The document discusses two types of transducers - piezoelectric transducers and Hall effect transducers. Piezoelectric transducers use piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. Hall effect transducers use the Hall effect to measure magnetic fields by converting them into voltages. Both have various applications including sensors, medical devices, and displacement or current measurement.
The document discusses two types of transducers - piezoelectric transducers and Hall effect transducers. Piezoelectric transducers use piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. Hall effect transducers use the Hall effect to measure magnetic fields by converting them into voltages. Both have various applications including sensors, medical devices, and displacement or current measurement.
The document discusses two types of transducers - piezoelectric transducers and Hall effect transducers. Piezoelectric transducers use piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. Hall effect transducers use the Hall effect to measure magnetic fields by converting them into voltages. Both have various applications including sensors, medical devices, and displacement or current measurement.
The document discusses two types of transducers - piezoelectric transducers and Hall effect transducers. Piezoelectric transducers use piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. Hall effect transducers use the Hall effect to measure magnetic fields by converting them into voltages. Both have various applications including sensors, medical devices, and displacement or current measurement.
Piezoelectric transducer , Hall effect transducer Piezoelectric transducer • Piezoelectric transducer is an electrical transducer which can convert any form of physical quantity into an electrical signal.
• It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is not possible to measure directly.
• The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a
special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element.
• The common piezoelectric material include Rochelle salt, ammonium
dihydrogen phosphate, lithium sulphate, dipotassium tatarate, potassium dihygrogen phosphate, quartz and ceramics A and B. Piezoelectric transducer • The word piezoelectric means the electricity produces by the pressure. • The Quartz is the examples of the natural piezoelectric crystals, whereas the Rochelle salts, ammonium dehydration, phosphate, lithium sulphate, dipotassium tartrate are the examples of the man made crystals. The ceramic material is also used for piezoelectric transducer. • Quartz is a highly stable crystal which is naturally available but it has small output levels. Slowly varying parameters can be measured with quartz. • Rochelle salt gives the highest output values but it is sensitive to environmental conditions and cannot be operated above 1150F. Piezoelectric transducer • The ceramic material does not have the piezoelectric property. The property is developed on it by special polarizing treatment. The ceramic material has several advantages.
• It is available in different shapes and sizes. The material has the
capability of working at low voltages, and also it can operate at the temperature more than 3000ºC
• The following are the properties of the Piezoelectric Crystals.
– The piezoelectric material has high stability. – It is available in various shapes and sizes. – The piezoelectric material has output insensitive to temperature and humidity. Piezoelectric Transducer Working • Piezoelectric Transducer works with the principle of piezoelectricity. The faces of piezoelectric material, usual quartz, is coated with a thin layer of conducting material such as silver. When stress has applied the ions in the material move towards one of the conducting surface while moving away from the other. This results in the generation of charge. • This charge is used for calibration of stress. The polarity of the produced charge depends upon the direction of the applied stress. Stress can be applied in two forms as Compressive stress and Tensile stress as shown below. Piezoelectric Transducer Working • Crystal in a transducer can be arranged in longitudinal position or transverse position.
fig: Longitudinal position
• The arrangement shown in the above figure is called longitudinal effect. For this arrangement, the charge generated is given by Q = F×d where, F is the applied force d is the piezoelectric coefficient of the material. Piezoelectric Transducer Working • The piezoelectric coefficient, d, depends on the piezoelectric material and its crystal orientation relative to the force, F.
• For a typical quartz element, d has a value of 2.3×10^(-12) C/N.
• The above equation shows that the charge is proportional to the
applied force which can also be viewed as being proportional to the displacement.
• The piezoelectric element is slightly flexible, and the imposition of a
force produces a small, proportional displacement. Piezoelectric Transducer Working • Another configuration of the piezoelectric sensor is called transverse effect which is shown below. • The charge generated in this configuration is given by Q = F × d × (b/a) • If the ratio of the dimensions, b/a, is greater than one (the usual case), the transverse effect produces a greater charge than the longitudinal effect. Piezoelectric Transducer Working • With either loading, the charge is proportional to the applied force.
