* * * * ** * * * * * **** * * * *** '*

HONOR ROLL
26th AAA Group 11th AAA AW Bn 97th AAA Gun Bn
Original Honor Roll Lt. Cal. W. F. Coreoran
Col. E. R. Hempstead Lt. Col. J. E. Wales
881h AAA Airborne Bn
29th AAA Group 11.h AAA Training Sn '02nd AAA Gun Bn
It. Col. R. B. Barry, Jr. Maj. E. R. Welte, N. Y.
Col. P. l. Wall, Fla. Lt. Col. J. S. Bedford
2281h AAA Group 121h AAA Gun Sn 120lh AAA Gun Bn
30th AAA Group
Col. 1. H. Pope It. Col. P. R. Cibotti, Jr. Lt. Col. H. C. Gray, N. Mex.
Col. W. H. Murray
l071h AAA AW Bn 1M) 65th AAA Group 12th AAA Training Sn '23rd AAA Gun Sn
Lt. Col. E. R. Mciver Col. B. E. Cordell It. Col. G. C. Barber Lt. Col. I. E. Dominguez, P. R.
3051h AAA Group 6Bth AAA Group 14th AAA Gun Sn
'261h AAA AW Sn
Col. J. S. Moyer, N. Y. Col. W. B. Hawthorne Maj. H. C. Lorek U. Col. R. C. Correa
142d AAA Group 151h AAA AW Bn ISP) 1271h AAA AW Sn ISP)
Separate Commands Col. R. Hordy, Alo. Lt. Col. J. Y. Brightman U. Col. H. G. White, N. Y.
Cenlral AAA Command 197th AAA Group 181h AAA Gun Sn 133rd AAA AW Sn
Col. D. J. Boiley Col. A. S. Boker, N. H. Maj. G. W. Seabrook, III Lt. Col. E. J. Modjeske, Illinois
Hq Weslern AAA Command 200th AAA Group 20th AAA Gun Sn 137th AAA AW Sn
Brig. Gen. E. J. McGaw Col. C. M. Woodbury, N. Mex. Lt. Col. C. F. Ottenger Maj. F. R. Nairn
Hqs. Far Easl AAA Spec. Sch. 205th AAA Group 21 sl AAA AW 8n ISP) 140th AAA AW Sn
Lt. Col. W. H. Nicolson Lt. Col. J. H. Pindell, Wosh. Lt. Col. R. E. Deems Lt. Col. l. H. Ripley
207th AAA Group 32nd AAA AW Bn 144th AAA AW Sn
Officer Candidale School Lt. Col. E. F. Moody
Lt. Col. R. G. Irish, N. Y. U. Col. R. T. Dunn
Col. K. R. Kenerick
211 th AAA Group 34th AAA Gun Bn '451h AAA AW Sn
AAA Repl Training Cenler Col. D. MocDuff, Mass. Lt. Col. H. B. Reubel U. Col. E. D. Light
Col. E. W. Heathcote 361h AAA Gun Sn
214th AAA Group '50th AAA Gun Sn
Dept. of Gen. Subs. Col. J. G. Johnson, Go. Moj. l. D. Pazy U. Col. P. B. Platt
AAA & GM School 21 Bth AAA Group 37th AAA Gun Bn '681h AAA Gun Sn
Lt. Col. R. M. Page, Jr. Col. V. P. lupinacci, Pa. Lt. Col. B. H. Johnson Lt. Col. R. C. George
Electronics Depl. 220th AAA Group 38th AAA Gun Bn 243rd AAA AW Bn
Col. R. H. Hopkins, Moss. Moj. C. D. Arnold U. Col. E. E. McMillon
AAA & GM School
39th AAA AW Bn 1M) 271 sl AAA AW Bn
Col. P. W. Shunk 224th AAA Group
Lt. Col. F. D. Pryor U. Col. l. C. Saylor
Non-Residenl Ins. Depl, Col. E. W. Thompson, Va.
4 Is' AAA Gun Sn 340lh AAA Gun Bn
AAA & GM School 233rd AAA Group
Lt. Col. C. F. Chirico U. Col. R. 1. Bard, D. C.
Col. T. H. Watkins Col. W. T. Stone, Calif.
3871h AAA Gun Bn
243rd AAA Group 48th AAA AW Bn
U. Col. R. Wetherall
Brigades Col. P. E. Donnelly, R. I. Lt. Col. D. W. Malone
443rd AAA AW Bn ISP)
34th AAA Brigade
Brig. Gen. R. W. Chrichlow
260th AAA Group
Col. G. V. Selwyn, D. C.
49th AAA Gun Sn
Maj l. O. loffile
50.h AAA AW Sn
U. Col. T. F. Gordon
450lh AAA AW Bn
*
*
3 S.h AAA Brigade 302nd AAA Group LI. Co\. G. W. Shivers
Brig. Gen. T. V. Stoyton Col. J. M. Welch, Ohio Lt. Col. J. O. Hodgson 4591h AAA AW Sn
44th AAA Brigade 3' 3th AAA Group 53rd AAA Gun Sn Ll. Co\. W. F. Shover
Col. A. F. Hoehle, Po. U. Col. J. H. McConn, Jr. 464th AAA AW Bn
Col. C. G. Dunn
45th AAA Brigade 326th AAA Group 56th AAA Gun Sn Maj. W. J. Munroe, Ala.
Col. F. F. Miter Col. M. D. Meyers, Po. U. Col. M. A. Selsor, Jr. 495th AAA AW Bn
47th AAA BrIgade 374th AAA Group 60th AAA AW 8n Lt. Col. G. E. Miller
Col. T. F. Mulloney, Jr., Illinois U. Col. Wm. D. Word 501 sl AAA Gun Bn
Col. G. C. Gibbs
63rd AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. J. C. Porker
56th AAA Brigade S15.h AAA Group
Lt. Col. C. F. Coffey 502nd AAA Gun Sn
Brig. Gen. H. F. Meyers Col. F. G. Rowell, N. Mex.
641h AAA Gun Bn. Lt. Co\. P. J. Moline
l05th AAA Brigade 5051h AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y. Battalions U. Col. D. B. Nye
65th AAA Gun Sn U. Col. M. E. Chotos
I07th AAA BrIgade 1 st AAA Training Bn 506th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. H. E. Eaton
Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Vo. Col. J. H. Doyle Lt. Col. J. H. Valliere
66th AAA Gun Bn
I , 'th AAA Brigade 2nd AAA AW Bn 507.h AAA AW Bn
U. Col. J. C. Wilkerson
Brig. Gen. Chos. G. Sage. N. Mex. Lt. Col. R. F. Meconi 70th AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. J. A. Laing
, ''.Ith AAA Brigade 2nd AAA Training Bn 5131h AAA Gun Sn
Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Calif. Copt. R. l. Strube 71 sl AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. H. Mclouchlin, Jr.
'.16' st AAA Brigade 3rd AAA AW Bn U. Col. B. R. Brown 5' 8th AAA Gun Sn
Brig. Gen. J. B. Moore, Del. Moj. M. H. Snow 73rd AAA AW Bn Lt. Col. G. Kushner
3rd AAA Tng. Bn. Lt. Co\. C. C. Jellries 5 19th AAA Gun Bn
Groups
I .t Composite
Col. T. H. leary
Group
Lt. Cal. A. S. Naylor
4th AAA AW Bn
Lt. Cal. E. O'Connor, Jr.
74.h AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. R. S. Reilly
76th AAA AW Sn
Lt. Col. A. E. Holl
526th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. W. T. Lind *
4th AAA Group
Col. l. A. Bonifay
5th AAA Group
4th AAA Training
Maj. K. l. Boullon
7th AAA AW Bn
Bn U. Col. S. R. Kelley
77th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. W. P. Wright, Jr.
531s1 AAA AW Bn
Col. P. J. Gundloch
550lh AAA Gun Bn *
*"
791" AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. N. E. Cole
Col. H. G. Haskell Lt. Col. H. E. Michelet
Lt. Col. W. A. Brinkerhoff 552d AAA Gun Bn
6th AAA Group 8th AAA AW Bn Lt. Co\. J. Strickland
BOth AAA Airborne Sn

*
Col. A. A. Adams It. Col. W. A. Stricklen 5541h AAA Gun Bn
U. Col. J. Evons
8th AAA Group 8th AAA Training Sn Lt. Col. F. J. Logosse
82r.d AAA AW Bn
Col. O. H. Kyster, Jr. Moj. lelond Smith 67Blh AAA AW Bn
U. Col. H. K. Clark
10th AAA Group 9th AAA Training Sn B3rd AAA Gun Sn Maj. J. B. Croyton, Jr., S. C.
Col. J. C. Bone Maj. W. E. Osburn Lt. Col. A. P. Dahl 697.h AAA A W Bn
II th AAA Group 'Oth AAA AW Sn 95th AAA Gun Sn Maj. W. C. Thompson, N. Mex.

*
Col. F. H. Shepardson Lt. Col. Somuel May U. Col. P. E. Pique 698.h AAA Gun Bn
13th AAA Group 'Oth AAA Training Sn 96th AAA Gun Sn Lt. Co\. F. Monico, Illinois
Col. W. C. Mahoney Moj. W. A. McOueenery Lt. Col. R. E. Hood (Canlinued on Inside Bock Cover)

*
 I •I
I
THE UN1TED STATES
ANTIAIRCRAFT
ASSOCIATION

FOUNDED IN 1892
OFFICERS Published from 1892 until 1922 as
LT. GEN. LEROY LUTES THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
HO~ORARY PRESIDEr-.'T Published from 1922 until 1948 as the
LT. GEN. JOHN T. LEWIS
COAST ART1LLERY JOURNAL
PRESIDEr-.'T
VOL. LXXXXIV JULY-AUGUST, 1953 No.4
LT. GEN. LYMAN L. LEl\lNITZER
VICE-PRESIDENT
CONTENTS
COL. CHARLES S. HARRIS
SECRETARY-TREASURER
COVER i\lcmbcrs of Btr}' D, 3rd AAA AW Bn.
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL DIVISIONAL ORGANIC ANTIAIRCRAFT.
By COlJlmClnders ill the 3d AAA A\V Bn 2
BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT W. CRICHLOW, JR.
BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES G. SAGE
FAR EAST ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY SPECIALIST SCHOOL.
BRIGADIER GENERAL H. RUSSELL DROWNE By Co/. F. E. Day 8
COLONEL NORMAN E. HARTMAN KATAKAI FIIUNG RANGE.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL FRANCIS X. BRADLEY By Maj. J. L. Shortall, Jr. alld 1st Lt. L. F. HamJin " 9
LIEUTENANT COLONEL GEORGE W. BEST, JR. AAA HOUSING IN JAPAN. By Lt. Co/. D. B. Nye II
( MAJOR JAMES E. CALKINS RADAR BOl\lB SCOHING BY AAA UNITS.
By Maj. D. L. Ducey alld Capt. A. C. Miller 12
THE DEVELOPi\IENT OF I-IEAVY AAA. By Col. W. J. Wuest 13
The purpose of the Association shall be to A HISTORY OF ROCKETS AND I\IISSILES. By 2d Lt. M. L. KasmClIl 16
promote the efficiency of the Antiaircraft FlHE CONTROL OF THE TOWED 401\1i\1 AA GUN IN THE
Artillery by maintaining its standards and tra-
SURFACE ROLE. By 1st Lt. J. F. Irwill " 18
diti01rs by disseminating professi01ral knowl-
HOW TO WHITE AN ARTICLE. By Lt. C. M. Guelzo 20
edge, by inspiring greater effort toward the
THE NEW ARl\IY BUDGET.
improl'emen1 of materiel and methods of
By Lieut. Colollels C. E. Glassell Clllli James B. Via 23
training and by fOJ/ering multlal understand-
ing, respert a."1dcooperation among all arms, "BED CHECK CHARLIE" NIGHT RAIDS 25
branches and componl?1lts of the Regular ASSIGNi\lENT AS AIDE-DE-CAl\IP. By 1st Lt. J. W. Lemieux 26
Army, National Guard, Orgallized Reserves, l\lESSAGE FROi\l THE CHIEF OF CAREER i\IANAGEl\IENT
and Reser/Ie Officers' Training Corps. DIVISION. By Maj. Gell. J. C. Fry " 2i
ARTILLERY BRANCH, CAREER l\lANAGEi\lENT DIVISION.
By Co/. N. E. 1-1 Clrtmall 28
30th AAA GROUP EVALUATION TESTS. By 2d Lt. A. H. Tufft 30
The JOURNAL prints artides on subjects of
professional and general interest to personnel of
BATTERY D, 18th AAA GUN BN. By 1st Lt. H. 1-1. Elliott, Jr ..... 31
the Antiaircraft Artillery in order to stimulate ARi\IED FORCES DAY IN THE 60lst AAA GUN BN.
thou&,ht Bnd provoke discussion. However. By Capt. R. L. Hopkills 33
opinions expressed Bnd conclusions drawn in
.rUrle-a are in no sense official. They do not re-
THE LONG WATCH 35
flect the opinions or conclusions of any offieial ASSOCIATION ROTC MEDAL A\Vt\RD WINNERS 39
or branch DC the Department of the Army.
LEADERS COURSE, FORT BLISS, TEXAS. By Lt. 1-1. C. Carvill 40
The JOURNAL does not carry paid advertising. FORT BLISS NEWS 42
The JOURNAL pays for orill'inal articles uPon
publication. 1\fanuscript should be addressed to UNIT ACTIVITIES 45
the Editor. The JOURNAL is not responsible BOOK REVIEWS " " '" 54
for manuscripts unaccompanied by return
NEWS AND COi\Ii\lENT 55
postagf.

COLON"EL CHARLES S. HARRIS, Editor

PUnLICATlO~ DATE: AUll'ust I, 1953 M Sgt Fred A. Baker, Business Manager
Sgt leI James E. Moore, Jr., Editorial Assistant
Sgt Paul 1\1. Plumly, Cire. l\Igr.

Published bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executive offices. 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, :>.W.•
Washington 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions. $4.00 per year. Single copies. 75c. Entered as second.c1asa matter
at Washington, D. C.; additional entry at Richmond, Va., under the Act of :Yarch 3. 1879. Copyright, 1953, by the United States
Antiaircraft Association.
 DIVISIONAL ORGANIC ANTIAIRCRAFT
By the Commanders in the

3d AAA AW BATTALION (SP)

Sum g Substance*
As IUls heell stated 011 mml)' occasiOlIS tile art of mohile warfare ellSCOllces mall)' elemellts. It iSIl't limited to Armor alolle
Tilere are Self-propelled Artillery III/its, Moullted Illfalltry units, Armored Ellgilleers, etc. For all appraisal of tile Alltiaircrafl ,
Artillery, ARMOR has tumed to the 3d Antiaircraft Artillery Automaitic H1eapolls Battalioll (self-propelled) stationed ill Ko ,
rea. As the nmlle implies tile primary missioll of this type of Alltiaircraft llIlit is to provide antiaircraft defeHse agaillst lligh
speed enemy aircraft. However, tile static COllditiollS in Korea hare taxed the Americml illgenuity ollce agaill. The Battalion
COJ1l11ll11lderand CompallY ComJ1U1l1ders of the 3d BattaliOlI speak out 011 direct support of Illfalltry 1IIlits with tlleir antiair-
craft weapons. It is well to 1I0te the emphasis they plnce 011 prevelltire mailltellallce which is corered elsewllere ill these ]1ages
hy tile Commmidillg Celleral of The Armored Cellter. The mailltenance is stressed evell tllOugll we are in a relatively static
positioll ill Korea.- TilE EDITOR.

The writer of tile following has eight- could fire. It is logical that if the en- not specific items we need but more of
een years of commissioned service in gines that move a self-propelled weapon everything. There was one exception
Antiaircraft Artillery. Durillg \Vorld cannot get the weapon where it is to this that I remember very clearly.
\Var I I he served as a gunnery officer needed, the weapon is useless. The ac- From July of 1952 to January of 1953 I
Oil 1II1 Arm)' transport in the Pacific, tual firing of an AAA weapon is simple we needed a battery charger. This is
later with 1II1 AA Ill/it ill Europe. Suh- compared to the complications of keep- a simple piece of machinery that you \
sequent to the war he orgallized the

I
ing not only the weapon, but its means can find in every garage and gas station
74th COllstahulnry Squadroll. After a of mobility, in operating condition .. in the states, but something that six
tour of duty as a Natiollal Cunrd In- There are two big obstacles that we thousand miles of transportation kept
structor lIe was assigned to Korea and us from having. At times we were al-
Illls commallded the 3d AAA A W Bat- most to the point of being unoperational.
Alll'hotos U. S. Arm)'
talioll (SP) sillce May 1952. In a self-propelled outfit where about
127 vehicles are operated, requiring 400 I
storage batteries, a battery charger is a
\Vhen I took command of the 3d AAA
critical item. During that period it was
AW Battalion (SP), I realized that
practically impossible to get new bat- I
once again I was confronted with the
teries. At the present time we need I
same thing that has proved to be one
simple items such as fan belts for our
of my major problems throughout eight-
2Y2 ton trucks, but the battery shortage
een years of Army experience, all of
was perhaps the most critical shortage
which has been as an officer in some
of any item we have had.
type of antiaircraft work. This same
problem, I encountered in the tropical Concerning the trained personnel
heat of Panama, severe winters of Eu- problem, rotation has been the prime
rope, and the salt air of the Pacific headache. \Ve get new men, most of
while I was gunnery officer on a USAT. them fresh from basic training, and by
I knew that here in Korea I would again the time they become efficient in their
direct twenty-five per cent of my atten- jobs, they go home on rotation. This is
Lt. Col. ~Ioomaw
tion to the problem of mnintenance. true with officers as well as enlisted men.
Our big job here has been to give di- U we could get officers and men who
rect and close support to the Infantry have faced: timely supply of spare parts, knolV their 1\IOS jobs, our problem of
in their ground movements. This neces- and obtaining personnel sufficiently staying ready to shoot would be very
trained in their MaS jobs. The supply much simplified.
sitated a lot of moving around to dif-
ferent positions on the MLR so that we problem can be accredited to the dis- \Vith the stable MLR we've had so
tance that parts must come from the far, the tactical employment of the bat-
*Reprinted frpm Armor-May- June, 1953. factories to the front. In most cases it's talion has been pretty well cut and
2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 Jried. Our primary mission is to defend Frallce. Receivillg his COlJIIJ/lSSIOlIat final analysis, it is Ids battery. Its suc-
the di\'ision against enemy aircraft, but Utah State Ullil'ersity ill 1949, he pres- cess will be measured bv the manner in
,ur secondary mission, to support the elltl)' cOlllmantis A Batter)', of the 3rtl which he keeps it supplied, trained and
'1fOundmo\"ements of the Infantr\", has AAA A HI Battalioll (SP) ill Korea. super\"ised. Bearing in mind that his
~nstituted all of the shooting. ' weapons ha\"e been mounted on mo\"-
Each of our tracks has direct com- able platforms for a purpose, and that
I was lucky when I took over A Bat-
Dlunications with the Artillery liaison without that mobility they lose a great
tery. It was functioning beautifully, and
,fficer at the Infantry battalion. Our part of their efficiency and potential, he
it can be most reassuring to know you
breis requested by the Artillery forward cannot help but feel that that mobility
are stepping into a well-ordered spot.
obsen'er, with the Infantry through the is something to be safeguarded at any
As a platoon commander an officer learns
liaison officer, and adjusted by the for- expense short of actual neglect of his
his two weapons, the 40mm cannon and
I ward observer. This direct dealing with weapons when not engaged in his mis-
.50 caliber machine gun. He becomes . '

theInfantry cuts down on the delay that SlOn.

familiar with the J\l16, 1\119 and 1\139.
1I0uid be caused if all fire missions had Aside from mobility, there is yet an-
As a battery executi\'e he knows tactics,
[0 go through our battalion operations. other factor which makes you aware of
supply and communications and then
Those doughboys love to see our weap- the necessity for constant, exacting main-
too, he picks up a fair share of paper
ons roll up to a cut-a-way or revetment tenance. \Vith the four batteries of the
work. However, he doesn't know what
on the MLR ... and they love the battalion supporting an entire division
a headache is until he attempts to put
sound of our 40mms and 50 calibers plus assigned units such as the Division
going o\'er their heads. A few 405 on a Artillery, Light Aviation Section (in the
bunker or machine gun emplacement AAA role), each battery is called upon
will drive the enemy out, then we can to extend itself over an almost unbeliev-
mow them down with our quad fifties. able amount of territory. Supplies and
~Iy relations with the Infantry have ammunition must be transported by
been very pleasant. They have always either the M39 (armored utility vehicle)
been ready to feed and supply the squads or by jeep, and vehicles must rely on
that are attached to them. They have roads. In one situation the bumpy, dus-
been very obliging with their gasoline ty road which leads from one extreme
r and POL. In turn, we give them the of the battery's zone of responsibility to
kind of close support that they want, the the other, it is about seven miles. From
kind that no other type outfit can give the Battery Command Post to either end
and they appreciate it! of the battery line it is over four miles
The supply of food and clothing in of the most rutted, winding, hilly roads
Korea has been superior. There has not that ever caused a battery commander
been one time since I took command nightmares.
I of Lt. Giertsen Each day creates new employment for
the battalion that we were wanting
I for essential items of Quartermaster is- the vehicles. There are chow runs, sup-
I. sue. They have done a marvelous job. all these together and run a battery in plies to be delivered, ammunition to be
As a result of excellent Engineer the field. restocked, gasoline and oil to be re-
support, my men are protected on the Take maintenance. In this so-called plenished. There are mail runs, inspec-
~ILR by sandbagged bunkers. Acces- stale-war, where movement is no longer tion trips, and trips for a score of in-
f sible roads to most sectors of the line the order of the day, maintenance would cidental reasons. Seldom a day goes by
Ireduce the problem of getting their sup- seem no longer a problem. lt isn't so. when some vehicle is not moved back
plies to them. lt isn't so because a commander of a for checks, adjustments or tactical rea-
I believe that the Army in Korea to- self-propelled unit cannot-save at the sons.
day has reached an almost desired peak risk of disaster-afford to neglect his For all of its stagnant characteristics,
in military discipline and training. I vehicles. He has to depend on his ve- the Korean fighting offers the self-pro-
know we have here in the 3d AAA A\V hicles to get his weapons to where they pelled battery commander real tactical
. Bn. I feel confident that if the enemy are needed. Further, he must rely on challenges. It is a slow-grinding school
makes an offensive push employing his his vehicles to remove his weapons and of hard knocks in which he learns his
tactical aircraft we will be ready for him. crews to safety when they are endan- maintenance at the expense of many
We have a sizable stockpile of ammuni- gered. He must bear in mind that the headaches. He discovers, for instance,
tion, and we're ready to use it where it's war could change overnight from a that when an M 19 simply cannot gen-
needed, be it in support of the Infantry static situation to a very fluid one. vVith erate the power required to negotiate a
On the ground, or against Red 1\1ICs. a fast moving war suddenly on, he would certain hill in low-low, and when no
LT. COL. OTHA MOOMAW hardly have time to look to his mainte- amount of turning the air blue with
nance. He would have to utilize all colorful English has served to get it up
~ ~ ~ available time pursuing his defensive or there, there is but one thing left to do-
The writer of the following served as offensive role. Although the role his back it up in reverse.
enlisted man during \Vorld, \-Var II.
(Ill battery will play is usually delegated i\lore than one B.C. has become a
He was w010uled in 1944 in 'Northern him by the infantry commander, in the road construction engineer on short no-

