Senior High School

21st Century Literature from the

Philippines and the World
Module 4:
21st Century Literary Genres

AIRs - LM
LU_21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World _Module4
 Target

You’ve learned that the rich culture of Philippine literary tradition has
grown to welcome trends in writing prose and poetry. Likewise, world literary
heritage also encompasses the growing 21st century literary genres.

With your prior knowledge from our past lessons, let’s journey together to
learn more about this generation’s literary forms, themes, and traditions.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Recall the 21st century literary genres

2. Compare and contrast the various 21st century genres and their
elements, structures, and traditions from across the globe
(EN12Lit-IId-25)
3. Write a literary analysis of a 21st century literary piece

Note to the Teacher

This SLM is strategically designed for independent learning.

However, as the teacher or facilitator of learning, you are highly
encouraged to engage with your learners as they go along. Some learners
may find the activities difficult and would require you to explain
instructions and lesson contents for them to be able to understand and
successfully finish the module.

LU_ 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World _Module4
 Module

4 21st Century Literary Genres

Jumpstart

Activity: GUESS THE GENRE (EMOJI EDITION)

Instructions: Recall your lesson about 21st century literary genres from Philippine
literature. Identify the genre using the images as your clue. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

Bonus answer for number 1:

Eel + loose + tree + Ted know + bell = illustrated novel

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 5

10

Discover

Science Fiction
Often referred to as “literature of ideas” and is also known as “scifi,” “SF,”
or “speculative fiction,” science fiction is a modern genre that explores the
possibilities of human societies and technologies. This genre is heavily dependent

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on scientific facts, theories, principles, observation as framework for the plot,
characterization, themes and setting.
One thing to bear in mind about this form of writing is that although it is
plausible or scientifically possible, the storyline and its elements are still imaginary
because this kind of story falls under fiction.

Types of Science Fiction

Hard Sci-Fi They are based on scientific facts and inspired by “hard”
natural
Soft Sci-Fi They can either be “not scientifically accurate” or “they’re
sciences like physics, chemistry, and astronomy.
inspired by ‘ soft’ sciences like p s y c h o l o g y , a n t h r o p o l o g y ,
a nd sociology”
(Gunner, n.d.)
Sub-genres of Science Fiction:
1. FANTASY FICTION. Sci-fi stories inspired by mythology and folklore that
often include elements of magic
2. SUPERNATURAL FICTION. About secret knowledge or hidden abilities (e.g.
witchcraft, spiritualism and psychic abilities)
3. UTOPIAN FICTION. About civilizations the authors deem to be perfect, ideal
societies. Often satirical
4. DYSTOPIAN FICTION. About societies the authors deem to be problematic for
things like government rules, poverty, or oppression
5. SPACE OPERA. A play on the term “soap opera,” scifi stories that take place
in outer space and center around conflict, romance, and adventure.
6. SPACE WESTERN. Sci-fi stories that blend elements of science fiction with
elements of the western genre
7. CYBERPUNK. Sci-fi stories that juxtapose advanced technology with less
advanced, broken down society
8. STEAMPUNK. Sci-fi stories that blend technology with steam-powered
machinery

Based on the two examples below, note down your observations about the
elements of a science fiction story in terms of the following: Setting, Theme,
Characters, and Storytelling

Excerpt 1
As a young girl opened her window, she could see the moons Europa and
and Callipso rising in the distance. A comet flashed by, followed by a trail of
stardust, illuminating the dark, endless space that surrounded the spacecraft; the
only place she had ever known as home. As she gazed at Jupiter, she dreamt of a
life where she wasn’t stuck orbiting a planet but living on one. She envisioned
stepping onto land, real land, like in the stories of Earth her father told her about.
She tried to imagine the taste of fresh air, the feel of a cool, salty ocean, the sound
of wind rustling through a tree’s green leaves. But these were only fantasies, not
memories. She had been born on the ship, and if they didn’t find a new
inhabitable planet soon, she would surely die there too.

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 Excerpt 2

No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century that
this world was being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than
man’s and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their
various concerns they were scrutinized and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly
as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm
and multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacency men went to and from
over this globe about their little affairs, serene in their assurances of their empire
over matter… No one gave a thought to the older worlds of space as sources of
human danger.