• This charge results in a voltage. However, this voltage depends not
only on the capacitance of the piezoelectric element but also on the capacitances of the lead wires and the signal-conditioner input. Advantages : • Very high frequency response. • Self generating, so no need of external source. • Simple to use as they have small dimensions and large measuring range. • Barium titanate and quartz can be made in any desired shape and form. It also has a large dielectric constant. The crystal axis is selectable by orienting the direction of orientation. Disadvantages: • Temperature and environmental conditions can affect the behavior of the transducer. • It is not suitable for measurement in static condition. • The relative humidity rises above 85% or falls below 35%, its output will be affected. If so, it has to be coated with wax or polymer material. Applications: • In microphones, the sound pressure is converted into an electric signal and this signal is ultimately amplified to produce a louder sound. • Automobile seat belts lock in response to a rapid deceleration is also done using a piezoelectric material. • It is also used in medical diagnostics. • It is used in electric lighter used in kitchens. The pressure made on piezoelectric sensor creates an electric signal which ultimately causes the flash to fire up. • They are used for studying high-speed shock waves and blast waves. • Used infertility treatment. • Used in Inkjet printers • It is also used in restaurants or airports where when a person steps near the door and the door opens automatically. In this, the concept used is when a person is near the door pressure is exerted person weight on the sensors due to which the electric effect is produced and the door opens automatically. Hall effect transducer • The hall effect element is a type of transducer used for measuring the magnetic field by converting it into an EMF. The direct measurement of the magnetic field is not possible. Thus the Hall Effect Transducer is used. Principle: • The principle of working of hall effect transducer is that if a strip conducting material carries a current in the presence of a transverse magnetic field , a difference of potential(EMF) is produced between the opposite edges of the conductor. • The magnitude of the voltage depends upon the current, density of flux, and the property of a conductor is called the Hall effect. • The Hall effect element is mainly used for magnetic measurement and for sensing the current. • The metal and the semiconductor has the property of hall effect which depends on the densities and the mobility of the electrons. Hall effect transducer Hall effect transducer • The current supply through the lead 1 and 2 and the output is obtained from the strip 3 and 4. • The lead 3 and 4 are at same potential when no field is applied across the strip. • When the magnetic field is applied to the strip, the output voltage develops across the output leads 3 and 4. • The voltage is directly proportional to the current and the field strength. • The output voltage is
I is the current in ampere and
B is the flux densities in Wb/m2 Hall effect transducer • Thus the voltage produced may be used for measurement of either the current I or the magnetic field strength B
• The current and magnetic field strength both can be measured with the help of the output voltages.
• The hall effect EMF is very small in conductors because of which
it is difficult to measure. But semiconductors like germanium produces large EMF which is easily measured by the moving coil instrument. Applications of Hall effect transducer Magnetic to Electric Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
Measurement of Current
Measurement of Power Measurement of Displacement: • The Hall effect element can be used for the measurement of the location or displacement of a structural element.
• The hall effect transducer is located in the gap, adjacent to the permanent magnet. The field strength produced by the permanent magnet in the gap, where the hall effect element is located is varied by changing the position of the ferromagnetic plate. • The voltage output of the Hall effect element transducer is proportional to the field strength in the gap which is the function of the position of the ferromagnetic plate from the structure (is) displacement. • The method permits measurements of displacement down to 0.025mm. Measurement of Current: • The device is used to measure current in a conductor without the need for interrupting the circuit and making electrical connection between the conductor circuit and the meter.
• A current (Ac or Dc) passes through the conductor and sets up the magnetic field surrounding the conductor. This magnetic field is proportional to the current. • Hall effect transducer is placed in a slotted ferromagnetic tube which acts as a magnetic concentrator. • The voltage produced at the output terminals is proportional to the magnetic field strength and hence proportional to the current flowing in the conductor. • It can measure current from less a mA to thousands of ampere.
