu (D) Mg
30. Read the following statements.
i) Pure water is ________ towards litmus.
?
ii) 2H 2  g  + Cl 2  g   
Sunlight
 2HCl  g 
iii) Water is very stable compound. If it is heated to _________, 0.6% of it decomposes to form
hydrogen and oxygen.
Choose the right alternative that completes the above statements.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(A) Basic Pressure 0°C
(B) Neutral Moisture 2000°C
(C) Acidic Moisture 100°C
(D) Neutral Heat 200°C
31. The products formed, when aluminium reacts with the steam are:
(A) Al2O3 (B) H2 (C) O2 (D) Both A and B
32. Choose the correct statements:
(A) Aluminium is more reactive than zinc with steam.
(B) Zinc is less reactive than iron with steam.
(C) Iron is more reactive than aluminium and zinc with steam.
(D) Aluminium is more reactive than iron and zinc.
LEVEL-4
33. Identify X, Y and Z in the following equations (Note: X, Y and Z are very active metals).
(i) X + H2O  XOH + H2 (ii) Y + H2O  YOH + H2
iii) Z + H2O  Z(OH)2 + H2
(A) X = Mg, Y = Al and Z = Fe (B) X = K, Y = Na and Z = Ca
(C) X = Al, Y = Na and Z = Ca (D) X = Mg, Y = Ca and Z = Na
Direct
34. I + 2H 2 O  l  
Sunlight
 4HCl + II.
In the above reaction identify I and II.

(A) I - Cl2, II - HClO (B) I - 2Cl2, II - O2 (C) I - 4Cl2, II - H2 (D) I - 3Cl2, II - O2
35. Complete the following reactions:
i) SO2(g) + H2O(l)  _______.
ii) P2O5(s) + 3H2O(l)  _______.
iii) 2NO2(g) + H2O(l)  HNO2 + ______.
iv) CO2(g) + H2O(l)  _______.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(A) H2SO3 H 3 PO 3 N2 O H2 CO 3
(B) H2SO2 H 2 PO 2 NO 2H2CO 3
(C) H2SO3 2H 3PO 4 HNO 3 H2 CO 3
(D) H2S 3H 3PO 4 NO 2 HCO 3
LEVEL-5
36. State the colour change of water to the following substance and write the formula of the product
formed in each case.
Colour change Product formed
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate _________, _________.
ii) Anhydrous cobalt chloride _________. __________.
(i) (ii)
(A) White, CuSO4. 2H2O Blue, CoCl2.5H2O
(B) Yellow, CuSO4.5H2O Yellow, CoCl2.10H2O
(C) Blue, CuSO4.5H2O Pink, CoCl2.6H2O
(D) Violet, CuSO4.10H2O Green, CoCl2.2H2O
37. Identify the P, Q, R in the following reactions.
(A) P + H2O  PO + H2 [PO - is an amphoteric oxide]
(B) Q + H2O  Q2O3 + H2 [Q - is a trivalent metal]
C) R + H2O  R3O4 + H2 [Reaction of ‘R’ with steam is reversible]

(A) P  Mg, Q  Al, R  Fe (B) P  Zn, Q  Al, R  Fe
(C) P  Al, Q  Fe, R  Zn (D) P  Fe, Q  Mg, R  Al
4.8 Causes of the Pollution of The Natural Water Bodies

4/5th of Earth’s surface is covered with water. However, even one per cent of this water is not available
to man in the form of potable water. There are places on the Earth where there is an acute shortage of
water. Even where potable water is available, it is polluted with a variety of chemicals, germs and
bacteria. Let us study, how water gets polluted.
(A) Pollution caused by defecation of living beings:
In most parts of the rural India, people defecate in the open fields. Animals also defecate anywhere
and everywhere. When it rains, the excreta of humans or animals is washed to streams and rivers.
Thus, the potable water gets polluted.
If polluted water is consumed by humans or animals, it causes diseases like dysentery, diarrhoea,
jaundice, cholera, typhoid, etc. The excreta of humans and animals contains eggs of worms like
tapeworm, hookworm; roundworms etc. When this polluted water is consumed by animals, the eggs
hatch, causing serious diseases.
In many places, raw excreta is directly dumped in rivers. The sewer-water of big cities is also
discharged in the rivers directly. This highly pollutes water and can cause serious epidemics in
population living downstream.
(B) How the problem of pollution due to defecation can be solved?
In villages, the people should be encouraged to use pit latrines. In doing so, the excreta is converted
into useful manure. Furthermore, it is not carried to rivers by rain water.
The cow dung should be converted into biogas in biogas plants (Gobar gas plants). This gas can be
used for cooking and illumination purposes, whereas the slurry left is a rich natural manure. It can
be used for fertilising fields.
The sewer water in big cities should be treated properly, and all harmful substances should be
removed from it, before discharging it in the rivers.
(C) Pollution caused by the industries and agricultural operations
Industries, such as chemical industry, paint industry, leather industry, textile industry, dyestuff industry,
etc., need large amounts of fresh water. However, when this water is discharged, it contains metallic
salts of mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, etc. These salts are highly poisonous in nature.
If the water polluted by the above industries is directly discharged in rivers, it can kill fish and water
plants. If consumed by animals or plants, it causes serious diseases.
During agricultural activities, farmers use a variety of artificial fertilisers. They also spray the crops
with very poisonous insecticides which are washed down to the rivers, thereby causing pollution of
potable water. Sometimes these chemicals percolate through the soil and mix with the underground
water. This causes pollution of the underground water.
(D) How pollution due to industries and agricultural operations can be minimised?
The waste water coming out of factories should be treated with chemical substances, so as to
remove harmful metallic salts. The treated water should be discharged into the rivers.
Under the “Ganga Action Plan” the river water of Ganga is being purified by forcing the industries
to set up water treatment plants.
It is rather difficult to control agricultural pollution. However, if following points are kept in mind, it
can be minimised :
1. Use of minimum amount of artificial fertiliser.
2. Use of large amount of natural manure.
3. Use of minimum amount of artificial pesticides.
4. Use of natural pesticides such as neem oil.
5. Do not spray pesticides or manure in the fields when it is likely to rain heavily.
6. Use drip irrigation so that harmful chemicals do not percolate down.
(E) Thermal pollution
Heavy industries such as steel or thermoelectric plants discharge large amount of fairly hot water in
the rivers. This hot water in turn helps in the rapid growth of algae, which depletes dissolved oxygen
in natural water. This in turn leads to the death of biotic life. Such kind of pollution is called thermal
pollution.
(F) How thermal pollution can be minimised?
The best way to minimise thermal pollution is to cool and recycle the water in the plant itself.
However, if this is not possible, then water should be either cooled in cooling towers or by the
sprinklers, before discharging it in the river.
DRINKING WATER-SUPPLY OF PURE WATER