Sci-fi novels and even those turned into major motion pictures, encompass
a wide variety of futuristic concepts. They are “complex, nuanced (details copied
from actual events or experiments), and explore larger themes and commentary
(Gunner, n.d.). Among the common elements include time travel, teleportation,
mind control, telepathy, aliens, extraterrestrial life forms, mutants, space travel
and exploration, interplanetary warfare, parallel universes, fictional worlds,
alternative histories, speculative technology, super intelligent computers and
robots.

Selected Stories from Classic Literature to Pop Culture

1. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne: features underwater
exploration and a technologically advanced submarine – two things that
were primitive at the time the novel was written.

2. The War of the Worlds by HG Wells: tells the story of Martians invading
Earth and includes themes of space, science, and astronomy.
3. Who Goes There? by John Campbell tells the story of an alien creature
that’s a shape-shifter and has the gift of telepathy.
4. 1984 by George Orwell: set in a dystopian version of the year 1984 where the
world has succumbed to extreme levels of government interference in daily
lives.

5. 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur Clarke: tells the story of ancient aliens who
travel the galaxy and help develop intelligent life forms in other worlds

6. The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood tells the story of the women who
lose their rights after a totalitarian state overthrows the US government.

7. Star Wars by George Lucas

8. The Matrix: Sci-Fi action film that tells the story of a world where
human existence is completely controlled, and life on Earth is only a

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 simulation occurring in our minds. Here, the protagonist, Neo, is presented
with the information that his life is all an illusion, and it is almost more than
his mind can handle. Eventually, he is given the choice of whether to
continue to live in the Matrix, or to live and try to save mankind – a task
that is almost impossible, and at times terrifying.

9. Wall-E was produced by Pixar film which features the last robot on earth
named Wall-E (Waste Allocation Load Lifter – Earth Class). He was
programmed to clean up the planet but fell in love with a probe robot
named, Eve. This story appealed to both kids and adults, especially the
environmentalists.

10. Interstellar is a film about exploring alternative human habitat on another

galaxy. Critics acclaim the creators of this movie to be genius for being able
to produce a state-of-the-art Sci-Fi landscape. However, it has an injected
mythical side because of the presence of a “ghost” which was a magnetic
field that impossibly brought back some events and people to life.

Although this is not an entirely new literary genre, it is still considered

young and has gained attention just recently. Many times, science fiction turns real
scientific theories into full stories about what is possible and/or imaginable.
Therefore, science fiction proves its importance as it suggests what could really
happen in the future, explores w h a t could happen if certain events or
circumstances came to be, and suggest consequences of technological and
scientific advancements and innovation.

Hypertext Poetry and Fiction

Rather t h a n using a printed p a g e , h y p e r t ex t po etry and fiction use

computer screen to navigate through sections of the text. This literary genre relies
on the uniqueness of digital world and uniquely presents information. Aside from
the content and message, it also creates effects such as movement and sounds. It
is said to be non-linear and complex than a traditional poem.

The stream of consciousness point of view presents the thoughts of the

author or a character in the story or a persona in a poetry in a very unlimited,
uninterrupted manner. Therefore, the flow of thoughts is more liberal and
overflowing rather than first person or third person points of view which are very
controlled and limited. When this point of view is used in prose, one may also
consider “schizophrenia” in interpreting it altogether because of the fluidity of
ideas.

HYPERTEXT POETRY (adapted from course1.winona.edu)

Also known as cyber poetry, it consists of words, although not necessarily
organized in lines and stanzas, as well as sounds, visual images, movements or
other special effects.

Examples:

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 Older and Far Away by Dana Henriksen

https://msu.edu/~henrikse/cep909/poems/olderfaraway.htm
My Body by Shelley Jackson

http://www.altx.com/thebody/

HYPERTEXT FICTION
Hypertext fiction is a collective effort between reader and writer, where the
writer provides interlaced web pages of text and the reader decides what order to
read the pages. In some hypertext works, readers can even add their own work to
the fiction and change the plot.

