American Psychological Association (APA) Documentation
American Psychological Association (APA) Documentation
American Psychological Association (APA) Documentation
Writing Center P writing.wisc.edu/
University of Wisconsin‐Madison
What to Document
Be sure to document all the sources you’ve used in writing your paper. You’ll need to cite sources for
P direct quotations
P paraphrases and summaries of ideas and information from sources,
P information and ideas that are not common knowledge or are not available in a standard reference work, and
P any other borrowed material that might appear to be your own if there were no citation.
For more information on what needs to be documented, ask your course instructor, and consult the Writing Center’s
handout on quoting, paraphrasing, and acknowledging sources.
The APA documentation system is commonly used in the social sciences and education, as well as in fields such as nursing. It
is a parenthetical documentation system. That means you will place citations to sources in parentheses within your own
sentences (usually the author’s last name and the year of publication) to indicate you have used ideas, information, and
quotations from sources at that particular spot in your paper. The parenthetical information points to specific sources in an
alphabetized list of references (titled References, not Bibliography) at the end of your paper.
Begin the reference list on a new page, and title that page References (do not use italics). List only sources you have cited,
and list all of these except for personal communications (e.g., interviews, letters, e‐mails, messages from unarchived
discussion groups, or any other material not accessible to your readers). Double‐space all text (not as spaced in the
examples in this handout) unless your instructor advises otherwise.
In general, order the reference list alphabetically by authors’ surnames, but follow these guidelines for special cases:
# Same author(s), different years: order by year of publication, earliest to latest.
Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children . . . .
Alibali, M. W. (2005). Mechanisms of change . . . .
# Same author(s), same year: order alphabetically by first word of the title (excluding a, an, or the), and add a lower‐
case a, b, etc., to the year.
Weist, M. D., & Christodulu, K. V. (2000a). Better mental health care. . . .
Weist, M. D., & Christodulu, K. V. (2000b). Expanded school mental health programs. . . .
# Same initial name(s) in multiple‐author entries: alphabetize according to the first surname that differs.
Harper, G. F., Mallette, B., Maheady, L., Bentley, A., & Moore, J. (1995)
Harper, G. F., Mallette, B., Maheady, L., Parkes, V., & Moore, J. (1993)
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APA Documentation‐‐2
General Principles About References for Electronic Sources
The general principle in APA style is to include the same information as you would for a print source, in the same order, and
add just enough information about finding the source electronically to help the reader of your paper find that reference. If
an online source has a digital object identifier (DOI), a permanent identifier for an electronic publication, you should use
that instead of a URL.
Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more
salient than color cues in cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus
oedipus) reversal learning. Journal of Comparative
Psychology, 122, 441‐444. doi: 10.1037/0735‐
7036.122.4.441
See more examples of electronic sources in the sample reference list on the following pages.
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APA Documentation‐‐3
Sample References, by Type
The sample reference list below illustrates the most common types of references. PLEASE NOTE: In your paper, the list of
references should be in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name. Here, to make it easier for you to find
particular examples, the items are arranged by type of reference, starting with book‐length publications and moving to
chapters and articles and then conference papers and posters and then multimedia and informal online publications.
In your reference list, you should include every recoverable (published) source that you actually refer to in your paper. If
you do not refer to a source in your paper, it does not belong on your reference list.
Non‐recoverable sources or personal communications–that is material that is not published and not available on the web,
material such as conversations, emails, interviews, unarchived discussions–should be acknowledged in parenthetical
citation within the body of your paper (see the section below on citing sources in your paper for an example), but personal
communications should NOT be listed in your reference list.
Type of Reference References (Be sure to double‐space within and between items in your actual reference list.)
1. Book: basic form; first edition, Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and education. Philadelphia, PA:
single author, read in print Ballière Tindall.
2. Book: basic form, later edition, Hyde, J. S., & Delamater, J. (2008). Human sexuality (10th ed.). New York, NY:
two authors, read in print McGraw‐Hill.