We use water mostly for cooking, cleaning things and washing clothes. As it is, a good solvent it is used
in industries on a large scale.
When water goes into the earth several salts dissolve in it. The water containing the dissolved salts are
useful for the plants.
When it rains, the water flows on the ground. Then the dust and dirt on earth mix with the water. Some
of the salts of the earth dissolve in this water. As a result, the water becomes dirty. This unclean water
should be used only after cleaning it well, and before using for drinking and other purposes.
We know that the sources of water are many. The extent of contamination varies from the source of
water-supply. The sewage water contains mud and other dirty particles. Many minerals remain dissolved
in it. It may contain microbes also. They may cause harm to us.
Therefore, water we use should be clean. Otherwise we may fall ill with diseases. Microbes of cholera
and typhoid grow more in the well - water. If we drink this water without cleaning, these diseases will
occur. In towns water is purified by the Government agencies and supplied to people through pipes.
The process of cleaning is a long one. It is done in three stages:
1. Preservation
2. Cleaning
3.. Supply
In the first phase, for preservation a Reservoir is used: Rain water is collected and sent to the reservoir
through canals and rivers. This water is generally unclean. Heavy particles of dirt go down to the bottom
of the water.
In the second phase water is filtered in the filter - beds. Other light particles of dirt floating n the water
are removed. However the bacteria cannot be eliminated by the filter process, chlorine gas is sent into
the water for eradication of bacteria. This process’s is called Chlorination. Chlorination is also used for
removal of this bacteria. In this method water is pumped.into the air in the shape of snow. Bacteria in this
water get killed as a result of exposure to sunrays.
In the third stage this clean water is supplied to houses, schools; hospitals’, offices and factories through
pipes.
Removal of dissolved dirt and bacteria is called purification of water.
4.9 Tests for Water

1. Water turns white anhydrous copper [II] sulphate blue.
2. Water turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink.
The list given below gives the number of water molecules associated with one molecule of
substance
Colour of the
Name of the compound Formula
compound
Copper (II) sulphate CuSO4 .5H2O Blue
Iron (II) sulphate FeSO4.7H2O Green
Sodium carbonate dihydrate Na2CO3 .2H2 O White
Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3 .10H2 O White
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O White
Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O White
Borax Na2B4O7.10H2O White
Potash alum K2 SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O White
Chrome alum K2 SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O Green
4.10 Uses & Importance of Water

GENERAL USES OF WATER
1. Domestic purposes: Water is used for drinking (potable water), cooking and washing purposes
and for preparing soluble injectables with distilled water.
2. Agriculture: In agriculture, water is used for irrigation purposes through rivers and canals. Fertilizers
and pesticides dissolve in water.
3. Cooling Agent: Due to its ability to absorb large quantities of heat, water is used as a coolant
(cooling agent), in car radiators.
4. Electricity generation: Water is used to produce hydro-electricity in dams and electricity in the
rural power plants and nuclear plants.
5. Solvent and Reagent: Water is used as a solvent for carrying out chemical reactions. Water is also
used as a reagent to prepare many chemicals.
6. Manufacture of Water Gas: Water is used in the manufacture of Water gas. When steam is
passed over white hot coke, water gas is formed. Water gas is an important fuel used to produce
heat in furnaces, in welding and in the manufacture of hydrogen.
0
1000 C
C  H 2 O  [CO  H 2 ] .
steam Water gas
7. Water is a very good solvent known as universal solvent because it can dissolve many substances in
it.
USES IN LIFE PROCESSES
i) Water is used for drinking purpose.
ii) It helps in dissolving of food materials in our digestive system, which are then assimilated by our
body cells.
iii) It also helps in the excretion of waste materials from our body.
iv) It regulates the body temperature by the processes of sweating and evaporation.
USES IN INDUSTRY
Water is used in a large number of industries, such as dyeing industry, tanning industry, steel industry,
alcohol industry, etc.
USES IN MANUFACTURING CHEMICALS
Water can be broken into hydrogen and oxygen by chemical processes. Hydrogen and oxygen are raw
materials for the manufacture of chemicals, such as ammonia, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.
USES IN MEDICINE
Distilled water is used in injections as well as a number of medical formations, which are solutions of
medicines in distilled water.
USES IN LABORATORY
In laboratory distilled water is used for :
i) Purification of water soluble compounds, by crystallisation.
ii) For analytic purpose.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER A LIFE PROCESS
Activity Amount of water used
1. To satisfy the biological needs of an adult About 2.5 liters of water per day is needed.
human being.
2. To maintain personal and environmental More than 100 liters of water is used.
3. To produce one liter of milk. Nearly 5 liters of water is used.
4. To produce one liter of milk. 10 liters of water is used.
5. To produce 1 Kw of electricity. 360 liters of water is required.
6. To produce 1 Kg of steel. 300 liters of water is used.
7. In agriculture. Maximum water is used.
4.11 Types of Chemical Substances in relation with Water

