Introduction to 11

Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1- Modules 1-8
Writers:
Analyn A. Valdez, LPCNSHS-Main Campus
Gilbert T. Nariz, LPCNSHS-Talon Dos Campus
Lourdes Maria S. Garcia, LPCNSHS-Golden Acres Campus
Mary Ann C. Marzan, LPCNSHS- Main Campus
Mary Rose B. Baita, LPCNSHS-Golden Acres Campus
Rennel M. Marinduque, LPCN Science High School
Rizaldy E. Medina, LPCN Science High School
Yolanda G. Herrera, LPCNSHS-Dona Josefa Campus
Content Validators:
Analyn A. Valdez, LPCNSHS-Main Campus
Gilbert T. Nariz, LPCNSHS-Talon Dos Campus
Lourdes Maria S. Garcia, LPCNSHS-Golden Acres Campus
Rizaldy E. Medina, LPCN Science High School
Yolanda G. Herrera, LPCNSHS-Dona Josefa Campus
Consolidator:
Gilbert T. Nariz, LPCNSHS-Talon Dos Campus
Language Editor:
Jeferson M. Lumbao, LPCNSHS-Golden Acres Campus
 Lesson Understanding Philosophy
1
Most Essential Learning Competency

● Distinguish holistic perspective from partial point of view

What I Need to Know?

● In this lesson, it will help us understand the importance of doing philosophy in attaining a
broader perspective in life as well as employ holistic thinking in understanding situations
and challenges.

I. What’s New?

Read the different disciplinal subjects in the box below. Categorize these disciplinal subjects
whether Natural Science or Social Science .

Natural Science Social Science

* Anthropology * Economics * Geography * Geology

* Biology * Political Science * Mathematics * History
* Earth Science * Astronomy * Chemistry * Physics
* Sociology * Archaeology * Climatology * Demography

Process Questions:

1. What is the difference between Natural Science and Social Science? Why do you think
Philosophy is considered as the “Mother of all Science”?

II. What I Have Learned?

Kindly take a moment to read the important concepts and discussion in this lesson by referring to
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person textbook, pages 1-12.

Philosophy in a broad and general sense refers to an activity to which people undertake when
they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live ,and
their relationships to the world and to one another.

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 ● Etymologically ,“philosophy” comes from the two Greek words “philo” means to love,
and “Sophia “means wisdom. This term originally meant “love of wisdom”; hence,
the ultimate goal of philosophy is to attain wisdom that is necessary for understanding
himself/ herself and the world around him/her.

● Philosophy as a way of life refers to ideas, views, beliefs, principles, and behavior held
by individuals or groups that direct and give purpose in life.

● Philosophy as an activity of reasoning refers to the philosophical activity that

engages us to reason out and allows us to investigate things not by using laboratory
experiments but by means of our natural capacity to think to which is commonly called
as unaided reason.

● Philosophy as a study of all things refers to the limitless scope of the study of
philosophy and pursuit of knowledge. This made philosophy the mother of all sciences.

● Studying philosophy requires an individual to analyze almost every aspect of life; hence
,it is important to keep in mind the distinction between two philosophical perspectives ---
Holistic Philosophy and Partial Philosophy.

● Holistic philosophy pertains to the perspective that considers large-scale patterns in a

system. It usually requires an open mindset and ability to have a general impression
about something.

● Partial philosophy refers to focusing on a specific aspect of a situation, which is an

important component in analytical thinking.

● Finally, in attaining genuine wisdom, there is a great need for EMPTYING or the
process of removing all our personal judgments and biases to learn new things
and understand the very essence of something.

III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: Cartoon Analysis

Instructions: Analyze the philosophical cartoon below by identifying the major issue or
theme. Explain the symbolism of the philosophical cartoon and discuss ways on how to resolve
it.

Criterion/S 3 2 1
core
Main Theme Manifests great Manifests some Manifests little
knowledge and knowledge and knowledge and
understanding of understanding of understanding of
the meaning of the the meaning of the subject or
subject or main the subject or main theme
theme main theme
Symbolism Manifests great Manifests some Manifests little
knowledge of the knowledge of knowledge of the
use of symbolism the use of use of symbolism
symbolism
Resolution Proposes great Proposes good Proposes vague
resolution to the resolution to the resolution to the
problem problem problem

[2]
Activity 2: Personal Viewpoint
Instruction: Cite a similar experience in your life where you encounter this situation. Explain how
you were able to resolve the dilemma and express your takeaways/learnings on it.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Criterion/Sco 3 2 1
re

Ideas Main idea of the essay is clear Main idea is mostly focused Main idea is not well defined
and focused. Relevant details are and has some good details to and has no clear sense of
included to stress the point. stress the point. purpose.

Organization It enhances and highlights the The organizational structure is It lacks a clear sense of
central idea and compels to good and makes sense to the direction.
move the reader reader

Resolution Propose great resolution to the Propose good resolution to the Propose vague resolution to
problem problem the problem

IV. Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer in each problem.