3. Book: editors in place of authors Castellanos, J., Gloria, A. M., & Kamimura, M. (Eds.). (2006). The Latina/o pathway
to the Ph.D.: Abriendo caminos. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
4. Book review: basic form; 2 Grabill, C. M., & Kaslow, N. J. (1999). An ounce of prevention: Improving children’s
authors; read in print mental health for the 21st century [Review of the book Handbook of
prevention and treatment with children and adolescents]. Journal of
Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 115‐116.
5. Brochure [pamphlet]: no date; Inside these doors: A guidebook of Elfreth’s Alley homes [Brochure]. (n.d).
no author; print Philadelphia, PA: Elfreth’s Alley Association.
6. Chapter in edited work: print Alibali, M. W. (2005). Mechanisms of change in the development of mathematical
reasoning. In R. V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior
(pp. 79‐123). New York, NY: Academic Press.
7. Chapter in edited work: second Curtin, J. J., & Lang, A. R. (2007). Alcohol and emotion: Insights and directives from
or later edition; print affective science. In J. Rottenberg & S. L. Johnson (Eds.), Emotion and
psychopathology: Bridging affective and clinical science (2nd ed., pp. 191‐
213). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
8. Dissertation: unpublished Hostetter, A. B. (2008). Mind in motion: The gesture as simulated action
dissertation, obtained from framework (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin‐Madison).
database Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database. (UMI No.
3327832)
9. Government report, corporate National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Anxiety disorders (NIH Publication No.
author; read online 09‐3879). Retrieved from National Institute of Mental Health website:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety‐disorders/nimhan
xiety.pdf
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10. Journal article: basic form; two Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient than color cues in
authors; read online, with doi cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) reversal learning. Journal of
Comparative Psychology, 122, 441‐444. doi: 10.1037/0735‐
7036.122.4.441
11. Journal article, basic form; Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy change can be
single author; print gradual or abrupt. Developmental Psychology, 35, 127‐145.
Murray, M. E. (2001). Outcomes of concurrent utilization review. Nursing
Economics, 19, 17‐23.
12. Journal article, basic form, two Hamilton, R. J., & Bowers, B. (2007). The theory of genetic vulnerability: A Roy
authors; read online, with doi model exemplar. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20, 254‐264. doi:
10.1177/0894318407303127
13. Journal article; two authors; Carter, S., & Dunbar‐Odom, D. (2009). The converging literacies center: An
read online from journal website; a integrated model for writing programs. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,
webtext; no page numbers; no doi Technology, and Pedagogy, 14(1). Retrieved from
http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/
14. Journal article: 1‐7 authors, list Alibali, M. W., Phillips, K. M. O., & Fischer, A. D. (2009). Learning new problem‐
them all in the reference list; read solving strategies leads to changes in problem representation. Cognitive
online, with doi Development, 24, 89‐101. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.12.005
15. Journal article: with 8 or more Sternberg, R. J., Jarvin, L., Birney, D. P., Naples, A., Stemler, S. E., Newman, T., . . .
authors, list the first six, then put Grigorenko, E. L. (2014). Testing the theory of successful intelligence in
ellipses (. . . ) for the ones you teaching grade 4 language arts, mathematics, and science. Journal of
omit, and then include the last Educational Psychology, 106, 881‐899.
author’s name
16. Journal article: in Internet‐only Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (2000, March 30). Prevention
journal; secondary reference of mental disorders in school‐aged children: Current state of the field.