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 3
 tice. If the situation calls for a track to equipment! Yet the lesson is simple. It
fire on some specific target, and the only can be summed up in only four Words.
position from which that fire may be Train )'our squad leaders.
delivered is inaccessible, does he chuck
In Korea-where the distance between
the whole thing with a "nice try, old
two tracks is often measured in thou-
chap"? Hardly-He finds himself a tank-
sands of yards; where a single weapon
dozer and makes a road to the position.
may find itself atop a bare hill, cut off
It is a happy commander who sees his
and forced to fight with the infantry as
track negotiate a difficult, makeshift road
the enemy calls the shots-there 'Will
without throwing a track or becoming
be times when the success or failure of
"high-centered" (the vehicle's belly lifted
a mission will hinge upon the judgment
on a high spot while the treads grind
of the squad leader in charge of the
helplessly in the air).
track; when the lives of uncounted in-
The gasoline and oil consumption is
fantrymen-to say nothing of the tracK's
another major headache for the self-
crew-may depend on the actions of a
propelled battery commander. \Vith an
Cap!. Mattas single noncommissioned officer, alone for
M19 getting perhaps one mile per gallon
the first time, without means of com-
over the stubborn terrain, and an M16 where that fire can best be delivered.
municating with his superiors, and with
squeezing to get two to three, he isn't The latter point in turn gives rise to
less hope of relief. If you have trained
exactly wallowing in spare gasoline. He other problems: \Vill the terrain offer
him as you should, chances are he'll
must learn-and practice religiously- adequate protection to the gunners and
live to have you pin a medal on him.
fuel conservation. However, he finds the their weapon? Is it readily accessible?
If you have not-you can blame yourself
necessary gas, and gets his tracks where Can it be resupplied quickly? Can it be
not him, for the men that died.
they can deliver the fire the infantry resupplied in quantity? Can it be re-
wants. Somehow he manages to keep all supplied under fire? Is there an adequate I say that your squad leader is the key
his vehicles running, and somehow-de- route of withdrawal in case the position man in your organization. He is the
spite the headaches and heartburn the becomes untenable? These questions man who can tell you that the left gUn
job causes him-he knows he wouldn't the battery commander must ask him- barrel on his 1\1-19 is worn. He knows
trade jobs with anyone else! self before he is ready to commit his that the second gear on his 1\1-16 is
1ST LT. ROLF GIERTSEN men and equipment. They are, of course, going bad, that his track can't be moved
questions which the infantry command- into its alternate position except in re-
er must also ask himself. However, the verse and that kicking the left front
A \V Self-Propelled commander, in con- tire twice will start the motor. But it
The writer of the following served as isn't enough that he knows how to make
an enlisted mml in Europe during \Vorld sidering his final decision, must think
not only in terms of his men, but in decisions-he must get lIsed to making
War II, participating in campaigns from decisions. In the close-support-of-the-in-
Africa to and including the Battle of terms of those whom he is to support.
The decision he finally reaches may well fantry concept as played in Korea, the
the BlIlge. Receiving Ids commission M-19 or M-16 is no longer a component
from Officers Candidate School in 1949 put his hair on end. I know one B.C.
who sent one of his M-16s into position of a large, smoothly coordinated team-
he presently commands B Battery of the it is the team. In the fast moving ground
3rd AAA AW Battalion (SP) in Korea. in a bare, Rat field in the Kumwha area,
nearly 300 yards ahead of the closest situation the squad leader is no longer
infantry. It was a difficult decision to a minor commander dedicated to a sub-
Tactically speaking, the problems of reach, but which had to be made if the ordinate role. In that moment when
the Automatic Weapons Self-Propelled infantrymen were to receive the support troops are moving and clashing scant
Battery Commander in the ground role thev needed. The half-track staved out yards before his weapons, when artillery
are the same which cause the Infantry fo/three days, protected only by ~ hand- and mortars have severed his communi-
Commander to pull his hair. vVhat af- ful of infantry during the night. It was cations, his line-of-sight radio is useless
fects the one necessarily affects the other, pasted by mortars, artillery and small and he is handed a fire mission-he is
for their jobs are one and the same: to arms fire, but in turn cleaned house the commander. \Vhat he does with
insure that the infantry gets to its ob- with a respectable number of Chinese the terrifying power of his quad-fifties
jective, executes its mission, and returns, citizens, and returned with a full crew. or his twin forty millimeter guns, may
with a minimum of effort, time and It's just one of those cases where the well spell victory or defeat for the people
casualties. job is remembered by another grey hair whom he has been told to support.
The battery commander's mission, to on the B.c.'s head. There is the real test of the battery com-
support the infantry with his fire, is It is also a case which should forcibly mander. By the actions of the leader of
simple in theory. In practice, however, bring to the attention of all potential one track he will know what kind of
it is quite a different matter. To begin A \V (SP) battery commanders a most job he, the B.c., has done.
with, there is the small but necessary important lesson; a lesson which, if not There are many ways in which the
business of deciding how to support the learned from observation, may one day self-propelled automatic weapons can
foot soldier. There is the matter of what be learned at the expense of lives and assist the infantry. One frequently em-
type of fire would be best, and from equipment-his OlVn men's lives and his ployed trick is to "walk" a patrol home.
4
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 Often, when a patrol turns back, it dis- quads and forties were credited with the prese1ltly comlllmlCls C Batter)' of the
:orers that a force has followed it or following: five machine gun nests, twen- 3rd AAA A\V Battalioll (SP) in Karea.
bas laid an ambush along the route it ty-fi,'e bunkers damaged, one propagan-
IlIust take. In such cases, the patrol da unit silenced, eighteen enemy killed
!rader may call for a "walk home." The and forty wounded. It was like high- No single fact-save perhaps the ter-
powered sniping. rifying spectacle of its firepower-strikes
;upporting weapons will then place their
I fires either in front or behind or e,-en The skeptics who once laughed at the
an observer so forcibly when first wit-
nessing the weapons of the AAA A\V
literally box in the patrol with their thought of close support of the infantry
fires. In this manner the AA units will Self-Propelled battery in action as does
by AM AW Self-Propelled Weapons
the sudden realization that these ve-
continue to follow the men, maintaining might feel just the least bit foolish at
thesame relative position until the patrol hicles, so capable of destruction, are
seeing those very weapons performing
is out of danger. Another use for the themselves so susceptible to being com-
their near-miracles of fire-support from
.-\AA A\V weapons is to fire against pletely destroyed .
positions tankers in their five-inch hulls
bunkers and crew-served weapons. The might hestitate to take. The crews in For weapons which may be called
~1-19 with its twin 40s, capable of their scantily protected tubs slug it out upon to deli,-er direct fire from positions
delivering 220 rounds per minute, is with the enemy, giving double every- in full view of the enemy, neither the
I particularly suited for those pin-point thing they take. Personally, I would like 1\1-16 half-track, nor the M-19 full-track
targets where shocking power is needed. to see more and heavier armor on those are adequately armored. Their sides,
I The 1\ 1-16, on the other hand, is par- tracks for the protection of the men, I and the "tubs". in which the guns are
ticularly good against exposed troops or would like to see a longer burning tracer set, are of a mere 14 to Y2 inch armor
lightly armored vehicles. Because of its -say one that went to 7200 instead of plating, and have no overhead protec-
rapid traverse and elevation, the quad- the 3500-4200 yards we now get. There tion at all.
mount atop the M-16 is capable of shift- are a lot of things I would like to see, but The truth is that up to now they
ing fire with incredible speed. Amaz- I like very much what I see now. have been considered only as mobile,
ingly enough, however, it is for its gun-bearing platforms, with little
CAPT. JOHN A. 1\lATTAS
tremendous volume of dispersal of fire, thought given to how the men who
rather than for its maneuverability, that serve them will be protected from en-
the quad-mount is liked in Korea. Any- emy ground fire. Both the M-16 and
one with the slightest conception of a TIle writer of the following received the M-19 were designed for AAA de-
beaten zone can appreciate the job of _his commissioll from Virgillia Polytech- fense against fast flying aircraft. Their
area sweeping fOllr such zones. In one nic Institllte in 1939. Dllrillg "Varld thin skins were considered adequate
iO-day period of routine activity along \Var II he served in Ellrope, lJarticipat- against bomb fragments which they are.
a relatively quiet front, recently, our illg ill the i~lVasion of Normalldy. 1-1e They were Ilot designed for the close

A composite United Xations Automatic weapons crew load up to fire against the enemy line in support of the Infantry.
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 5
support role which the~~-are presently caused by enemy return fire, either di- to 50 percent, by allowing the gUnne~
playing in Korea. Obviously, then. rect or indirect. can be said to be truly longer observation.
though their armament may be mag- small. Damage to the ,'ehicles is negli- Normal targets for these forties are
nificently suited for that close support gible, and is almost invariably caused bunkers, crew-served weapons and COn.
role. their armor is certainly not. Cer- when the vehicle is caught in the open. centrations. One battery, on Kelly Hill
tain measures and field innovations have Turning from armor to armament, last September, played a cat and mou~
been found necessary for their protec- most automatic weapons battery com- game with a group of Chinese. It Was
tion and that of their crews. These for manders feel that the guns are perfectly noticed that each time planes started a
the most part have been born right in suited for the concept of close support run the Chinese would disappear into a
the field, mothered by e.\:perience and of the infantry. The quadruple fifties, trcnch and run across a ridge, under
fathered by the aggressive spirit of the with their tremendous "spraying" effect, cover, and onto Cavite I-lill. \Vhen the
crews and their commanders. can blanket large areas inflicting heavy planes had completed their mission.
The first and most inevitable, of casualties on masses of troops. The rule they would simply run into the trench
course, was digging in. \Vhene\'er time which says they should be used in ranges and across to Kelly again, where they
and terrain permit, the vehicles are from 50 to 1000 yards is not generally were ready to meet our advancing troops.
backed into a revetment-preferably on broken, but it is sometimes badly bent. The last time they tried it, we pounded
high, commanding ground-with only Their range may be anywhere from 25 the trench to picces with I-IE shells.
the gun tub visible above ground. From to 4000 yards. The job may be repel- "Vhen they tried to get up Kelly again. (
such a position both the 1\1-19 with its ling an attack at close quarters or de- they had to e:-..-posethemseh'es and we
quad forty millimeter guns, and the simply blcw them to pieces. l\lore than
fifteen of them wcre knocked sprawling

l
M-16 with its fifty caliber quadruple
gun mount, can deliver fire around a down the hill.
full 360 degrees. In cases where enemv This is not unusual. It is what the I
mortar and artillerv fire is likely to b~ infantry expects us to do-and we oblige
heavy, the position'is covered with logs them as often as we can. The result of
and earth, converting it into a huge it is that the doughboys have to rely
bunker which remains open to the rear, heavily upon us and they respect the
but permits only the guns to be exposed capabilities of the AAA automatic weap-
to the enemy's line of fire. Such bunk- ons battery in the close support role.
ers have proven capable of withstanding It is a support to which they are en-
virtually any amount of anything the titled, and which we intend to give them
enemy may fire. Should it become nec- as often, as accurately and as speedily
essary to employ a wider field of fire or as we can.
should the enemy threaten from the air, CAPT. \VALTER B. MAGILL
there is always an alternate position
which has no overhead obstruction. Capt. l\Iajtill
Thus, the crew is ready for anv situa-
The writer of the following served as
tion which may arise. ' ,
livering harassing fire into an enemy a commissioned bombardier navigator
For tracks operating in the open, ad- staging area. They'll do both jobs-and ill tile Air Force during \Vorld \'" lTT Jl.
ditional protection may be in the form do them well. Normally, one tracer in He instrllcted American and Chinese
of the broader, heavier shields which five is used, and most fire adjustment is cadets at Carlsbad, New Mexico. Tram.
are hinged to the sides of the 1\1-55 gun- done bv tracer. ferring to the Antiaircraft Artillery after
mount. These can be made quickly The forties are perfect for direct fire the war, lie presently c01ll1lul1ldsD Bat-
and easily with available facilities in the where "punch" is required. Ammuni- tery of the 3rd AAA AW Battalion (S1')
battalion motor pool. The protection, in Korea.
tion supply is adequate for both weap-
both physical and psychological, which ons. Each vehicle constantly maintains
they give the gunners is beyond evalua- a basic load. One thing most battery
tion. Dog Battery, as part of the 3d AAA
commanders in this battalion would like
Each crewman is also afforded some to have is a longer tracer. The present A W (SP) Battalion, has a lot of history
measure of protection from fragments 3500 yard tracer burnout point is all to uphold. Since the invasion of South-
by the helmet and armor vest he wears. right, and at this relatively high altitude ern France, it has been a part of the 3d
The vest might well be considered part the 1\Ik 2 tracers, finding less resistance, Division almost continuously. The bat-
of the vehicle's armament, for every man will generally cover 4000 to 4200 yards talion landed on Beaches Red and Yel.
is reql;lired and trained to wear it in any before burning out. However, having low, giving its parent organization
area forward of battalion headquarters. had an opportunity to fire the British antiaircraft protection. Together, the
Thus, with such simple precautions, Mk 27 tracer, with its 7200 yard burn- two 3ds made history in \Vorld \Var II.
it is possible for field commanders to out point, most of the battery officers Now, a new conflict finds it support-
overcome the lack of armor which once agree that it is just what we need. The ing the Rock of the Marne once again.
made the l\1-19 and l\ 1-16 "rolling cof- added yardage could well boost the But this time, the support is of a differ-
fins." Today, the number of casualties weapon's efficiency anywhere from 35 ent nature-radically different. Since

6 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
(lur landing at \\'onson, in November does well to tra\'e! one mile on one gal- "little brother" a new man through the
1950. we ha\'e come to learn the mean- lon of high grade gasoline per engine. job. For example, a man who is destined
ing of "surface mission" and "close sup- If an 1\116 can go 2.5 to 3 miles to each to become a dri\'er of an i\ 119 wiII prob-
port of the infantry." Those words were gallon it is doing well. ably first sef\'e an apprenticeship in the
merely half-tried theories before Korea \Vhile on the subject of vehicles, let assistant driver's spot.
came along. me say that a lack of e:..:perienced me- The same situation exists with offi-
Initially we had come prepared for chanics, not spart parts, more often cers. Bauery grade officers with anti-
air defense role. A scarcity of enemy causes vehicles to be deadlines. There aircraft automatic weapons experience
aircraft plus an over-abundance of en- are schools, in and out of Korea, to are hard to come by. i\lany gun-trained
emy infantry soon changed the mission, which a man mav be sent for mechani- officers in key positions within the bat-
and with it, many former concepts, cal training. However, there are few talion ha\'e had to learn the automatic
plans and procedures of operation. experienced men who can help the weapons and tactics as they went along.
One of the first things we had to novice make the difficult transition Recently there has been a marked
learn was the degree of adaptability of increase of school-trained AAA A\V
our antiaircraft weapons, the dual forty (Self-Propelled) officers, most of them
millimeter guns and quadruple fifty recent graduates of the school at Fort
caliber machine guns, to the then al- Bliss. They come fresh, with new
most untested close support role. In ideas, and are a most welcome sight.
the initial stages of the war, at Chin These are some of the problems which
Ilung-Ni and I-Iuksuri; in support of will probably be encountered by officers
Task Force Dog, whose mission it was coming to command platoons, batteries
to relieve the pressure on the i\ brines or battalions of Automatic \Veapons in
at the Chosin Reservoir along the with- (SP) in Korea.
drawal route and around Pusan, the Are they worth the trouble? \Vell,
guns proved their worth. ask the guy who gives us the missions.
But the guns were not the only ones Ask the infantryman. I think his an-
on trial. The vehicles which bear the swer will be a big, loud "Yes-they're
guns were put to difficult tests. i\ lany worth it!"
said the vehicles would not bear up un- Personally I think they are, too.
der the constant movement; that parts
1STLT. JOHN MICHAELO'ROURKE
would fail; that their armor was too
Lt. O'Rourke
light to permit them to slug it out
against ground forces. But where the
machine is hard put, the knowledge and from book learning to practical applica- LATE REPORT TO AA
determination of the man behind it tion. This problem has been partially JOURNAL
must find its way into the picture. Thus, combatted by holding frequent mainte-
\Vhen Lt. Co!. i\loomaw departed in
gunners became armorers, drivers be- nance classes for drivers in the battalion
June I took command of the 3rd AAA
came mechanics, and mechanics became motor pool. In these classes, first eche-
A W Battalion (SP). I am a Chemical
inventors, and the machines kept going. lon work is stressed, with an eye to-
officer on detail with the Artillery. ivly
Today the ground support concept is wards preventing breakdowns. But why
AAA experience includes a course at the
safe. Ways have been found to give the such a shortage of trained men? The
School at Fort Bliss and a few months
doughboys beuer, quicker and closer sup- answer is simple and can be given in
with the 90th, 716th, and this battalion.
port. Additional uses have been found one word: ROUltion. It is the same
problem whether with drivers, mechan- Major Basil D. Spaulding, Jr., is S3
for the guns. Selection of targets has been
ics, armorers or gunners. It takes so and Capt. Donald E. \Verner, Exec. Re-
brought nearer to perfection. All in all,
many months to train .a man to do his cent arrivals include Captain Oliver H.
constant examination of experience and
job well. Then he is ready to lead. Conrad, CO, Bauery A, and 2d Lt.
its application to practice has seen a
\Vhen he has learned to lead, he is Larry A. Price, Bi\lO.
drastic curtailment of friendly casual-
ties, while those of the enemy soar. But ready to teach. Unfortunately-for the Recent promotions: To Captain: John
the problems are not over. commander, at least-by that time he is M. O'Rourke, Clarence R. Ellis, William
The problems of today are no longer also ready to rotate home. The outfit H. Parmenter. To 1st Lt.: Robert H.
peculiar to the concept; they are pe- must settle for another rookie, and the Slosberg, Frank E. Aldridge," Sidney S.
culiar to the sort of war we face in Korea process is ready to start again. Baskin," Carl Kruse," Donald C. Mc-
today. They are, for the most part, No, I am not against rotation. No- Farlane."
problems of supply, administration, and body who has to serve in Korea is against The Third participated actively in
training. rotation. I don't know what the answer the defense of OP Harry. Three bat-
Fuel is one of these. In the rugged is-and I don't believe, that at the pres- teries are now on the line with the divi-
Korean terrain of steep mountains and ent time anyone else does, either. sion.
eternally hilly countryside, an M 19, One partial remedy, born of experi. i\lARvIN H. SNOW, i\lajor, Arty.
with its twin 120hp Cadillac engines, ence, has been to have a short-timer * AAA OCS graduate.

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 7
 Far East Antiaircraft Artillery Specialist ScI1001
By COLONEL FREDERICK E. DAY

ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY ment the officer must be qualified for Fort Bliss and over a year of duty in
has had to improve continuously to keep duty with both guns and automatic Korea, is the head of the department
pace with the modem combat aeroplane. weapons. The course covers methods which conducts this portion of the
Each improvement has complicated the of instruction, communications. surface course. He is a Shakespearean actOr
equipment. This has made it more gunnery, acquisition radars, antiaircraft and a thorough pedagogue. Student
difficult to acquire the necessary degree gunnery and fire control, and materiel officers return to their unit much better I

of skill to adjust, operate. and main- for light, medium, and heavy weapons. qualified to carryon their duties as
tain this equipment. The technique of Unless engaged in actual combat, an creators of an effective fighting force
preparing and conducting the fire of AAA officer spends about 75% of his than when they reported to the School.
Antiaircraft Artillery units has grown time in training his unit wherein the
in complexity. basic principles encompassed in the
Training the many specialists re- course on methods of instruction at COMiVllINICATIONS are impor.
quired is beyond the capability of the FEAAASS are employed. This particu- tant in the effectiveness of AAA. Enemv
tactical unit, particularly when that lar subject is universally dreaded by the planes will do their utmost to arrive ;t
unit is maintaining an alert status in its student. It exposes him to individual their target undetected. An AAA unit
defensive position. criticism and usually deflates his ego. which permits the uninhibited passage
The Far East Antiaircraft Artillery Effective instruction entails hours of of this enemy formation has not justified
Specialist School was activated 10 June preparation for a relatively short pres- its keep. One which shoots down
1952. Its mission is to train battery entation. The type of enlisted man friendly plancs is to bc criticizcd even
grade officers in AAA and to train those who can handle an AAA assignment is more. The installation, maintenance,
enlisted specialists required by the AAA not satisfied with a training lecture read and operation of AAA communication
units of the Far East Command. from a field manual; consequently, the facilities require the services of highly
Even the best of personnel manage- importance of high caliber instruction skilled specialists if these pitfalls are to
ment cannot prevent assigning officers is emphasized. As a practical conclu- be avoided. Captain vVayne G. Barker,
with no pre\'ious AAA experience to sion, each student officer presents a who heads the Communication Depart-
duty with an AAA unit. Some of these 20-minute lecture to his classmates and ment, was born to the Artillery in
officers have had field artillery expcri- instructors. Captain John \-\T. Scott, 1922 as the son of Lt. \'Vayne L. Barker,
ence and while the weapons are some- who has had instructor experiencc at now Colonel. His father transferred to
what similar the technique employed is
considerably different. Armor or Infan-
try officers are occasionally assigned to
duty with an AAA unit. Quite fre-
quently officers from the services get
their year of combat duty with the AAA.
Then there is the headquarters battery
commander or the staff oHlcer who sud-
denly finds himself commanding a fir-
ing battery. All of these officers require
school training. The Battery Officers
Course at FEAAASS gives them six
weeks of training to qualify them for
duty as firing battery commanders. To
assure the proper flexibility In assign-

Colonel Doy, 1927 groduote of USMA,

took postgroduote work ot the University of
Colifornio ond Illinois Institute of Technol.
ogy. He hos olso ollended the Army schools
up to ond including the C & GS College ond
served as an instructor at West Point and
four other Army Schools. With 011 this
scholostic octivity, Colonel Doy olso found
time in WW II to serve with the AAA in
Europe.
Target Acquisition Radar Class
8 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 the Transportation Corps in 1949 and aircraft Artillery Department. is also a toon sergeants have to be retrained at
,he son now wears the Signal Corps Korean \'eteran of twelve months serv- FEAAASS as gun platoon sergeants.
Insignia, Father and son were on duty ice with the organic A\V of the 7th FEAAASS is assigned to the 40th
simultaneously at Inchon in Korea, The Battalion. He has been an instructor at AAA Brigade. The Brigade Command-
School is fortunate in having received both Fort Sill and Fort Bliss, er is also the Antiaircraft Officer for
the latest types of radios and switch- Enlisted specialists are trained at Fort USAFFE. 1'lembers of the staff and
boards to be issued, even ahead of their Bliss and sent overseas. but thev don't faculty of FEAAASS accompany him
receipt by the troops in FEe. They are reach the Far East Command AAA on his \'isits of inspection and thus keep
being taught to the officers and the units fast enough to replace the losses. in touch with current AM problems.
communication personnel. 1\lany of them ha\'e such good records Instructors from FEAAASS are assigned
Surface gunnery for AAA has paid that they are diverted to other key as- as members of Brigade teams for the
bier dividends, No field commander signments in spite of their specialty inspections of Brigade units, 1\lembers
" the effectiveness of either light
denies 1'lOS. of FEAAASS visit the AAA ranges at
or heavy AAA when employed in either Katakai to observe the firing and later
direct or indirect ground fire, Attacks review and comment on the target
ha\'e been stopped, areas of the battle- CAREFULLY selected indi\'iduals practice reports.
field have been isolated, point targets are withdrawn from the replacement These visits to the field enable
ha\'e been destroyed or neutralized, pipeline and sent to FEAAASS for FEAAASS to observe deficiencies in
and corridors have been maintained by training as radar operators, radio opera- training or maintenance and to modify
the AAA. tors, radio mechanics, radar and hre the instruction to correct them. The
Long range radar location of hostile control mechanics, light artillery mt' inspection teams often recommend to
aircraft is essential. Students at the chanics, heavy artillery mechanics, or the unit commander that he send cer-
FEAAASS become familiar with target artillery meteorologists. They are then tain of his assigned specialists to
acquisition radars, the radar equipment assigned to those AAA units most in FEAAASS for training. After the com-
II'hich gives to AAA units this vital need of their particular specialty. Quotas pletion of their course at FEAAASS
information, 1\hjor John B. Bond's de- are also available to the units so that these specialists are inspected at their
partment teaches this course as well as they may send personnel of their own unit to determine that their on-the-job
the other courses on the fire control selection to FEAAASS for training as performance is satisfactory.
radars and directors, 1\lajor Bond grad- specialists. The 40th AAA Brigade has estab
uated from the 1\lilitary Academy in FEAAASS also conducts courses for lished an on-the-job training program
1943. He also has a master of science gun platoon sergeants, range platoon for its graduates from FEAAASS. Spe-
degree in electrical engineering from sergeants, light AAA platoon sergeants, cific daily tasks are performed under
Johns Hopkins University. I-Ie com- and communication chiefs. The short competent supervision for a period C;;
pleted eleven months in Korea before tour in Korea means a very heavy turn- four weeks. A report is rendered co\
coming to FEAAASS. over in these key noncommissioned of- ering the proficiency of the graduatc
The major portion of the Battery Of- hcer specialists. After attaining a little This assures that the man is utilized ii-
ficers Course is devoted to antiaircraft over half enough points for rotation to the position for which he was trainecl
artillery gunnery, fire control, and ma- the ZI, these men are permitted to and it enables the school to correct any
teriel. Captain Scott is head of the transfer to Japan where their families deficiencies in the curriculum which
Heavy and Medium Antiaircraft Artil- may join them for the completion of are disclosed. Since the graduate is un-
lery Department. Major Bond is head their foreign service tour. Automatic der especially close obsen'ation by his
I of the Target Acquisition and Fire Con- weapons predominate in Korea, whereas commander he has a splendid oppor-
trol Department. Major Robert M. Mc- guns predominate in Japan. This means tunity to demonstrate his qualifications
Cauley, who is head of the Light Anti- that many competent light AAA pla- for advancement and further schooling.