1. Why do we need to study philosophy?

A.to broaden perspective C. to bridge differences
B. To understand people D. All of the above

2. What do you mean by “thinking outside the box”?

A. Drop off all personal bias and try to see other views
B. Hold on personal views while looking at others point of view
C. Mix every perspective that you can acquire in the events of your life
D. All the above

3. Why do you think that broadening our perspective in life is important?

A. because no man is an island
B. because we are individually and culturally different
C. because we are all human beings with rational minds
D. because we need to grow into our mature state of being

[3]
4. How do philosophers acquire wisdom about reality?
A. Asking C. Emptying
B. Doubting D. Philosophizing

5. How can we broaden our perspective towards understanding life?

A. Drop our personal beliefs and listen to others’ perspective
B. Stay grounded on our personal belief system and influence other people
C. Listen to others' perspectives and argue with them until it is breakdown into pieces.
D. See the loopholes of others' belief systems and introduce your personal belief
V. Additional Activities

Direction: Examine the given situation below. Think at least four (4) possible reasons why the
situation happened (who is at fault and why) to have a holistic thought of it. These possible
situations will serve as a sense of direction in designing solutions to mitigate the said situation.

Teacher A came 15 minutes late in her class. Apparently,

instead of going to her class right away, the teacher went to
the comfort room to fresh and up. After 30 minutes, she went
upstairs for her class. She noticed that her class was so
disorganized hence she ended up scolding the whole class
until the end of the period.

References:
● Abella, Roberto D. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person: Learners
Textbook. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc.

● Mabaquiao, N. 2016. Making Life Worth Living: An Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Lesson General and Specific Types of Philosophy

2
Most Essential Learning Competency
● Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life.

● Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective

What I Need to Know?

● In this lesson, we shall discuss the numerous kinds of philosophy and shall identify some
specific types of philosophy
I. What’s New?

Look and analyze the image.

[4]
 Plato’s Allegory of the Cave

Process Question:

1. What is the main theme of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave?

II. What I Have Learned?

Take note of the following important concepts in the lesson by referring to the textbook “An
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person” by Napoleon B. Mabaquiao Jr., PhD on pages
22-32.

● The Thematic Types under this group are what we called branches of philosophy and
what we shall call disciplinal philosophies. The branches of philosophy are classified
according to the major topics of philosophical investigations, and they are what are usually
referred to when we speak of areas of philosophy.

Examples of branches of philosophy are Logic, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Aesthetics,

Ethics, etc.

Disciplinal philosophies, on the other hand, are classified according to the disciplines or
areas of learning whose foundations are being examined. Among others, we have
philosophy of literature, philosophy of education etc.

● The Positional Types correspond to what are called philosophical schools of thought or
philosophical views. For every branch of philosophy, there are competing philosophical
views or positions.
Good examples are materialism, which claims that reality only consists of material objects
,and dualism which claims that reality has a dual nature, consisting of both material and
nonmaterial objects.

● The Methodological Types of Philosophies are also classified according to the kind of
philosophical method that they used. We call these methodological types, and they
correspond to what are sometimes philosophical movements, approaches ,and traditions.

Some influential methodological types of philosophy along with some of their associated
method of philosophical investigation, are the following: analytic philosophy which uses
the method of linguistic analysis, logical analysis, and conceptual analysis;
phenomenology, which uses the methods of bracketing of presuppositions or suspension
of judgements and direct experiential analysis.

[5]
 ● The Regional Types generally refer to philosophical activities that occur or flourish in
particular regions, and it is divided into two major kinds: Western philosophy and Eastern
philosophy. Under each of these two major kinds are what can be called national
philosophies, referring to philosophical activities happening in countries or nations.
Example of national philosophies in the West is German philosophy while an example of
national philosophies in the East is Indian philosophy.

● The Historical Types, especially in the West, is conveniently divided into four periods:
namely the Ancient period, the Medieval period, the Modern Period, and the
Contemporary period

Philosophies in the Eastern region (such as Indian philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Islamic
philosophy, and others ,do not seem to fit nicely into these four major eras. According to
the account of John Koller in his book “Oriental philosophies”, the following periods
constitute the history of Indian philosophy, namely Vedic period, Epic period, Sutra period,
Commentary period ,and Renaissance period.

III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: Complete the Matrix

Instruction: Put the following philosophies in their appropriate boxes of classification.

Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ancient philosophy, Western philosophy, Feminism, Contemporary

philosophy, Eastern philosophy, Materialism, Dualism, Platonism, Logic, Marxism,
Phenomenology, Philosophy of Education, Modern philosophy, Existentialism, Epicureanism.
Medieval philosophy

Thematic Types Positional Types Methodological Regional Types Historical Types

Types

Activity 2: Essay
Instructions: Answer the following questions;

1. Which among the general types of philosophy mentioned above you find most interesting?
Why?

2. How important is knowing the different specific types of philosophy?

Rubrics for Essay

No Needs Adequate Quality Exemplary Points

Criteria Answer Improvement
0 1 3 4 5

[6]
 Content Does Answers are Answers are not Answers are Answers are
5 not partial or comprehensive or accurate and comprehensive,
answer incomplete. Key completely stated. complete. Key accurate and
the points are not Key points are points are stated complete. Key
questio clear. Question addressed, but not and supported. ideas are clearly
n not adequately well supported stated, explained,
answered and well
supported.

