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Antenna Miniaturization Techniques for Wireless Applications

Conference Paper · September 2014

DOI: 10.1109/WOCN.2014.6923083

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 Antenna Miniaturization Techniques for Wireless
Applications

Divyanshu Upadhyay Ravi Prakash Dwivedi

School of Electronics engineering School of Electronics engineering
VIT University, VIT University
Chennai, India Chennai, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— In wireless communication, antenna miniaturization is Low frequency antenna systems are used for cellular mobile
a vital issue these days. This paper presents the simulation communication, military applications and Wi-max etc but high
analysis of small planar antennas using different antenna frequency antenna systems are used for satellite
miniaturization techniques. They have brought to define communication, weather monitoring components.
miniaturization methods by which we can estimate the use of
micro strip antennas. Various govt. and private sector II. THE BASIC CONCEPT
organizations made use of these techniques to solve the problem
of antenna fabrication in mobiles, satellites, missiles, radar Patch antenna has various advantages. It has some drawbacks
navigational aids and military applications. These techniques are also such as bandwidth limitation, low gain, excitation of
used to reduce the physical size but to increase the bandwidth surface waves and then decrease in radiation pattern. There are
and efficiency of antenna. Some approaches for antenna different types of antenna slots used with some specific feeding
miniaturization are introduction of slots, slits, short meandering techniques for enhancement of antenna bandwidth. The
and novel geometries like fractals or by using higher dielectrics substrate height and dielectric constant are very important
constant. The effect of miniaturization in various antenna
factors that influence variation in bandwidth, radiation
parameters like, radiation efficiency, gain and bandwidth are
discussed. Finally the paper reports a brief description of
characteristics as well as surface wave minimization [5]. Thick
miniaturization of antenna by using suitable and efficient substrate with low dielectric constant is used for
methods that includes use of double layered substrate structure miniaturization of antennas that provides better efficiency and
in microstrip patch antenna. loosely bound field for radiation in the space.

Index Terms—micro strip patch antenna, antenna

miniaturization, dielectric constant, double substrates

I. INTRODUCTION
Now days, there is large development and usage of mobile
phones, tablets, computers, laptops, GPS navigators etc, which
are connected with wireless access points to exchange and
transfer data or information. This development and usage of
communication devices opened large interest in small antenna
and its miniaturization techniques. From technical point of
view, antenna is an important part of these handheld devices Fig .1 Microstrip patch antenna
that are used for communication purpose. Antenna designers
want to design smaller antennas with high efficiency and t= thickness of patch
performance. So, they are using antenna miniaturization h=height of substrate
techniques to solve the problem of fabrication and integration L= length of patch
of antennas within handheld devices. Antennas are placed W= width of patch
within these handheld devices by reducing its size, so that
antenna performance will be better for efficient Micro strip antenna has a ground plane on one side of dielectric
communication. Antennas are fabricated and integrated within substrate and other side has a radiating patch as shown in
offices and houses. Antenna performance depends upon its above fig .1.The patch is generally made of some conducting
physical size, so its radiation characteristics, gain, directivity, material like gold or copper and it has many shapes like
return loss will change [7]. Depending on the applications, rectangular, circular based on application used [3]. Dielectric
different antennas are used within the communication system. constant of substrate is taken in particular range from

978-1-4799-3156-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

2.2<∊r<12. Substrate parameters such as dielectric constants,
its height can be varied to obtain different return loss and D) Calculation of width:[4]
ultimately increase in impedance bandwidth. Bandwidth can be
increased by decreasing dielectric constant value of the
substrate [1].
√
III. ANTENNA MINIATURIZATION Where c is speed of light in free space
There are two techniques used for antenna miniaturization in ƒr is resonant frequency
this paper-
E) Calculation of ground plane dimensions:[4]
(i) Loading of high dielectric material in substrate of an
antenna- Since wavelength becomes shorter in high
permittivity material used in the substrate, the antenna physical
size will reduce when embedded within that material. The Where h is height of substrate
physical size of an antenna will depend upon permittivity and L is length of patch
shape of dielectric. Thus, loading of high dielectric will reduce W is width of patch
the bandwidth of antenna by enhancing the quality factor. It is
A. ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
due to high concentration of electric field within the high
USING DIELECTRIC SUBSTRATE IN ANTENNA
dielectric region [6].
(iii) Using double-layered substrate in micro strip patch In this section we have designed micro strip patch antenna over
antenna-In micro strip antenna design, the bandwidth of can a finite PEC ground plane with patch length and width of
be widened by increasing the height or thickness of the 12.45mm and 16mm respectively. The centre frequency is
substrate up to certain limit. If we want to retain advantages of 7.4GHz, sweeping between 5GHz to 10GHz.
keeping feed line and radiation patch on the same surface, we
have to increase the thickness of substrate and feed line. This
will create problem in feed line dimensions, so a double
substrate geometry is introduced that can increase impedance
bandwidth of antenna and provides flexibility in dimensions of
feed line. This will minimize the dispersion of transmission
line. It does not limit the layer thickness of patch, So a wider
impedance bandwidth can be achieved. Hence we can retain
planar structure for feed line and patch [2].
IV. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

A) Effective dielectric constant:[4]

[ ]
Where W is width of patch
h is height of substrate

B) Fringes factor:[4] Fig.2 Micro strip patch antenna design using HFSS with
dielectric constant (∊r) = 2.2
( )
B. ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
( ) USING DOUBLE LAYERED SUBSTRATE
Where W is width of patch In this section we have designed micro strip patch antenna
h is height of substrate using double layered substrate structure over finite PEC ground
plane with patch length and width of 10.85mm and 14mm
C) Calculation of length:[4] respectively. The centre frequency is around 7.4 GHz,
sweeping between 5 GHz to 10GHz. Double layered substrate
have two different dielectric materials with similar thickness.
When the thickness of substrate is fixed, the maximum gain is
Where determined by relative permittivity of the substrate. Smaller the
√
Where L is length of patch relative permittivity, the higher resonant frequency and higher
∆L is extension in length due to fringing gain can be obtained.
 Fig .5 Return loss of microstrip patch antenna using dielectric
Fig .3 Micro strip patch antenna design using double layered substrate resonated at 7.4GHz (∊r1=2.2, ∊r2= 2.32)
substrate with dielectric constants (∊r1, ∊r2) = 2.2, 2.32
As fig.4 and fig.5 have different return loss values. It means
V. SIMULATION RESULTS that return loss also varies with respect to substrate height and
Micro strip patch antenna is designed using HFSS software dielectric material. So there is some increment in return loss
tool and these simulation results are obtained by taking suitable from -17dB to -17.97dB.
dimensions of antennas, so that antenna gives better
performance and better radiation too.

Fig.4 Return loss of micro strip patch antenna using Fig.6 Radiation pattern with gain variation in micro strip
dielectric substrate resonated at 7.4GHz (∊r = 2.2) patch antenna using double layered substrate

Fig .6 shows radiation pattern of microstrip antenna with total

Fig .4 shows return loss (S11) of -17dB and bandwidth of 2.7
gain variation .Gain varies in accordance with bandwidth.
percent obtained with antenna resonate at 7.4GHz. High return
Radiation patterns are obtained by varying theta (ɵ) and phi
loss prevents the reflections caused by impedance
(ɸ) angles. Here, only theta values are varied but phi remains
discontinuities, may be due to connectors, installation and
constant to zero value. This shows variation of gain value with
improper geometry of antenna.
respect to theta. As we know, gain is the ratio of radiation
Fig .5 shows return loss (S11) of -17.97dB and bandwidth of intensity of antenna in particular direction to radiation intensity
8.1 percent obtained with antenna resonate at 7.4GHz. Thus a of isotropic antenna. Radiation intensity is directly related to
minor deviation of 6MHz is acceptable at higher frequencies. phi and theta values. Thus, gain also varies with respect to
If return loss is high, impedance matching is good and results theta and phi values.
in low insertion loss.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research work presented in this paper has been
performed in HFSS. During the research period, many people
have provided their help and support. First of all, i would like
to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Anith Nelleri, Program
Chair, for his continuous support, guidance and suggestions.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Ravi Prakash
Dwivedi, my research advisor, for his continuous support,
suggestions and encouragement during this research.
Particularly, his suggestions and many discussions about the
topic are deeply appreciated.
I would like to express my special thanks to Dr. Usha
Kiran, RBL co-ordinator for her great help in familiarizing
with HFSS software tool.
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