EFFLORESCENT SUBSTANCES
Crystalline hydrated salts on exposure to the atmosphere lose their water of crystallization partly or
completely to the atmosphere. Such substances are called efflorescent substances.
Examples:
Efflorescent crystals
i) Copper sulphate [CuSO4. 5H2O]
ii) Glauber’s salt [Na2 SO4. 10H2O]
iii) Washing soda [Na 2CO 3.10H2O]
Residue after efflorescence
i) Anhydrate [CuSO4]
ii) Anhydrate [Na2SO4]
iii) Monohydrate [Na2CO3.H2O]
HYDROSCOPE SUBSTANCES
Some substances absorb moisture but do not undergo change after absorption. Such substances are
called hygroscopic substances.
Examples:
Solid
i) Quick lime [CaO]
ii) Anhydrous calcium chloride [CaCl2]
Liquid
i) Concentrated sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
DELIQUESCENT SUBSTANCES
Some substances absorb moisture some dissolve in it. Such substances are called deliquescent substances.
Examples:
i) Ferric chloride [FeCl3]
ii) Calcium chloride [CaCl2]
iii) Potassium hydroxide [KOH]
iv) Sodium hydroxide [NaOH]
v) Magnesium chloride [MgCl2]
4.12 Dissolved Solids in Water

EXPERIMENT SHOWING DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN TAP WATER
Tap water is placed in a watch glass and placed over a beaker
Tap water
containing water as shown below.
Watch glass
When the water in the beaker is boiled, the heat evolved causes
Steam bath Concentric rings
the water in the watch glass to evaporate slowly. of solid residue
After all the water has evaporated in the watch glass, hold the
watch glass against the light.
A number of concentric rings of solid matter are observed.
The concentric rings are deposits of the dissolved solids left
behind after evaporation.
IMPORTANCE OF DISSOLVED SALTS IN WATER
Dissolved salts provide a specific taste to water. It is for the same reason that water at different places
tastes differently.
Dissolved salts act as micronutrients for plants and help in their growth and development.
4.13 Dissolved Gases in Water

Large water surfaces are in direct contact with atmospheric air. Since, the forces of attraction between
gas molecules are small, the gases present in air dissolve to some extent in the water.
Air is a mixture. Hence, the solubility of air in water is actually the solubility of each of the constituents of
air i.e., oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen being more soluble in water than nitrogen, air
dissolved in water contains a higher percentage of oxygen (30-35%) than ordinary air (21%).
EXPERIMENT SHOWING DISSOLVED AIR IN TAP WATER
One litre round bottom flask and delivery tube are Graduated tube
completely filled with tap water. Tap water

A graduated tube filled with water, is inverted and clamped
over the end of the delivery tube. Air
Gas bubbles evolved on heating the flask, travel through
the delivery tube and collect in the inverted graduated tube.
The heating is stopped, when no more of the gas is given
off.
The volume of the gas collected is a measure of the volume
of air dissolved in one litre of tap water. To show that Tap water contains dissolved Air
The solubility of gases in water decreases with the increase in temperature. Hence, dissolved gases can
be removed by boiling.
IMPORTANCE OF DISSOLVE GASES (AIR) IN WATER

Dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide gas play an important role in the life processes of water
animals and water plants.
(A) Importance of Dissolved Oxygen in Water:
1. Respiration: It has been found that 1 cm3 of naturally occurring water contains
approximately 40 cm3 of dissolved oxygen. Water animals (fishes, tortoise, etc.) can
extract out this oxygen with the help of their gills and, hence, dissolved oxygen is a source
of the respiration for them.
C6 H12 O6  s  + 6O 2  g   6CO2  g  + 6H 2 O  l  + Heat
Glucose
2. Water Purifier: The dissolved oxygen kills the germs and bacteria and, hence, keeps
water fresh.
(B) Importance of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Water:
1. Photosynthesis by water plants: Dissolved carbon dioxide is utilised by the water plants
during photosynthesis and, hence, helps them to manufacture food for themselves as well
as for fishes.
Sunlight
6CO 2  g  + 6H 2 O  l  
Chlorophyll
 C 6 H12 O 6  s  + 6O 2  g 
2. Formation of shells by water animals: Dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with limestone
bearing rocks to form a soluble salt of calcium (calcium bicarbonate), which is used by
shell bearing animals (like snails), to form hard shells, for the protection of their soft bodies.
IMPORTANCE OF DISSOLVED AIR IN WATER
The survival of aquatic organisms depends on the gases dissolved in water.
Aquatic plants and animals use oxygen dissolved in water to respire.
(i) Photosynthesis by aquatic plants
The plants use carbon dioxide dissolved in water for the preparation of their food in the form of
carbohydrates.
(ii) Formation of shells by marine animals:
Calcium is essential for the formation and strengthening of shells of snail and crabs. Carbon dioxide
dissolved in water reacts with limestone [CaCO3] present in rocks to form soluble calcium bicarbonate
[Ca(HCO3)2]. This is absorbed by the marine animals.
EXERCISE-4.4
LEVEL-1
1. How water get specific taste?
(A) Dissolved Oxygen (B) Dissolved CO2
(C) Dissolved CO (D) Dissolved salts
2. ____________ are acts as micro-nutrients for plants.
(A) Dissolved Oxygen(B) Dissolved CO2
(C) Dissolved CO (D) Dissolved salts
3. ____________ is / are help for the growth and development of plants.
(A) Dissolved salts (B) Dissolved gases
(C) Micro nutrients (D) Both A and C
4. Which one of the following protect the body of water animals?
(A) Gills (B) Eyes (C) Shells (D) None
3 3
5. 1 cm of naturally occuring water contains approximately 40 cm of:
(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Carbon monoxide
(C) Dissolved oxygen (D) All the above
6. Which is source of the respiration for water animals?