Organiz Does Organization Inadequate Organization is Well organized,

ation not and structure organization or mostly clear and coherently
answer detract from the development. easy to follow. developed, and
5
questio answer. Structure of the easy to follow.
n. answer is not easy
to follow.

Writing Does Displays over five Displays three to Displays one to Displays no errors
Convent not errors in spelling, five errors in three errors in in spelling,
answer punctuation, spelling, spelling, punctuation,
ion
questio grammar, and punctuation, punctuation, grammar, and
5
n. sentence grammar, and grammar, and sentence
structure. sentence structure. sentence structure.
structure.

IV. Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer in each problem.

1. Which of the following philosophical views claims that reality consists of material objects?
A. Dualism B. Epicureanism C. Materialism D. Thomism

2. Who among the following philosophers emphasizes personal and governmental morality,
correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness and sincerity?
A. Aristotle B. Confucius C. Epicurus D. Socrates

3. Which philosophy is classified according to the kind of philosophical method that they used?
A. Methodological B. Positional C. Religion D. Thematic

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of Western philosophy?

A. British philosophy C. German philosophy
B. French philosophy D. Japanese philosophy

5. Which of the following periods covers the philosophical developments of the 20th century up
to the present day?
A. Vedic period B. Ancient Period C. Contemporary D. Modern

V. Additional Activities

1. Research on the concept of Filipino philosophy. How do some Filipino scholars define Filipino
philosophy and deal with the question of whether there is a Filipino philosophy?

[7]
2. Research on the historical periods of other national philosophies such as Chinese and
Japanese philosophy. Compare them with the historical periods of Western philosophy.

References:

● Mabaquiao, N. 2016. Making Life Worth Living: An Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Lesson Ways of Knowing Truth

3
Most Essential Learning Competency
● Distinguish opinion from truth and realize that methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth.

What I Need to Know?

● Philosophers often deal with the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry.
Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance; however, the concept of truth
remains to be a highly debated and much-discussed topic among philosophers.
Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value.

I. What’s New?

Read and analyze the philosophical reflection below and answer the process questions
provided after the reflection.

I am Socrates, most people know me as the 1st Philosopher of the Western World. Philosophers
tend to think they know about the world. There are many men who were considered wise, but I
was very skeptical about this wisdom. In my life and travels, I find many people who appear or
claim to be wise and are not actually very wise at all. This is a problem, because when people
claim that a man is wise, they tend to blindly follow him, often with terrible consequences. If you
do not question this wisdom, you cannot discover its flaws. Then knowledge stands still like a
stone, instead of growing and changing like a tree. So, I started asking questions. I found that
when someone makes a claim that something is true, the best way to test that truth is to ask a
series of challenging questions. If we can explain what virtue and love are, how can we know
what virtue and love are? If someone makes these claims and cannot answer this challenge,
then how can they know the truth of their claim? True wisdom is the knowledge of how little you
know. It is this realization that allows you to start asking questions and get to the real truth.

Process Questions:

What does this philosophical thought mean “Knowledge stood still like a stone instead of
growing and changing like a tree?

II. What I Have Learned?

Take note of the following important philosophical concepts.

[8]
The essential trait of being a wise person is he/she is aware of his/her ignorance. Being wise,
therefore is knowing when we know the truth and when we do not know.

● Beliefs, statements, and sentences are candidates to be the bearer of truth. Beliefs and
statements are considered as bearers of truth, because both can be treated independently
when determining the truth.

● Beliefs are mental expressions of our claims. It is true if it can be justified or proven using
one’s senses. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts.

● Statements are also called propositions,which refer to a linguistic expression whose

function is to advance a claim about the world. Statements are truth bearers ,because
they make claims, either in terms of describing the world or asserting relations of ideas.

● Philosophers believe that claims and beliefs should also be subjected to test and to
determine the truth. Any claim should be subjected to test and prove its validity.

● Fact is something that occurs in the world, and it is what makes a certain statement true.
● There are statements that go beyond providing facts through providing conclusions or
perspectives regarding a certain situation. This/These is/are called Opinion/s. It is also
the basis for making arguments and convincing people of a certain topic.

● Conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.

● Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why
the statement is true.

● Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the readers or
listeners that a claim or opinion is truthful. Logic is the philosophy that focuses on the
analysis of arguments.

III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: Fill me up with IDEAS.

Instructions: There are 6 important concepts that can be considered as determinants of
truth. Complete the concept map by writing your ideas inside the box .One example for each.

Claims

Conclusion

Explanation

[9]
Activity 2: My Philosophical Inquiry
Instruction: Write 2-3 statements on this phrase.“ All truth passes through three stages.
First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-
evident”.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics for the activity:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Criteria 3 2 1
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Content The main thought of the The Main thought is a little vague and The main thought is not clear and not
essay is clear and focused. is not direct to the point direct to the point
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Organizati The flow of the statement is The statements are almost The statements do not jive with one
on interconnected with one interconnected another
_______________________________________________________________________________________
another
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusio Concluding statement is Concluding statement is somewhat Concluding statement doesn’t have
n________________________________________________
very relevant relevant connections

[10]
IV. Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer in each problem.

