Cheat

QUADRATIC EQUATION
Sheet
Basics :
❖ ax2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation with a  0
❖ x =  is a root/zero of ax2 + bx + c = 0 if a2 + b + c = 0
❖ A quadratic equation has two real roots or 0 real roots.

Solving of Quadratic Equation :

❖ ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be factorized into product of two linear factors (px + q)(rx + s).
❖ Try to break b into two parts such that their product = a.c.

For Example
x2 – 5x + 6 = x2 – 2x – 3x + 6
= x (x – 2) – 3(x – 2)
= (x – 3)(x – 2).
Put individual factors = 0 and you will get the roots.
Quadratic Formula :
If ax2 + bx + c = 0
b±√b2 −4ac
then x = −
2a
here b2 – 4ac = D (discriminant)
Nature of Roots :
If D > 0, roots are real and ‘distinct’
If D = 0, roots are real and ‘equal’
If D < 0, no real roots exist.
Word Problems :
Convert the given statements into equation.
Begin with a variable ‘x’.
Cheat
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
Sheet
Arrangement of numbers with some certain relation is a sequence.
Ex : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 etc.
AP : A sequence in which the difference between every two consecutive terms is same.
An AP is of the form : a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,……a + (n – 1)d.
‘d’ is common difference & ‘a’ is first term of AP. ‘n’ is the no. of terms.

❖ nth term of AP is a+(n – 1)d. [also called general term of AP]

❖ nth term of AP from end :
In an AP → a, a + d, a + 2d …….. with total m terms then,
• nth term from end = (m + 1 – n)th term from start
• am+1−n = a + (m + 1 – n – 1)d = a + (m – n)d
For the first negative term of any decreasing AP, just put an < 0
⟹ a + (n – 1) d < 0
& then find the required ‘n’
Selection of terms :
❖ For making calculation easier, we use this concept.
❖ If your AP has odd number of terms then it can be written as.
n=3 a – d, a, a + d
n=5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + 2d
n=7 a – 3d, a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d
Here ‘a’ is the middle term & ‘d’ is common difference.
❖ If AP has even number of terms then,
n=4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
n=6 a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + 3d, a + 5d
Here ‘a – d’ & a + d are the middle terms & 2d is the common difference.
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
Sum upto ‘n’ terms of an AP.
n n
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d] = [a + an ]
2 2
‘the sum of the starting first n terms’
❖ an = Sn − Sn−1
If ratio of sums upto n terms of 2 different AP’s is given then we can easily find out
the ratio of their nth terms :
n n
⟹ Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d] & Sn = [2a′ + (n − 1)d′]
2 2
n−1
Sn 2a+(n−1)d a+( )d
2
⟹ = = n−1
S′n 2a′ +(n−1)d′ a′ +( 2 )d′
Now put n = 2n + 1,
S2n+1 a+(n−1)d an
⟹ = =
S′2n+1 a′ +(n−1)d′ a′n
Cheat
APPLICATION OF TRIGNOMETRY
Sheet
2 terms : 1) Angle of elevation

2) Angle of Depression.
If ‘O’ is observe & ‘P’ is the object
then POA = BPO = θ
angle of angle of
elevation depression

❖ In this chapter, you only need to remember the trigo angles table and you
need to visualise and draw the condition given in the question.

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 √3
sin  0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos  1 0
2 √2 2
1
tan  0 1 √3 n.d.
√3
2
cosec  n.d. 2 √2 1
√3
2
sec  1 √2 2 n.d.
√3
1
cot  n.d. √3 1 0
√3
Cheat
CIRCLES
Sheet
❖ Set of all points equidistant from a single fixed point is called a circle.

Secant : A line which intersects circle at 2 distinct points.

Tangent : A line which ‘touches’ the circle at exactly one point.

The point at which the tangent passes is called the point of contact.
Cheat
SURFACE AREAS & VOLUMES
Sheet
Area = s2
Perimeter = 4s

Square :

Rectangle : Area = lb
Perimeter = 2(l+𝑏)

Area = πr 2
Perimeter = 2πr
Circle :

1
Area = 2 bh

Triangle :

√3 2
Area = a
4
Perimeter = 3a
Equilateral Triangle:

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Area = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where s =
2
Perimeter = a+b+c = 2s
Triangle (Scalene)

1
Area = 2 bh

Parallelogram :

1
d1 Area = 2 d1 d2

Rhombus :
Cheat
SURFACE AREAS & VOLUMES
Sheet
3D Shapes

Area = 6s2
Volume = s3
Length of diagonal = 𝑠√3

Area = 2(lb + bh + lh)

Volume = lbh
Length of diagonal = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 + ℎ2

Curved surface area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

Total surface area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
Volume = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

Volume = 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ
Curved surface area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑅ℎ
Total surface area = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑅ℎ + 2𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )

4
Volume = 𝜋𝑟3
3
Surface Area = 4𝜋𝑟 2

4
Volume = π(R3 − r3 )
3
Cheat
CONSTRUCTIONS
Sheet
Dividing a line segment of given length in ratio m : n.

1) Draw line AB.