(A) Dissolved oxygen (B) Carbon dioxide
(C) Hydrogen (D) Carbon monoxide
7. _________ kills the germs and bacteria.
(A) Dissolved chlorine(B) Dissolved oxygen
(C) Dissolved flourine (D) Dissolved sodium
8. The chemical formula of lime stone is:

(A) CaCl2 (B) Ca(OH)2 (C) CaCO3 (D) None
9. Water is polluted with:
(A) Chemicals (B) Germs (C) Bacteria (D) All the above
10. The excreta of humans and animals contains eggs of worms is:
(A) Tape worm (B) Hook worm (C) Round worm (D) All the above
11. Which of the following statement is correct regarding causes of water pollution.
(A) Pollution is caused by defecation of living beings
(B) Agricultural operation
(C) Industrial wastes
(D) All the above
12. Water is tested by using:
(A) Anhydrous copper sulphate (B) Hydrated copper sulphate
(C) Anhydrous cobalt sulphate (D) Both A and C
13. Water is broken into ________ by chemical process.
(A) Hydrogen and nitrogen (B) Hydrogen and oxygen
(C) Nitrogen and oxygen (C) Hydrogen and chlorine
14. ___________ is used in injections and medical formations.
(A) Potable water (B) Natural water (C) Distilled water (D) None
15. Choose the correct statements.
(A) Water from the dams is made available for agricultural activities.
(B) Water from the dams is also used for generation of hydel power.
(C) It is used for drinking purposes in cities and towns.
(D) All the above statements are correct.
16. The famous ship titanic sank because it was hit by an :
(A) Hard rock (B) Hard coral (C) Ice berg (D) Glacier
LEVEL-2
17. Calcium bicarbonate is used by:
(A) Shell bearing animals (B) Skin bearing animals
(C) Bones bearing animals (D) Muscle bearing animals
sunlight
18. 6CO 2 +6H 2 O 
chlorophyll
_______ +6O 2
(A) C6 H18 O6 (B) C6H18 O16 (C) C 6H18 O8 (D) C6H12 O6
19. The biomass is converted into bio-gas in:
(A) Biogas plants (B) Gobar gas plants (C) Petrol plants (D) Both A and B
20. Water containing metallic salts of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic are:
(A) Poisonous in nature (B) Harmful aquatic life
(C) Causes serious diseases (D) All the above
21. One of the caused of water pollution is that, formers used is:
(A) Excessive manure(B) Excessive fertilizers
(C) Excessive water (D) Excessive seed
22. The demerit of thermal pollution is:
(A) Rapid growth of algae (B) Rapid growth of aquatic life
(C) Death of biotic life (D) Growth of biotic life
LEVEL-3
23. CaCO3 + H2O + CO2  __A__. Identify A.
(A) CaHCO3 (B) Ca(H2CO3 ) (C) Ca(H2CO)3 (D) Ca(HCO3 )2
24. The use of shells by water animals is:
(A) To give attraction (B) It is an additional growths
(C) For the protection of their soft bodies (D) None
25. The use of dissolved oxygen in water is:
(A) It kills the germs (B) It kills the bacteria
(C) It keeps the water fresh (D) All the above
26. Which one of the following causes pollution of the underground water?
(A) Artificial fertilisers (B) Human wastes
(C) Garbage (D) Bio mass
27. Hot water is discharged into rivers by:
(A) Micro plants (B) Thermo electric plants
(C) Nuclear plants (D) All the above
28. What is the change of colour, when water reacts with cobalt chloride?
(A) Pink to Blue (B) Blue to Pink (C) Yellow to Pink (D) White to Blue
LEVEL-4
29. A + 6O2  6CO2 + B + Heat
Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively:
(A) C6H12O6, H2 (B) C12 H22O11, H2 O (C) C6H12O6, O2 (D) C6H12O6, H2 O
30. Water pollution is a minimised
(A) Use of minimum amount of artificial fertilisers.
(B) Use of large amount of natural manure
(C) Use of natural pesticides such as neem oil.
(D) All the above
31. The water in the thermal plants is cooled by:
(A) The sprinklers (B) Cooling towers (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above
LEVEL-5
32. C6H12O6 + 6O2  __(i)___ + 6H2O + (ii) Identify (i) and (ii).
i ii
(A) 6CO Heat
(B) 6CO2 H2
(C) 6CO2 Heat
(D) 6CO2 O3
33. Give the chemical names for the following compounds: i) CuSO4 ii) COCl2.6H2O
(i) (ii)
(A) Copper sulphate Cobalt chloride
(B) Calcium sulphate Cobalt chloride
(C) Anhydrous copper sulphate Hydrated cobalt chloride
(D) Cobalt chloride Anhydrous copper sulphate
34. Thermal pollution is minimised by:
(A) Stopping heavy industries
(B) Not using-thermo electric plants
(C) Nuclear plants are to be banned
(D) Cooling and recycling the water in the thermal plant
4.14 Types of Water