1. What is considered as a bearer of truth only when it functions as a statement?

A. Fact B. Claims C. Opinion D. Sentence

2. Which of the following is considered as the two schools of truth?
A. absolute and relative C. facts and opinion
B. statements and belief D. reasoning and experience

3. Truth is what you perceived hidden beyond your five senses and cannot be unveiled with
sense perception. Based from the statement given, which of the following is truth
associated?
A. Experience B. Perceptions C. Phenomenon D. Reality

4. Which of the following claims about wisdom is true?

A. wisdom is a product of experience
B. wisdom is achieved through right actions
C. wisdom is associated with knowledge, maturity, and values
D. wisdom is the highest form of rationality of man, and it encompasses everything

5. Which of the following takes a form of statement that is either claim of facts or phrased in
such a way to make it reasonable?
A. Argument B. Belief C. Claims D. Conclusion

V. Additional Activities

Direction: Let us summarize the lesson by filling up the table below. Write 3 important facts that
you have learned, 2 interesting ideas that struck you the most and 1 insight about the learning.

3 2 1
Important facts Interesting ideas Insight about oneself as a learner

References:
● Abella, Robert D. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon
City. C&E Publishing, Inc.

● Mabaquiao Jr. , Napoleon M, and Ronaldo B Mactal. 2016. Making Life Worth LIving: An
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: Phoenix PUblishing
House.
● https://tinyurl.com/ybbf2mq9

[11]
Lesson Methods of Philosophizing
4
Most Essential Learning Competency
● Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using methods of philosophizing.

What I Need to Know?

● Knowing the truth is something different from believing something to be true. This is the
reason why we distinguish truth from opinion. We need to distinguish false from true, the
illusions from real ,or opinions from truth ,and we will be able to do that by employing the
different methods of philosophizing.

I. What’s New?

Read and analyze the statements below. Which of the following statements is considered fact or
bluff? Explain your answer by providing details to support your answer. Write your answer on the
table below.

1. Magellan discovered the Philippines on March 17, 1921.

2. The President is the most powerful person in the country.
3. The Filipinos are the most hospitable people in the world.
4. Catriona Gray is the third Filipina to win Miss Universe.
5. Plants need sunlight to perform photosynthesis.

FACT BLUFF

Process Questions:

How did you classify the statements above as to fact or bluff?

II. What I Have Learned?

Philosophizing is a process which we can employ to distinguish truth from opinion. By using
different methods of philosophizing, we will be able to arrive at truth.

● A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing a conclusion

from a statement using various philosophical methods.

● There are four methods of philosophizing: socratic, dialectic, scientific ,and historical.

● Socratic method was developed by Socrates. In this process, statements are

deconstructed or questioned to come up with the actual truth that is believed to rest on

[12]
 the roots of the argument. Conflicting ideas are seen as invalid sources of the truth, and
probing questions are immediately derived from the given statements.

● Dialectic is a method of coming up with a conclusion from an exchange of contradicting

logical arguments. The aim of dialectics, as a process of the dialogue, is the clarification
of controversial notions and arguments with other people. In this process, personal and
shared conceptions should be considered and corrected.
● The Scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis
or theory testing.

● The Historical method is the process of gathering evidence, examining them and
formulating ideas about the past to come up with present truths. The process of learning
the truth is simply through looking at past records to validate the present hypothesis. If
viewed in a more general perspective, the historical approach would include only a
historical account to differentiate truth from opinion

III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: THINK ABOUT IT!

Instructions: Examine the situation below. Provide the best answer to the problem using the four
methods of philosophizing.
You and your classmate are preparing for a major examination. Both of you are having problems
with reviewing at home so both of you want to know what is the best time to study.

SOCRATIC

DIALECTIC

SCIENTIFIC

HISTORICAL

Activity 2: PHILOSOPHIZING IS FUN!

Instructions: Using your gadget (mobile phone, computer, or laptop) or your coloring materials,
and the space below, create your own meme which is related to methods of philosophizing.

[13]
Rubrics for the activity
Criterion/ Excellent Good Fair
Score (5 pts) (3 pts) (1 pt)

Relevance to The student shows great The student shows some The student shows little
the topic knowledge and knowledge and understanding knowledge and understanding
understanding of the of the topic through the meme of the topic through the meme
topic through the meme
Originality The meme is original. The meme is mostly original, Meme is not original.
similar idea but different
image/illustration used.

Entertainment The meme is very The meme is entertaining and The meme is slightly
Value/ Humor entertaining and has good amount of humor entertaining and has little
excellent in humor amount of humor
Aesthetic The meme is very The meme is pleasing to the
Appeal pleasing to the eyes and eyes and is neat. The meme is slightly pleasing to
very neat. the eyes and not that neat.

IV. Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer in each problem.

1. What do you call the process of determining the truth or drawing a conclusion from a statement?
A. Analyzing B. Philosophizing C. Theorizing D. Interrogating

2. What is the focus of the Socratic method in coming up with the truth?
A. to throw arguments with one another
B. to perform observation and experimentation
C. to investigate previous records and past events
D. to delve deeper into an issue by creative questioning deconstructing statements

3. Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the dialectic method?