2) Extend AC at some acute angle from AB.

3) Take a fixed compass length and mark (m+n) markings from A.

AA1 , A1 A2 , A2 A3 ……. and so on. Such that AA1 = A1 A2 = A2 A3 ……….

Alternate method :
X
❖ Draw the give line segment AB.
❖ From A, extend AX & from B extend BY such that
BAX = ABY [AX || BY].
❖ Take markings (equal),
AA1 = A1 A2 = A2 A3 = A3 A4 = BB1 = B1 B2 = B2 B3
& so on.
❖ If you want m : n division, join mth marking on AX Y
with nth marking on BY.
 CONSTRUCTIONS
Drawing a triangle similar to a given triangle.

❖ Draw given , say ABC

❖ From B, extend BX, and draw

markings equal in length.
BB1 = B1 B2 = B2 B3 = B3 B4
and so on

𝑚
❖ If scale factor is , then
𝑛
locate the greater of m & n
𝑚 3
and join with C. Let’s say that is .
𝑛 4

& locate m = 3 & join 𝐵3 𝐶 ′

such that B3 C ′||B4 C

❖ Now join C’A’ such that C’A’||CA.

BC’A’ is the required similar .
 CONSTRUCTIONS
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE

1. Draw given circle of given radius

with centre O. & take any pt.
P on circumference of circle.

2. Join OP & construct OPT = 90°

& extend TP to TPT’.
You have your tangent now.

Construction of tangent to circle at a given point when centre is not known:

1. Draw circle & mark a point

P on circumference.

2. Construct PQR where R & Q

are distinct points on the
circumference.

3. Draw QPX = QRP & extend

XP to XPY. XPY is the
required tangent at point P.
 CONSTRUCTIONS
Construction of tangents to circle from external point.

1. Draw given circle & mark .

centre as O & external point
as P. Join OP.

2. Draw right bisector of OP to

get the mid-point ‘Q’.
with OQ as radius construct
a circle.

3. Mark the intersecting points of

circles as T & T’ and join
PT & PT’, they are the
required tangents.
Cheat
STATISTICS
Sheet
Mean of Grouped data : Mean is basically average of quantities.

If these are ‘n’ distinct quantities – x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 … xn ,

The mean x is given by :

x1 +x2 +x3 +x4 ……..+xn
x̅ =
n

Frequency of a particular quantity : Lets say that the data is :

10 20 36 40 50 56 60 70
Marks obtained (xi )

1 1 3 4 3 2 4 4
Number of students (fi )

Here frequency of ‘50’ is 3.

If 50 = 𝒙𝟓 then 3 = 𝒇𝟓

In this situation, mean is calculated as :

f1 x1 +f2 x2 +f3 x3 …….

𝐱̅ =
f1 +f2 +f3 +f4 ………

Data distributed in intervals :

Example :

Marks 40 – 55 55 – 75 70 – 85 85 – 100

7 6 7 3
Number of students

Here,
Upper class limit+Lower class Limit
Class Mark =
2
= xi
 STATISTICS

Have a look at this :

This is conversion of interval to single value – class mark.

This is called Direct Method.

Assumed Mean Method :

For making calculations easier, we use this method.

In usual fashion, we convert the class interval into class mark.

Than we take an assumed mean.

The derivation, 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎. Here a = 47.5 (assumed mean)

Instead of calculating fi xi , we calculate fi di .

∑f d
Now 𝑑̅ = ∑i i
fi

and x̅ = a + d̅
 STATISTICS
∑ fi di
⟹ x̅ = a + ∑ fi

Mode of Grouped Data

A mode is that value among the observations which occurs most often, that is, the value of the
observation having the maximum frequency

Example : The wickets taken by a bowler in 10 cricket matches are as follows:

2 6 4 5 0 2 1 3 2 3

Find the mode of the data.