TYPES OF WATER
There are two types of water: Hard water and soft water.
Water that lathers with soap easily is called soft water.
Water that does not lather with soap easily is called hard water.
WHAT MAKES WATER HARD?
The presence of soluble salts (like bicarbonates, sulphates or chlorides) of calcium and magnesium in a
sample of water makes it hard.
Soap contains sodium salts of fatty acids. (Fatty acids are organic acids containing a large number of
carbon atoms.) These salts produce lather with water. However, the calcium and magnesium salts of
these fatty acids are insoluble. So, when a soap is treated with hard water, the calcium and magnesium
salts of the fatty acids precipitate in the form of a scum. As a result, the soap is consumed but no lather is
produced.
2Na(Ft)  Ca(HCO3 ) 2 
 2NaHCO 3  Ca(Ft) 2
Sodium salt of Calcium Sodium Calcium salt of
thefatty acid bicarbonate bicarbonate the fatty acid
Precipitation over clothes leaves dirty stains and that over your body causes irritation of the skin.
It is obvious that hardness of water increases with the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts.
But remember that dissolved sodium or potassium salts (e.g., NaCl, K2SO4, etc.) do not make water hard.
This is because the sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids do not precipitate. And water containing
sodium and potassium salts does lather with soap.
TYPES OF HARD WATER
The hardness of some water samples can be removed by boiling, but not of all. On this basis, hard water
is classified into two types.
When the hardness of a water sample can be removed by boiling, it is called temporarily hard water.
When the hardness of a water sample cannot be removed by boiling, it is called permanently hard water.
Temporary hardness is caused by the dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Permanent
hardness is caused by the dissolved sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.
SOFTENING OF WATER
If the hardness of water is removed, soft water is produced and the process is called softening of water.
The following methods are used to soften water.
Chemistry Water | 1 0 1
Boiling: Temporarily hard water can be softened by boiling it. When such water is heated, the bicarbonates
of calcium and magnesium are decomposed to the carbonates. Being insoluble, the carbonates precipitate
out.
Ca(HCO3 )2  CaCO3   CO 2   H 2 O
Calcium bicarbonate Calcium carbonate
Treating with washing soda Permanent hardness of water is removed by treating with washing soda
(Na2CO3.10H2O). A solution of washing soda is added to the water, and the carbonates of calcium and
magnesium are precipitated.
CaSO 4  Na 2 CO3  CaCO3   Na 2SO 4
calcium sodium calcium sodium sulphate
sulphate carbonate carbonate (in solution )
CaC 2  Na 2 CO3  CaCO3   NaC

calcium sodium calcium sodium chloride
chloride carbonate carbonate (in solution )
Sodium chloride formed will not make the water hard.

CLARK’S METHOD
Temporary hardness can also be removed when hard water is mixed with slaked lime in solid or liquid
form. The bicarbonates present in the water are changed into carbonates. These are not soluble in water.
So they form a residue at the bottom. By this method temporary hardness of water can be removed and
soft water is obtained.
Calcium bicarbonate + Calcium hydroxide  Calcium Carbonate + water
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3 + 2H2 O
Magnesium bicarbonate + Calcium hydroxide  Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium

Carbonate + water
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O
TYPES OF MODERN PROCESSES FOR REMOVAL OF PERMANENT HARDNESS
Hardness of water can be removed by the following two Processes.
1) Permutit Process
2) Exchange of Ions Process.
1) Permutit Process: Sodium Permutit (Na2 Al2 Si2 O8 XH2O) is filled in
the cylindrical tube as shown in the figure. Allow the flow of hard water 1 2
from above the cylindrical tube. The chlorides and sulphides of Calcium
and Magnesium are changed into permutites. These permutites remain
in the cylindrical tube and soft water is obtained at the bottom.
3
After some time the cylindrical tube contains permutites of Calcium and
Magnesium. At this stage the rate of reaction in changing the hard water
into soft water is decreased. In order to avoid this, solution of Sodium
chloride is sent through a tube. Thus the reaction takes place in the 4
normal stage.
2) By Exchange of Ions: Hard water contain Ions of Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) (cations)
 2
Sulphate SO 4  (anions) and Chloride (Cl –
). By displacement of Positive Ion H+ with Negative
Ions OH– the hardness of water can be removed.
There are two cylindrical tubes A and B, The tube A contains zero cation and tube B contains di-
acetite. Tube A is known as cation exchanger and tube B is known as anion exchanger. When hard
water is sent through tube ‘A’ the positive Ion present in the hard water are attracted by Hydrogen
Ion (H +). When water flows through the tube