A. Replying to the text message of your mother
B. Giving a speech at your friend’s birthday party
C. Looking at the bulletin board to read about the suspension of classes
D. Haggling with a vendor for a certain product and eventually agreeing on a price

4. Gina is an entrepreneur who wants to open a milk tea place in a residential area. Before buying
the property, she looked first at previous business ventures that were established within the area
to determine the feasibility of her plan. Which method of philosophizing did she use?
A. Dialectic B. Historical C. Scientific D. Conclusion
.
5. You read from a book that eating peanuts daily boosts mental function. Using the scientific
method, how would you know if this is true?
A. Take mental tests only
B. Ask a neurologist if the statement is true
C. Read more about the effectiveness of peanuts in mental functioning
D. Eat peanuts daily, then measure your daily mental function through tests

[14]
V. Additional Activities

Direction: Cite your personal experience wherein you are conflicted with a statement or situation
about its truthfulness. Explain the process you undergo to be able to find the truth. Reflect on the
method you used to arrive at truth. Write your answer (5-7 sentences) below.

References:

● Abella, Robert D. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon
City. C&E Publishing, Inc.

● Camiloza, Loreto, Garnace, Edgardo, Mazo, Rommel, Perez Evelyn. Philosophy of the
Human Person: An Introductory Text for Senior High School. Quezon City. The Phoenix
Publishing House Inc. 2016

[15]
Lesson Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
5
Most Essential Learning Competency
● Evaluate own limitations and the possibilities for their transcendence

What I Need to Know?

● In this lesson, we shall discuss how the human body as an embodied spirit evaluates own
limitations and the possibilities for transcendence.

I. What’s New?

Analyze the philosophical quote below. Think of the traits of human beings that support the idea
that “human beings are the highest form of God’s creations”. Write your answer on the space
provided in the table.

Reference: https://quotefancy.com/quote/1707996/Bob-Procto

Human Traits

Process Question:

Why do you think that these traits made us the highest form of God’s creation? Explain your
answer?

[16]
II. What I Have Learned?

Take note of the following important philosophical concepts in the lesson.

● The body and soul come together to form a whole, and this integration defines the
embodiment of the person.

● The human person’s nature as an embodied spirit gives rise to the characteristics and
traits (self- awareness, self-determination, and dignity that define the person and enable
us to engage in profound and meaningful experiences.)

● Human person possesses self-awareness which refers to the awareness of oneself as an

active participant.
● The sense of self enables a person to look within himself or herself and the experience
interiority
● A human person has dignity, which is the recognition that each person has a worth and
value that go beyond quantifiable terms.

● Transcendence is a state of being or existence that is above and beyond physical needs
and realities.

● Our ability to transcend drives us to become better persons and to improve ourselves in
every way.

III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: MIRROR, MIRROR!

Instructions: Look at yourself in the mirror. Think of those moments in your life where you have
faced failures ,then answer the following questions with all honesty.

a. How do you view suffering (as a blessing or a curse?)

b. How do you acknowledge the help of others?

c. How can forgiveness free us from anger?

Activity 2: POSSIBILITIES IN LIMITATIONS DURING THIS TIME OF PANDEMIC!

Instructions: Complete the chart by writing your present limitations especially during the
quarantine period due to covid-19 pandemic. Make an action plan towards transcendence.

MY LIMITATIONS POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE

[17]
IV. Assessment
Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer in each problem.

1. Which of the following statements is true?

Statement 1: Transcendence is for younger ages.
Statement 2: Transcendence is similar to self- actualization.
A. Statement 1 B. Statement 2 C. Statement 1 & 2 D. Neither of the 2

2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Our body is an important tool that allows us to go beyond many of our physical limits.
B. Opening yourself to new experiences and ideas is another aspect of transcendence.
C. Each individual carries within himself the possibility of transcending his limits by
exerting enough effort and perseverance.
D. The essence of transcendence is to acknowledge our limitations, identify possibilities
for development, and change us for the better.

3. Which statement about transcendence is true?

Statement 1: It only starts during old age.
Statement 2: All personal limitations are clearly defined.
A. Statement 1 B. Statement 2 C. Statement 1 & 2 D. Neither of the 2

4. Which of the following is NOT true about limitations and transcendence?

A. It varies across all people.
B. It may not occur to everyone.
C. It does come at a specified period.
D. It may coincide with physical limitations of the body.

5. It is the ability to surpass limits, and it is also one of the important traits that distinguishes the
human person from other beings in existence. What is it?
A. Transcendence B. Transition C. Transformation D. Transgression
V. Additional Activities
“COVID 19 Pandemic Challenge”
Directions: Think and reflect on the impacts of COVID-19 in our daily lives that are extensive
and have far reaching consequences. Write your thoughts based on different categories
presented below.
Healthcare Economic Social

References:
● Abella, Robert D. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon
City. C&E Publishing, Inc.
● Camiloza, Loreto, Garnace, Edgardo, Mazo, Rommel, Perez Evelyn. Philosophy of the
Human Person: An Introductory Text for Senior High School. Quezon City. The Phoenix
Publishing House Inc. 201

[18]
Lesson The Human Person in the Environment
6

Most Essential Learning Competency

● Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an aesthetic way.

What I Need to Know?

● In this lesson, we shall discuss how it is important for us to understand the dynamic
interplay between the human person and the environment.

I. What’s New?

Make a reflection about the question posted below and write your thoughts/stand about it. Place
your answer in the box provided below?