Example:

24 hours with someone you know by Philippa Burne

http://www.glasswings.com.au/modern/24hours/
CRITICISM ON HYPERTEXT GENRE:

Many traditional conventions. Many critics in literary circles see hypertext

literature as a “humorless digital postmodern joke” that assaults readers with
floating neon fonts and crude literary strategies (Lillington, 1998). They view
hypertext as a threat to the overall integrity of literature because most anyone,
without any training or editing, can post hypertext poetry or fiction, even if their
work does not include

Proponents of hypertext literature argue that online texts are an original art
form, which combines cinematic technique with live performance qualities, and is
not designed to be viewed in the same light as printed literature.

Flash Fiction

They are also known as short-short-stories or micro fiction since these stories
are no longer than 1500 words and are designed to be read in four to five minutes
(Gunner, n.d.). It’s a challenge for the writer to get across a full story in just few
words, but when this happens, it will benefit both the reader and the writer. But,
although it is short, it should not feel too short. Hence, there are a few important
pointers in determining a good flash fiction.

Traits flash fiction stories:

1. Story Structure. A flash fiction story is not the shortened version of a longer
story; it still follows the elements of plot, including the beginning, middle
and end, as well as a conflict and a satisfying resolution.

2. Setting. Most flash fiction stories take place in one setting, as moving
between locations uses up too much space. It allows the writer and reader to
focus on the plot.

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3. Characters and backstory. Flash fiction pieces are plot-driven and include no
more than three or four characters. They may include some character
development, but too much backstory can use valuable space.

4. Description. One may think that flash fiction stories are short on description
to save space. However, a strong piece can balance vivid descriptions with a
quick-moving plot. Stories that lack description are not satisfying to read, and a
flash fiction piece should feel complete.

Excerpt 1: The Pedestrian (Ray Bradbury)

To enter out into that silence that was the city at eight o’clock of a misty evening
in November, to put your feet upon that buckling concrete walk, to step over grassy
seams and make your way, hands in pockets, through the silences, that was what
Mr. Leonard Mead most dearly loved to do. He would stand upon the corner of an
intersection and peer down long moonlit avenues of sidewalk in four directions,
deciding which way to go, but it really made no difference; he was alone in
this world of AD 2053, or as good as alone, and with a final decision made, a path
selected, he would stride off, sending patterns of frosty air before him like the smoke
of a cigar

Excerpt 2: Reunification
Amelia knew from the beginning that the boy wasn’t hers. His nose was too
pointed, his hair was too thin; when he turned to the side, he resembled a cliff
swallow who’d lost his muddy nest. When he cried, Amelia’s ears rang. She could
bring no comfort to his pointy shoulders, which shook against her chest during his
night terrors. Until one week, his nocturnal screams had given way to the soft sobs of
a broken child. He hadn’t fought her as she held him, his tears sinking into Amelia’s
cotton nightgown as she ran a hand up and down, up and down, up and down his
back. The next night, Amelia’s embrace got him to sleep in just a few minutes. And
the night after that, he’d slept all the way through.

The boy liked pancakes with grape jelly, Amelia learned, on the blue-and- yellow
plastic plate. He liked cowboy pajamas and glow-in-the-dark stars she’d
painstakingly pasted on his ceiling just minutes before he’d stepped through her
doorway, his possessions stuffed into a garbage bag at his feet. He liked these
things, and soon, he loved them.

His laughter vibrated through the house like the satisfied lilt of a starling,
declaring his place in this tree. It tickled the inside of Amelia’s ribcage and sent her
into fits of tearful giggles. Bubble baths made him laugh. She could make him laugh.
Everything made him laugh. She drank in the sound like it was sweet nectar.

On the last day, the same white car that had dropped him at her doorstep months
ago rolled into Amelia’s driveway. An officious woman clutched the wheel with
the same grip that Amelia found herself clutching the boy’s hand. It was time for
reunification, which Amelia knew was the goal of the foster system. The boy was
going back.