1 Na2CO3
‘B’negative Ions are attracted by OH– Ions. These H+ HCL
and OH– Ions combine and form water.
H+ + OH–  H2O
H+ OH–
A B
After some time the capacity of H+ and OH– Ions
decreases in the A and B tubes. At this stage
2
Hydrochloric acid and Sodium carbonate are added in
1.Hard water enters 2.Soft water comes out
the tubes.
IMPORTANCE OF SOFT WATER
Why is it necessary to soften water?
It is necessary to soften water because hard water is unfit for most domestic and industrial purposes.
Hard water is unfit for laundries as it
(a) consumes too much soap, and
(b) leaves dirty stains of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids on cloth.
Hard water is not very suitable for bathing. The precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty
acids, formed on reaction with soap, causes irritation of the skin.
It is not possible to properly cook hard food stuff, like pulses, in hard water.
Though not injurious to health, hard water does not have an agreeable taste.
When used for industrial purposes (mainly in boilers), hard water produces white deposits of insoluble
substances, called scales. The scales consist mainly of CaCO3,MgCO3 and CaSO4. They deposit on
the walls of the boiler and do not allow proper conduction of heat. They also block the pipes, which
may cause serious accidents.
EXERCISE-4.5
LEVEL-1
1. Identify the gas that is responsible for the formation of bicarbonates which cause temporary
hardness of water:
(A) SO2 (B) MgO (C) NO2 (D) CO2
2. The container in which zero cations present is called:
(A) Cation exchanger (B) Anion exchanger (C) Neutral exchanger (D) None
3. In laundries hard water is not used because:
(A) Hard water is hard (B) Hard water consumes too mush soap
(C) Leaves dirty stains (D) None
4. A sample of water, which gives freely lather with soap solution is called:
(A) Hard water (B) Soft water (C) Both A and B (D) None
5. The modern methods used for removal of permanent hardness are:
(A) Permutite process (B) Exchange of ions process
(C) Both A and B (D) None
6. Sodium permutite formula:
(A) NaAl2 SiO2. XH2O (B) Na2 Al2 Si2 O8 XH2O
(C) Na3 Al Si2 O6 H2O (D) Na2 Al2 SiO4 H2O
7. The hardness of water is due to ______ metal ions.
(A) Ca2+ and Na+ (B) Mg2+ and K+ (C) Ca2+ and Mg2+ (D) Zn2+ and Ba2+
8. Permutit is
(A) Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate (B) Sodium hexametaphosphate
(C) Sodium silicate (D) Sodium meta aluminate
9. Calgon (a water softener) is
(A) Na2 [Na4 (PO3)6 ] (B) Na4 [Na2 (PO3)6]
(C) Na2 [Na4 (PO4)6] (D) Na4 [Na2 (PO4)6]
10. Which does not cause hardness of water?
(A) CaCl2 (B) MgSO4 (C) Na2SO4 (D) FeSO4
LEVEL-2
11. Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of
(A) Chloride of Ca and Mg (B) Sulphates of Ca and Mg
(C) Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg (D) Nitrates of Ca and Mg
12. Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of
(A) CaSO4 (B) MgCl2
(C) Ca, Mg sulphates and chlorides (D) None
13. Hard water becomes free from _____ ions when passed through ion exchange resin containing
RCOOH groups:
(A) Cl– (B) SO42– (C) H3O+ (D) Ca2+
14. In permutit process cylindrical tube is filled with:
(A) Magnesium permutit (B) Calcium permutit
(C) Zinc permutit (D) Sodium permutit
15. A sample of ground water, which instead of freely forming lather with soap solution, forms sticky
scum (or precipitate) is called:
(A) Drinking water (B) Distilled water (C) Soft water (D) Hard water
16. Temporary hardness of water is removed by adding
(A) Na 2 CO3 (B) Ca(OH)2 (C) CaO + Na2CO3 (D) NaOH
17. When zeolite (hydrated sodium aluminium silicate) is treated with hard water, the sodium ions are
exchanged with
(A) H+ ions (B) Ca2+ ions (C) SO24  (D) OH–
LEVEL-3
18. Which solution is passed through the tube to avoid the decrease of rate of reaction of changing the
hard water to soft water?
(A) Calcium chloride (B) Potassium chloride
(C) Magnesium chloride (D) Sodium chloride
19. Temporary hardness of water can be removed by:
(A) Decantation (B) Filtration
(C) Boiling (D) Treating with common salt
20. Mg(HCO3)2 
heat
 A+ B + C
A, B, C represents:
(A) MgCO3, H2O, CO2 (B) MgO, 2H2O, 2CO
(C) Mg(OH)2, H2O, O2 (D) Mg, H2O, CO2
21. Permanent hardness can be removed by treating the water with:
(A) MgCl2 (B) Na 2CO3 (C) NaCl (D) Na2SO4
22. CaCO3 + H2O + A  heat
 B
Identify A and B.
(A) O2 and Ca(HCO3)2 (B) CO2 and Ca(HCO3)2
(C) O2 and CaHCO3 (D) O3 and Ca(HCO3)2
23. The hardness of water can be removed by:
(A) By displacement of Ca+2 ion with OH– ion.
(B) By displacement of Mg+2 ion with OH– ion.
(C) By displacement of H+ ion with OH– ion.
(D) None
LEVEL-4
24. When rain water containing carbon dioxide flows over the rocks, it reacts with them to form
respective hydrogen carbonates. Which compounds in the above water causes temporary hardness?
(A) Calcium carbonate (B) Magnesium carbonate
(C) Sodium carbonate (D) Both A and B
25. Which of the following statement is correct?
(A) Temporary hardness of water can be removed by mixing washing soda to water.
(B) Water does not give lather with soap and forms residue is hard water.
(C) Temporary hardness of water can be removed by mixing water with slaked lime.
(D) All the above
LEVEL-5
26. One litre of a sample of hard water contains 1 mg of CaCl2 and 1 mg of MgCl2. Find the total
hardness in terms of parts of CaCO3 per 106 parts of water by mass.
(A) 1.95 ppm (B) 2.95 ppm (C) 3.95 ppm (D) 4.95 ppm
***

1. The solid state of water is:
(A) Frost (B) Mist (C) Fog (D) Hoar frost
2. Water vapour is continuously added into the air by which of the following processes:
(A) Direct evaporation of water from water bodies by the heat of sun
(B) Release of water into the air by the leaves of plants by the process of transpiration
(C) Breathing of plants and animals
(D) Burning of various kinds of fuels
3. Choose the false statements.
(A) Ice melts and freezes at 0°C at 1 atm
(B) Water boils at 50°C at 2 atm
(C) The density of water is minimum at 4°C
(D) Water shows a peculiar behavior below 4°C
4. Water is needed for:
(A) Growing and cooking food
(B) Cleaning our body externally
(C) Clean our body internally and regulate various life process
(D) None
5. At 0°C, water can exist in:
(A) Gaseous state (B) Liquid state (C) Solid state (D) All
6. Choose the false statements.
(A) Water boils at 50°C at 2 atm.
(B) The density of water is minimum at 4°C.
(C) Water shows a peculiar behaviour below 4°C.
(D) None of the above.
7. Pure water is:
(A) Good conductor of electricity (B) Poor conductor of electricity
(C) Neutral (D) None of the above
8. From which of the following, water gas is obtained?
(A) Red hot and water (B) Charcoal and steam
(C) White hot coke and steam (D) None of the above
9. Identify which gases percentage is / are more in boilded off air?
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Water vapour
10. Identify the correct statement from the following:
(A) The dissolved oxygen kills the germs and bacteria.
(B) Dissolved carbon dioxide is utilised by water plants, during photosynthesis.
(C) Dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with limestone to form calcium bicarbonate which is used by
shells in water animals.
(D) The solubility of gases in water decreases with increases in temperature.
11. Choose the minerals which can cause hardness of water:
(A) CaCl2 (B) MgCl2 (C) CaSO4 (D) MgSO4
12. If the ground water contains (A) or (B) in it, it becomes temporarily hard.
(A) A  Ca(HCO3 )2 B  Mg(HCO3)2
(B) A  CaC2 B  MgO2
(C) A  Ca(OH)2 B  Mg(OH)2
(D) A  CaH B  MgO