● Do you agree that human beings owe the environment a moral obligation to conserve it
as most of the environmental humiliation comes from human activities? Why?

Process Questions:

What are your observations about the present condition of our environment? Are these related to
human activities? Explain your answer.

II. What I Have Learned?

Take note of the following important philosophical concepts in the lesson.

● Environmental philosophy is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural

environment and humanity’s place in it.

● Anthropocentrism considers humans the most significant species on the planet and that
nature provides humankind with means to survive and develop.

● The biocentric view gives equal importance to all organisms on the planet and considers
them as having inherent worth.

● The ecocentric view emphasizes ecosystems and biological communities and considers
humans as stewards of nature.

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 ● Environmentalism is a perspective that advocates action to address growing
environmental problems.

● Sustainability or sustainable development is a concept that advocates the wise and

efficient use of natural resources.
III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: WAKE UP CALL!

Instructions: Read and analyze the excerpt about the emergence of covid-19 pandemic. Create
a reflection paper about this excerpt by means of answering the guide question posted below.

Excerpt from theconversation.com “The COVID-19 pandemic sweeping across the world
is a crisis of our own making. That’s the message from infectious disease and environmental
health experts, and from those in planetary health – an emerging field connecting human health,
civilization and the natural systems on which they depend. They might sound unrelated, but the
COVID-19 crisis and the climate and biodiversity crises are deeply connected. Each arises from
our seeming unwillingness to respect the interdependence among ourselves, other animal
species and the natural world more generally.

To put this into perspective, the vast majority (three out of every four) of new infectious
diseases in people come from animals – from wildlife and from the livestock we keep in ever-
larger numbers. To understand and effectively respond to COVID-19 and other novel infectious
diseases we’ll likely encounter in the future, policymakers need to acknowledge and respond
with “planetary consciousness”. This means taking a holistic view of public health that includes
the health of the natural environment.” (Source: Authors, Anthony Capon, Fiona Armstrong, Ro
MacFarlane. March 31, 2020 6.10am AEDT. https://tinyurl.com/u5h7lb3)

Guide Questions:
1. Do you agree with the premises presented in the excerpt? Explain your answer.
2. How do the actions committed by humans toward his/her environment contribute to the
emergence of this pandemic crisis?

_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________

Activity 2: BE PROACTIVE!

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Instructions: Consider the following pictures below, think of the ways on how you can organize
the images that will demonstrate our responsibility towards other beings and in our environment.

IV. Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer in each problem.

1. Which of the following human activities has a negative effect on the environment?
A. Protecting and preserving wildlife and national parks
B. Human population continues to grow rapidly worldwide
C. Simply recycling waste and growing plants or vegetables
D. Creating laws that require developers who build homes and commercial buildings to
set aside green, open spaces of land to protect them from development

2. Which philosophical view is concern about human beings’ ethical relationship with the natural
environment?
A. Ecocentrism C. Environmental Aesthetics
B. Environmental Ethics D. Per-Socratic Philosophy

3. Which theory is based on human interests and states that nature may be manipulated but the
end results will affect the human lives and that humans should protect forests only when its
beneficial?
A. Anthropocentrism C. Ecocentrism
B. Biocentrism D. Egocentrism

4. What theory recognizes intrinsic value in ecosystems and the biological and physical
elements that they comprise, as well as in the ecological processes that spatially and
temporarily connect them?
A. Anthropocentrism C. Ecocentrism
B. Biocentrism D. Egocentrism

5. Which statement is NOT true about the Environmental Ethics view?

A. The job of environmental ethics is to outline our moral obligations in the face of
environmental concerns.
B. Such thinkers have claimed that ethics must be extended beyond humanity, and that
moral standing should be accorded to the non-human natural world.
C. Environmental ethics claims that only human beings are morally considerable in their
own right, meaning that all of the direct moral obligations we possess, including those
we have about the environment, are owed to our fellow human beings.
D. Some have claimed that this extension should run to sentient animals, others to
individual living organisms, and still others to holistic entities such as rivers, species,

[21]
 and ecosystems. Under this ethics, we have obligations in respect of the
environment, because we owe things to the creatures or entities within the
environment themselves.

V. Additional Activities

“Protecting Our Planet Starts with YOU”

Instructions: List down the things that you can do to help and protect our environment.

Simple things I can do to help PROTECT the Earth

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

References:

● Jonathan Padwe. “Anthropocentrism”. Oxford Bibliographies. May 6, 2016.

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199830060/obo-
9780199830060-0073.xml Accesed May 20, 2020

● Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D.Min. “Introduction to the PHILOSOPHY of the Human

Person”. DepEd.

● Robin Attfield. “Biocentrism”. February 2013

Lesson General and Specific Types of Philosophy

7

Most Essential Learning Competency

● To show that care for the environment contributes to health, well-being ,and sustainable
development.

What I Need to Know?

● In this lesson, we shall discuss the different ethical views about our environment and how
human actions contribute to the health, well-being of our environment ,and sustainable
development.

[22]
I. What’s New?

Listen carefully and analyze the lyrics of an environmental song entitled: “ What a Wonderful
World” by Louis Armstrong. Make a self-reflection about this by answering the guide questions
below the lyrics of the song.

"What A Wonderful World"

Louis Armstrong
I see trees of green, Red roses too I see friends shaking hands, Saying, "How do you
I see them bloom, For me and you do?"
And I think to myself, What a wonderful world They're really saying, "I love you"

I see skies of blue, And clouds of white I hear babies cry, I watch them grow
The bright blessed day, The dark sacred night They'll learn much more, Than I'll never know
And I think to myself, What a wonderful world And I think to myself, What a wonderful world

The colors of the rainbow, So pretty in the sky Yes, I think to myself, What a wonderful world
Are also on the faces, Of people going by Oh yeah

Process Questions:

How is the song related to our environment? What are the manifestations that human beings and
the environment are connected?

II. What I Have Learned?

Take note of the following important philosophical concepts in the lesson.

● One important philosophical view from environmentalism is environmental ethics, it is a

moral approach that analyzes the relationship between humans and the environment.

● One important development that arose during the late twentieth century was
environmentalism, this perspective advocates and addresses the growing environmental
problems.

● Concepts such as climate ethics and climate justice arise from the growing concerns
with climate change, and consider them as significant ethical, social, and political issues.

● Another perspective in environmental awareness is environmental aesthetics, which

originally focuses on the concepts of beauty in nature, but has become increasingly
influenced by environmental concerns.

● Significant developments include the signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, where
various nations committed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to curb
global warming.
III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: THREE (3) MINUTE ESSAY

Instructions: Read and analyze each passage below. Create an essay about each passage
within the allotted time. Three (3) minutes is given per passage for this activity.

[23]
 a. The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is
part of nature.

b. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while

exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest.

c. Fromm argues that as humans, it is also inherent in us to escape the prison cell of
selfishness.

Activity 2: LET’S MAKE WAYS!

Instructions: List down appropriate measures or ways that you always do which exhibit
cleanliness and orderliness within a specified social area.

Family

School

Community

Rubrics for this activity

5 3 1
Specific The steps are very The steps are specific, partly The steps are not specific and confusing
specific and direct to direct to the point ,and partly
the point confusing
Attainable The steps are very The steps are partly attainable The steps are not attainable
attainable

Realistic The steps are realistic The steps are partly realistic The steps are not realistic

IV. Assessment

Directions: Read the following statement carefully and choose the correct answer.

1. This celebration was first instituted in 1970;it was a global effort to raise awareness of
environmental issues and inspire action among communities.
A. Animal Welfare Day C. Health Day
B. Earth Day D. World Environmental Day

2. All of these statements show how human relates to environment, EXCEPT

A. Humans are stewards of nature.
B. Humankind has a unique relationship with nature.
C. Humans are able to transform and change the environment.
D. Humankind can use natural resources without regard for the consequences.

[24]
3. One of the significant developments of environmentalism includes the signing of the Kyoto
Protocol in ____, where various nations committed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
in order to curb global warming.
A.1970 B. 1995 C. 1990 D. 1997

4. It advocates equity and the meaningful involvement of communities and governments in

addressing environmental challenges and in planning and implementing environmental
policies.
A. Environmental Aesthetics C. Environmental Justice
B. Environmental Ethics D. Environmental Philosophy

5. It serves as a basis for reflecting on how our actions show regard for nature.
A. Environmental Aesthetics C. Environmental Justice
B. Environmental Ethics D. Environmental Philosophy
V. Additional Activities

LET’S PONDER AND REFLECT

Instructions: Analyze the following situations below and determine which of them exhibits the right
or moral choice with regard to the environment. Write and explain your answer in a separate sheet
of paper.

1. A mining corporation decided to save costs and did not construct an effective storing
facility for mining waste. The improperly stored waste leaked and polluted the nearby
river, poisoned marine life, and caused people in the nearby village to get sick.

2. A businessman bought a large piece of farmland and decided to convert it into a

subdivision. During construction, hundreds of trees were uprooted and streams
covered in cement.

3. A local official led a campaign to set aside several hectares of forested land in their
city as a watershed area. This area was declared off-limits to loggers and miners.

4. An animal shelter partnered with the local government to conduct free vaccination
drives for pets. The shelter also coordinates with local police to address cases
involving animal cruelty.

.
References:

● Christine Carmela R. Ramos, PhD. 2016, Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person Published and Distributed by Rex Publishing House

● Roberto D.Abella, M.Div.,D.Min., 2016, Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person., Vibal Group, Inc.,1253 G. Araneta Ave. Quezon City

● The People of Asia, 10 Simple Reasons Why We Should Care of Environment

https://thepeopleofasia.com/articles/topic-green-tech/10-simple-reasons-why-we-should-
care-about-environment/ Date Accessed: May 16,2020

[25]
Lesson Human and Environment Interaction
8

Most Essential Learning Competency

● To demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards the environment.

What I Need to Know?

● In this lesson, we shall discuss how people interact with their environment as well as the
course of actions people take in protecting and caring for the environment.

I. What’s New?

Analyze the given situation below and make a reflection by means of answering the process
question below the situation.

A self-supporting college student works part-time as a

service crew to be able to fund his education. He earns Php
2,000.00 more than what he needs to pay for monthly
expenses. With this extra money, he could have bought the
expensive watch he always wanted. Thinking practically, he
decided to save his money in the bank instead.