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 Amelia looked down and took in his features one last time. Soon he’d be back with
his flock, his delicate features matching those around him, in the nest where he
belonged. He was theirs. But in those last seconds, as the car settled into a parked
position and he squeezed her hand back, Amelia’s heart swelled. He may not have
been hers, but in that moment, she knew she’d always be his.

(376 words)

Excerpt 3: Six Word Story

For sale: Baby shoes, never worn.
Shorter forms of flash fiction:
1. Micro fiction is a story under 250 words. This kind of story tends to start
in the second act of the story to focus more on the climax and often has a
surprise ending.

2. Six-Word Stories have no exact beginning middle, or end, but tell an entire
story in only six words. In excerpt 3, the story structure manages to
establish character, conflict, and tone without direct exposition. Readers
are left to their own tragic interpretation when it comes to the words that
are not present.

Illustrated Literature

Because the new generation of reader and information consumers are

generally visual (that means, picture and video based) rather than textual,
new literary forms have also began to spring up. Illustrated literature
encompasses all literary traditions all over the world such as webtoons in Korea
(and webcomics in USA), and manga in Japan (and is now widely read all over the
world).
A. WEBTOONS
In an article “The Webtoon: A New Form for Graphic Narrative,” Heekyong Cho
described webtoon as “the artistic medium that is the combination of this specific
style and system, which is to date unique to Korean comics culture but is already
expanding to other cultures.”

Web cartoons, or simply webtoons, are an animated cartoon or a series of comic

strips published on the Web (English Oxford Dictionary). It is also known as
Manhwa, a Korean term to characterize Korean comics, print cartoons, and
sometimes animated cartoons. It is thought to have originated from Japan’s manga,
or comics, since Korea has been heavily influenced by Japan.

In the early 2000, a lot of Korean printed comic magazines and books began
to shut down. With the advancement of technology and the web however, a shift to
move onto the internet was made, leading to the creation of online comics called
webtoons. They are usually fully colored art and presented in a vertical scrolling
format, which creates a pleasant and easy way of viewing comics on mobile
phones as well as on computers.

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B. MANGA
The word manga, popularly known as Japanese graphic novels or comics,
literally means “whimsical pictures.” Although this literary form has made a
tremendous splash into the American market in the past fifteen years or more, it is
a mainstream phenomenon in Japan ever since.

Some studies have applauded manga as literature not only because of its appeal
to a variety of audience due to its appearance, but also because it covers a variety
of subjects. It can cover romance, sports, food, social issues, psychological
problems, and the environment among others.

Types of manga:

1. Shonen, also known as boys’ manga. It tends to focus on action, sports, or

romance from a young male point of view. Examples of Shonen series are
DragonBall Z, Love Hina, Sgt Frog, Naruto, Bleach, and One Piece.

2. Shoujo, also known as girls’ manga. It is aimed at girls from ages 12-18 and
it focuses on romance and relationships from a young female’s point of view.
Examples of Shoujo are Sailormoon, Fruits Basket, and Peach Girl.
3. Josei, also known as ladies’ manga. It is aimed at a more adult women group,
usually college and up. It tends to contain more mature topics and content.
Examples of Josei are Loveless, Paradise Kiss, Happy Mania, and Honey and
Clover.

4. Seinen, also known as men’s manga. It is aimed at adult men, usually college
age and up. It tends to contain more mature topics and content. Examples of
Seinen are Ari Yori Aoshi and Battle Royale.

5. Shoujo-ai or Yuri, or lesbian manga. It is literally translated as “girl-love”

and so focus on stories revolving around lesbian relationships.

6. Shonen-ai or Yaoi, or gay manga. It is literally translated as “boy-love” and

so focus on stories revolving around homosexual relationships.

7. Kodomo, also known as children’s manga. It is aimed at younger readers.

Examples of Kodomo are Doraemon and Hello Kitty.

8. Ameri-manga refers to comics created by American artists in manga style.

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 Explore

Activity: T-TABLES

Instructions: Compare and contrast the given traditional and modern

literary genres by completing the t-tables that follow. Write in the middle
column the similarities, and on the left and right columns the unique
characteristics or differences. Highlight the elements, structure, and themes
of each genre. Choose two (2) tables only. Use a separate sheet to write your
answer.