13. Statement I: Water is regarded as a compound.
Statement II: Hydrogen is a combustible gas and the oxygen is supporter of combustion, but water
is a liquid which extinguishes fire.
14. Statement I: In case of water, it is possible to separate hydrogen and oxygen by any physical
means.
Statement II: Components of a compound cannot be separated by any physical means. However,
they can be separated by chemical means.
15. Statement I: Water is called universal solvent.
Statement II: It practically dissolves anything and every thing.
16. Statement I: Water is used as a coolant in motor car radiators.
Statement II: Water has a very high specific heat capacity.
17. Statement I: Cooking of food at high altitudes becomes difficult.
Statement II : The atmospheric pressure decreases and the boiling point of water is reduced at
higher altitudes.
18. Statement I : The melting point of water decreases with increasing pressure.
Statement II : The boiling point of water rises with rising pressure.
19. Statement I: Impure water freezes at below 0°C.
Statement II: Due to presence of dissolved impurities in pure water, its freezing point decreases
below 0°C.
20. Statement I: Collection of hydrogen gas that produces from the reaction of sodium with cold water
is not possible.
Statement II: Sodium metal reacts violently with cold water.
21. Statement I: Reaction of magnesium with steam stops.
Statement II: Magnesium oxide formed by the action of steam and magnesium metal stick to the
surface of metalcontinuously.
22. Statement I: The dissolved salts in water do not have any food value.
Statement II: Boiled off air contain more oxygen than ordinary air.
23. Statement I: Water animals can extract out dissolved oxygen with the help of their gills.
Statement II: Carbon dioxide is a source of the respiration for water animals.
24. Statement I: A sample of ground water which freely lathers with soap solution, is called soft water.
Statement II: A sample of ground water, which instead of freely forming lather with soap solution,
forms sticky scum (or precipitate), is called hard water.
25. Statement I: Hard water is unfit for raising steam in boilers, as a white deposit of salts sticks to the
sides of boiler and reduces boiling space.
Statement II: Hard water is best suitable for dyeing clothes.

COMPREHENSION-1(For Q.no.26-28)
Water occurs in free as well as combined state. In free state water occurs in solid liquid and gaseous
state.
26. The example for water in gaseous state is:
(A) Mist (B) Dew (C) Hoar frost (D) All the above
27. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by weight is respectively.
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 1 : 4
28. Which of the following is correct?
(A) Soil contains water in the form of moisture.
(B) Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in present the ratio of 1 : 8 by weight
respectively.
(C) 70% of our body is constituted by water.
(D) All the above.

Water is a colourless, transparent, clear liquid. Pure water has flat, insipid taste, which may be called
tasteless. However, drinking water generally has some taste, because it contains some dissolved salts in
it. Pure water has no smell. However, if a particular sample of water smells, it is on account of the
dissolved gases or volatile liquids.
29. The fixed amount of heat absorbed by 1gm of water, when heated through 10C, is called:
(A) Specific rotation (B) Specific heat capacity
(C) Specific temperature (D) All the above
30. Specific heat capacity of pure water is:
(A) 4.2 J/g°C (B) 5.2 J/g°C (C) 4.2 K/g°C (D) None
3 0
31. 1 cm of water changes to approximately ______ of steam at 100 C.
(A) 760 cm3 (B) 76 cm3 (C) 1760 cm3 (D) 760 cm2

When a small piece of sodium or potassium is dropped into a trough of cold water, it reacts violently
to form their respective hydroxides and hydrogen gas.
32. When water is heated to 20000C, ______ of it decomposes to form hydrogen and oxygen.
(A) 0.4% (B) 0.6% (C) 1.6% (D) 2.6%
33. When a small piece of sodium or potassium is dropped in to cold water, it reacts violently to
form their respective:
(A) Hydroxides (B) Hydrogen gas (C) Oxides (D) Both A and B
34. Sodium, Potassium and calcium are:
(A) Less active metals (B) Very active metals
(C) Less active non- metals (D) None

Take a round bottomed flask completely filled with tap water. In its mouth fix a deliverytube, such that
lower end of the delivery tube is in line with under the - surface of cork. Heat the flask by a bunsen
burner. It is seen that tiny bubbles of gas are given out, which stick to the side of flask. Collect the boiled
off air.
35. The percentage of nitrogen gas in boiled of air is:
(A) 0.66% (B) 65% (C) 30% (D) 34%
36. What are the gases present in boiled off air:
(A) Oxygen (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Nitrogen (D) All of these
37. In the boiled off air in which gas turns lime water milky
(A) Oxygen (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Nitrogen (D) All of these

DIRECTIONS: Following questions has four statements (a, b,c and d) given in Column I and four or more
statements (p, q, r, s, t...) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with
one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Match the entries in Column I with entries in Column II.
For example, if correct matches are a-p, a-s, b-q, b-r, c-p, c-q and d-s, then the correctly bubbled
4×4 matrix should be as follows.