Katakai Firing Range

By MAJOR JOHN L. SHORTALL, JR. and J sf LT. LELAND V. HAMLIN

I~ T AKAI is the largest, and one of

the oldest firing ranges for AM in
operated and maintained by the 138th
AAA Group under the command of
provided an area large enough to fire
several units at once, a deciding factor
Japan. Located on the eastern shore Colonel \\lm. L. McNamee. in the selection of this site due to the
of the Chiba peninsula, it lies some The broad and gently sloping sand dense population of Japan where large
sixty miles from the Capital City of beach, known to the Japanese as Ku- uninhabited areas are practically non-
Tokyo, and since July of 1951 has been juku-ri, or ninety-nine miles of beach, existent. Also, by firing over the ocean,
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 9
 and an automatic weapons battery are
on the range simultaneously, the guns
have priority, and the automatic weap-
ons fire when the guns cannot. This
arrangement does not cause great dif-
ficulty for A \ V units due to the peculiar
weather Katakai experiences. A great
many days are cloudy and o\-ercasl.
There are times too, when the guns can-
not fire e\'en on sunny days, due to a
haze in the air which makes trackino
the target a virtual impossibility. Per-"
haps the most disheartening occurrence.
especially to those new to Katakai. is
the rain clouds which appear seemingly
from nowhere, drench the area and van-
ish in a matter of minutes.
1\lajor Raymond Welch, the Range
Commander, has continuously striven
Entrance to Camp Katakai
during the last two and a half years, to
make a visiting unit's stay at Katakai
a field of fire commensurate with the allv, however, from one to a dozen boats as pleasant and comfortable as possible.
requirements for AA firing can be at- m;y wish to cross through the field of \Vhen a unit arrives at the range the
tained. Accordingly, a surveying team fire. If so, they gather on either side, men are housed in squad tents OYCr •
laid out the site presently occupied by in close to shore, and wait until the flag frames with wooden floors, and a large
the range and the 753rd AAt\ Gun Bn in the range tower is lowered before comfortable BOQ is available to officers.
( 120mm) commenced the first service proceeding across. The cooperation and One of the two large mess halls, com-
practice in April of 1948. consideration extended by both the plete with four-man tables and chairs,
The greatest single difliculty en- fishermen and the firing range is ap- is assigned and a large reefer made avail-
countered by units first firing at Katakai parent to even the casual observer. able for storage of rations. Latrines are
Firing Range stems from the fact that Prior to the establishment of additional conveniently located in the camp area,
along the Kujuku-ri coast line are some AA ranges on Northern Honshu and and the twenty-four head shower unit
of the richest fishing grounds in Japan, Kyushu, all AA units in Japan fired at is open daily from 4:00 to 8:00 P.i\l.
and although there is some manufactur- Katakai. At present the Battalions of In addition, Katakai boasts a well
ing of textiles, fishing is the main oc- the 138th AAA Group utilize Katakai, stocked Post Exchange, a classroom ca.
cupation of the many inhabitants of this each of the battalions firing three serv- pable of seating 125 with films shown
area. Undaunted by the firing on the ice practices yearly. Frequent visitors nightly, a day room, and a dispensary
beach, boats of all sizes and descrip' too are divisional self-propelled AW Bat- with an enlisted medic on duty at all
tions were continually interrupting the talions stationed in Japan, Air Force times. It is worthy of note that most of
firing by entering the danger area. 1\ Ground Defense Units, and AW units the buildings, the tent frames, and also
compromise agreement was then nego- of the i\!larine Corps. Activities other quarters and a mess hall for the perma-
tiated with the local fishing lissociation than AA firing include the use of Kata- nen~ly assigned personnel were con-
whereby firing would only be conducted kai by the Tokyo Ordnance Depot for structed by i\lajor \Velch, largely !rom'
five days a week and then only in the test firing of all types of weapons, the scrap material and with a force of eigh-
afternoons, leaving the weekends and manufacture of smoke by the 394th teen Japanese laborers.
mornings for fishing. This alleviated Chemical Smoke Generator Company, In July of 1951, the 31st and 36th
the situation to some extent but boats the firing of practice ammunition with RCAT Detachments were permanently
were still occasionally blundering into bazooka, and firing from amphibious stationed at Katakai and have provided
the field of fire. Finally, as a result of \'ehicles, Katakai is a beehive of activity excellent target support to visiting units.
numerous complaints, the fishing asso- all year round, Both units have received numerous com-
ciation constructed a radio transmitter mendations as a result of their opera-
and equipped several of the larger boats tions. For the last two years, these sister
with receivers. A direct line fram the ALTHOUGH Katakai has had over detachments have been commanded re-
range to the transmitter was laid to a full battalion on the line at one time, spectively by 1st Lt. Leland V. Hamlin
facilitate communications, so that when the present procedure is to have at the and 1st Lt. Robert L. Wittnebel. Also,
a boat enters the danger area, a call can range not more than two batteries, either an additional RCA T detachment, tBe
be made and the boat notified that it is or both of which may be gun or auto- 63rd, was activated in March 1953 and
in the danger zone. Today, a repre- matic weapons, vVhen two gun batter- is undergoing training at Katakai. Sta-
sentative of the fishing association is ies occupy the range, the time the range tioned permanently at the range are the
present at the range during firing hours is open is divided between them, or they records section, a meteorology section, a
and interruptions are fewer. Occasion- fire alternate courses. If a gun battery crew for the surveillance radar, and an

10 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Ordnance maintenance team. ganization operating under a TO. This manding -lath AAA Brigade. whose per-
In the near future, it is expected that has been largely brought about by Bri- sonal interest and efforts ha\'e contrib-
KJ[Jkai will become a self-sustaining or- gadier General James G. De\'ine, com- uted greatly to the growth of the range.

AAA HOUSING IN JAPAN

By LT. COL. DAVID B. NYE
Artillery

and emplaced on air bases. The bar- tained and these, with the aid of two
racks, messes and other facilities, both 1500'gallon water tankers per battery,
administrative and recreational, which provided minimum standard bathing fa-
had been available on the air bases could cilities.
no longer be used effecti\'ely because In January of 1951 Brigadier Gen-
the travel time between air bases and eral James G. Devine assumed command
tactical sites and the alert status could of the 40th AAA Brigade and of all AAA
not be reconciled. units in Japan. After observing the liv-
The bitter winter of 1950-1951 with ing conditions of the troops under his
its almost constant snow, sleet and rain command, General Devine immediately
created a housing problem which de- initiated action to obtain funds for mini-
manded urgent action. The following mum housing requirements and an-
account of the action taken, while deal- nounced the concept of the "Package
ing specifically with the 64th AAA Plan." The "Package Plan" outlined
Gun Battalion (I20;nm), is generally minimum housing requirements for each
applicable to all gun battalions in Japan. type of gun and AW battalion based
Of course, where higher headquarters on T jO&E's in effect as of l\larch 1951.
are referred to, the actions of those head- A considerable time lag in implementa-
quarters are applicable to all battalions. tion of the "Plan" was inevitable since
Initially, it was every battery for it- engineering procedures had to be accom-
self and men slept in radar and director plished and funds had to be obtained
vans and in trucks to keep warm. As from the Department of the Army. A
Enlisted Men's Club soon as the organization and preparation
of the tactical sites were considered ade-
quate, action was started to improve liv-
KN December of 1950 the situation in ing conditions. M-1942 squad tents were
Korea became critical with the move- soon procured, erected and equipped
ment of the Chinese "Volunteers" south- with M-1941 tent stoves. Winterization
ward across the Yalu River. The sub- kits for the squad tents were obtained
sequent reverses suffered by the United and men were soon comfortable as far
Nations' Forces gave rise to fears that as eating, sleeping and dressing were
those forces would be thrust off the Ko- concerned. Field messes were estab-
rean Peninsula and that enemy opera- lished in tents also. The lack of bathing
tions might also be initiated against the facilities combined with the bitter cold
Japanese home islands. As a result AAA presented another serious problem. A
gun batteries in Japan were ordered to partial and temporary solution was
occupy previously procured tactical sites found by shuttling personnel to the air
and to assume a state of readiness for base for showers, but this was not verv
combat. satisfactory, since it either interferred
The majority of gun batteries in Japan with the pass policy or required extreme-
had been previously stationed, quartered ly close control of personnel who were
part of alert crews. Also, personnel re-
ceived an opportunity to bathe only
lieutenant Colonel Nye commanded the every fourth or fifth day. A much better
64th AAA Gun Battalion until he recently
completed his tour in the For East. solution was achieved when portable,
field-army type shower units were ob- Package Plan Barracks
JULY-AUGUST; 1953 11
further complication was presented by an adequate system of passes or the satis- As the realization grew that the hat.
the fact that battalions defending air factory utilization of recreational facili- tery positions would probably be 0Ccu.
bases were based thereon for post en- ties on nearby sen'ice installations. How pied indefinitely, additional facilities
gineer support. Thus intersen'ice agree- to provide the essential administrative became desirable and were built. Gen.
ments and cross-seryicing of funds were buildings and adequate recreational fa- erall~ all batteries now have buildings,
necessary. cilities became the $64.00 question. shacks or sheds for the motor pool, al-
"Operation Scrounge" was initiated and mory, communication center and shop,
the jackpot was found in the Engineer artillery mechanics, machine gun sec-
WHILE facilities for headquarters salvage yard in Yokohama where a con- tion, range platoon and facilities for a
and headquarters batteries were outlined siderable residue of salvage material was Japanese barber. \ Vherever practicable,
in the "Plan," they were not needed in on hand as a result of the "roll-up opera- several of these activities were grouped
most battalions since facilities for bat- tion" in the Pacific area. and placed in one building.
talion command and staff activities were The Army Engineers shipped salvage
provided on the objective being defend-
ed. Such facilities were made ayailable
to the 64th; therefore attention is given
material of all shapes and descriptions
to the AAA battalions. In this salvage
material were parts of prefabs of every
IN July of 1952, contracts were let for
the completion of the "Package Plan,"
henceforth toward the development of type, both wood and metal, assorted less those buildings already built by
gun battery areas. The "Plan" for lumber and timbers and pipe of all sizes. troop labor and deemed adequate. Be.
120mm gun batteries provided 20 x 48 Gun batteries immediately began to fore really cold weather arrived troops
foot theater of operations type buildings build and the speed with which build- were oUI of their winterized tents and
for the following purposes: ings went up would have done credit into barracks. Each battery was pro-
10 Barracks to the famed Sea bees. Batteries built vided with adequate latrine facilities and
1 BOQ day rooms and classrooms, the latter a complete water system.
1 Mess Hall (20' x 96') being used also as theaters where 16mm Each battery has now become a little
1 Orderly-supply room movies were shown each night. Two community unto itself and is still de-
1 Day and classroom gun batteries built enlisted men's clubs veloping. As I write this two more en-
I Latrine complete with dance Hoor, band stand, listed clubs are nearing completion and
Also included in the "Plan" were elec- booths and a soft-drink bar. Essential hobby shops are being planned. Those
trical power and a complete water sup- administrative buildings consisted of or- battery-built buildings which were re-
ply system for each battery position. derly rooms, supply rooms, and mess tained, are being improved and brought
As the winter wore on the continua- halls. Batteries with portable, field-type to the same or higher standards than the
tion of the high alert status precluded shower units also built shower buildings. "Package Plan" buildings.

RADAR BOMB SCORING BY AAA UNITS

By MAJOR D. L. DUCEY and CAPT. A. C. MILLER

REALISTIC trammg and trammg eration and special scoring techniques. mine accurately the location of the air-
tests have always been a problem for The targets for these practice missions craft. \Vith the known location of the
military' units. Sometimes many devious are available almost anywhere-any large aircraft at "bombs away," plotters and
•methods must be used to attain the de- city will suffice. However, since actual computers could compare this with
sired results. In this article we tell you bombs cannot be dropped on these "tar- known data as to where the aircraft
how cooperation between services solved gets" a means of computing the theoreti- should have been and thereby establish
a problem for both the U. S. Air Force cal results must be used to determine the bombing error.
and the U. S. Army AAA. the bombing accuracy. In searching for a solution to the
Air Force bomber units require train- The Far East Air Force Bomber Com- second problem, Bomber Command con-
ing exercises to maintain their bombing mand was faced with the problem of tacted units of the 40th AAA Brigade
proficiency and also to provide a means devising a means of testing their bomb- in Japan, commanded by Brigadier Gen-
of determining the effectiveness of air- er crews in the use of Radar Bomb Sight- eral James G. Devine. They asked if
craft crews. Part of this training can ing methods. The requirement for such there was any possiblity that antiaircraft
be accomplished on bombing ranges; a testing procedure was first to have a artillery radars and fire control equip-
however, realistic simulated missions on means of communication with the air- ment could provide the information they
large area targets, using Radar Bomb craft and, secondly when "bombs away" required for this bomb scoring proce-
sighting devices, require special con sid- was given from the aircraft, to deter- dure,

12 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 :\s a result, a system has been estab- exercise is to begin, mobile VHF radio at the radar and the computer operator
lished in which AAA Gun battery SCR equipment, a plotting board and the reads the azimuth of the aircraft from
:;84 radars and 1'19 and 1'110 directors necessary Air Force umpire personnel the Af dial of the computer (computer
pro\'ide the information necessary for proceed to the AAA position. in Tracker Test or Present Position).
rJdar bomb scoring. At the same time, This information is relaved to the
it provides valuable realistic training for
all antiaircraft units in the area.
When a practice bombing mission is
T HE AAA battery commander is
briefed on the direction and altitude of
Air Force plotters who plot the location
of the aircraft and then compare it with
their computed data and determine
~heduled, Bomber Command contacts approach of the bombing aircraft, and where actual bombs would have hit the
Headquarters 138th AAA Group, com- as the aircraft makes its bomb run, it is target.
manded by Colonel W. L. 1'lcNamee, tracked by the battery radar. At the in- These tracking and scoring missions
and one AAA gun battery is selected to stant "bombs away" is indicated, the provide realistic training and interesting
score the mission. Shortly before the radar range operator reads slant range tests for the AAA units.

The Development of Heavy Antiaircraft Artillery

PART 4

By COLONEL WILLIAM J. WUEST

W ORLD WAR I saw the birth

of air power. It also saw the beginning
ing target practice with aerial targets. In
November 1922, the first antiaircraft
obscuring the target. The plane was on
its second course before the battery per-
of "3-D" but not as we know it in Holly- gun target practice was conducted with sonnel were able to see the target, and
wood today. The 3-D of that day meant an aerial target towed by an airplane. it was on its fourth course before the
three-dimensional firing; something new The practice was held at Fort Mon- observers and gun pointers could.be put
had been added to the old artillery prob- roe, Virginia, by Battery B, 61st Artil- on the target well enough to track it.
lem, firing at a rapidly moving target lery Battalion (Antiaircraft), command- The 3-inch mobile antiaircraft guns
capable of movcment in three dimen- ed by Captain Aaron Bradshaw, Jr. The (MI918) were used in the firing.
sions simultaneously. target was a white sleeve 14 feet long, The shots fired on the fourth and fifth
It was soon evident to all who had 3 feet in diameter, towed by a seaplane courses were more or less erratic. The
eyes to see that the airplane was a weap- with a towline 2,500 feet long. The gun pointer fired when he was reason-
on that had great potentialities. An course flown was over the water from ably certain that he was on the target.
adequate defense against it must be pro- Fort Wool to Back River Light about One of the principal objects of the firing
vided. The materiel and equipment de- 1,000 yards offshore. The sky was over- was to determine whether or not it
veloped during the war had to be greatly cast with shifting clouds intcrmittently could be delivered with safety to the
improved if adequate defense was to towing plane. Accordingly an officer was
become a reality. stationed at each gun, who personally
FLOW OF DATA
Following its reorganization in 1920, verified that the line of fire was safe
the Army was ready to begin its peace- AA DATA COMPUTER, MODEL 1917
before the gun pointer fired. The firing
(RA. CORRECTOR)
time training and development program. on courses 6, 7, and 8 was fairly accu-
sl
The Coast Artillery, charged with an- rate. The rate of fire was very slow, as
tiaircraft defense, immediately began
!I the target was continually being ob-
consideration of the problems. The first A A DATA scured by clouds. A total of 22 shots
COMPUTER
problem to be solved was that of devel- MOOEL 1917 were fired. Lieutenant \\T. K. Patterson,
RA.
oping methods and means for conduct- -DR) U. S. Navy, of the Naval Air Station,
r-----..,
OI'IloI'T I
Hampton Roads, was the pilot of the
!~(-:'~ll "'' ~ /1 N." towing airplane.
I Wu..oatT I
Colonel Wuest, author of History 0/ Heavy ICOUUT.o.'1
L J
AA Fire Control and Materiel, published by • l
the Book Shop, forI Bliss, Texas, enlisted in ~~I
the Army as a private in 1929, gained his :!
i •
I IN this practice the battery used the
reserve commission the some year, and was
integrated in the RA in 1946. He is now AA Data Computer, 1\11917, better
Chief of Stafl of the Ryukyus Command on
Okinawa.
known as the R. A. Corrector, and de-
scribed in our Part 3 installment in the

JULY -AUGUSTr 1953 13

 Highly perfected directors became predicted azimuths and e1e\'ations \\er~
available for computing firing data for furnished the searchlights. This method
guns. Electrical data transmission sys- was slow and erratic. In August 1925it
tems were developed for application of was abandoned and the single-station
data to the guns. i\lethods of firing, . method was adopt~d.
which at the close ~f \\Torld \Var I, con- In the single-station method, Ont '
templated duck shooting with batteries sound locator was paired with a search-
of 10 guns, each spraying shrapnel light. Azimuth and angular height were
throughout the heavens, progressed to measured and the altitude estimated as '
the stage where four guns, using high high, medium, or low (low was 1,000 to
explosive shells, delivered fire far more 2,000 yards; medium 2,000 to 3,000;
I effecti\'elv . high 3,000 to 4,000).
---~-
I In 1926 firing tests were initiated at Research was conducted during the
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland by spring of 1926 to determine the factors.
Coast Artillerv and Ordnance person- such as wind and density for which
nel. The Chi~f of Coast Artillery and corrections should be made in the azi-
the Chief of Ordnance arranged War muths and elevations as read at the
Department authority to send the 61st sound locator before applying them to
Coast Artillerv (AA) from Fort Mon- the searchlight. The possibility of di.
January-February, 1953 JOURNAL.It was roe, Va., to A'berdeen Proving Ground, recting gun fire by the sound locator as
the last and the best of the World War i\ld., about 1 September 1926 to carry an emergency method was under COn-
I antiaircraft computers, and was our out an extended program of antiaircraft sideration at this time.
standard in the early twenties. \<\lith it hre against towed aerial targets for the
the battery had to use both the altimeter Infrared Ray Research
purpose of giving the held test to new
and the AA telescope to furnish data materiel. Since the war many new de-
and corrections as indicated on the Flow signs had been developed and the man- THE problem of locating an airplane
of Data Chart. ufacture of new materiel had been with greater accuracy than that obtain-
The altimeter was the instrument accomplished. able by sound locators received consider-
used to determine altitude, the basis of The 61st Coast Artillerv (AA) ar- able study for several years prior to the
the position finding system. It consisted rived at Aberdeen with 25' officers and first Aberdeen exercises. Captain \Vil.
of two instruments each of which was 296 enlisted men. The antiaircraft ex- liam Sackville (now a retired colonel)
caned an altimeter instrument. Operat- ercises covered a period of nine weeks, took a leading part in various experi-
ing together, they were designed as a with day and night firings being con- ments made with apparatus designed to
simple triangulating device which com- ducted. The materiel tested included provide an accurate determination of
puted the altitude of a triangle. They the 3-inch 1\A gun, i\ 11917, one model the position of the target by means of
were designated B' and B" instruments of a 105mm A1\ gun, and four AA com- infrared rays.
and were placed in position at each end puters; AA data computer i\H917; di- The 1928 Aberdeen exercises report
of a horizontal base line of known rector 1'-1, Frankfort Arsenal, an Ord- recorded that work was continued on
length. The B' instruments accom- nance Department development; director this development. Two lines of attack
plished a graphical computation of alti- T-2 (Vickers); and director 1'-3 (Vick-
tude and carried a curve desk on which ers). Two types of electrical data trans-
were plotted curves of values of the mission systems were tested. A new type
angles as read from the B" instrument. fuze setter was provided for the test to
By 1924, practically all antiaircraft replace the bracket fuze setter M 1916.
batteries were annually conducting tar- Three different models of stereoscopic
get practices with towed aerial targets. "height finders were used throughout the
As a corollary to target practice, methods exercises.
of determining and evaluating perform- The Aberdeen Proving Ground ex-
ance of materiel by spotting a shell burst ercises were repeated in 1927, 1928, and
were developed. New materiel was de- 1929 on a similar basis to that of 1926.
veloped by Ordnance, the Signal Corps,
and the Corps of Engineers. Some of Aerial Sound Ranging
the outstanding post-war developments
were: (1) increased muzzle velocity for UP to August 1925, sound locators
guns, (2) increased rate of fire for guns, were disposed at the points of a large tri-
(3) increased mobility, (4) improved angle so as to present a base line in any
ballistic qualities of projectiles, (5) me- direction from which a plane might ap-
chanical fuzes for gun projectiles, (6) proach. Direction and elevation of the
improved sound locators and searchlights target were telephoned to a central plot-
with coordinated action provided for be- ting station from the two base end sta-
tween the two. tions used in any instance. From there,