21st CENTURYGENRE: Elements TRADITIONAL GENRE:

Flash Fiction Short Story
Structure

Themes

21st CENTURY GENRE: Elements TRADITIONAL GENRE:

Manga/Webtoon Novel
Structure

Themes

21st CENTURY GENRE: TRADITIONAL GENRE:

Science Fiction Elements Myths, Legends, Folktales

Structure

Themes

21st CENTURY GENRE: TRADITIONAL GENRE:

Hyper poetry Elements Lyric Poetry

Structure

Themes

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 Deepen

Activity 1: ORIGINAL COMPOSITION

Instructions: Using your knowledge about the nonconventional literary genre,

compose an original output of any or a combination of the following: Follow your
teacher’s further instruction on this.

a. 20 to 30-word flash fiction

b. 4-panel comic (manga or webtoon style)

c. 150-word exposition to a science fiction story

d. 4-level hypertext poem/story (online or via ppt)

Rubric for Scoring Output

5 4 3 2
Structure
Presents all elements Exhibits at least 3 Exhibits at least Does not present
and correct elements and two elements and elements and
structure of the correct structure correct structure correct structure of
of the chosen the chosen genre
chosen genre of the chosen genre
genre

Creativity
The story is The story is The story is in The story is
communicated communicated interesting ways not
in amazing and in interesting but note related communicated
unusual ways ways to the topic. in surprising
and
interesting
ways.
Mechanics
No errors in One to two errors in Three to five Six or more errors
punctuation, punctuation, errors in in punctuation,
capitalization, and capitalization, and punctuation, capitalization, and
spelling spelling capitalization, spelling errors.
and spelling
errors

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Activity 1: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Instructions: Using an appropriate approach to literary analysis (e.g. formalist,

symbolic, moral/philosophical, psychological), compare a conventional literary
piece with a 21st century literary work.

Step 1: Choose a story or poetry or comic book you would like to analyze (science
fiction, illustrated literature such as manga or webtoon, hyper poetry, or
flash fiction).

Step 2: Choose a counterpart conventional story or poem which has similarities

and differences with your choice in step 1.

Step 3. Read both stories or poems or comics.

Step4. Write a 1-paged single-space comparative analysis essay. Cite your

references.

Scoring criteria for the comparative analysis:

4 3 2 1
Purpose and The paper The paper The paper compares The paper
supporting compares literary compares literary clearly but compares or
details pieces clearly and pieces clearly, but supporting contrasts but not
points to specific the supporting information is include both.
examples to information is incomplete. Some Supporting details
illustrate the general. All relevant pieces of are incomplete and
comparison. It only information information are some are
includes relevant included are missing. irrelevant.
information. relevant.
Organization The paper breaks The paper breaks The paper breaks the Many details are
and structure the information the information information into not in logical
into whole-to- into whole-to- whole-to- whole, order and
whole, point-by- whole, point-by- point-by- point, presentation of
point, similarities- point, similarities- similarities-to- comparison and
to- differences to- differences differences structure contrast is not
structure. It is structure but is but some organized.
consistent in order inconsistent in information is in the
in discussing discussing wrong section. Order
comparisons and comparisons and is distracting to the
contrasts. contrasts. reader.

Approach to The paper The paper The paper employs Approach to

analysis employs employs an a barely acceptable literary analysis
appropriate acceptable, but approach to is not evident or
approach in order not the most understanding and not clear.
to highlight appropriate evaluating the text.
similarities or approach to
differences. compare.
Grammar, Writer followed Writer followed Writer followed most Writer followed
spelling, format agreed format agreed format of agreed format but some of agreed
and made no but made 1-2 made 3-4 errors in format but made
grammatical or errors in grammar that more than 5
spelling errors grammar that distract the reader errors in grammar
that might distract the from the content. that distract the
distract the reader from the reader from the
reader from the content. content.
content.

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 Gauge

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each item. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is an imaginative form of writing that may suggest an

event in the future if a current environmental issue will not be addressed?

A. Flash fiction B. Hypertext fiction

C. Illustrated fiction D. Science fiction

2. What novel by HG Wells tells the invasion of the Earth by Martians as it also
talked about space, science and astronomy?
A. 1984 B. Star Wars

C. The War of the Worlds D. Who Goes There?

3. Which of the subgenres of Sci-Fi tells stories about imperfect, unideal society
toward the predicted end of the world?

A. Cyberpunk B. Dystopian C. Fantasy D. Utopian

4. Which of the following pop culture Sci-Fi stories feature Neo who learned that
life and human existence is controlled and is an illusion?

A. Intergalactic B. Star Wars C. The Matrix D. Wall-E

5. They are animated cartoon or comics published online with a vertical scrolling
layout.
A. Graphic Novel B. Hyper poetry C. Manga D. Webtoon
6. Which of the following words mean, “whimsical pictures”?
A. Josei B. Manga C. Manhwa D. Shoujo

7. These are stories less than 1500 words long and are meant to be read in less
than 10 minutes.
A. Blog B. Doodle fiction C. Flash fiction D. Graphic novel

8. What element of short stories allows the reader to focus on the plot by using a
single location and time?
A. Characters B. Description C. Setting D. Storyline

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 9. What point of view is represented in the use of unpredictability of the story,
dialogue, and other elements of hypertext fiction?
A. First Person POV B. Omniscient 3rd POV

C. Limited 3rd POV D. Stream of consciousness POV

10. What modern genre combines cinematic technique, content, sound, and
movement?

A. Graphic novel B. Flash fiction

C. H y p e r t e x t f i c t i o n D. Web cartoon
For number 11:

No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century
that this world was being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than
man’s and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their
various concerns they were scrutinized and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as
a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and
multiply in a drop of water. With infinite complacency men went to and from over
this globe about their little affairs, serene in their assurance of their empire over
matter… No one gave a thought to the older worlds of space as sources of human
danger.

11. What sources of human danger are being referred to in the excerpt above?

A. A.I. B. Aliens C. E.T. D. Gods

12. Which of the following does NOT describe a good science fiction novel?

A. They are complex and follow nuances based on research.

B. They are based on facts, theories, principles, and observations.

C. They use as few words as possible to capture audience attention.

D. They include time travel, teleportation, aliens, and high technology.

13.Which of the following is a possible topic covered by soft Sci-Fi stories?

A. Extraterrestrial life B. Global warming threats

C. Multiple personality disorder D. Space exploration

14. Manga has become an international sensation in literature over the past
decades. Which of the following is NOT a reason for its popularity?

A. Wide readership B. Online accessibility

C. Variety of content D. Illustrations

15. Your friend would like to explore reading comics. Just like you, she is in senior
high school, but she is more interested in series about female heroes. What
kind of manga will you recommend to her?

A. Josei B. Kodomo C. Shoujo D. Seinen

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16. How does brevity, or expressing a message in the fewest possible words
without compromising meaning, benefit the 21 st century reader?
A. It saves them from ambiguity.

B. It enables efficient understanding.

C. It triggers creativity and imagination.

D. It allows them to process information.

17.You have learned that hypertext literature is being criticized for compromise in
literariness or the attainment of a graceful expression of reality through stories
and poetry. How should a 21st century reader responds to this change in literary
form?
A. Always maintain neutrality because it has nothing to teach you as
person.

B. Reject the traditional but accept the innovation because it is more

relevant.
C. Balance criticism with improvement by initiating potential solutions
to the problem.

D. Reject the innovation but accept the traditional because the past is the
foundation of every development in the present and future.

18.Which of the following is both observable in both scientific fiction, and

mythology?
A. They are both written in prose.
B. They are founded on researches.

C. They present spirituality and religion.

D. They attempt to explain a phenomenon.

19.Which of the following is NOT true about manga/webtoon and novels?

A. Both are composed of at least 50% illustrations.

B. Both have been patronized by different nationalities.

C. Both deviate from the elements of fiction in their stories.

D. Both offer a variety of topics that appeal to varied readers.

20.What is a valid generalization about 21st century literary genres?

A. They are rebellious and controversial.

B. They are reflective of the society and era.

C. They completely deviated from literary canons.

D. Their structure and themes

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