(Food stuffs) (Percentage of water)
(a) Egg (p) 85%
(b) Milk (q) 90%
(c) Dry cereals (r) 73%
(d) Green vegetables (s) 3 – 5%
(a) Natural water (p) Water present in lakes
(b) Distilled water (q) Water used in swimming pools
(c) Pipe borne water (r) Water free from bacteria but may contain
essential mineral solutes
(d) Chlorinated water (s) Water used in qualitative analysis.
(a) Specific heat capacity (p) 2260 J/g
(b) Specific heat latent of solidification (q) Bad conductor of electricity
(c) Specific heat latent of vaporisation (r) 336 J/g
(d) Pure water (s) 4.2 J/g°C
(t) 330 J/g
(u) Good conductor of electricity
(a) Less active metals (p) Ca(OH)2
(b) Very active metals (q) Calcium
(c) Whitish grey metal (r) Magnesium
(d) Calcium hydroxide (s) Sodium
(t) Hydrogen
42. Some acids formed when the gases are dissolved in water. Now match the gas with the respective
acid formed when dissolved in water.
Column I Column II
(a) Chlorine (p) Nitric acid
(b) Sulphur dioxide (q) Nitrous acid
(c) Sulphur trioxide (r) Sulphuric acid
(d) Carbon dioxide (s) Sulphurous acid
(e) Nitrogen dioxide (t) Hydrochloric acid
(u) Hypochlorous acid
(v) Carbonic acid
Column - I Column - II
(a) CuSO4.5H2 O (p) Glauber’s salt
(b) Na2SO4.10H2 O (q) Epsom salt
(c) MgSO4.7H2 O (r) Green vitriol
(d) FeSO4.7H2 O (s) Blue vitriol

44. In 18 g of water, _____ g of hydrogen is present.
45. In 9 g of water, _____ g of oxygen is present.
46. The relative density water is ________.
47. If 1 kg of water is heated, the amount of it that get converted to hydrogen and oxygen is _____ g.
48. The oxygen atoms present in aluminium hydroxide are:
49. The carbon atoms present in glucose molecule is ________.
50. How many products are formed when calcium sulphate reacts with sodium carbonate?
***
KEY
EXERCISE-4.1
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B C A C D B B B B C
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Key C D B B B B C D A
EXERCISE-4.2
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key B A B C C D C D B A
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key A B D B A A C C C B
EXERCISE-4.3
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key A C C A A C A D D D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key A C C A A D C A C A
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key C A C D D A B D C B
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Key D D B B C C C
EXERCISE-4.4
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key D D D C C A B C D D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key D D B C D C A D A A
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key B A D C D A B B D D
Q.No 31 32 33 34
Key C C C D
EXERCISE-4.5
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key D A B B C B C A A C
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key C C D D C B B D C A
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26
Key B B C D D D
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Key AD ABCD BC ABC BC AB BC BC ABC ABCD
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Key ABCD CD B D A A A B A A
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Key A B C D C A C D B A
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Key C B D B B D B * * *
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Key * * * 2 8 1 6 3 6 2
38. a-r, b-p, c-s, d-q 39. a-p, b-s, c-r, d-q 40. a -s, b -r, c-p, d-q
41. a-q, b-r, c-s, d-p 42. a - tu, b-s, c-r, d-v, e-pq 43. a-s, b-p, c-q, d-r

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SVS

2. Metals and Non Metals .......... 21 - 46

3. Acids, Bases and Salts .......... 47 - 76

4. Water .......... 77 - 112

Air and Its Components

1.2 Properties of Air

3. The atmosphere consists mainly ___________

18. Plants prepare food by ________.

Which of the following observations is Arunima expected to make?

The portion of the pie chart representing oxygen is labelled

1.3 Atmospheric Pressure

Figure 1.1 : Cistern barometer

1.4 Importance of Air in Daily Life

1.5 Air is Necessary for Combustion

Candle burns Candle does

1.6 Uses of Different Constituents of Air

Significance of Noble Gases in Air:

1.7 Respiration in Plants

To show that plants produce carbon dioxide during respiration:

Cotton wool plug

Germinating Small dish containing

Grease seal Grease seal

To prove plants breath out carbon dioxide

5.9 Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Cycles

The gases marked as I and II are

Carbon dioxide is released during the processes labelled

NEW PATTERN QUESTIONS FOR IIT-JEE

STQ Statement Type Questions

CTQ Comprehension Type Questions

COMPREHENSION -1 (Q.No. 15–18)

COMPREHENSION -2 (Q.No. 19–20)

MMTQ Matrix Match Type Questions

21. Column-I Column-II

ITQ Integer Type Questions

NEW PATTERN QUESTIONS FOR IIT-JEE

21. a-r; b-s;c-q; d-p

Metals and Non Metals

Long form of Periodic Table

2.3 Physical Properties of Metals

Liquid Mercury Liquid Gallium

3. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS

Iron is melted at 15350C

Cutting sodium with a knife

Railway wagon Bridge made of iron

Copper sheet Aluminium sheet

Copper wire Silver wire

Polished steel uten sils

10. HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Water boiler made with alumin ium

Electrical cables are made

Nitrogen Gas Colourless

Oxygen Gas Colourless

Fluorine Gas Colourless

Chlorine Gas Greenish yellow

Bromine Liquid Reddish brown

Iodine Solid Greyish brown

Phosphorus Solid Waxy yellow

Sulphur Solid Yellow

2.5 Physical properties of non metals