Design of Strap (Cantilever) Footings: Example (11.9)

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Design of Strap (Cantilever) Footings

This is a special type of footing used for two columns. The two columns are provided by two
separate footings connected by a rigid beam called “strap beam”. The footing areas are
proportioned in such away to keep the pressure under the two footings uniform and equal and for
the centroid of the combined footing areas to coincide with the resultant of the two column loads.
It is assumed that the strap beam is rigid and does not transfer any load by bearing on the soil at
its bottom contact surface.
Summary of strap footing design is shown in the following steps.
1- Select trial footing depths.
2- Proportion footing dimensions.
3- Evaluate factored net soil pressure under the footings.
4- Design column footings for beam shear and moment.
5- Design the strap beam for moment and shear.
6- Check bearing strength of column and footing concrete.
7- Check chosen reinforcement bars for anchorage.
8- Prepare detailed design drawings.
Example (11.9):
Design a strap footing to support two columns, shown in Figure 11.18.a, spaced at a distance of
6.0 m center-to-center. Column A is 40 cm × 40 cm and carries a dead load of 50 tons and a live
load of 30 tons. Column B is also 40 cm × 40 cm in cross section and carries a dead load of 70
tons and a live load of 50 tons.
Use f c′ = 250 kg / cm 2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 , and qall (net ) = 1.5 kg / cm 2 .
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Figure 11.18.a: Footing dimensions
Solution:
1- Select trial footing depths:
Assume footing thickness of 40 cm.
2- Proportion footing dimensions:
PA + PB
Areq =
qall (net )
50 + 30 + 70 + 50
Areq = =13.33 m 2
15.0
B L1 + B L2 = 13.33 m 2
The distance from the resultant of the column forces to the center of column B is given as:
x=
(50 + 30 )(6 ) = 2.4 m
200
Center of gravity of the two footings should coincide with the resultant of the two column loads
to ensure uniform soil pressure below the two footings.
Taking moments of footing areas about the center of column B,
AA (6 + 0.2 − L1 / 2 ) = ( AA + AB ) x
B L1 (6.2 − L1 / 2) = (B L1 + B L2 ) x
B L1 (6.2 − L1 / 2 ) B L1 (6.2 − L1 / 2 )
x= =
(B L1 + B L2 ) 13.33
3
B L1 (6.2 − L1 / 2)
x = 2.4 =
13.33
Let B = 2.5 m,
2.5 L1 (6.2 − L1 / 2)
2. 4 =
13.33
L1 / 2 − 6.2 L1 + 12.8 = 0
2
Solving this quadratic equation gives

L1 = 2.62 m, or L1 = 9.78 m (rejected).
Use L1 = 2.60 m, and L2 = 2.75 m

3- Evaluate factored net soil pressure under the footings:
P +P 1.2 (50 + 70 ) + 1.6 (30 + 50 )
qu (net ) = Au Bu = = 20.34 t / m 2
B (L1 + L2 ) (2.6 + 2.75 )(2.5 )
4- Design column footings for beam shear and moment:
4-1 Beam shear:
Effective depth d = 40 – 7.5 – 0.9 = 31.6 cm (lower layer)
a- Exterior footing:
 2.5 − 0.4  
Vu = 20.34 (2.6 )   − 0.316  = 38.82 tons
 2  
Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 250 (260 )(31.6 ) / 1000 = 51.64 tons > 38.82 tons
b- Interior footing:
 2.5 − 0.4  
Vu = 20.34 (2.75 )   − 0.316  = 41.06 tons
 2  
Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 250 (275 )(31.6 ) / 1000 = 54.62 tons > 41.06 tons
Punching shear need not be considered due to presence of the strap beam.
Figure 11.18.b: Critical sections for beam shear

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4-2 Bending moment:

a- Exterior footing:
M u = 20.34
(2.6 )  2.5 − 0.4  2
  = 29.15 t .m
2  2 
0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (29.15 ) 

ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.003063
4200 
 0 . 9 (260 )(31 .6 )2
(250 ) 

As = 0.003063 (260 )(31.6 ) = 25.17 cm 2 , use 13φ 16 mm
b- Interior footing:
M u = 20.34
(2.75 )  2.5 − 0.4  2
  = 30.83 t .m
2  2 
0.85 (250 )  2.61 (10 )5 (30.83 ) 

ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.003063
4200 
 0 .9 (275 )(31 .6 )2
(250 ) 

As = 0.003063 (275 )(31.6 ) = 26.62 cm 2 , use 14 φ 16 mm
For shrinkage reinforcement in longitudinal direction,

As = 0.0018 (250)(40 ) =18.0 cm 2 , use 16φ 12 mm
Figure 11.18.c: Footing reinforcement
5- Design of strap beam for moment and shear:

5-1 For moment:
The strap beam shall be proportioned for a maximum negative moment of 92.90 t.m, shown in
Figure 11.18.f.
Assume a cross section of 40 cm × 100 cm for the strap beam
d-ve = 100 – 7.5 – 1.0 – 2.0 –1.25 = 88.25 cm
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0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (92.9 ) 

ρ − ve = 1 − 1− = 0.00862
4200 
 0 . 9 (40 )(88 .25 )2
(250 ) 

As − ve = 0.00862 (40 )(88.25 ) = 30.43 cm 2 , use 8 φ 22 mm

d = 100 – 7.5 – 1.6 – 0.7 – 1.0 = 89.2 cm
0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (48.07 ) 

ρ + ve = 1 − 1 −  = 0.004167
4200 
 0 . 9 (40 )(89 . 2 )2
(250 ) 

As + ve = 0.004167 (40 )(90.2 ) = 14.87 cm 2 , use 8 φ 16 mm
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 11.18: (continued); (d) Loading diagram; (e) shearing force

diagram; (f) bending moment diagram
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5-2 For shear:

The shearing force diagram is shown in Figure 11.18.e.
Critical shear at distance 88.25 cm from face of column A (to the right) is
Vu = 42.67 tons
Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 250 (40 )(88.25 ) / 1000 = 22.19 tons
Vs =
(42.67 − 22.19 ) = 27.31 tons
0.75
 Av  27.31 (1000 ) 3.5 (40 ) 2
 = = 0.074 cm 2 / cm > cm / cm
 S  88.25 (4200 ) 4200
Try φ 10 mm stirrups
2 (0.785 )
= 0.074 cm 2 / cm
S
Use φ 10 mm stirrups @ 20 cm.
6- Check bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
Φ Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(250 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 221 tons > 164 tons
i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40)(40 ) = 8.0 cm 2
7- Check chosen reinforcing bars for anchorage:

a- Footing reinforcement ( φ 16 mm ):
ψ e =ψ s = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8
cb is the smaller of:
260 − 15 − 1.6
7.5 + 0.8 = 8.3 cm , or cb = = 8.69 cm , i.e., cb = 8.3 cm
14 (2 )
cb + K tr 8.3 + 0
= = 5.19 > 2.5, take it equal to 2.5
db 1.6
1.6 (0.8 ) (4200 )

ld = = 38.86 cm
3.5 (2.5 ) 250
Available development length = 105.0 –7.5 = 97.5 cm > 38.86 cm

b- Bottom reinforcement in strap beam ( φ 16 mm ):
ψ e =ψ s = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8

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40 − 15 − 2 − 1.6
7.5 +1.0 + 0.8 = 9.3 cm , or cb = = 2.14 cm , i.e., cb = 2.14 cm
5 (2 )
cb + K tr 2.14 + 0
= = 1.34
db 1. 6
1.6 (0.8 )(4200 )

ld = = 72.50 cm
3.5 (1.34 ) 250
c- Top reinforcement in strap beam ( φ 22 mm ):
ψ t = 1.3 since more than 30 cm of fresh concrete is cast below the reinforcement, ψ e =ψ s = λ = 1
40 − 15 − 2 − 2.2
7.5 + 1.0 +1.1= 9.6 cm , or cb = = 2.6 cm , i.e., cb = 2.6 cm
4 (2 )
cb + K tr 2.6 + 0
= = 1.18
db 2. 2
ld =
(1.3)(2.2 ) (4200 ) = 183.95 cm
3.5 (1.18 ) 250

8- Prepare detailed design drawings:
Detailed design drawings are shown in Figure 11.18.c and Figure 11.18.g.
Figure 11.18.g: Design drawings

Design of Strap (Cantilever) Footings: Example (11.9)

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1

Design of Strap (Cantilever) Footings

Figure 11.18.a: Footing dimensions

Solving this quadratic equation gives

Use L1 = 2.60 m, and L2 = 2.75 m

Figure 11.18.b: Critical sections for beam shear

4-2 Bending moment:

0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (29.15 ) 

As = 0.003063 (260 )(31.6 ) = 25.17 cm 2 , use 13φ 16 mm

0.85 (250 )  2.61 (10 )5 (30.83 ) 

As = 0.003063 (275 )(31.6 ) = 26.62 cm 2 , use 14 φ 16 mm

For shrinkage reinforcement in longitudinal direction,

Figure 11.18.c: Footing reinforcement

5- Design of strap beam for moment and shear:

0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (92.9 ) 

As − ve = 0.00862 (40 )(88.25 ) = 30.43 cm 2 , use 8 φ 22 mm

0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (48.07 ) 

As + ve = 0.004167 (40 )(90.2 ) = 14.87 cm 2 , use 8 φ 16 mm

Figure 11.18: (continued); (d) Loading diagram; (e) shearing force

5-2 For shear:

Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 250 (40 )(88.25 ) / 1000 = 22.19 tons

i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40)(40 ) = 8.0 cm 2

7- Check chosen reinforcing bars for anchorage:

cb is the smaller of:

1.6 (0.8 ) (4200 )

Available development length = 105.0 –7.5 = 97.5 cm > 38.86 cm

cb is the smaller of:

1.6 (0.8 )(4200 )

cb is the smaller of:

Available development length = 213.0 –7.5 = 205.5 cm > 183.95 cm

Figure 11.18.g: Design drawings

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