Prevention and Treatment, 4, Article 1. Retrieved from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention
17. Magazine article: print Park, A. (2009, Sept. 14). A shot at cancer. Time, 174(10), 32‐39.
18. Magazine article: read online, Park, A. (2009, Sept. 14). A shot at cancer. Time, 174(10), 32‐39. Retrieved from
found through a database www.time.com/
(EBSCO)–do not list the database;
list home page for the magazine
19. Video or DVD Arledge, E. (Producer & Director). (2009). Autism genes [DVD]. Available from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/
20, Newspaper article: read Barringer, F. (2009, Sept. 14). Hawaii tries green tools in remaking power grid. The
online, no doi New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
21. Paper or poster presented at a Lindberg, S. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2007, March). Mother‐child interactions during
meeting; for a paper, substitute mathematics homework: Socialization of gender differentiation? Poster
paper title for poster title, presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on
italicized; use the word paper Adolescence, Chicago, IL.
instead of poster
22. Paper presented at a meeting Seibel, R., & Saffran, J. (2006, June). Tune or text: The effect of text on melody
or conference, abstract retrieved recognition. Paper presented at the annual meeting of XVth Biennial
online; no doi International Conference on Infant Studies, Kyoto, Japan. Abstract
retrieved from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p94581_index.html
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23. Web site: no author, no date of Research Initiatives. (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2007, from MIT, Comparative
publication. If there is no author, Media Studies website, http://cms.mit.edu/research/index.php
title moves to the first spot. Use
retrieval date only because the
content at that address likely
changes.
24. Online discussion list Kahn, S. (2009, September 5). Re: Composition‐rhetoric labor caucus [electronic
mailing list message]. Retrieved from h‐rhetor mailing list,
http://h‐net.msu.edu/cgi‐bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=lm&list=h‐rhetor
25. Blog posting Lopez‐Duran, N. (2009, August 27). Re: Gender and age differences in the
symptomatology of child depression [Web log message]. Retrieved from
Child Psychology Research Blog, http://www.child‐psych.org/
26. Email (falls under the APA Personal communications should not be included in your reference list. See the
category of personal explanation above, near the top of p. 3 of this handout. For an example of how to
communications) cite an email (or other personal communication) within sentences in your paper,
see the example # 10 below, on p. 7 of this handout.
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II. Citing Sources in Your Paper
Text citations are basically the same for print and electronic sources. The main considerations in using text citations are
placement and content of source material.
Placement of citations
You have three main options for placing citations in relation to your text.
1. Place the author(s) and date(s) within parentheses at an appropriate place within or at the end of a sentence:
Example: Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali, Phillips, & Fischer,
2009; Siegler, 1976)
.
2. Place only the date within parentheses:
Example: Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt the taught strategies?” (p. 96).
2009; Siegler, 1976).
[Note that you need to provide (a) page number(s) in parentheses for direct quotations. You do not need to provide a page
number if you are summarizing or paraphrasing a source, rather than quoting.]
3. Integrate both the author and date: into your sentence:
Example: In 2009 Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third- and fourth-grade students improved their
problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve their problem
representation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy.
Content of citations
Composing parenthetical citations can seem like a balancing act between two contradictory requirements. On the one
hand, you need to give enough information for your reader to find the corresponding reference list item. On the other
hand, you need to avoid distracting your reader with unnecessary citations or with long lists of multiple authors. The APA
guidelines address both of these requirements, as illustrated in the examples below.
Note: (a) The term author(s) as used below includes editor(s) that appear in the reference list entry in place of authors.
(b) Use an ampersand (&) before the final name in multiple‐author citations inside parentheses; use and outside.
Additional Resources on APA Documentation and Style
• See the Publication Manual, available for consultation at the Writing Center and in many campus libraries. You can
purchase the Manual online from the APA organization website (www.apa.org).
• Attend the UW‐Madison Writing Center’s workshop on “The Basics of APA Documentation.” Go to the Writing Center’s
website (writing.wisc.edu/) and click on Workshops for dates and times, and for an online registration form.
• Consult the Writing Center’s handouts “APA Headings and Page Formatting” and “APA Guidelines for Style,” available
at the Writing Center or on the Center Web site (writing.wisc.edu/).
• Check the APA style Web site (http://www.apastyle.org/), where you will find links to the following:
< FAQs about APA style
< a blog about APA style
< an online tutorial, “The Basics of APA style”
Rev. 10/27/17