14 ANTIAIRCRAFT. JOURNAL
 lI"tre followed in the solution of the rate fire upon a fast moving target was to measure the slant range to the target
probl~m. The fi~st depended up~m the a weighty one indeed. Some thought by means of the stereoscopic vision of
-.Jdiauon emanatmg from the aIrplane the problem insurmountable; others saw the eyes, aided by increasing the inter-
:nowr exhaust. The second supplied a the vision of what could be done with pupillary distance by lengthening the
,..urce of radiation which, when re- good fire control and materiel. distance between the two points from
lIectedfrom the surface of the airplane, Lt. Col. O. T. Spiller, CAC, (now which the obsen'er views the object.
;;lused a deHection in the measuring in- Brigadier General, Retired) writing in By pointing the instrument at the tar-
;rrument. Two 60-inch Sperry AA the Journal of the United States Artil- get the angular height is obtained. Solv-
;earchlights were used as a source of lery of October 1919, had this to say: ing this triangle by optical and me-
mfrared. It was at first intended to "A great many artillery officers look chanical means within the instrument,
I ,hield these lights by means of screens upon antiaircraft gunnery as so much converted slant range to altitude.
pre\'enting the passage of visible light guess work. The a\'erage artilleryman Until 1939, when the height finder
but transparent to the infrared rays. wants to hit and if he doesn't see im- 1\1l was adopted, all previous models
Such large shields were not obtainable mediate results he thinks the gunnery were test models. In the 1926 Aber-
and the receiving apparatus was shielded is at fault. His 'common sense' requires deen firings a 1\lodel T2 was used. Later,
instead. Previous tests had shown that us to bring down an airplane as one the model T9 was most generally en-
the first method had many disadvan- brings down a partridge with a gun. countered in the sen'ice.
tages and the 1928 tests were confined Common sense is the fruit of ancestral The height finder was used to trans-
mainly to the second method. experience and antiaircraft gunnery has mit slant range or altitude to the direc-
The receiving unit consisted of a existed only since the war. It is com- tor. The instrument was selfcontained
gold-plated parabolic mirror mounted so mon sense which is wrong in refusing and was 13Y.! feet in length. T rack-
that it could be traversed and elevated. to see our difficulties, it is common sense ing telescopes and conveniently located
I The sensitive element was a thalofide which must be reformed. Antiaircraft handwheels were provided for keeping
i cell placed at the focus of the mirror and gunnery may seem like a game, but is the height finder on the target, thus sim-
reRected into the cell whose electrical a game in which luck is peculiarly favor- . plifying the duties of the stereoscopic
I resistance was thereby changed. By able to the good player. We will still observer. An internal target system in
properly connecting the cell in a circuit have hope if the ammunition experts the height finder permitted adjustment
containing an amplifier, these changes keep sufficiently apace with the aero- for changes in the optical alinement of
in resistance were made to give indica- nautical sharks so that airplanes of to- the instrument arising mainly from
tions on a gah.anometer. \Vith this morrow will not travel faster than our changes in temperature. A data trans-
apparatus, several tests were made on projectiles. It must be remembered that mitter, mounted directly below the meas-
moving airplanes at altitudes from 6,- for Antiaircraft Artillery all of the fire uring scale, connected to the data trans-
000 to 9,000 feet, with encouraging re- control methods have been devised, and mission or cable svstem of the batten.,
sults. the materiel has been designed and man- provided for the ~lectrical transmissidn
The principal difficulty encountered ufactured during the stress of war which to the director of either observed range
was that the searchlight beam itself was was already demanding the maximum or altitude. Target designation receivers
a source of infrared radiation which of the thinkers' efforts besides the maxi- for the reception of the observed angular
tended to cause the zero point of the mum of the factories' outputs. Before height and azimuth of the target from
galvanometer scale to be more or less 1914 there had not been sufficient ad- the director were provided to insure, that
indefinite. This fact, however, did not vancement in aeronautics to justify any both director and height finder were
prevent tracking the airplane. nation to make preparations against at- trained on the same target.
Although research in infrared ray tacks from the air. The range or altitude measuring scale
radiation continued, no piece of equip- "If in the future we are found lacking of the height finder was graduated from
ment became standard. The develop- in such preparations can we offer any 550 to 50,000 yards, but the height
ment of radar\early in \VW II provided such excuse? vVe have been amply fore- transmitter was graduated only from
a means not only of accurately deter- warned, are we going to be forearmed?" zero to 10,000 yards. The height finder
mining the location of the target but of employed either 12-power or 24-power
determining its range and altitude at the
same time.
Not all officers of the Coast Artillery
As mentioned before, the determi-
nation of altitude is the basis of the
magnification as desired, and was pro-
vided with filters to improve the visi-
bility of the target under varying degrees
Corps welcomed antiaircraft artillery, as position finding system. In 1925 the of haze, glare, and camouHage. The
a part of Coast Artillery, with open stereoscopic height finder replaced tlie instrument could be elevated from zero
arms. The problem of delivering accu- altimeter. The principle of operation is to 90 degrees.

BATTERY DUTIES
No one in today's Army has time to dig through stacks of regulations, FMs and TMs to find out what he should
be doing. No one needs to! Battery Duties, by Lt. Col. Robert F. Cocklin and Major Boatner, tells you what your
job is in the battery, shows you all the necessary details of it in language so clear there is no room for misunder-
standing. Whether you're the battery commander or the newest recruit, there is something in this book that will
help you do your job more efficiently. Cloth $2.50; Paper, $1.50

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 15
 A HISTORY OF ROCKETS
AND MISSILES

By 2nd LIEUTENANT MORTON L. KASMAN

CIVILIZATION has passed through rocket in a military sense occurred about The Human Rocket
the various stages of the Bow and Ar- the vear 1232 A.D. The Chinese while
In the early part of the 15th century
row, Horseless Carriage, and conven- defending the city of Pein-King attached
rockets to arrows, firing them in a man- a Chinese inventor named \Van-Boo
tional aircraft eras. Now we are con-
quering another barrier and leaping into ner similar to the common 4th of July attempted the first human rocket Right.
the Age of the Rocket and Guided Mis- skyrocket. The use of the rocket began He attached 47 large rockets to a chair,
sile. a new phase of warfare as it was known secured two kites to its sides and strapped
Crowding the pages of newspapers in those times. These so-called "Arrows himself in. Forty-seven coolies light-
and magazines are the many stories con- of Flying Fire," used as a propellant, ed the rockets at the same time-\Van- I

cerning possible uses of rockets and black powder, which not only increased Hoo disappeared in a cloud of Harne
guided missiles. l11ese stories have run the range of the weapons but also in- and smoke. Nothing has been seen or
the gamut, from fantastic modern weap- troduced the incendiary effect in war- heard of him since, and so the first at-
ons to unbelievable adventures on the fare.
tempt at human rocket Hight must be
moon. You may begin to wonder, these
Over the Caravan Routes called a failure.
Rights of fantasy, these Buck Rogers il-
lusions, where were they developed and News of this weapon soon reached
from what strange pipe dreams will the Europe and in 1249 Roger Bacon, an The 18th Century
next fable come? Englishman, published a treatise de-
Oddly enough many of the concepts scribing its use. Many Europeans real-
pertaining to rockets and guided missiles ized the possible advantages of weapons AFTER three centuries of compara-
are far from new. In the history of of this type and the concept of rockets tive quiet in the field of rocketry, a
various peoples we find the art of r~cket was quickly adopted. There are numer- prince of Mysore, India, included in his
making to be an ancient one. Let us ous references to the use of the rocket armies a Rocket Corps of 1200 men
begin 30 centuries before the birth of in histories of the 13th and 14th cen- which was used with great success
Christ. turies. against the British. This success led

3000 B.C.
Historians upon studying the culture
of the anc~ent Chinese have come to
the belief that the Chinese used rockets
,
--'\..._-
with black powder propellant as early ------
as the year 3000 B.C. These highly
and hotly debated rockets were used as
",'
fireworks at festivals and celebrations; to
compare them with rockets of todav
would be analogous to David's sling and
the Atomic Artillery presently devel-
oped.

The 13th Century

The first record of the use of the

Lieutenent Kesmen, Fert 5i11 oe5 greduete,

1952, is now 52, ht Guided Missile Brigode.
Coast Defense Rocket Gun, England
16 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 a study called "The Rocket into Inter-
planetary Space:'
There was formed in Germany about
this time a group called the German
Rocket Society which took over Oberth's
rocket and equipment. This group con-
ducted experiments with this rocket and
other liquid fuel rockets and reached
the following conclusions:
• The motor should be o\'al shaped
for best performance .
• Gasoline or alcohol should be used
as the fuel and liquid oxygen as an
oxidizing agent.
The German Army established a re-
search and de\'elopment program in the
use of rockets as a weapon of \\'ar in
1933. This program was later named
the Peenmunde Project, and acted as a
to a reemphasis on the use of rockets as Fort l\lonroe, Virginia; by 1847, ten research center and clearing house for
a weapon of war. more batteries had been activated. Some information' and work being done in
"Villiam Con greve, an Englishman, of these units were used during the connection with guided missiles. Peen-
started a study on the artillery rocket. j'vlexican "Val', but the development of munde was ~esponsible for the develop-
The rockets produced by Congreve the riRed artillery piece created greater ment and use of the V-I (Buzz Bomb),
proved so successful that they greatly accuracy in cannon and interest in rock- V-2, gravity bombs and air to surface
influenced the outcome of the Napo- ets greatly decreased. jet propelled missiles by the Germans
During World War I, rockets played during World \Var n. "Vork had begun
leonic \Vars and the "Val' of 1812_ Dur-
a very minor role, on £lares used for on a multi-step missile with a maximum
ing the British attack on Fort McHenry
battlefield illumination and as an anti- range of 3000 miles, which was to be
the use of rockets proved unsuccessful,
aircraft weapon used against German used against continental United States
but inspired Francis Scott Key to write observation balloons. when the war ended.
the "Star Spangled Banner," with the The most prominent name in the con-
line "the rockets' red glare, the bombs temporary field of rocketry is that of Dr. United States Interest the Field
bursting in air." R. H. Goddard of Clark University. The United States reentered the field
Congreve developed quite a number Goddard was the first man in the field of guided missiles in search of a method
of rockets of various types and sizes. The of rocketry to set down the laws govern- to combat the Japanese Kamikaze at-
most popular of these, the 32 pounder, ing rocket propulsion in mathematical tacks in the South Pacific during W\V
was a 4-inch pipe, 3~ feet long, with form. He conducted many tests with II. This project had a rapid develop-
powder rockets, and, in March of 1926, ment which produced a missile for use
a conical warhead. The warhead con-
fired the first successful liquid fuel rock- early in 1945; the Armed Forces formed
tained a load of either shot or gunpowder
et which used liquid oxygen and gaso- Guided l',,[issile Units during the same
which was fused for time or impact
line. Goddard later devoted his energies year. \Vith the end of the war in Eu-
burst. These rockets used a guide stick rope the United States gained access to
to the problem of aerodynamic stability
approximately 15 feet long for aerody- of the rocket in flight. During World various missiles developed by the Ger-
namic stability and could be fired from "Val' II, he made many important con- mans, during WW II. These missiles
tubes or wooden racks. The rockets at- tributions in the field of reaction motors. were of invaluable use as part of the re-
tained a maximum range of 2,200 yards At the end of the war, he had planned search and development phase of the
when launched at an elevation of from to resume his research on high altitude early Guided Missile Projects in the
55 to 60 degrees. rockets, but death prevented this for the United States. Through their use, much
"Father of Modern Rocketry." needed information was gathered on
Rocket Development in U. S. rocket and missile performance at speeds
In 1846, William Hale developed the International Interest in Rocketry greater than sound, as well as informa-
first stickless rocket. This was done by With the publication of Goddard's tion relative to the upper airs and at-
placing three curved vanes in the base work on propulsion and stablization of mospheres surrounding the earth.
of the rocket in the path of the exhaust rockets, many inquiries on the subject The Armed Forces in their experi-
blast, which caused the rocket to rotate were received from interested individ- mentation continue to produce missiles
like an artillery shell. Hale developed his uals in Europe. One in particular, Her- which perform a multitude of assign-
rockets in two sizes-6 and 12 pounds, man Oberth, a German Scientist, was ments. All these greatly increase this
with the missiles reaching a maximum expressing much interest in the possibili- country's military potential as well as
range of 2,200 yards. In December of ty of a high altitude rocket. In the lat- serving to test the possible future uses
1846, a rocket battery was formed at ter part of the 1920's Oberth published of the rocket concept.
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 17
 Fire Control of the Towed 40mm AA Gun
in the Surface Role
By 1 sf LIEUTENANT JOHN F. IRWIN

~TITH the increased use of the with a 1:25000 firing chart or map. ing in a counterclockwise direction, the
towed 40mm AA gun in surface firing \ Vith lines parallel and perpendicular to fan is graduated, using black ink, into
there arises the necessity of establishing the baseline, the semicircle is gridded, 10 mil increments and labeled progres-
some sort of fire control system that fits using red ink, into 100 yard squares. sivelv every 100 mils.
,; ,;

the capabilities of the weapon and is Hea\'y red and black lines are used to This system is designed so that it may
simple enough so that it may be used by indicate the 500 and 1000 yard squares be used with the towed 40mm gun de-
the individual gun section. The system respectively. The radius of the grid de- ployed in either the AA role or direct
presented in this article i~ taken from pends upon the maximum effective support of ground troops. As there arc
the present target grid system used by range of the weapon. For this example no indicators of azimuth and elevation
the field artillery with modifications it was decided that 6500 vards would in mils on the towed 40mm AA gun it
made in the construction and use of the be used based on the bur~out time of becomes necessary to devise some meth-
target grid and the range deflection fan. the tracer assembly, l\ I3AI, used in od by which azimuths and elevations
This system is designed as a field ex- 40mm ammunition. may be set on the weapon.
pedient in that it can be made by the The range deRection fan is made from
using arm in a relatively short time out
of material that is normally available.
a piece of clear X-ray film in a circular
sector shape 600 mils wide and with a
radius ~" longer than that of the target
F.I HST let us consider the azimuth
problem. In the firing of the towed
The target grid used in the adjust-
ment of surface fire with the 40mm AA grid. Clear X-ray film is used because 40mm AA gun in the surface role, azi-
gun is similar to that used by the field ink on the film becomes indelible. How- muth is set on the weapon in terms of
artillery only in the method of gridding. ever, plain acetate can be used. Each a deRection from a specific aiming stake.
It is made out of academy \'ellum which edge of the range deRection fan is di- It was determined that one revolution
enables the user to plot the target and vided into 50 yard ,;
increments usino0 of the azimuth hand crank traversed the
bursts in pencil. All lines and numbers black ink for the right side and red ink gun 305 mils. A simple means of deter-
are inked on the smooth side and coated for the left. Across the top of the fan mining deflections is provided by taking
with shellac. It is semicircular in nature. starting from the left side and moving a No. 10 tin can, cutting off all but
From the origin and perpendicular to the in a clockwise direction, the fan is 1.35" of the side, graduating the circum.
base of the semicircle, a radius (capped graduated, using red ink, into 10 mil ference of the 1.35" side, and mounting
with an arrow and representing in scale increments and labeled progressively the base of tin can on the hand operat-
the maximum effective range of the every 100 mils, i.e., 100, 200, 300, etc. ing sleeve. To graduate the No. 10 can.
gun) is drawn to the summit of the From the right edge of the fan and mov- the following procedure is used. A strip
semicircle. This point is labeled "0"
mils. The semicircle is now divided into
two equal quadrants. The perimeter of
the semicircle is a }S" border which is
graduated into 10 mil increments from
zero to 1600 mils on either side of the
summit. Each fifty mil point, labeled
"50," is marked by a 3/16" bold line.
The hundred mil points, unlabeled, are
Or
marked bv }S" bold lines. For this ex-

(.
ample a RF of 1: 25000 was used which
makes it mandatory that the grid be used

lieutenant
1950, served
operated
Irwin, USMA graduate,
with for East AAA School
class

by the 40th AAA Brigade, where he

designed the system described to fit conditions
J .1---
in Korea. Irwin is now a student at fort Sill.
The Target Grid
18 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 of an on the zero deflection line is placed position of the gun. the base point. and
J a red zero ('"0") pierced by an arrow azimuth indices representino .:> the aiminu0
pointing upwards. At the base of the stakes are then drawn on a firino.:> chart
arrow is the letter "L." The arrow and of the area. The observer azimuth index
letter "L" indicate the direction that the for the primary field of fire is next drawn
hand tra\'ers;ng crank must be rotated to to the nearest hundred mils. In use, the
tra\'erse the gun to the left. On the target grid and range deHection fan are
right side of and on the zero deflection pinned together at the vertex.

\ \
line is placed a black zero ('"0") pierced
by an arrow pointing downwards. At
the base of the arrow is the letter "R."
The color code on the azimuth indicator
l[(
1[1 IHE requests, sensings and correc-
tions are identical to those used in the
is designed to correspond with color code field artillery. l-lowever, the type of fire
on the range deflection fan. is considered to be] for all practical pur-
To mount the tin can, the hand oper- poses, of the area type. The gun section
ating slee\'e is remo\-ed and the two set leader acts as the FDC in that with his
pins holding the ring gear in the sleeve firing chart, grid, range deHection fan.
extracted. The center of the tin can and GFT he computes all firing data.
base is then cut out to the exact size of -
Before accurate fire mav be delivered , it
the outer diameter of the ring gear teeth. is necessary that a registration on the
Two holes are then drilled in the base base point be conducted. The obsen'er
of the tin can to coincide with the set calIs in his fire request '0
oivino.:> his identi-
Pin holes. The can is mounted b\. alion-
_ 0 fication, observer-taroet
o azimuth , target
ing the holes in the can with the set location, target identification and con-
pin holes on the hand operating sleeve trol. As soon as the ooun section leader
The Range Deflection Fan
and reinserting the set pins. Mounted (FDC) receives the 01' azimuth, the
on the traversing mechanism gear box vertices of the target grid and range
of paper is cut 1.35" wide and with a
and directly under the top rearmost bolt deflection fan arc placed over the gun's
length equal to the circumference of
on the right coverplate, and extending position and the target grid oriented by
the can. The strip is then divided in
over to the scale, is a movable index. use of the observer azimuth index. The
length by a single black center line. At
This index is made from a piece of a vertical grid lines now represent the
the midpoint of the strip another black
wire coat hanger bent to extend over observer's line of sight. The base point's
line is drawn across the strip and per-
the azimuth scales. \Vhen a gun is bore- location is next plotted in pencil on the
pendicular to the center line. This new
sighted on an aiming stake, the hand target grid. The range deHection fan
line represents the point of zero deflec-
operating sleeve is disengaged so that is then rotated until the pencil mark
tion. The strip is now oriented so that
the zero deflection line on the azimuth representing the base point appears at
line dividing it in length is pointing
indicator is moved as close as possible one of the edges of the fan. If the left
towards the observer. In a downward
direction from the zero deflection line, to the index. The sleeve is then re-
along the left side of the center line engaged and the index bent to final
( with all markings in red), are placed alignment with the zero deflection line.
tick marks representing the linear Elevation is set on the gun by use of
amount of 2 mil increments. Each 2 mil a gunner's quadrant. However, an ele-
increment, unlabeled, is marked by a vation indicator similar to that used for
YS" line. Each 10 mil increment is the traversing mechanism may be used
marked by a 5/16" line and labeled if so desired to act as a ready reference
progressively to 300 mils, i.e., 10, 20, 30, during firing.
etc. Since the strip represents 305 mils, Prior to the emplacement of the gun,
the 304th mil division will be h of a a primary aiming stake is placed at the
division above the zero deflection line. azimuth to the base point by use of a
On the right side of the strip (with all compass. This stake is temporary and
markings in black) the same procedure will be replaced when a base point
is used with the exception that from the registration has been completed. The
zero deflection line, the right side is gun is then emplaced and boresighted
graduated and labeled progressively in on the stake. The movable azimuth in-
an upward direction. In this case the dex on the traversing mechanism gear
304th mil will be Y2of a division below box and azimuth indicator are then
the zero deflection line. It will be noted positioned at zero mils. The gun is then
that the 2 mil increment lines on the traversed 300 mils to the right and left
left and right sides of the line will be of primary aiming stake where addi-
one mil out of phase. On the left side tional aiming stakes are emplaced. The Deflection Scale and Index
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 19
or red side of the fan is used, detlection observer. Although it is realized that over the elevation used. A regular fire
is measured across the top of the fan the 40mm projectile has a relatively mission is conducted in a manner similar
using the red scale to the point of in- small lethal radius, for all practical pur- to that previously explained. Each mis-
tersection of the scale and an aiming poses, considering the accuracy of the sion may be given a concentration num.
stake index. Deflection is then set on firing chart, grid, fan, the probable ber and plotted on the firing chart.
the gun by trayersing in the appropriate range error of the weapon, and the fact Computations for angles of site may be
direction from the same aiming stake that targets normally would be of the made by the section leader from existing
whose index was used on the map. The area type, the splitting of a hundred map information or by the observer as-
firing elevation is determined by noting yard range bracket is sufficient and dis- suming that the gun has already been
the range on the side of the range de- persion will assist in covering the area. registered on the base point.
flection fan and converting it to a QE As soon as it is noted by the observer The question may arise "what will
by use of the GFT. The angle of site that the center of impact is on or very the unit do on an all-around defense?"
is added to the firing table elevation near the target, "end of mission" is given. The assumption is initially made that in
and the total, which is quadrant eleva- At the gun pos~tion the primary aiming AA deployment there is an all-around
tion, is applied to the gun. stake is then repositioned at the base coverage. If a gun has to fire 180 de-
As soon as the observer senses the point firing azimuth of the gun. The grees out from its primary field of fire,
first round he attempts to bring the same correction is applied to the addi- it can adapt itself quite easily by select-
burst to the OT line and then establish tional aiming stakes. It is felt that mov- ing another base point and installing
a 400 yard range bracket. This bracket ing the aiming stakes is simpler for the more aiming stakes.
is then successively split until a hun- gun section to understand and do instead It is realized that a better and more
dred yard bracket is established and is of changing the indices on the chart. efficient fire control system can be made
in turn split at which time fire for ef- The adjusted elevation is applied to the in an ordnance shop with a wide choice
fect commences. All corrections are giv- GFT by placing the manufacturer's hair- of material. This system is designed as
en in yards and are plotted by the section line over the map range to the Base a field expedient and as such, can be
leader in the direction indicated by the Point and then constructing a gage line constructed by the unit.