Process Questions:

How can the student’s course of action be applied to the growing environmental problem that
we experience today? Can you identify means and ways on how you can contribute to the
solutions about our growing concern about our environment?

II. What I Have Learned?

Take note of the following important philosophical concepts in the lesson.

● Sustainability relies on three important principles: environmental integrity, economic

efficiency, and equity.

● Economic Efficiency refers to prudence in decision-making with regard to the use of

resources to ensure that there is a minimum to zero waste.

● Finally, Equity demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these
are conserved ,so that the next generation will be able to use them.

● The values of prudence and frugality can guide us in our own personal use of resources.

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 ● Prudence is the ability to regulate one’s actions and behavior; while frugality is being thrifty
with the use of one’s resources.
III. Developmental Activities

Activity 1: THINK THAT WAY!

Instructions: Reflect on how you and your family use natural resources at home. Copy the table
and fill it out with the appropriate responses.

Activities that show sustainable use of Activities that show misuse of resources
resources

Activity 2: INFOMERCIAL
Instructions: Make your own video or infomercial that shows the virtues of prudence and
frugality towards the environment. The video is limited to 3-5 minutes.

Rubrics for this activity

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IV. Assessment

Directions: Read the following statement carefully and choose the correct answer.

1. It covers good judgment, considers the consequences of an action, uses common sense
and discretion, exercises caution, and conforms to reason and decency.
A. Frugality B. Prudence C. Values D. Virtues

2. It is the quality of being thrifty, sparing, or economical in the consumption of resources and
avoiding waste, lavishness, or extravagance.
A. Frugality B. Prudence C. Values D. Virtues

3. One of the major ideas of this concept is to make wise decision regarding the use of natural
resources to ensure that there are enough left for future use.
A. Equity C. Environmental Integrity
B. Economic efficiency D. Sustainability

4. It refers to prudence in decision-making concerning the use of resources to ensure that there
is a minimum to zero waste.
A. Equity C. Environmental integrity
B. Economic efficiency D. Sustainability

5. It refers to maintaining the state of the environment.

A. Equity C. Environmental Integrity
B. Economic efficiency D. Sustainability

V. Additional Activities

LET’S PONDER AND REFLECT

Instructions: Give three (3) environmental issues due to human activities and apply the virtues of
prudence and frugality.

[28]
References:

● Christine Carmela R. Ramos,PhD. 2016, Introduction to the Philosophy of

the Human Person Published and Distributed by Rex Publishing House

● Roberto D.Abella, M.Div.,D.Min., 2016, Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person., Vibal Group, Inc.,1253 G. Araneta Ave. Quezon City

● Prudence and Frugality Towards One’s Environment/ Intro to the Philosophy of the
Human Person https://youtu.be/lEojQSVMIZo Date Accessed: May 31,2020

Module 1 Answer Key: Understanding Philosophy

What’s New

Natural Science Social Science

Geology Anthropology
Biology Economics
Mathematics Geography
Earth Science Political Science
Astronomy History
Chemistry Sociology
Physics Archaeology
Climatology Demography

Assessment

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A

Module 2 Answer Key: General and Specific Types of Philosophy

Developmental Activity 1

Thematic Positional Methodological Regional Historical

Metaphysics Materialism Marxism Western philosophy Ancient
Epistemology Dualism Feminism Eastern philosophy Modern
Logic Platonism Phenomenology Contemporary
Philosophy of Epicureanism Existentialism Medieval
Education

Assessment

[29]
 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D

Module 3 Answer Key: Ways of Knowing Truth

Developmental Activity 1

Beliefs Answers may vary

Statements Answers may vary
Opinion Answers may vary
Claims Answers may vary
Conclusion Answers may vary
Arguments Answers may vary

Assessment

1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A

Module 4 Answer Key: Methods of Philosophizing

What’s New!

FACT BLUFF
2. The president is the most powerful person in the 1. Magellan discovered the Philippines on
country. March 17, 1921.
5. Plants need sunlight to perform photosynthesis 3. The Filipinos are the most hospitable people in
the world.
. 4. Catriona Gray is the third Filipina to win Miss
Universe.

Developmental Activity 1

SOCRATIC Explanation may vary

DIALECTIC Explanation may vary
SCIENTIFIC Explanation may vary
HISTORICAL Explanation may vary

Assessment

1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. D

Additional Activities

Rubrics for checking the activity:

15 pts 10 pts 5 pts

[30]
 The student’s answer displays The student’s answer displays The student’s answer displays little
great knowledge and some knowledge and knowledge and understanding
understanding about methods understanding about about methods of philosophizing
of philosophizing and gives a methods of philosophizing and fails to give a clear and
very clear and factual and gives a clear and profound explanation
explanation. factual explanation.

Module 5 Answer Key: The Human Person as an Embodied

Spirit

What’s New!

Human Dignity
Human Freedom
Rationality
Human Personhood

Assessment

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A

Module 6 Answer Key: The Human Person in the

Environment

Assessment

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C

Module 7 Answer Key: The Human Person in the

Environment

Assessment

1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. B

Module 8 Answer Key: Human and Environment Interaction

Assessment

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C

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