Analysis of Tensile Test of Mild Steel Using Finite Element Method
Analysis of Tensile Test of Mild Steel Using Finite Element Method
Analysis of Tensile Test of Mild Steel Using Finite Element Method
Tom Anto
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Federal Institute of Science &Technology,
Kochi, India
Abstractࡳࡳ Mechanical testing shows an important role in finding the fundamental properties of engineering materials
as well as in generating new materials and in managing the quality of materials for use in design and construction. If
a material is used as a part of an engineering structure, it is important to know that the material is strong and rigid
enough to overcome the loads that it will experience in service. As a result, engineers have developed a number of
experimental techniques for mechanical testing of engineering materials. Tension, compression, bending or torsion
loading is the techniques used for mechanical testing. The most common type of test used to measure the mechanical
properties of a material is the Tension Test. Tension test is widely used to provide basic information on the strength
of materials and is an acceptance test for the specification of materials. The major parameters that describe the
stress-strain curve obtained during the tension test are the tensile strength (UTS), yield strength or yield point (ıy),
elastic modulus (E), percent elongation (ǻL%) and the reduction in area (RA%). Toughness, Resilience, Poisson’s
ratio (Ȟ) can also be found by the use of this testing technique. In this paper, it is decided to do a tension test of Mild
Steel using Abaqus CAE software.
I. INTRODUCTION
The tensile test is an engineering procedure used to characterize elastic and plastic deformations related to
the mechanical behaviour of materials. Due to the non-uniform stress and strain existing at the neck of axial
deformation, it has been recognized that significant changes in the geometric configuration of the specimen
must be considered in order to describe the material response during the deformation process up to the fracture
stage.
Although in the engineering applications, the design of structural parts is restricted to the elastic
deformation of the materials involved, the knowledge of their behaviour beyond the elastic limit is significant
since plastic effects with usually large deformations take place in the previous manufacturing procedures such as
metal forming (traditionally classified into
a. bulk-forming operations: forging, drawing, extrusion and rolling
b. sheet forming operations: deep drawing, magnetic-pulse forming, tube
Crashworthiness, impact problems, inelastic buckling of thin-walled structures, superplastic forming, etc are
some of the other important applications of elastoplastic models for metals [5].
The tension test is one of the most commonly used tests for evaluating materials. In its simplest form, the
tension test is carried out by holding opposite ends of a test item within the load frame of a test machine. A
tensile force is applied by the machine, which results in the gradual elongation and eventual fracture of the test
item. During this process, force-extension data are monitored and recorded. When properly conducted, the
tension test provides force extension data that can quantitate several important mechanical properties of a
material. These mechanical properties determined from tension tests are as follows:
x Elastic deformation properties, such as the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) and Poisson's ratio
x Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength
x Ductility properties, such as elongation and reduction in area
x Strain-hardening characteristics
These material characteristics from this test are used for quality control in production, for ranking
performance of structural materials, for evaluation of newly developed alloys, and for dealing with the static
strength requirements of design.
The basic principle of the tension test is very simple, but numerous variables affect results. Usual sources of
changes or variation in mechanical-test results include several factors involving materials, namely,
methodology, human factors, equipment, and ambient conditions.
In this study, a simulation of a tensile test, which is a representative material test, is performed using a
computer program (Abaqus CAE). Tensile test using mild steel is performed and then analysed the stress–strain
relationship using a computer program (Abaqus/CAE).
1. Create the Part Model as per the Dimensions and Shape given above. In the Part Manager dialog box,
click on Create. In the Create Part dialog box, give the name of the sample as Mild Steel. Select 3D,
Deformable, Solid, Extrusion, and Approximate size as 500. Click Continue. Sketch the Part.
2. Give the properties of the Mild Steel material in the Material Manager option. The properties that have to
be given are density, young’s modulus, poisson’s ratio, yield stress and plastic strain as shown in table
3.2.
3. In the Assembly Module, select the Create Instance tool. In the dialog box, select the Mild Steel, click
the dependent option and then click OK.
4. In the Step Module, different steps have been created. Step Manager, Field Output Manager and History
Output Manager are provided.
5. In the Load Module, one end of the sample is made fixed and the axial load is provided in the other end.
6. Proceed to Mesh Module. Click on the Seed Part icon. Accept the defaults in the Global Seeds dialogue
box. Click done. Click on the Mesh Part Instance icon, at the bottom of the screen select yes.
7. In the Job Module, click on ‘create job’ icon. Name the job as Tensile Test. Click Continue.
8. Click on Job manager. Click ‘Submit’ to submit the job to the solver. Click Monitor to check the analysis
progress.
9. Once the job is complete, click results to check the results. Select the icon to display contours. To
examine different stresses etc, select Result, Field Output from the main menu bar.
2 Width (W) 35
3 Thickness (T) 10
V.CONCLUSIONS
The Tensile Test Analysis of Mild Steel using finite element method has been conducted using a computer
program called Abaqus/CAE. The results have been obtained. From the stress-strain graph it is understood that
the mild steel follows the Hooke’s Law i.e., stress is directly proportional to strain. After the linear region in the
graph, there occurs necking on the sample and finally it breaks.
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