HOW TO WRITE AN ARTICLE

Sy LIEUTENANT CARL M. GUELZO
Transportation Corps

CAN you speak English? Have you author is a professional person, writing pending largely upon the intrinsic worth
ever written a letter home? Are you able on professional problems, for a profes- of your ideas or suggestions. Your topics
to read? If the answers to all these sional audience. The Army writer also will deal with problems faced by other
questions are "Yes," you are in posses- need not support himself by his writing, military men in the performance of their
sion of the basic skills required in writ- therefore he can be honest and straight- duties; new methods of applying exist-
ing for publication. Too simple? Not forward in his presentation without cast- ing principles; new or improved proce-
at all. Writing, just as public speaking, ing a weather eye on the word count dures, new ideas in training, operations,
marksmanship, cooking, or roller skat- as an index of his economic standing. tactics, administration, and a host of
ing, is essentially a skill that can be Service journals pay liberally for good other facets of military life; or even re-
developed through practice from rather articles, in contrast to the periodicals of vealing criticisms of current policies and
modest fundamentals. other professions which compensate the procedures. Your readers appreciate in-
In some respects, although. not all, writer with a few free copies and glory. formative and well organized factual
Army writers are more fortunate than Style, technique, and smoothness of statements, together with sound inter-
their civilian brethren. The military expression are not so important as long pretation. They soon tire of a string of
as you are clear and readable. Your opinionated generalities without specific
readers, of course, will chuckle at gram- facts to point them up. After all, it takes
lieutenant Guelzo was commissioned in matical errors that slip by the editors, research and concentration to write a
Transportation Corps from the ranks in 1948; but far more critical notice will be taken
integrated into the RA in 1949. B.S. in Edu-
good article. Accuracy and honesty are
cation, University of Pennsylvania, 1949. A of what you say than how you Siayit. essential to good writing. Brevity helps.
contributor to our columns in 1951 from the Before you write be sure you have some- Gripes, personal complaints, and ill-
3rd AAA AW Bn in Korea, he is now a stu-
dent at the T.C. School, Fort Eustis, Virginia. thing to say. considered attacks on existing policies
Your article will succeed or fail, de- have no place in a military article and,

20 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
even if printed, will only bring down Fancy, overstuffed verbiage should be perusal, or will cause him to continue
the wrath of your readers. left to anyone else. Write for the mili- turning pages. Suppose you have an
In spite of the Voorhees case, an tary reader as though you were actually idea about improving service practice.
honest criticism of some phase of mili- talking with him-clearly, simply, brief- You could start off with something like
tary life based on a firm foundation of ly, and concisely. Pretend, as you write, this: "Since senice practice is necessary
demonstrable fact and research will be that you are carrying on a conversation. and important, it should be improved."
accepted. The first article I ever had Your normal manner of speaking will But something like this is more apt to at-
printed passed the censors even though give naturalness to your writing; it's the tract attention: "I know how to improve
it was a fairly bitter attack on cer- easy, uncomplicated flow of ideas and service practice; are you interested?" Of
tain personnel procurement policies- arguments that will, in the long run, sell course, battery officers are interested and
and brought a response that indicated not only your article but the ideas as will read what you have to say. If any-
action was being taken to correct the well. Remember, you will receive a thing is wrong with your ideas, you can
deficiencies noted. No writer could ex- check for your work, not a grade. expect to hear about it; but the im-
pect a fairer deal. Service journals take As you marshal your facts in support portant thing is that you are being read.
care of clearing papers submitted to of your arguments, the organizational Or suppose you have something new
them so that individual writers need pattern of your article will begin to take on the tactical employment of self-pro-
have no qualms about official attitudes shape. It's very simple: pelled AM. You could start with:
towards their work with regard to either 1. Introduction "Proper tactical employment of SP AAA
security or propriety. II. Presentation is necessarv," if vou wanted to wait until
III. Summary and conclusion all the other a;ticles in the issue had
Your first draft will follow this general been read. If you want to reach out and
SUPPOSE, then, you still feel you
plan of organization, but don't try for grab your reader the first time around,
have something that should be brought
perfection at first. Typewrite prefer- you start this way: "Infantrymen love
to the notice of other military men.
ably, write if you can do so legibly, but your guns, but as the AAA platoon
How do you go about setting your
always with the expectation that exten- leader you are still the expert in employ-
ideas down on paper? First of all, pre-
sive revisions will be made. In fact, ing your weapons." Your introduction,
pare yourself for an extended session
your finished manuscript may bear little in brief, should present the main theme
of mental effort. No small part of an
resemblance to the first draft. I have of your paper and at the same time
author's success is his ability to sit in
turned out many a first draft on the entice your reader into the body of the
one place without interruptions for cof-
backs of old special orders, extra copies article.
fee, food, a pleasant chat, or even sleep
of shipping documents, and anything Words, arguments, facts, tabulations,
until the article is finished. Much of
else that offered a clean surface on at charts, photographs-all are legitimate
your writing will be done during off-
least one side of the page. If you do weapons in presenting your ideas or sug-
duty hours and will require a concen-
any quantity of writing, canary second gestions to your readers and persuading
trated effort when you get down to
sheets, substance 14, are probably the them that what you have to sell is worth
business.
most satisfactory for all but the final buying. If you are not interesting, if
Write down your main ideas; trust-
draft. what you have to say is of little worth,
ing to memory for a good idea or an
especially apt turn of a phrase is fatal. As you have observed on frequent oc- if your presentation is muddled, remem-
The filler material you will use to round casions, all articles begin with a title ber that no one is compelled to read
out and amplify your main propositions which describes or calls attention to the your work. Your ideas are the most
will come as you work. subject of your article. Leaf through important element of your presentation.
Writing articles is known to the Eng- the pages of any of the service journals. Editors can dress up shabby grammar
lish-teaching profession as expository Some titles are precisely descriptive, and sagging sentence structure (al-
writing. You are expounding on an idea; some only hint at the subject of the though grammatical accuracy and a
but if you do not express yourself clearly article, and some are cleverly amusing; lucid style of presentation are appreci-
and definitely, you run the risk of not but all attract attention. ated), but faulty reasoning and false
being understood, or worse, of being facts are unforgivable and generally
misunderstood. Since writing is basically unprintable.
a skill, the best way to learn is by doing. IN introducing your article, be honest. Suppose, however, that you are long
You may recall the sheer labor that Take your readers into your confidence on hot ideas but somewhat short in the
went into the composition of English and let them know early in the paper language facility department. By all
themes in school. Dead, mechanical writ- what you are talking about; but regard- means collaborate if you feel that is the
ing of that nature is as bad as hack less of the topic, here is where you ac- best way of providing your ideas with a
work. Articles come from within your- quire readers. hearing-but on a co-author basis. I
self-they express your own ideas-and The first phrase or sentence will de- have always felt that ghost-writing was
are supported by facts gleaned from re- termine how much attention your ideas a little dishonest. If you don't feel quite
search or personal experience. A mis- will get initially. The title will cause a able to present your ideas adequately, at
placed comma, or a split infinitive mat- reader to pause; the opening sentence of least give your partner the credit due
ters little when you are giving the article your first paragraph will either bring him, and a co-authored article indicates
a freshness and originality of your own. the reader to an abrupt halt for a close clearly a divided responsibility. Your
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 21
papers may provide you with a consider- clear hand, a manuscript should be errors. Minor typographical errors may
able reputation in military circles and typed, preferably on a machine with be corrected in pen and ink; Il1a;.
sometimes not in the way you expect. elite type, double-spaced, on only one changes in wording will require a re-
On the strength of a ghost-written piece side of the paper. Paper should be the typing of the manuscript. Give a little
you may be given an assignment on the 8}i" x 11" size of regular commercial thought, too, to a brief letter of Q_
basis of your supposed ability, not as a paper, and a good grade of bond. A planation to the editor and, if required,
tactician, but as a writer. If only as a bond paper is now a\'ailable with a a short sketch of your background and
matter of intellectual, personal, and pro- specially treated surface that enables present assignment. Find yourself a
fessional honesty, never lay claim to you to make im'isible erasures with an piece of stiff cardboard of the same size
being something that you are not, even ordinary pencil eraser; but it is expen- as your typing paper and use it to bad
in such a relatively small matter as Eng- sive, and regular bond paper is just as up the manuscript when sending it
lish composition. satisfactory if you are careful about eras- through the mails. In this manner, the
ing. Some editors prefer manuscripts to papers arrive smooth and unwrinkled.
be submitted in duplicate.
AT the conclusion of your article, At least a one-inch margin should be
brieRy summarize your main argument
to indicate how you support and how
maintained on all sides of each page, and
each page should be numbered. On the
IN submitting the manuscript, always
use two envelopes: One to send it a~d
you arrive at your final conclusions. first page, a suggested arrangement is one to receive it back. A magazine re-
You need not use the "And so we leave to type your full name and mailing ad- quires that each author send a stamped
the dreamy, exotic land of ... " approach dress in the upper left hand corner, with self-addressed envelope with his manu-
of the travelogue, but you can put a the approximate word count (secure the script if he expects to get it back.
definite, decisive period to your discus- average number of words in a line of So trot over to the post office, ascer-
sion. type by a sampling of any ten lines of tain the exact postage required, and
So now you have a first draft com- the manuscript, and multiply by the slip into the envelope your manuscript
pleted. You probably feel somewhat ex- total number of lines in the article) in (fastened with a paper clip if you must,
hausted mentally but quite proud of the upper right hand corner. The upper but never a staple), the cardboard back-
your creative effort. Congratulations! right hand corner is also the place to ing (a manila file folder is an excellent
The vast multitude of those who aspire indicate any restrictions on the sale of substitute), the stamped return enve-
to write never even get this far. Look the article. lope, and the accompanying letter of
your work over brieRy to pick up any Commercial writers of some reputa- transmittal. You probably feel pretty
glaring errors and then put it in a desk tion often reserve certain subsidiary proud of yourself and justifiably so: you
drawer or foot locker and forget it. In rights to themselves. They may offer have done some creative thinking. But
about a week, take the manuscript out for sale only magazine publication rights the assumption that will cause you the
again and go back to work. After a and reserve book, movie, serial, or other least mental agony is that which expects
mental rest of this kind, you will be able secondary publication rights. The be- the manuscript to be returned.
to make the revisions you might have ginner is best advised to reserve nothing. Most authors have read in numbed
forgotten in the glow of accomplishment In omitting a statement with regard to amazement not one but many rejection
that accompanies completion of the first the conditions of sale, you are indicating slips from editors. Service journals are
draft. that you are offering for sale all rights usually kinder than civilian magazines;
Now you will beef up your grammar to' your article at prevailing rates. instead of the formal printed rejection
and punctuation, clarify your presenta- About a third down from the top of slip, the military magazines will normal-
tion, tighten your sentence structure; the page, type in capital letters the title ly send along a brief note explaining
delete, add, change, revise, correct, and of your article. Two spaces below the that the paper is not suitable, or some-
any other of a multitude of actions you last line of the title, centered in the thing like that. I have received letters
will take in order to improve your paper. middle of the page, type the word "by;" of rejection that ran a full t\VOpages
Your first draft will be pretty much of and two spaces down from this and again and which soothed the disappointment
a mess after you are through with it, )::entered, type your name, pen name, considerably, but I have always felt that
and a second draft is indicated. On the or other designation by which you wish I received a fair shake from the editor.
second draft, perhaps only minor cor- the author of the paper known. Several Rejection does not necessarily mean
rections need be made before the manu- spaces further down begin the body vour article was \vithout merit. You
script goes in for typing in final form; of the manuscript. Illustrative material may have turned out the best, most pro-
but if extensive changes are made here, such as charts, tables, graphs, and pho- fessional finished piece of \vork in exist-
a third draft may be required or as many tos, should be separate from the body of ence; but if the editor does not feel
more as are necessary in polishing your the text and inserted on individual it suitable for his magazine, he simply
\vork. sheets of paper at appropriate places in "rill not take it. You may have to send
When you are completely satisfied the arrangement of the manuscript. the same article to two or three editors
that you have a workmanlike paper, you Pages may be numbered either at the before vou find someone who will ac-
should give some thought to the finished top or bottom. cept it. But never feel that your article
manuscript as it will be submitted to When you have completed the final is unsatisfactory. I have in my files an
an editor. Unless you have an unusually manuscript, look it over carefully for article that has been commented upon

'2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

favorably by no less than three different 1) suitable and timely and 2) interesting personal and professional satisfaction of
sen'ice Peri~cals; but, since it does nat to his readers. Do not, hawever, throw seeing yaur work in print. You have
meet the editorial policy af any af them, your article away even after se\'eral un- cantributed to your O'wnprofessional ad-
it was never accepted. successful tries. It is still vaurs. vancement and improvement, and to'
An article is accepted primarily far If, an the other hand, yaur paper is that of vaur readers as well. The author's
twO'reasons: The editar judges it to' be accepted, you have the jay and immense check may came in very handy, too.

THE NEW ARMY BUDGET FOR FY 1954

By LT. COL. CHESTER E. GLASSEN and LT. COL. JAMES B. VIA
Plans Branch, Army Budget Division

THE Army has a new budget for fis- war in Karea. In FY 1952 and FY 1953
cal year 1954. Whereas the Truman- the casts of the war in Karea had been
and trained. This biennial cycle pro-
duces disturbing Ructuatians in the
Army budget, submitted to' the Can- met by diverting funds from other ac- training loads and places a heavy strain
gress in January, added up to $12.1 tivities and by making up the deficien- an the entire supply system.
billian (for new autharizatian), the new cies through supplemental appropria- Couple this with the personnel re-
administratian's revised Army budget tions. The irony in the present situatian quirements arising aut of current rota-
tataled $13.7 billian. Is the Army really is that while we are naw closer to a tion policies and there really is a bind.
getting more maney far the next fiscal truce than in any year in the past, this FY 1954 being an even number year,
year? Are the abjectives the same? is the first year in which funds are to' the prablem will be samewhat eased.
Right after taking affice President be provided for the support af Korean However, fiscal year 1955 will find an-
Eisenhawer caused the whale Federal hastilities in the basic budget. ather big turnaver in process.
budget to' be restudied and analyzed. Besides including the funds for Ko-
All af the Army programs were criti- rean cambat aperatians, the Army budg- The Big Problem
cally eyed and reevaluated, in light af et alsO'includes the funds necessary for One of the major aims af the new
the need to' cut back an expenditures. the support of the ather United Natians administration is to averhaul financial
Finally in May, the Army reparted to' forces, including an increased number affairs so as to bring the amount af
the Cangress a revised budget of $13.671 af divisians of the Republic of Karea spending in line with income. For this
billian, an increase af nearlv $1.6 bil- Army. The revised budget will main- reason the budget was the first target
lian aver the January estimate. tain the active Army at the present level attacked. The dilemma with which this
of 20 divisions, 18 regiments and regi- cauntry is now faced is the need to'
Changes That Were Made mental combat teams, as well as mare maintain a strong natianal securit~' pro-
This increase was nat the result of than 100 antiaircraft battalians and gram aver a lang period of time, with-
an underestimating of dollar require- mare than 150 other cambat battalians., out bankruptcy and withaut destroying
ments in January, but rather reRected These units will be manned within the the basic cancepts af a free economy.
a change in guidance. In fact, the arigi- reduced strength. If hastilities in Karea Since the military sen'ices are being
nal budget \NaS reduced abaut $1 bil- terminate prior to' the end af the fiscal entrusted with nearly two-thirds of each
lian and then $2.5 billian was added. year, the Army strength may be subject tax dallar. it is their programs which
The reductions \'I.'eremade passible in to' further reductian. must receive close scrutiny if any ap-
part by lawering the strength af the preciable savings are to be achieved.
Army sa that the fiscal year wauld end Personnel Turnover A Problem "Vhen the Communists invaded South
with a strength af 1,423,000 instead af After war brake aut in 1950 the Korea in 1950, the U. S. met the chal-
1,540,000. Reductians were also ef- Army strength went from appraximately lenge and two principal objecth-es were
fected in maintenance and aperatians, 600,000 to' one and a half millian \':ithin established. The hrst was to join 'with
procurement and productian, research ane year. This created a hump due the United 1'\ations in resisting the ag-
and de\'elapment, and the Army reserve to' the 2-year term far inductees, which gression in Korea, and the second was
camponents. in turn results in a large personnel to expand our active forces sa as to meet
The majar reason far adding funds turnover in every odd numbered year. a possible world conflict. Large sums
to' the budget \\'as that for the first time For example, during Fiscal Year 1953 of money were appropriated to the
the Army was authorized to include nearly 750,000 men were released and Armv and the other Services. The
funds in advance for the support of the an equal number had to' be brought in initial Army budget for FY 1950

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 23
 THE BUDGET SCOREBOARD
Budget Esti- Revised Esti-
mates 1954 mates 1954 Approved by Approved by
Army Appropriations FY 1953 !Trumanl {Eisenhowerl the House the Senate
Un thousands of dollars}
Military Personnel ................ $4,.410,000 $4,729,.437 $4,776,173 $4,708,859 $4,713,859
Maintenance and Operations ...... 4,950,400 3,999,504 4,720,000 4,329,594 4,355,750
Procurement and Production ....... 2,736,000 2,471719 3,395,266 3,224,633 3,224,633
Research and Development ........ 440,000 475,000 370,000 345,000 345,000
Army Reserve Components ........ 246,300 346,991 323,276 304,629 304,629
All Others .......................... 4,800 86,880 86,285 69,285 69,285
TOTALS ...................... $12,787,500 $12,109,591 $13,671,000 $12,982,000 $13,013,156

amounted to a little more than $4 bil- pended balance the total comes to more of 34 per cent from last year's amount
lion. Within 10 months an additional than $30 billion. Similarly, the Air In the appropriation Maintenance
$15 billion was made available. Force total availability would be some- and Operations, the House leveled a
Obviously, the national economy thing over $40 billion. This is a lot of general reduction of $45 million as well
could not swallow such large chunks of the taxpayer's money, but balances of as a cut in some of the funds requested
new money in one bite. Readjustments this size are needed to provide the steam for repair parts. A relatively small re-
had to be made and industries converted behind long-range procurement pro- duction in civilian personnel employ-
from peacetime production to that re- grams. ment was also directed. The matter of
quired for the partial mobilization. The big effort from February to May prices used in the estimate ,vas again
World War II experience was not found of this year was to develop a better solu- attacked and some dollars withdrawn
to be reliable either with respect to tion in the matter of high military on this basis.
rates of combat consumption or with spending. The revised budget is a first One Hundred Seventy' (SI70) mil-
respect to the capability of industry to step pending further studies of the big lion dollars was taken out of the more
expand. Walking the narrow plank be- problem. Revising the fiscal year 1954 than $3 billion in the Procurement and
tween minimum requirements and over- budget has been one of concern to Production appropriation. This was
production demanded the very highest both the executive and legislative largely due to the opinion that some
skill in decision making. In the area of branches of the Government. items of equipment scheduled for pur-
ammunition that skill, as we all know, chase during the fiscal year would not
was recently questioned. Congressional Action in fact be out of the research and de-
The three-year period which has velopment stage.
elapsed since Korea erupted has not THE Congress found the Army's re- The House did not believe that the
been sufficient time to solve all of the vised budget reasonably acceptable. strength of the Army Reserve Com-
problems. At the end of the fiscal year Traditionally, the House of Representa- ponents would build up as fast as pro-
1953 the Army had over $17 billion in tives is the first to take action on money grammed in the budget. Accordingly,
prior years' funds available for expendi- bills. Following a detailed review by its nearly $20 million was taken out for this
ture during the months ahead. Of Appropriations Committee, the House reason. Research and Development also
course, it is normal to have some carry- passed a Bill on June 27 which reduced suffered a $25 million cut.
over of funds each year, but the size of the Army budget by $689 million. The Army requested the Senate Ap-
this carry-over is indicative of the dif- Nearly $200 'million of this cut, how- propriations Committee to restore ap-
ficulties encountered in making a sen- ever, was related to the use of foreign proximately $200 million of the amount
sible transition from a purely peacetime credits, that is, authorizing the direct cut by the House. The areas concerned
economv to one which has the abilitv to acceptance of services from certain for- were those related to the food and cloth-
" .-
expand rapidly to meet the needs of a eign governments without charge to ing prices, packing and crating of house-
World War. Supplying military re- Anny appropriations. This cut, there- hold goods, repair parts, and other mis-
quirements involves research, develop- fore, does not affect programs and is cellaneous activities. The Senate Com-
ment, testing, locating capable producers, essentially a bookkeeping transaction. mittee, however, went along with a res-
amassing resources at the proper places The remaining $500 million House toration of only $31.2 million, revising
and at the right times, and a whole reduction was spread across several ap- the total of the FY 1954 budget to
chain of complicated and costly actions. propriations. In the area of Military S13,013,156,000. Although this article
The estimated unexpended balance Personnel, reductions were made on is going to the publisher prior to final
for the 0.'av)" at the end of FY 1953, the basis that food and clothing prices action on the budget, it is certain that the
was about the same as that of the Anny, would be lower at the time of actual amount finally approved will be approxi-
but the Air Force balance totaled near- purchase than was estimated. Packing mately $13 billion.
ly $28.5 billion. If the Army's revised and crating of household goods was Appropriation bills contain more than
FY 1954 budget is added to its unex- nicked a substantial $10 million, a cut the authorization for dollar amounts;

24 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
they also include certain general pro- vided for exceptions, with the latter attempt to meet the 30 June deadline.
visions which spell out Congressional de- group defining the exceptions to ex- They found this impossible to do and
sires on specific subjects. For example, clude meals sen'ed in combat areas, on had to enact a Joint Resolution for the
in both the House and Senate bills the maneuvers, or troop movements, ca- month of July permitting the Govern-
operation of Commissaries was again in tastrophe feeding, and when officers are ment to meet its bill during the interim
issue. The Senate Appropriations Com- subsisted in messes with enlisted per- period.
mittee failed to find any justification for sonnel. The Hoover Commission in one of
Gm'ernment-operated sales commissaries Other items covered in these general its reports pointed out that the budget
at posts 'which are in or near metropolitan provisions were allowances for the edu- and appropriations process was the heart
areas. It was felt that even where Com- cation of dependents in overseas areas, of management and control of the af-
missaries were justified they could be limitation on shipment of household fairs of the Federal Government. As
operated by private enterprises. The goods, limitation on off-duty education a part of this process there must be
Defense Department strongly opposed of officers, as well as other subjects of included the control exercised over ex-
this provision, pointing out that com- particular concern to the Congress. penditures. During FY 1954 Army op-
missary benefits have always been taken The Congress faces its most difficult erations will be more directly affected
into consideration when establishing task when it must make decisions on by the efforts of the new administration
military pay rates. the Defense Budget, since their deci- to control expenditures; the expendi-
Another matter of direct interest to sions not only affect the security of the ture ceiling given the Army (tentatively
both officers and civilians eating at regu- United States but that of the rest of the $16.5 billion) for the present fiscal year
lar Service messes is the provision estab- world as well. This year the task was is perhaps of even greater significance
lishing $2.25 as the minimum daily rate. complicated by a late start and the than the amount approved for the new
Both the House and the Senate pro- Congress worked at a furious pace in an budget.

"BED CHECK CHARLIE" NIGHT RAIDS

From Our Confidential Reporter in Korea

You asked far the low-down; here it is. light on the rivers, or reflected from the glide in and then drop their laundry. The
The Chinese harassing raids have been rice paddies, gives them sufficient light for first warning in such cases is the explosion.
quite a problem, mostly because they keep navigation. They are further aided by the It is very difficult to get warning of their
a lot of people up and because it is very lights of Seoul, Inchon and the air bases. approach. The small radar reflecting sur-
annoying to all of us to have them slip in When they are detected of course black- face of the enemy planes, together with
and ever get away without catching a out conditions prevail, but this does not their low level and well screened approach
good lacing from the ack ack. The AAA necessarily act to their disadvantage be- reduces radar effectiveness. Visual OP's
hasn't missed out on it either. The search- cause it makes their visual detection more have not yet solved for their weakness
lights are beginning to pick them up and difficult, -and if they are not :illuminated either.
the AW' s are firing when we get a clear- by our searchlights they are relatively safe We take our share of kidding over here,
ance, illuminated or not. The ack ack shot from our AW fire. too, but are able to counter Air Force
down one not long ago and gave two more The tactics of approach used by these kidding with friendly remarks that their
a good pasting. They have a very salutary planes follow two definite patterns. On planes are too modem to cope with con-
effect on the red pilots, as evinced by the occasion they follow in with flights of our ventional types of training planes. Prob-
little real bomb damage done except in own aircraft, B26's or amphibious craft ably the Navy, with its F4U's, has helped
one raid. In fact, right now the enemy which are relatively slow, therefore being to prove our point. In the past few nights
planes are steering clear of defended areas. reasonably safe due to the doubt generated they have shot down four of these hecklers
Normallv these raids have been made in the minds of personnel in' the T ADC (YAK-I8's).
by four en~my planes and by never more that they also may be friendly. If they The AAA here work under the opera-
than seven. The Inchon raid, for example, are detected, they can "hit the deck" and tional control of the Fifth Air Force and
was made by three or four light aircraft, be reasonably certain of evading intercep- with splendid relations, improving rapidly.
identified as single engine monoplanes, and tion. The practice of flying low in the Whenever it becomes necessary to do
probably Russian observation or trainer valleys and along waterways has also been so the night effectiveness of AAA can be
types, quite successful insofar as avoiding radar improved materially by establishing Gun
They fly between 500 and 1,500 feet detection is concerned. This practice is defended areas (GDA's) and restricting
altitude, take advantage of valleys masked extremelv well suited to the terrain con- friendly aircraft to fly in well defined cor-
from radar, and also follow the river val- ditions here, where it is difficult to site ridors. The friendly plane night traffic is
leys. It is unusual for them to fly at any radar to take care of all dead areas and to now terrific. However, such restrictions
time except when the moon is out. Their cope with the problem of clutter. They are not likely until the enemy planes suc-
low altitude "lNiththe advantage of moon- also come in very low, cut their motors, ceed in doing more damage.
JUt Y -AUGUST, 1953 25.
 ASSIGNMENT AS AIDE-DE-CAMP
By 1st LIEUTENANT JOSEPH W. LEMIEUX
Aide-de-Camp 56th AAA Brigade

P mOR to my departure from Okina-

wa in October 1951, G1 of Rycom re-
forms specific duties prescribed and as-
signed by the Commanding General,
Ahm)'s keep notebook and pencil with
you, whether it is an official or social
ported me to the Department of the and assists in every manner possible as function. You may be 10,000 feet up
Army for reassignment to the Zone of a personal aide." I obtained a copy of in an airplane when the General will
Interior. Eight days later, Captain Ray, the Officer's Guide, Emily Post and oth- say: "Remind me to do 'so and so' when
G1 Officers' Section Rycom, called me er related books dealing with proper we get back." "When we get back" may
and asked: "Who do you know in the military and social life. be a week and several other "remind m~'
Pentagon?" and continued to inform me Reporting in for duty, I found Lieu- items later, having no bearing on the
that my orders gave me a directed MOS tenant Donald Harkins assigned as the present trip. It is much more pleasant
of 2030, Aide-de-Camp, and assigned other Aide. He had been on that duty to look at your notes than to be embar-
me to the 56th AAA Brigade at Camp about two months and had the ground- rassed when the General reminds vou
Edwards, Massachusetts. work laid. With his experience, my ap- of the items ..
I was overjoyed since I knew that prentice period was much easier than I You, as an Aide, are in a position
Brigadier General Harry F. Meyers was expected. where you can make many friends or
the Commanding General. I had served There is no ironclad rule or "bible" enemies. Your scope is broadened due
with General Meyers as First Sergeant which can be written on the duties of to the many things you see and hear in
of Headquarters Battery, 74th AAA Bri- an Aide. Your official duties normally your capacity. You can pass on to the
gade from September 1943 to its deac- will be based on your individual back- proper individuals information which
tivation in September 1945. Then again ground, the branch you are serving in pertains to their line of work. Do not
as an Administrative Assistant with the and the desires of the General Officer. misunderstand me and assume that I
Office of the Senior Ground Instructor, Social activities naturally will be gov- mean to pass on information which
Virginia National Guard, from July erned by the geographical location of properly should go through Command
1946 to his departure for Pakistan in your unit and whether the General re- Channels. I mean items such as when
March 1948. quires your presence at all social gather- the General mentions a better wav of
While en route back from Okinawa, ings or only those where an Aide is a doing things, or improvements that c~uld
"must." be made in a particular situation. Do
the thought assailed me that I did not
I have talked to numerous other Aides not "lay the law down" unless you have
have the vaguest idea of the duties of
on their duties and the sum of it is: Get been directed to do so.
an Aide-de-Camp. I had been exposed
to know the individual's personal and Above all, do not "pull the Old Man's
to those duties in World War II in the
military habits as quickly and thorough- rank" to get things for yourself. Be sure
74th Brigade from seeing the Aide in
ly as you can; keep yourself versed on that the individual you approach knows
operation, but when my knowledge of
those duties was boiled down, it con- all phases of the current military and whether you are speaking as the "Aide"
sisted of the one fact that the Aide nor- social activities; try to keep Y2 jump or as an individual.
mally accompanied the General on trips ahead of the "Old Man" (you usually You are not exempt from other duties
and checked to see that he was made . wind up 2 jumps behind him); and because vou are an Aide. Lt. Harkins,
comfortable. above all, pray that you wind up with whom I' mentioned above, was at var-
someone understanding. ious times during his tenure as Aide,
One thing in my fayor was that I was
It is necessary to keep yourself versed S2, Staff CBR Officer and Public In-
familiar with most of General Meyers'
on all phases of military activities since formation Officer. I have been Assistant
habits and knew how he liked to operate.
you are normally the individual accom- S3 and Battery CBR Officer. My pres-
Both families also knew each other quite
panying the General. You may be asked ent additional duties are Public Informa-
well.
the answers to problems ranging from tion Officer (which encompasses all AA
Immediately upon my return to the waivers for promotion to when a particu- units stationed in the First Army area
States and prior to my reporting for lar batterv last fired for record and the in the AA defense of that secto;) and
dutv, I scoured all the sources I could score obtained. Naturally, you cannot Staff CBR Officer. You are very likely
thi~k of for a book or pamphlet which remember such a multitude of informa- to fill in on any position of the staff
I could use as a guide in my duties. tion, but you should know where the in- when your unit is below strength.
Nothing dealt with that subject as such. formation is and the person to contact. Remember that some day you may be
The description of the duties of an Aide- You should keep abreast of regulations serving under the individuals you come
de-Camp in TM 12-406, Feb 46, gives and latest developments so tbat you have in contact with and that you are also in
only a general outline and is a good a general, if not a technical, knowledge a position which is a responsible one.
indication of the broad scope of duties of all activities. Remember the points the You must remain loyal to your superior,
you may be called upon to perform. The General is particularly interested in and but it is not necessary to be a "spy" to
first sentence of this guide reads: "Per- get yourself well versed in them. fulfill vour mission.
26 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 Message from the Chief of the Career Management
Division, Department of the Army

By MAJOR GENERAL J. C. FRY, USA

X HAVE recently been gi\'en the re- different assignments to give them on-
sponsibility as Chief of the Career Man- the-job practical training. In this latter
agement Di\'ision and appreciate the mission our objective is to develop to the
opportunity you have offered to use your utmost the inherent abilities, aptitudes,
magazine as a medium for contacting skills and accumulated knowledge so
Antiaircraft Artillery officers Army-wide. that the maximum number of officers
I believe this will be helpful to the Ar- may eventually reach their ultimate po-
tillery Branch in implementing assign- tential to their betterment and for the
ment policies and of value of all Anti- good of our Army and Nation.
aircraft Artillery officers by giving them \Vhen conRicts between our Career
a knowledge of our responsibilities and 0. lanagement Program and the combat
our procedures. requirements of the Army occur, Career
During the greater part of the last 0. lanagement assignments must of ne-
four years, I have served in Europe and cessity be interrupted. As a matter of
in Korea. In these assignments I have fact, the basic concept of Career i\,lan-
frequently heard combat officers remark agement was that the program was in-
that the chiefs of the technical and ad- tended to apply solely to the peacetime
ministrative services evidenced greater Major General ]. C. Fry development of officers, and this fact
concern and exercised greater considera- needs more thorough recognition. In
tion for their officers than did the Career ficers fail to appreciate the fact that the addition, there are a multitude of con-
i\lanagement Division for the combat Career l\-lanagement Division is the ap- Hicts that arise concerning the assign-
officers. \Vithout attempting to explain propriate agency for them to address re- ment of ofJicers e\'en though we en-
or refute such testimony and without quests and recommendations. The Sig- dea\'or to resolve all problems by the
intended implication of those who ha\'e nal or other technical officer knows that application of orderly and carefully de-
gone before me, I want to assure all of- such a letter to his Chief will receive a veloped policies designed to give equi-
ficers that this office represents the head quick and considerate answer. The table treatment to everyone. There are
of the military fraternity to which they combat arms officer will receive equally no mysteries or secrets about such poli-
belong. \Ve are intensely interested in expeditious consideration from commu- cies and it shall be my aim to eventually
the welfare and the progressive, advan- nications to the Chief of his Branch, publish detailed information concerning
tageous assignment of each individual Career Management Division. or merely methods of selecting officers for overseas
officer, and within the limits imposed by to the Chief, Career Management Di- assignment, procedures for selecting of-
military requirements our policy is to vision. I especially solicit comments and ficers to attend military schools, and in
comply as accurately as possible with recommendations for general officers and general to answer the questions that are
the requests of individual officers. senior field officers who have noted what uppermost in officers' minds. I would
It has frequently been evident that appeared to be ill-considered and im- like to assure all officers that I realize
a substantial number of combat arms of- proper assignments. fully that each assignment is of intense
importance to the individual selected to

General Fry comes to

from Koreo. where he hos commonded
his new
the
assignment
T 1-1 IS is not intended to be a lengthy
and detailed explanation of the Depart-
perform the special duty requirement.
There are good assignments and there
are others that offer fewer professional
2d Infontry Division lor Ihe post yeor. ment of the Army career program. How- advantages. All must be filled, as your
USMA groduote, Closs of 1922, he served
with ormored regiments eorly in World Wor ever, I feel it will be helpful if I men- readers will realize.
II ond os the Assislonl Division Commonder. tion the fact that our primary mission I hope that in each future issue of
88th Division, in the Mediterranean thealer
in 1945. during this era of quasi-peace is as al- your magazine you will permit the Ca-
He served in Austrio Irom 1949 to 1951 os ways, to fit officers to the essential jobs reer Management Division to use your
the Deputy High Commissioner ond os Ihe
Tactical Commander, US Forces in Austria. necessary to keep the elements that periodical to further acquaint officers
For our next issue Generol Fry hos prom. make up the Army in a high state of with our methods of operation, and to
ised us on orlicle on the Mi/itory Schooling
of the Army Officer. combat readiness. Our Career Man- supply other information of broad in-
agement goal is to rotate officers through terest.
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 27
Artillery Branch of Career Management Dillision
By COLONEL NORMAN E. HARTMAN

W HAT is my OEI? \Vill I be se-

lected for Leavenworth? \Vhen do I go
The decision as to whether an Artillery
officer receives a branch material or
remainder of his own file. In fact, if he
desires, he may designate in writing any
overseas? These are the questions we branch immaterial assignment is re- other officer to review his records fur
hear. solved between the Artillery Branch him.
No other single office in the Army and Special Assignments Branch, or if An officer's "TACO" file, which con-
has as much direct influence on every necessary, the Chief, CMD, makes the sists of the originals of his efficiency
Artillery officer's personal future as does decision. Warrant Officer assignments reports and his official 201 file, is main-
the Artillery Branch of Career Man- are monitored by the Branch which has tained by the Personnel Information
agement Division. Yet we find that primary interest according to the War- Branch, Personnel Division of T AGO.
there is widespread misunderstanding rant Officer's MOS. Artillery Branch This file is used by promotion boards
of "Career l\lanagement" -its functions monitors Warrant Officers of MOS 0632, and also by CMD for certain personnel
and its present limitations. This article 1121, 1184, 1185, 2743, 2745, and actions. An officer may also review this
is presented as one step toward clarifica- 8219. General Officers are not assigned file if he wishes and if he makes an ap-
tion of our career management opera- by Career Management Division. pointment at least three or four hours
tions, particularly for Artillery officers The Chief of the Artillery Branch is in advance.
with AAA background. Colonel Ernest C. Norman. The writer
is Chief of the AAA Section. Key as- The Career Guidance Section of the
The Career Management Division is
sistants are: Lt. Colonels Kenneth L. Artillery Branch selects or nominates of-
part of The Adjutant General's Office
Yarnall, Thomas H. Rousseau, Jr., and ficers for attendance at all service school
in Headquarters, Department of the
William Degyansky, Captain Clyde D. courses of longer than five months' du-
Army, at the Pentagon. The Chief of
Boden, and Miss Edith Hanson. ration plus the sixteen week Associate
the Career Management Division is
The Artillery Brarlch is organized Command and General Staff Officer
Major General James C. Fry. The per-
into five sections: Administrative, Ca- Course. Generally, quotas for courses
sonnel policies under which CMD op-
reer Guidance, Overseas Assignments, of less than five months are controlled
erates originate in the office of the
by Continental Army Commanders. Ex-
Army G 1. Career Management Divi- . Zone of the Interior CZl) Assignments,
and Personnel Actions. In each of the cept for the Arty Fire Control Systems,
sion's primary mission is to so control
operating sections there is an officer Guided Missiles, and Associate C&GS
the assignments and schooling of In-
with antiaircraft background. The fol- courses, the limited capacities of the
fantry, Artillery, and Armor officers as
lowing records are maintained by the service schools have precluded the at-
to provide varied, progressive experience
Administrative Section for each Artillervtendance of EAD officers, although
over a period of years which will qualify
officer on active duty: •many EAD officers have been selected
these officers for larger responsibilities.
for attendance at the Battery Officer and
Understandably, the accomplishment
~ Photostat copies of efficiency re- Advanced Artillery Courses. The Asso-
of this mission has been made more
ports. ciate C&GS Course has been designed
difficult by the requirements of the
~ Career Summary CD/ A AGO Form primarily to provide schooling for EAD
Korean conflict.
300). officers at the C&GS level. All RA of-
Under the Chief, CMD, there are
~ Statement of Service. ficers now attend the Battery Officer
four branches: the Infantrv, Artillerv,
~ Preference Card CD/ A AGO Form Course and the Advanced Course, but
and Armor Branches, and a'Special As-
483). selections for the C&GSC and other like
signments Branch. Generally speaking,
~ D/ A AGO Form 66. courses are highly competitive. These
the first three are responsible for branch
~ Artillery Branch 201 file. competitive selections are based on very
material assignments, selections for PCS
careful study of each officer's entire
attendance at schools, and other branch
material personnel actions, and the last
handles branch immaterial assignments.
T record. An officer's Overall Efficiency
HE Career Summaries and State- Index is one factor considered but is
ments of Service are graphical sum- very definitely not the only factor. Each
maries of an officer's efficiency record RA officer is competitively considered
made up from extracts from' his effi- for attendance at these courses each
Colonel Norman E. Hartman has served
since 1950 os Chief of the AAA Section, ciency reports. These are maintained year that he is eligible. No application
Artillery Branch, CMD. He retires on July for Regular Army officers only. The is required from the officer in order to
31st after more than 35 years service. Colo-
~el D. D. Martin has been named as his Branch 201 file contains all other papers be considered. Those officers selected
successor and is expected to report at once. which may be of use il1 determining as- usually have had well rounded careers
Colonel and Mrs. Hartman will continue
to reside in their home at 15 West Spring signments. It is for the use of Artillery with fine records in both command and
St., Alexandria, Va. Branch, CMD personnel only. Anyof- staff assignments. D/ A Pamphl~t 20-21,
ficer who visits CMD may review the "The Army School Catalog," dated
28 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 June 1952, contains detailed informa- overseas prior to 1 June 1949, arranged sources of replacements to fill these
tion about e\"ery Army School and within each grade in accordance with requisitions are officers returning from
should he familiar to all officers. the number of months each officer has overseas and, to a smaller extent, gradu-
The Career Guidance Section also served overseas, the officer with the ates of PCS courses at service schools.
nominates R-\ officers for US Air Force least months heading the list. The Assignments for these overseas returnees
and US Navy Schools and for foreign second part contains the list of those are not determined until the officer is
schools. These selections are also com- Artillery officers now in the ZI who re- officially forecast for return by the over-
petitive. However, if an officer desires turned from overseas after 1 June 1949, seas command. CI\ID in no way in-
attendance at one of these schools he arranged within each grade in accord- fluences the date of return of an officer.
should so state on his annual Prefer- ance with date of last return from over- Here, as in the Overseas Section,
ence Card. Officers must apply for civil seas assignment, the man who returned the ZI Section determines assignments
schooling, under the provisions of SR earliest heading the list. Starting at from a careful studv of each individual's
350-230-52. This schooling is usually the top of the first part of this roster the records in conjunction with a study of
postgraduate and is now limited to RA Overseas Section tentatively makes se- the requisitioned grades and MOS's. If
officers. The schooling is for two, some- lections to fill the requisition. Obvi- the requirements of the service permit,
times three years, and must be followed ously, officers cannot be sent overseas assignments are made which will broad-
by a three-year assignment in which exactlv in the order of their vulner- en the officer's career pattern. Because
the officer utilizes his civil school back- ability. First, an officer must satisfy the the Artillery at present is short in lieu-
ground. Since this means that the offi- MOS requirement. Second, an officer tenant colonels, majors, and captains,
cer will not be available for service in a stabilized tour cannot be reassigned. this cannot always be done. Further-
schooling for a period of at least five And, third, care must be taken not to more, the use of the "directed and the
years, it is desirable, but not mandatory, entirely deplete a unit in the Zl. Final recommended MOS" has been sus-
that applicants for civil schooling have selection is determined from a careful pended. After publication of the D/ A
completed the Advanced Course. study of each individual's file, pri- assignment order CMD has no control
An officer's OEl will be disclosed marily his Form 66. An individual's over the officer's specific duty assign-
only to the officer himself in person or preference for overseas assignment is ment since the lower echelon com-
to his authorized representative, not by considered but, because of the combat mander is authorized to utilize his per-
mail. The OEl was adopted by the rotation plan now in effect in Korea, it sonnel as he desires.
Army in 1951 to lessen the effect of is frequently impracticable to assign an The fourth section of the Artillery
widely fluctuating efficiency report officer to the theater he desires. Over- Branch, Personnel Actions, recommends
scores on an officer. This index is an seas orders are usually published about actions on such important matters as
average of the most recent efficiency three months prior to the port reporting renewals of categories, reliefs from ac-
ratings rendered on a particular officer. date. These orders specify the Theater tive duty, resignations, transfers and
Only regular efficiency reports are used and the MOS against which the officer details, requests for airborne or aviation
in calculating the OEL Academic, let- is being shipped. However, the over- training, procurement of officers, and
ter, or abbre\'iated reports, although an seas theater commander will determine elimination of officers for cause.
important part of an officer's efficiency . the officers assignment and this final Generally RA Artillery officers are
report file, are not used in computation assignment is sometimes different from receiving cross training by means of "in-
of the OEL The OEl is a moving aver- that indicated by the MOS specified in tegrated" courses: The Artillery Officer
age score vI,'hich covers only the effi- the orders. To assist the Theater G 1 Advanced Course and the Artillery Bat-
ciency reports for the most recent five in determining the overseas assignment, tery Officer Course are both "integrated"
years. It uses the Army Standard Rat- photostat copies of each field grade offi- courses. That is, students at these two
ing system with scores ranging from a cers Form 66 are air-mailed to the Thea- courses receive instruction in both Field
low of 51 to a high of 150. It carries no ter as soon as the officer is placed on Artillerv and Antiaircraft Artillery. To
implication about the number of offi- overseas orders. further' cross train the graduates of these
cers who can be considered competent The ZI Assignments Section has the two courses D/ A policy requires that
or incompetent. mission of assigning all Artillery officers the graduates allotted to branch material
to ZI vacancies, except for the branch positions after graduation be cross as-

T immaterial positions controlled by SA

HE Overseas Assignment Section Branch. Its largest customers for Ar-
is concerned primarily with assigning tillery officers with AAA background
signed. That is, a captain with a FA
background may be assigned to an AAA
Battalion of the Army Antiaircraft Com-
officers to overseas stations as required are the Army AA Command, the mand, or a major experienced in AAA
by monthly requisitions received some AA&GM Center, Civilian Components may be assigned to a FA Battalion.
five months in advance from each over- (ROTC, National Guard, and USAR These two courses, followed by cross
seas major command. These requisi- requirements), Continental Army Head- assignment, are the primary means of
tions state requirements by grade and quarters, and the Third Army AA cross training RA Artillery officers.
MOS. The first tool used by the Over- Training Center. For Zl requirements Primarily for the purpose of cross
seas Section is the Overseas Vulnerabil- requisitions are submitted monthly three training long-term civilian component
ity Roster. This roster is in two parts. months in advance. At present, except officers there have been established two
The first part lists all Artillery officers for newly commissioned USMA, OCS, Artillerv Transition Courses, an eight
now in the ZI who last returned from and ROTC lieutenants, the primary week AAA course at Fort Bliss and a
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 29
ten week FA course at Fort sm. These ciency reports which have been made the letter to the proper office for reply.
courses begin monthly with a quota of on them. Frequently a visitor will state The following points will clarify some
forty officers for each course. Officers that he is very sorry he had not looked of the more frequent mistaken assump-
are cross assigned, with attendance at at his records long ago. tions. CMD plays no part in the selec-
these courses on TDY en route to their Besides visiting CMD, every officer tion of officers for promotion nor in the
new assignment. Artillery Branch of also may write a personal letter direct to development of promotion policies..That
CMD has received a few informal com- Cl\ID for information. Letters may be is entirely a GI function. CMD does
plaints from officers who have been addressed to an individual officer bv not act on requests for voiding or chang-
cross assigned but generally it appears name or to "Chief, Artillery Branch, ing efficiency reports. That is a func-
that most of the officers are accepting CMD, TAGO, Washington 25, D. C:' tion of the Personnel Information
the challenge which the new type as- Regardless of how addressed, these let- Branch, Personnel Division of T AGO.
signment presents. ters receive careful consideration and CMD does not determine when de-
Of interest too, relative to the inte-prompt reply by personnel assigned' to pendents will join officers at their ove
gration of the Artillery, is a recent di-Cl\lD. The great majority of letters re- seas stations. That date is determined
rective issued by the Chief, CMD, ef- ceived inquire about one of two mat- by the Theater Commander. CMD
fective 1 August 1953, that the Artilleryters. One is, 'What is my next assign- does not select officers for TDY courses
Branch of CMD will be completely in- ment?" The other is, "Will I be selected of instruction (except in the case of the
tegrated. All selections for schools and for higher level schooling?" Each of Associate C&GSC or in conjunction
assignments will be based on records as these questions can be answered only with a PCS). Quotas for TDY courses
Artillery officers and the MOS for generally. Unfortunately, CMD can are allotted to Continental Army Com-
which each officer has been trained rarely furnish specific advance infor- manders.
without regard to whether he was for- mation as to future assignments, since Let me stress that visits and worth-
merly FA or AAA. as soon as assignments are definitely de-
while letters to our office are very much
termined orders are published. Orders
encouraged. We consider it one of our
are issued approximately three months
EVERY RA officer should visit CMD primary responsibilities to discuss with
in advance, which is normally suffi-
and review his records. Such visits are cient time for personal planning. and advise Artillery officers concerning
generally the only way in which an offi- Manv letters are received which in- their future careers. Wherever possible
cer can determine how he has been quire about matters for which CMD we try to satisfy personal desires, when
rated. It is surprising how many offi- has no responsibility. In such cases we it can at the same time satisfy service
cers are unaware of the nature of effi- either obtain the information or refer requirements.

30th AAA Group Evaluation Tests

By 2nd LIEUTENANT A. H. TUFFT
518th AAOD

IN the AAA Defense of San Francisco

the 30th AAA Group conducts tracking
in terms of time and ease of data collec-
tion. Second, the system must yield a
unit as to make the method of scoring
unfair. As a result the S3 section of the
missions in which the defense is con- fair comparison of all batteries regard- 30th AAA Group initiated a study to de-
trolled from the AAOC as though the less of the type of equipment employed termine handicap factors to compensate
missions were actual strikes. In order (such as the M33 or SCR 584 type for the coverage and clutter differences.
to get the maximum interest and train- radars). Finally, the indicator must be However, these handicap factors were
ing value from these missions Colonel reliable. It must accurately represent soon eliminated. It was discovered, for
Walter H. Murray, Group Command- true performance data regardless of ex- example, that a large handicap factor
er, saw the need to measure the ef- tenuating circumstances such as differ- added to an average score frequently
ficiency of each individual battery. We ent types of equipment and personal raised the score to more than 100%.
needed to develop an indicator to meas- opinion of the rater. Whereas, the leading battery with a
ure and compare the operational efficien- We started out with a tentative formu- small handicap factor received a score
cy of each battery. la and have changed it many times as of less than 100% and could not pos-
Such an indicator needs to meet the we learned from experience. It was sibly win the 30th AAA Group trophy
practical requirements. First, the indi- soon apparent that radar coverage and awarded to the battery in the defense
cator must be convenient and practical clutter factors were so different in each having the highest target acquisition per-
30 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
rentage each month. At this time the
average score for the defense was ap-
~so
0_ ~ -i:; "'"
"""'"
S>.
proximately 40%.
In the search for a better method of
]~
'"2~
"~_d
""
" -so""
.. - ..
:>::"
01
x
?> "
:Eeo..
.--:::~
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~~
;:;:
~~
.., ..
",0>
;;~
"'"
~'" ~"
x
x
;;
::::"

....
~"
e\'aluation, a measure was developed ..
;..

~
oS
~
-;;
",,,,

!!:;: ...,,-,,==>=>0 1;jC<: ~s P::", ...'"

~~
",

'""'""
J.4.S
"'- 1::'"
"
;05 ~" "'S
"'='0 ",<>

~E
that did meet the requirements. Essen- "s.~-5 ",,, sO'
"'" > .. s-<:
£. £ :>::~ :L:~_ 8:::: :C: :;q:: -<~ z_
"" '"
S
:>::
tially it combined three aspects of bat-
A I 140 120 Yes 30 30 25 80 4 Target Destroyed
tery effectiveness, namely: promptness
of radar pickup, readiness to simulate 13 "3 137 60 Yes 28 30 27 60 3" Gun 10ut-Breechblock
engagement, and degree of readiness of
the guns into a single rating system. the range factors used. Dr. Palmer is 120 30 4
This system is a convenient and prac- still an enthusiastic AAA officer. His
% Score =-
120
+ 30 + 4 = 100%
tical one in that all the necessary data last active duty was on the staff of the
3
are collected during tracking missions 2nd AM Gro'up at Fort Niagara, New
and the calCulations are quite simple. York. Example 2. ("B" battery 3rd Battalion
Shown below is the formula as it would It is important to note that the re- using SCR 584 type radar)
apply to M33 or SCR 584 type equip- searchers indicated that the contribution 60 28 3
ment. of anyone of the three efficiency aspects % Score = 70 + 30 + "4 = 84.7%
(Range of initial pickup (Fuze range at 3
in thousands of yards) + engagement) + (Guns in action)
Range Factor 30 4 In addition to computing percentage
% Score = scores of the defense, this system can be
3
used to show the degree of maintenance,
The formula is applicable to all type fire to the overall ratings is dependent not training and morale of the units in the
control equipment in that the only fac- only upon the actual scores obtained, defense, and by checking these weekly
tor that may differ is the range factor. but also upon the differences between scores, a Defense Commander can quick-
The range factor for the SCR 584 modi- scores. ly evaluate and correct the deficiencies
fied for 90,000 yards range is 70. The In the San Francisco Defense it was of his batteries.
range factor ~or the M33 with maximum found that the "guns in action" portion By using this system of evaluation,
range of 125,000 yards is 120. In the of the equation added little to the rank- the average score in the defense has
event of an SCR 584 that has not been ing of the batteries, whereas the radar doubled during the past eight months,
modified for 90,000 yards, a ratio may acquisition and fire simulation scores and the degree of maintenance is such
be set up to determine the actual range contributed heavily and almost equally. that in a recent month only 0.01% of
factor to be used. In order to compute the actual scores, the equipment in the defense was non-
A study of the above formula and the a standard "After Action Report Form" operational for a period of 24 hours or
results it yielded was made by Dr. Frank was used which is shown in part below. more. The equipment that was non-
H. Palmer and Pvt. Thomas Myers With the information noted on the operational, in almost every case, was
(Ph.D. in Psychology) of the Army above report, we have shown two ex- due to fair wear and tear. By publishing
Field Forces Human Research Unit No. amples of how the scores would be com- and distributing the weekly and month-
2, Fort Grd, California. After a careful puted using this formula. ly averages the group has created a keen
mathematical analvsis of the results thev Example 1. ("A" battery, 1st Battalion competition among all batteries in the
have concurred in' both the formula and using M33 type radar) defense.

BATTERY D, 18th AAA GUN BATTALION

By J sf LT. ROBERT H. ELLIOTT, JR.
Commanding

T HE site occupied by "Dog" battery

is situated in an area about ten miles
from downtown Detroit. It is surrounded
by small truck farms. When the site
near paralyzing muck, occupied by Roor-
less squad tents and 90mm guns. As an
was first occupied the one-eighth mile example, one battery occupied this site
of public road leading to the site from for a short per,iod and was unable to
lieutenant Elliott graduated at The Citadel the main road was a rutted trail leading move any equipment, since all trucks
in 1950 and entered active duty in February to a sea of mud. Lacking any develop- bogged down while sitting in the motor
1952. He has been in the 18th AAA Gun Bn
since it was activated~ ment or drainage system in the area, a pool area. In this situation, the prob-
heavy rain resulted in an expanse of lems of moving and maintaining heavy
JULY-AUGUST,1953 31
equipment were enormously increased. for site imprm'ement and trammg was as to appearance and all weather sen'ice.
Equipment bogged down in towing, and initiated. A few simple ideas were used Other morale features ha,'e been the
for a time remained on roadside, off site, by the command to improve all-round construction of a baseball diamond.
aue to ground conditions. Guns settled
in the mud when emplaced and during
rains were constantly splattered \\;th
conditions. It was felt that the men
would take pride in their unit and its
equipment if e,'erything was placed in
clothing racks in the living quarters, and
various improvements in the battery day
room.
I
mud.
The lack of permanent buildings of
any type left the unit with a mess
first class shape. This led to the slogan
within the battery, "it 0111.1' costs a little
For better ~ecurity a sturdy fence
was installed surrounding the site. The
fence was made with crossties uniform.
I
hall of three squad tents, where in wet
weather muddy-footed cooks prepared
meals for the unit, and where K.P.'s
ly spaced and painted. It is well wired.
with both horizontal and vertical strands.
F]oodlights were placed in the gun park
I
wiped thick coats of dust from tables and
equipment in dry weather. Latrines con-
sisted entirelY of the Chick Sale two
for illumination and a guard tower was
situated in a position enabling one guard
to ,'iew the entire gun park and save
l
haler ,'ariet,. with screen covered win-
dows to offer year-round ventilation.
Showers were taken at various schools,
long duty hours for others.
A great deal of effort was applied
toward the maintenance and protection
~
I
government installations, firehouses, and of equipment and the comfort of opera.
Y1\ICA buildings up to eight miles from Battery D Site. Note the main junction tors. Equipment housed from the weath. I
the site. Equipment available to the unit box and cable system. er is easier to maintain and will receive
()ffered nothing in the way of training better care. A generator building is now '
aids or classroom facilties. Classes were more to go first class." First, greater under construction to house the two
taught in the open when possible or pains were taken to construct items that generating units of the battery and the
in the cramped conditions afforded by a were needed within the unit and to 1\155 machine gun 'mount. The space
"Squad tent during inclement weather. make them the best available. Officers utilized by the !\-I55 will eventually be
These conditions, however, were only and NCO's worked directly in the in- taken over by a motor generator unit
a part of the problems faced by com- terests of the men, by showing them to operate the 1\133 Fire Control Sys.
manders and men. The tactical require- how to accomplish the job, and by ob- tem. This project has been a long one,
ments of Antitaircraft sites call for twen- taining the equipment for them to use. since the size of the structure has neces-
ty-four hour defense. After a regular This meant going out on our own and sitated "scrounging" a large quantity of I
.duty day, men were often alerted to getting lumber, paint, and building ma- lumber and other building materials.
their sta.tions to find their boots and teria]s from any possible source. It is The cable protection system of the bat-
clothes wet. This round-the-clock de- a common thing to see an officer and a tery has been completely rebuilt. It
fense setup likewise dictated a pass poli- group of men bringing in to the site consists of a series of troughs blocked
.cy which forced men to remain on site trucks loaded with every imaginable off the ground. These troughs have aat
for days at a time without a pass. The kind of materia] and equipment. This one by eight board covers to protect the
.already serious morale problem was ag- "scrounged" materia] was used in mak- cables from the rain and small cross
gravated by a lack of athletic and rec- ing "Dog" battery the finest site in the strips spaced at intervals along the bot-
reational facilities on site. Brieay stated, area. There was never time to quit; new
this is a picture of "0" battery of not improvements were always planned prior
too long ago. to the completion of ones already initi-
Slowly the picture began to change. ated. Suggestions submitted by the men
Several problems were solved by gov- were often put into effect, thus giving
.ernment contracts. To enable the move- them more personal interest.
ment of heavy equipment within th~ The mess hall interior was painted,
area, a hard gravel surfaced road and using an attractive combination of colors
hardstands for emplacement of guns to brighten the bare structure left by
were constructed. Two permanent build- the contractors. Pictures were framed
ings were erected to house a mess hall and hung to present a more homelike
.and a latrine. Fortunately, the level of atmosphere; specially constructed lamp A portion of the gun park showing a
the land to the west is generally lower shades were hung. The Army Antiair- Security floodlight
.and allowed successful drainage by a craft Command shoulder patch, the
system of ditches along the main road. battalion's distinctive insignia and cross tom upon which the cables rest. Air
Later squad tent living quarters were cannons were painted on the front wall can circulate within the system thereby
exchanged for Jamesway huts which af- of the mess hall to distinguish the unit eliminating moisture condensation. In
forded greater warmth in winter and a and its command. The latrine interior winter, this entire system will be covered
Roor instead of bare earth. \Vith these was painted to protect the walls and with sandbags for weather protection.
improvements in facilities, bare personal ceiling, to simplify cleaning, and to pro- The main junction box and the smaller
necessities were now available. vide more attractive conditions for the junction boxes are covered by small
At this time, a long range program men. \Va]ks in the area were improved shelters which match the cable covers
:32 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
in design and protect them from the pa.inted supports for gun bogies, a fuel izontal bars were added for individual
elements. These shelters also contain revetment, and a steel pipe garbage rack. exercises.
racks "which hold EE-8 telephones used Training is a requirement at any To imprm'e accuracy in night orienta-
in battery hot loop communication. A Army installation. "With this in mind tion and to improve training in night
gun tent has been set up with tool boards we have planned improvements v;:hich operation procedures, backsighting lights
for the various gun sections, machine would lend themselves to easier teach- have been provided for the guns. These
gun section, and gun mechanic. This ing and increased learning. A major lights are connected to extensions and
board provides a convenient means for item in this program was the construc- housed in cabinets on the floodlight
display of the tools and for easy inspec- tion of an outdoor classroom. This con- posts.
tion. A rack has also been constructed sists of bleachers, a podium, demonstra- As the reader has probably noted al-
within the tent to hold pioneer tools. tion table, and an easel for blackboard ready, there are those items which pro-
This is the last tent of any type stand- or training aids. This classroom also vide "eyewash." Neat and uniform signs
ing on the site. It will be struck as provides facilities of an outdoor movie are found throughout the area. Picket
soon as a building similar to our present theater for showing movies out of doors fences have been built along the road
generator shed can be constructed. A in warm weather. at the entrance to the site to provide
small but very important building in To provide better training facilities visitors with good first and last impres-
the battery is the paint and grease shed for the communication section and the sions. Another structure of this type is
containing shelving for the storage of Range Platoon, a building 30 x 36 feet a latticework area around the garbage
paint and grease and a small collapsible was constructed. In the large communi- rack in the rear of the mess hall. These
desk top used for making out hand cation room, built-in cabinets house all small but important pieces of "eyewash"
receipts for issuance of paint and sup- spare parts and equipment leaving ade- add to appearance, thus aiding the mo-
plies. To provide for easier maintenance quate room for the entire section to as- rale of the troops.
of telephone communications, battery's semble for classes or to perform main-
neld-"\vire telephone lines are installed tenance. Finishing touches are now Ideas are at present being formulated
on poles using crossarms and insulators being added to the CP, which also pro- to provide new buildings and additiOns
similar to those used by commercial tele- vides adequate space for training and to existing structures. To obtain a top
phone companies. This system gives a work. notch oufit there must be a driving in-
neat appearance in place of systems To implement the physical training fluence, careful planning, and the feel-
which usually resemble huge spider program, an area was set aside for calis- ing that e17erythingmust be the best
webs. Other necessities constructed with thenics and equipped with an instruc- obtainable. Remember "it only costs a.
a thought toward eye appeal were neat tor's stand for better group control. Hor- little more to go first class."

Armed Forces Day in the 601st AAA Battalion (Gun)

Sy CAPTAIN RALPH L. HOPKINS

THE morning of 16 May dawned

bright and clear and found Baker Bat-
had received a fresh coat of 'white paint,
parking lot markers and flagpole were
Baker Battery began about a week and
a half ahead of the big day and imme-
tery of the 601st MA Gun Battalion freshly whitewashed. The personnel of diately several problems arose. First, how
putting the finishing touches on the big- the battery were dressed in their Sunday to advertise and how to get the civilians
gest "spit and polish" job it had done in best uniforms and were ready and wait- interested in coming out to sub-suburban
many a moon. A new archway sign ing when the first civilian; started to Washington to look at one little gun
graced the entrance to the position, the arrive. position when the city itself and the sur-
windows in the prefabs were polished, AIl of this was the result of an an- rounding Air' Force bases were putting
tires had a fresh coat of tire black, the nouncement two weeks earlier by Lt. on huge and gala shows to attract the
buildings themselves had been wiped CoL James O. J\lurphy, Commanding crowds on the same day. This problem
dmvn and the latrine, mess hall and bar- Officer of the 601st AM Gun Battalion, \vas met in several unique ways. Per-
racks were spotless and glistening. The that the batteries of the 601st would sonal invitations were carried by the
equipment had received more inside and hold open house on Armed Forces Day sharpest of the battery's soldiers to the
outside maintenance than was even re- and the offer of a day off for the battery pastors and priests of the local churches,
quired by the manual. Cable "wickets which produced the best results. This many of whom noted the occasion in
announcement was made in the interest their church notices to their congrega-
of public relations bet,yeen the batteries tions. J\lore of these invitations ,,,ere
Captain Hopkins, with varied service in the and the neighborhoods around their out- sent, or carried, to Masonic Lodges, Elks
Coost Artillery, Submarine Mine Depot, and
the Infantry, commanded Battery B, 60lst lying defense positions, and it proved to Lodges and Lions Clubs. The principal
AAA Battalion (Gun) on Armed Forces Day.
He is now ballalion G2.
be an excellent "get acquainted" idea. of a nearby high school was contacted
Preparations for the open house at and assisted the unit tremendouslJ by
JULY-AUGUST,1953 33
having his art class make fifty silk-screen each station quite humanly gets tired of ping-pong tabl~ for the rest of the mOrn. \
posters ad\'ertising the occasion. and ha\'- saying the same thing o\'er and over mg. At 0930 It clouded up and rained
ing his reproduction unit run off two
thousand handbills giving time and
place of the open house and listing items
again and his voice wears out until he
loses interest in what he's saying and
consequently loses the attention and in-
and the day began to look like a wash.
out. At about 1030 hours the sun came
through again and with it came the
I
that would be open to inspection during
the day as well as mentioning a softball
game scheduled for the afternoon.
terests of his listeners. There were not
sufficient men in the batten' who were
good speakers to provide alternates at the
people. They came in cars and baby
carriages, they came on scooters. bicrcl~
and on horseback. They were the priest,
I
Through the cooperation of the princi- se\'eral stations and this presented prob- the parson, the group commander, the
pals concerned, one of these handbills lem number two. The Batterv PX ste- battalion commander, the grocer, the I
went home with each student, not only ward owned a tape recorder and of- farmer, the milkman, the barber: the\'
from the high school, but also with each fered its use to the Battery Commander were i\lr. and i\ Irs, Jones and all th~
of the students from a nearby grammar and the idea was welcomed wholeheart. little Joneses: thev were the bov scouts
school and a parochial school. edly. A sergeant with a good speaking the girl scouts, th~ cub scouts \\:ith thei;
The posters were placed in the win- voice was chosen for each of the stations pack leaders and den mothers; they were
dows of the local merchants' shops and the school teachers with their classes and
in the windows of private vehicles the Sunday school teachers with their
owned by battery personnel. An ice classes; they were a couple of girls in
cream man who has been more or less shorts who ended up umpiring the soft.
adopted by the battery had a professional ball game. In short, they were the whole
sign painter put signs on both sides of neighborhood, the people we wanted
his ice cream wagon to ad\'ertise for the most to know; and thev were friendh'.
battery. In addition to all this a small They didn't come to co~plain about o~r
item about the open house was published being there, about the cost of our equip-
by each of the local newspapers. ment in terms of their taxes, or about
'With the publicity problem soh'ed the our explosives endangering their neigh-
battery moved into actual preparation and given a script which he studied un- borhood. They came because they
for receiving visitors, A county fair set- til he could give it in a natural tone of wanted to see what we were doing, how
up was arranged whereby the visitors voice and put it on tape, In the mean- we live and how we act. Thev wanted
were to be met and greeted at the gate, time several men were sent out in vari- to get to know us and they did. The
asked to sign the battery guest register ous directions to trv to borrow more men of the battery carried the infants,
and were directed to the parking lot. tape or wire recorders. They met with small boys rode the guns, the little girls
At the parking lot the visitors would be no success and since the one tape record- were delighted with the new litter of
picked up by a guide and escorted to the er could only be used at one station at kittens, the ladies were amazed by the
radar where a short talk was to be given a time, and all the stations had to func- mess hall and the men intrigued by the
explaining what the radar does in civil- tion simultaneously, it looked as though equipment. And when evening rolled
ian language; from there to the com- the idea was going to fall through, until around they weren't visitors any more,
munication section where thev were to someone suggested cutting records. Im- they were neighbors and when they left,
be given a short explanation of commo mediately, the scissors came out and the they left invitations to supper, to the
duties; then to one of the guns that explanations at each station were cut to church fair, to the school dance, to their
would be running a present position one minute's duration and a detail was homes, to their churches; but most of all
check so the visitors could look through sent to the Glen Echo amusement park they left with the men that feeling 01
the tube and see the plane being tracked to cut records at a cost of 25~ each to "belonging" to the community.
with no one at the gun controls (this the Battery Commander. In the mean- It helps a lot when you can walk
really impressed the visiting civilians time, record players were borrowed from through town and say "Hi Jack" to the
more than anything else did); from there the Battalion Commander, the Battery grocer and you know you arc going to
to another gun with the battery's best Commander, the Radar Officer and some get a smile and a greeting in return.
crew going through gunner's hop. This from the battery Ei\l and set up at the
completed the tour of the equipment and various stations,
the guests were then to be led through A £nal briefing of the men the night IT was just a little thing, really, no
the newly completed mess hall and one before Armed Forces Day straightened grandiose parade, no Reet of airplanes
or two of the completed prefab barracks out all the kinks in the plans. Everyone or parachute drops, no flowery speeches
and the dayroom. This would leave was cautioned to be pleasant and friend- -just a hundred soldiers whose duties
them at the end of the battery street ly to the visitors, to avoid bad language, ha\'e become a little more pleasant and
closest to the ball diamond where picnic and to avoid talking about anything of only about three hundred civilians who
tables would be set up and where the a classified nature, the latter gone into know their soldiers a little better and
ball game would be played after lunch. very thoroughly at that time. belie\'e a little more in their Armv be-
Came 0 Day and H Hour-and two cause thev, visited Batten'. B on Armed
small boys came hesitantly up to the Forces Day.
ONE of the major de£ciences of a gate. They were escorted all around Reports from the other batteries in
county fair setup is that the speaker at the County Fair and then took over the (Col1linued 011 page 41)