Solution : Let us form the frequency distribution table of the given data as follows:

Clearly, 2 is the number of wickets taken by the bowler in the maximum number (i.e., 3) of
matches. So, the mode of this data is 2.

In a grouped frequency distribution, it is not possible to determine the mode by looking at

the frequencies. Here, we can only locate a class with the maximum frequency, called the modal
class. The mode is a value inside the modal class, and is given by the formula:

𝑓1 −𝑓0
Mode = 𝑙 +( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2

where l = lower limit of the modal class,

h = size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal).

f1 = frequency of the modal class.

f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.

f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

 STATISTICS

Example : A survey conducted on 20 households in a locality by a group of students resulted in

the following frequency table for the number of family members in a household:

Find the mode of this data.

Solution : Here the maximum class frequency is 8, and the class corresponding to this frequency is

3 – 5. So, the modal class is 3 – 5.

Now

modal class = 3 – 5. lower limit (l) of modal class = 3, class size (h) = 2

frequency (𝑓1 ) of the modal class = 8,

frequency (𝑓0 ) of class preceding the modal class = 7,

frequency (𝑓2 ) of class succeeding the modal class = 2.

Now, let us substitute these values in the formula:

𝑓1 −𝑓0
Mode = 𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2

8−7 2
=3+( ) × 2 = 3 + 7 = 3.286
2×8−7−2

Therefore, the mode of the data above is 3.286.

 STATISTICS
Median:

Middle value of a distribution.

No of observations above it = number of observations below it.

For Example :
Q. Following are the marks of 9 students in a class. Find the median
(i) 34, 32, 48, 38, 24, 30, 27, 21, 35
⟹ Arrange it in decreasing order:
21, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 48
Middle term is 32. → median is 32.
(ii) 20, 25, 17, 18, 8, 15, 22, 11, 9, 14
⟹ Arrange in ascending order:
8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25
15+17
Two middle terms. Median is = 16
2
Suppose, we have to find the median of the following data, which gives the marks, out of 50,
obtained by 100 students in a test:

Marks obtained 20 29 28 33 42 38 43 25

6 28 24 15 2 4 1 20
Number of students

First, we arrange the marks in ascending order and prepare a frequency table as follows:
 STATISTICS
𝑛 𝑛
Here n = 100, which is even. The median will be the average of the th and the ( + 1)th
2 2
observations, i.e., the 50th and 51st observations. To find these observations, we proceed as
follows:

Marks obtained Number of students

6
20
6+20=26
Upto 25
26+24=50
Upto 28
50+28=78
Upto 29
78+15=93
Upto 33
93+4=97
Upto 38
97+2=99
Upto 42
99+1=100
Upto 43

Now we add another column depicting this information to the frequency table above and name it
as cumulative frequency column.

From the table above, we see that :

50th observation is 28
51st observation is 29
28+29
So, Median = = 28.5
2
 STATISTICS
Example : A survey regarding the heights (in cm) of 51 girls of Class X of a school was conducted
and the following data was obtained:

Find the median height.

Solution : To calculate the median height, we need to find the class intervals and their
corresponding frequencies.
The given distribution being of the less than type, 140, 145, 150, . . ., 165 give the upper
limits of the corresponding class intervals. So, the classes should be below 140, 140 - 145,
145 - 150, . . ., 160 - 165. Observe that from the given distribution, we find that there are 4 girls
with height less than 140, i.e., the frequency of class interval below 140 is 4. Now, there are 11
girls with heights less than 145 and 4 girls with height less than 140. Therefore, the number of
girls with height in the interval 140 - 145 is 11 – 4 = 7. Similarly, the frequency of 145 - 150 is
29 – 11 = 18, for 150 - 155, it is 40 – 29 = 11, and so on. So, our frequency distribution table with
the given cumulative frequencies becomes:

𝑛 51
Now n = 51. So, = =22.5 This observation lies in the class 145 – 150. Then,
2 2
l (the lower limit) = 145,
cf (the cumulative frequency of the class preceding 145 – 150) = 11,
f (the frequency of the median class 145 – 150) = 18,
h (the class size) = 5.
 STATISTICS
𝑛
−𝑐𝑓
Using the formula, Median = l + (2 ) × h, we have
𝑓
25.5−11
Median = 145 + ( )×5
18

72.5
= 145 + = 149.03.
18
So, the median height of the girls is 149.03 cm.
This means that the height of about 50% of the girls is less than this height, and 50% are taller
than this height.

There is a empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency :

3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean