Lecture 1 Introduction and History
Lecture 1 Introduction and History
Lecture 1 Introduction and History
1957:
Competition
from Sony:
sells much
better
Design ‘Regency’
Adjustable
capacitor
Antenna
Battery
Speaker
‘Regency’ Circuit Diagram
First Silicon Transistor - 1954
Teal Gordon: 10 May 1954 at the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) National
Conference on Airborne Electronics, in Dayton, Ohio:
"Some New and Recent Developments in Silicon and Germanium," an inauspicious
title. The germanium transistor was no longer news. Industry-wide research had
been conducted for some time on the use of silicon for transistors, because of its
ability to withstand higher temperatures. However, as far as anyone knew, no one
had been able grow silicon crystals with the characteristics needed for a workable
transistor.
Speaker after speaker at the conference denied the near-term feasibility of the
silicon transistor. Teal, next to last on the agenda, took his turn. TI cofounder Erik
Jonsson recalled that Teal, "a quiet man," put everyone to sleep until, at the end of
his speech, he calmly remarked, "Contrary to what my colleagues have told you
about the prospects for silicon transistors, I happen to have a few here in my
pocket". Teal's announcement that someone from TI was standing in the back of the
auditorium with literature on the new device
caused a stampede. "The poor last speaker was in
trouble,“ Jonsson remembered. "He had no audience
left.“
Advantages of Si:
Operating temp up to 150°C
Higher output power
First Integrated Circuit- 1954
Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments
– http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/tihistory.htm
1 Transistor, 1 capacitor, 3 resistors on one Germanium chip
Nobel prize 2000
Planar Technology - 1959
Much more effective fabrication
– MESA – process suitable for volume production
PNP Bipolar Transistor made from Silicon
Collector (Substrate)
Emitter with AL
contact
First Commercial Planar
Integrated Circuit - 1959
Fairchild Electronics - Jean Hoerni und Robert Noyce: Planar Technology
Fairchild – One Bit digital memory (flipflop) in resistor-transistor-logic (RTL)
– 4 transistors, 5 resistors – Integration of more elements relatively simple
– Advent of „Small Scale Integration“ : SSI
Planar technology: doping by
diffusion of other layers/elements
First MOSFET - 1962
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
'General Purpose Chip' with 16 transistors
RTL Logic - 1963
Fairchild '907': RTL Logic: 4 Transistors, 5 resistors
'Buried Layer' under collector reduces resistance ⇒ higher speed
Isolation of transistor
groups
First Analogue IC- 1963
Fairchild: Operational Amplifier (OpAmp) mA 702
First integrated difference amplifier
OpAmp Bestseller - 1965
Fairchild: OpAmp mA 709 – Designed by Robert ('Bob') Widlar
– 14 transistors, 15 resistors
– Still being fabricated
– Gain ~70000
– Price: $100 1968, today 0.5$
Competition only in 1968
mA 741 from Texas Instruments
Emitter Coupled Logic - 1966
Motorola ECL Technology
Metal layer
– Gate with 3 inputs
– Bipolar transistors
and resistors
One metal layer
1st IC designed with CAD - 1967
Fairchild: MICROMOSAIC
– ca. 150 AND, OR, NOT gates
– Generated from a pool
of transistors by
‘application specific‘
metallization
– 'Mask programmable
transistor array'
4 mm
256 Bit Static RAM - 1970
Fairchild: 4100
– With decoder
– 2.5mm x 3mm
– Used in ILLIAC IV
computer (NASA)
1024 Bit Dynamic RAM - 1970
Intel Corporation
– Founded 1968 by ex-Fairchild
employees (Bob Noyce,
Gordon Moore)
– 4 x more bits on the
same area as
static RAMs
First Micro-Processor - 1974
Intel 4004 (Marcian E. Hoff)
– First ‘computer” on a chip
– Advent of ‘large scale
integration‘ – LSI
– 2300 MOSFETs
– 4 bit
– 108 kHz clock freq.
First EPROM - 1971
Intel 1702
– 2 kbit (256 x 8)
– UV erasable
– 3.7 mm x 4.1 mm
– Costumers could
programme mC
8080 Universal Processor - 1974
Intel 8080
– 5000 Transistors
– 6 mm technology
– 2 MHz clock
– 8 bit
– 4mm x 5 mm
– Still produced in
license by 12
companies
TI Competition - 1974
TI IMS 1000
Micro Computer
– CPU 4 bit
– 256 RAM (right)
– 1 kbit ROM (left)
Used in pocket
calculators and
other consumer
goods
8 bit DAC - 1974
Precision Monolithic
DAC08CPU 4bit
– First hybrid IC
– 140 ns settling time
– Bipolar technology
– Still being produced
– 1.6 mm x 2.2 mm
AMD Fast mP - 1974
AMD Advanced Micro Devices
Bit slice processor: several
processors work on wider
data word
Bipolar transistors:
– High power consumption
– But much faster than CMOS
(at this time)
– 10 MHz clock
Programmable Array Logic (PAL) -
1977
MMI (Monolithic
Memories Inc
Programmable logic
with fuses
PAL16L8
65536 Bit Dynamic RAM - 1977
IBM starts chip
business relatively
late
Innovation:
– Memory chip with
redundancy
– Bump bonds
Motorola 16 Bits - 1979
Motorola 68000
NMOS transistors
16 bits but emulate
32 bits
50x faster than 8080
– Multiplier on chip
Optical Mouse- 1980
Xerox
16 optical detectors
recognize the
movement of
illuminated
background surface
Intel 80286 - 1982
6 -12 MHz
16 bits
120000 transistors
1.5 mm technology
Intel Pentium - 1993
60 MHz
32 bits
3.1 mio transistors
0.8 mm technology
Intel Pentium IV - 2000
1.5 GHz
42 mio transistors
0.18 mm technology
Intel Pentium - 2009
1.5 GHz
2.9 billion transistors
0.022 mm technology
Moore’s Law