34 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 THE LONG WATCH *

KT is the guns you notice nrst as you approach the about the cold winter nights in the tents, or the mud,
Site-the long barrels of the 90's slanting toward the sky, and probably few of the thousands who pass these Sites
And it seems strange that they should be there on the every day realize that if on some dread day the strange
outskirts of Brooklyn with the parachute jump of Coney planes should come, it is these soldiers and these radars
Island and the roller coasters looming not far away, and guns which represent the inner line of defense of
Then as you draw closer you see the big olive-drab their homes, their city.
trailers, the neatly sandbagged re\'etments, the rows of It is a grim commentary on the times, perhaps, that the
]amesway huts and tents and, over alL the radar antennas, guns should have to be there and the men, Yet there is
turning, turning again, searching from horizon to hori- reassurance in it, too. For antiaircraft has come a lono
zon, Finally, there is the guard, a carbine slung on his wa\' since \\Torld \Var II. It can do thinos which were""
, ""
scarcely dreamed in those days of propeller-driven planes
shoulder, pacing thc perimeter of the area, a fcw feet
from the civilians passing on the sidewalk, thc romping and the bare beginnings of guided missiles.
children, the traffic's ebb and How, It was shortly after the war the \-Vestern Electric and
All this secms out of place in a ncighborhood that the Bcll Laboratories were asked bv Armv Ordnance and
could be thc outskirts of any city; the area whcrc the the Air Force to go to work on th~ de\'el~pment of a fire
c1osc-packcd rows of houses begin to thin out making control radar system which would "take into account
room for \'acant lots and trees, . , an area where peoplc's future targets and new tcchniques." In othcr words, a
back yards arc full of their hobbics. system that would bc capable of directing the guns
Th~ full oflicial designation of the Sitc is "Charlic" swiftly and surely at the high Hying, supersonic jet
Battcry, 737 AAA Gun Battalion, And just as its neigh- planes and missilcs of today.
borhood suggcsts so many othcrs familiar to us all, so too \Vanted was a systcm which would do most of the
is this particular Site similar to many other such sites thinking for itself. For thcre just isn't time for the human
which have unobtrusi\'ely sprung up-little military brain to compute all thc factors involved in intercepting
islands in thc midst of civilian lifc-in parks and vacant today's targets with artillery shells.
lots, in cornfields, among thc neat, white rows of housing "Tanted, too, was a combined acquisition and fire con-
developments around the perimetcrs of our big cities and trol system which could pick u[) taroets at far orcater
\'ital defcnse areas, rangcs. than formerly; that could instantaneously
"" ""give a
All most people know about thcsc Sitcs is that thc sol- batter)' commandcr all thc information hc needed in
diers camc one day with their trucks and trailers and set regard to the selection of targets and could feed this in-
up the radars and guns and tents. They don't know formation O\'cr to highly accurate tracking radars which
control the aiming of the guns.
*Reprinted from March-April 1953 issue of
Further, this cquipment must be compact cnough to
11"£, Western Electric Co., Jne.

r q

Off come the gun covers and the men take their sta- The telephone plays a part in the alert, too. The
tions, live ammunition ready "just in case," Usual corporal at this gun position is awaiting orders from
cause of alerts: one of "our" planes which i~ tem- the battery commander while the gun crew gets
porarily unidentified. ready for "action."

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 35
 Tracldllg mISSlOIlS, occasiollal alerts J.-eep .'Charlie" Battery
ill peal.- cOllditioll for whatever may come

be assembled in a special trailer, rugged enough to with-

stand travel over all sorts of terrain and simple enough to
be operated by men with little technical background.

T HE answer to these problems is something which

\V.E. has been making for some time now called "~1-33."
And it is ~1-33 (and in some cases its trial-model prede-
cessor 1'-33), which forms the heart of the antiaircraft ~
sites that we see today.
All that i\1-33 can do cannot be told for security rea-
sons. But apparently it meets the above requirements
,'ery well indeed. In some respects, i\ 1-33 with its pierc-
ing radar eyes, the swift mechanical brain of its com-
puter, comes close to the popular concept of "push-
button" warfare. But only up to a point. Like other
amazing modern weapons it can only function at maxi-
mum efficiency, and can only seek out the targets and
unerringly destroy them, if the men who control it are
highly trained-such as the men of "Charlie" Battery who
Rumors to the contrary, platoon sergeant Arthur
DiGennaro does /lot have eyes on the back of his watch and wait and practice.
head; it is true, however, that he keeps platoon It was some months ago that the soldiers first came
"on the baIL" For evidence, see below. and set up the Site on this raw, rutted patch of earth on
Brooklyn's shoreline. Since that time they have been
leading a life as far remO\'ed from the civilian life which
ebbs and Rows around them as if they were on some far
outpost.
At first the life there was very nearly as crude. Tents
banked with straw provided the only shelter from the
cold winds off the sea. The water supply, a hose line
from a fire hydrant nearby. But even that was better than
at some sites where it had to be hauled in by truck.
.
l
"\Ve have it good now, though," the soldiers say. For
this winter a wooden building for the mess hall and a
latrine with hot showers have been added. The truck
trips to the "Y" for hot baths and shaves are a thing of
the past. i\10reover they live in Jamesway huts which
are snug in winter, cool in summer.
But despite these added "luxuries," the life is pretty
much the same-a matter of watching and waiting, and
learning. Of being ready at any hour of the day or
night for what may come.
Not that there isn't plenty to do from reveille at six
all through the day and sometimes far into the night.
There is "0 and S" for one thing-practice at orientation
and synchronization of radar and guns. Then, too, there
are practice "tracking missions," sometimes by day, some-
times by night, with the guns manned and the radar men
working inside the trailer, the glow from the plotting
boards throwing a ghostly light over their faces. There
will be others in the communications tent, manning the
telephone switchboard and radio. For telephone and in
Alert! A flash over the telephone from battalion
headquarters, and the men come pounding from the an emergency the short wave radio are of utmost im-
huts "on the double." In split seconds they will man portance, tying "Charlie" Battery in with Battalion head-
radars and guns. quarters by means of the "I" (intelligence) line and
36 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Three AA soldiers enjoy after-duty game of cards in Good food and plenty of it mean a lot in a soldier's
their Jamesway hut living quarters. Huts, which have life, and the mess sergeants and cooks at this Site see
replaced tents, arc snug in winter and easy to cool that it is both plentiful and good. This is the lineup
in the summer. for evening chow.

The days are long and sometimes tedious at locations such as this gun battery site. Life is a seemingly endless succession of
tracking missions, of drill with dummy ammunition, of watching and waiting and searching the empty sky. But at day's
end there is time for fun and relaxation and for the good-natured horseplay you'll always find whenever a group of healthy
young men get together-such as this high spirited scene among the men of "Charlie" Battery after they wash up for chow.

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 37
 through Battalion with the whole national defense setup Sometimes the daily routine is relie,'ed by trips to the
including Civilian Defense. target range at .\ lontauk Point, Long Island. where they
"Be sure and mention the ci,'ilian ground observers," have a chance to show what they can do with live a~-
the soldiers say. "They are as important to us as we are munition. And sometimes there is the temporary excite-
to them and they're doing a wonderful job. For real ment of a real alert. This means that a plane. either
national defense these da,'s ,'ou need ci,'ilians as well as military or ci\'ilian. has strayed from its approved COurse
soldiers." and for a time is "unidentified." The word is Rashed to
the battery from Battalion, and the men come pounding
from their huts to the guns and radars and begin tracking
LIFE on the Site, like military life anywhere. can (Jet the "target" with li,'e ammunition and fuses ready-just
-' '"
pretty dull at times. Day after day goes by with only the in case.
tracking and "firing" missions, the handling of dummy The excitement doesn't last very long as a rule. The
ammunition, the monotony of cleaning guns, "policing" erring pilot is informed of his mistake by radio in no un-
the area. certain terms and he loses no time in either landing or
But there is plenty of good food and that to a soldier getting back on course. But until he does, he is followed
makes up for a lot. And there is time for fun and relaxa- relentlessly by the radar beams and the swinging barrels
tion, too. There is television during off-duty hours in the of the guns.
comfortable day room off the mess hall and movies in the l\fter such a Rurry the gun crews and radar men go
evening. There are inter-Battalion basketball games at back to the routine of being ready for the day they and
the "Y" and, as the season progresses, softball games, all of us hope never comes. If it does they have confi-
too. dence in themselves and in their equipment. Indeed.
And, of course, for a man with a free evening or a pass, these soldiers who man the equipment ha,'e paid 1\1-33
the civilian world begins just across the street, with New the finest compliment of all. "This stuff," they say,
York not too far away. I'really works."

Handbook and Manual

for the
NONCOMMISSIONED
OFFICER
For the man in this picture, and for those who intend
to be noncoms, here is a new kind of book, written for
the key men of the Army.
Handbook and Manllal for the NONCOMJ\f1SSIONED OFFICER covers such vital topics as
Leadership, Orders, How to Teach, How to Study, Social Conduct, Spit and Polish, Military Justice,
Relationship with Your Men, How to Train Your Men, Promotions and Reductions, Things Your
Men \X'ill Ask You, Personal Affairs, and much more.
Order your copy today to be sure of the latest and best information.
Cloth, $3.50 Paper, $2.50

DICTIONARY OF GUIDED MISSILE TERMS

By the Committee on Guided Missiles of the Research and Development of the National Military
Establishment. Issued in cooperation \vith THE ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL.
Paper Edition, $1.75

38 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
**** * * * * * ** * ****** * **
-f'
*

*
*
ic Cadet Karl R. Grice, Jr., being presented the Medal by Major General Devine at Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
*
*
*
*
*
I
t( / *
---;/
Cadet Harold E. Adams receiving
the Medal from his Mother at *
*
Cadet Robert B. Peterson receiving Cadet H. F. Rothschild receiving
the Medal at Michigan State College. the Medal at The Citadel. Hampton Institute.

SCHOOL WINNER SCHOOL WINNER *

A & M College
Florida A & M College
of Texas Edgar
Clinton
R. Keeling. Jr.
W. Austin
University
University
of Cincinnati
of Delaware
Paul T. Theisen
John G. Pederson
*
*
Fordham University Xavier A. loucirica University of Illinois Herbert l. Koelling

Georgia Institute of Technology Joel T. Severinghous University of Maine Neal George Clarke

Hampton Institute Harold E. Adams University of Minnesota Duane G. Erickson

Kansas State College Morvin P. Breithaupt University of New Hampshire Robert F. Becker
Michigan State College Robert B. Peterson University of San Francisco Robert W. Smith
Mississippi State College William Carroll Randle University of Puerto Rico Enrique B. lamar
Northwest State College of louisiana Charles B. Holloway University of Washington Edward James Howay
Texas Western College Robert P. Dirmeyer Utah State Agricultural College James P. Slack
The Citadel Herbert F. Rothschild Virginia Polytechnic Institute Karl R. Grice, Jr.
University of Alabama Joseph l. Randall Washington University '" Raymond D. Whitmore

.*..
University of California Frank R. lann Youngstown College '" Wolter J. Hogan

JULY-AUGUST, 1953 39
 LEADERS COURSE, FORT BLISS, TEXAS
By LIEUTENANT H. C. CARVILL

T HE Leaders Course at Fort Bliss is

composed of two entire Batteries de-
voted to the training of outstanding sol-
diers for NCO responsibilities. Estab-
lished in September 1950, in the Sixth
Training Battalion by Co\. Earl W.
Heathcote, AAA RTC Commander,
Leaders Course has since graduated a
total of 3,258 men, who have taken their
places in AAA units around the world.
Commandant of the Course, which
is now conducting its 132nd class, is Lt.
Co\. Samuel Ourschnitt, 6th Battalion
CO.
The scope and objectives of the unit,
as stated in Army Training Program
No. 22-40, are as follows: "The program
is designed to outline leadership train-
ing for men who show indications of
ability to become non-commissioned of-
Leaders training in the assault on enemy dug-in position.
ficers of the higher grade, or promise of
ultimately becoming commissioned offi-
have included personnel from Fort Bliss supervision of the General Subjects
cers. The objectives of the AAA Leaders
training batteries, men awaiting orders (Tactical) section.
Course are to select potential leaders
to attend OCS, soldiers from national The five sections of instruction de-
early in their military careers, and to
guard units, as well as men from posts voted to the training of basic leadership
develop their capacity for leadership by
within the continental AAA command principles are: the Leadership Section,
example, by instruction, and by guid-
and reservists. the Methods of Instruction Section, Gen-
ance in the performance of duties which
A typical Leaders Course class might eral Subjects (Tactical) section, Com-
involve the leading of troops."
include a first sergeant from a national bat Section, and AAA Section.
The big demand for good AAA non-
guard unit, gun and radar section lead- The Leadership Section, under Lt.
commissioned officers is the result of
ers and potential leaders from units as- James B. Tilley, teaches the principles,
the Korean conflict where the NCO has
signed within the ZI, Korean returnees techniques, and objectives of army lead-
to know infantry tactics as well as his
assigned to basic batteries, and future ership. These subjects include adminis-
AAA technique. Using mobile AAA
officers. The greater percentage of the tration of military justice and courts-
units in exposed forward areas places
graduates, however, are picked from the martial, supply economy and cost con-
tremendous responsibilities upon the
ranks of outstanding basic trainees. sciousness, psychological aspects of lead-
squad and section leaders. Automatic
The course consists of eight weeks of ership, personal adjustment, objectives
weapons of AM have proven devastat-
training, with the first five weeks de- of a leader, leadership and health, role
ingly effective against the "human
voted to classroom and field work in the of the Army leader, and combat leader-
wave" tactics of the enemy, proving the
five instruction sections of the school, ship. A total of 28 hours are taught in
value of these units in the line and rais-
and the last three spent in practical ap- this section with every effort made for
ing the demand for qualified and cap-
plication within the training batteries student discussion and practical applica-
able AM non-commissioned officers.
of the RTG In the latter phase of tion in leadership problems.
Over two-thirds of the graduates of
training the students are assigned to
the Leaders Course have received their
batteries and act as NCO's in the units.
training at Fort Bliss. Other graduates
The greatest emphasis in this course THE i\lethods of Instruction Section,
is placed on practical work in all sub- headed by Lt. H. C. Carvill, acquaints
jects and in all situations. The students the student with the proper teaching
lieutenant Carvill is a graduate 01 the In-
fantry School and has served with the In- take over command responsibilities with- technique and fundamentals. Included
fantry in Korea. He is now Chief of the in the two student units, from battery in the Mal classes presented to the
Method of Instruction Section of the leaders
Course at Fort Bliss. commander down to assistant squad lead- student are military training; principles
ers. This is accomplished under the of learning; the conference, demonstra-

40 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
tion, and lecture methods; use of train- order to give the men the necessary required to take the lead in everything
ing aids; reference material, lesson plans, knowledge to lead men in any battle- they do. The instructors and cadre are
and class management; methods of test- field situation. This section is devoted provided mainly to guide the students
ing; and effective speech. Each man or almost entirely to instruction in small by example and by supervision.
class receives a total of 20 hours of in- unit tactics. Each man is placed in a The two batteries function mainly for
strUction in the MOl Section; practical position of leadership and given prob- the purpose of supply, mess, hou~ing,
work consists of two 40 minute presen- lems to solve in the field. administration, and discipline of stu-
tations in which each student applies The final section of the course, under dents while in the organization. Lt.
the techniques of instruction, and pre- the command of Lt. George N. Wessel, James C. Nicholson, commander of C
pares and presents the subjects assigned is the Antiaircraft Artillery Section. Battery, is an armor officer who has re-
to him to his fellow classmen. Most of Here the students are taught the em- cently joined the organization. He was
the student classes are spent on weapons ployment and functioning of the AAA previously assigned to the NCO acade-
subjects. weapons. Instruction on the 90mm and my in Munich.
Each man is graded by the members 40mm guns and on the 50 caliber ma-
D Battery, commanded by Lt. Calvin
of his class and an instructor of the MOl chine gun is given to insure that each
D. Wilson, has recently won Best Mess
Section. A critique is held by the grader graduate has a precise and detailed
and outstanding Battery in RTC awards.
at the conclusion of each student pres- knowledge of the weapons he will use. The outstanding Battery award was for
entation, bringing out the strong and Each man is taught the various duties supply, mess, administration and area.
weak points of the instruction. of the section leader with problems and
Capt. Charley G. Raineault has re-
Physical training, the school of the discussions held to stimulate leadership.
cently been assigned as executive officer
soldier, and the daily inspections of men The policy of the Leaders Course is
of Leaders Course. Other members of
and barracks are under the supervision to instruct by demonstration, practice,
the staff include Lt. Robert G. Mangum,
of the General Subjects (Tactical) Sec- and applicatory exercises whenever pos-
S3 officer, and Lt. Sam H. Biddle, Ad-
tion, under Lt. Julius A. Schallenmuller. sible in lieu of lectures.
jutant. Lt. Mangum has the job of
The Tactical Section teaches military Grades on students are turned in by
supervision of all classes, lesson plans,
courtesy, dismounted drill, voice and each section leader and are derived from
inspection of classrooms, interview of
command, physical training, and cus- practical work and demonstrations of the
new students, and interviewing students
toms of the service. This section has the men. Battery Commanders who have
while in the course of instruction.
responsibility of supervision of the stu- the men assigned in their second phase
dent organization, which includes in- also send in evaluation sheets of the A very small percentage of students
spection of barracks, personal inspec- men which are averaged in the grade. who enter the course fail to complete it.
tion, and grading the students at all The grading system is based on 1000 Not more than five per cent of men
times. Each man is graded as he is as- points, the average being around 600. entering are boarded for academic de-
signed to the various positions of lead- ficiencies, or from disciplinary action.
ership in the student organization. High- The numerous letters of appreciation
light of each week is the parade and ONE of the important incentives for from commanding officers throughout
review held each Friday afternoon under the students who apply themselves is the world attest that the course has been
'the direction of the Tactical Section, the American Spirit Honor Medal, enormously successful. This type of
but commanded entirely by students. which is awarded to the trainee who training is perhaps one of the army's
Graduating classes are awarded their graduates at the top of his class. The best programs for the procurement of
diplomas at the weekly parade. highest point value of any student to qualified NCO's in the short time avail-
The job of instructing the future date is that of Pvt. Edward C. Roberts, able for training from induction to over-
leader in the fundamentals of infantry III, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, who made seas assignment.
tactical operations is entrusted to the a total of 854.8 points. In summing up the objectives of the
Combat Section, under the command of Every opportunity is taken to have Leaders Course, Col. Durschnitt says,
Lt. Kenneth P. Biedermann. Scouting the Leaders Course students instruct 'We are making every effort to develop
and patrolling and squad tactics, and each other. During the instruction, as leaders characterized by competence, en-
the leaders reaction test are given in well as off-duty hours, the students are thusiasm, and pride in their job."

Armed Forces Day in the 601 sf AAA Battalion (Gun)

(Continned from page 34)

the battalion were generally along the ercise "battle stations." sights cannot be a credit to a community,
same line. At Dog Battery a mimeo- At Charlie Battery a crack drill pla- much less an attraction. Open house at
graphed sheet was furnished each visitor toon put on a close order drill exhibition. 601st AAA Gun Battalion has let our
showing the location of the various ex- And at Able Battery the many items of neighbors know that this battalion is
hibits and permitting the visitor to spend supply were exhibited. deeply concerned with the appearance
his time as desired. At intervals an The open house has paid good divi- of its sites and the beauty of this com-
example of the rapidity of manning the dends already in better public relations, munity. We have gone far in earning
equipment was given by having an ex- and has dispelled the myth that these the approval of our neighbors.
JULY-AUGUST,1953 41
 Pigeon and T. D. Caulfield, and I\lajors Major General Meyer Addresses
Harold Jacobs and George Chapman. Final Bliss OCS Class
1o'z,f Bliss ?2ews AAA RTC
Commencement exercises for Class
14, Antiaircraft Artillery Officers Can-
In the Antiaircraft Artillery Replace-
didate School, Friday, July 17, marked
ment Training Center, Lt. Col. Elmer
Colonel Bender Now President the closing of the Fort Bliss OCS. The
of Board 4 E. Twining is now Deputy Commander
school had been in operation since No-
and Lt. Col. Valentine T. Terribile, Ex-
AFF Board No. 4 is now directly un- vember, 1951.
ecutive Officer. The new S4 is Lt. Col.
der the Office of the Chief of Armv Since its organization approximately
Calvin B. Leek.
Field Forces, where Major General Paul 1,175 second lieutenants were commis-
New battalion commanders include:
W. Rutledge directs and supervises sioned as Reserve Army Officers.
Lt. Col. George C. Barber for the 12th
the research and development activities. Major General G. Ralph Meyer, Re-
Battalion; Lt. Col. Joseph S. Bedford
Colonel Arthur H. Bender is now Presi- tired, of EI Paso, gave the commence-
for the 11th; Major William A. Mc-
dent of the Board. This change puts ment address in Theater No.1.
Queeney for the 10th; Major Leland
Board No.4 on the same basis as all the Preceding the graduation, a parade
Smith for the 8th; Major Raymond L.
other Boards. was held in honor of the graduating
Cordes for the 7th; and Major Charles
Colonel John H. Kochevar is expected class. After the new officers were sworn
E. Hogan for the 2d Battalion.
to report for duty soon as Board execu- in, they were honored with a com-
Other new assignments are: Major
tive. Lieutenant Colonel A. A. Kopesak mandant's reception at the Fort Bliss
Rheuben W. Minton as Personnel Of-
will resume his job as head of the Sur- Officers Club.
ficer, RTC; Major John R. Nuwer as
face-to-Air Group.
Assistant S3, RTC; Major Walter K.
A contingent is leaving Board No.4 Colonel Kenerick OCS Director
Sims, Assistant S4, RTC; Major Charles
for the Advanced Artillery Course at Colonel Kenneth R. Kenerick served
J. Tranter, executive officer, 1st Group;
Fort Sill soon. Included are Major Wm. as director of OCS. He succeeded
and Major Rufus J. Cleghorn, S3 offi-
C. Linton, Captains J. T. Blandford, Colonel Robert H, Kreuger who di-
cer, 2d Group.
S. E. Salter, 'Richard L. Ruble and F. rected the organization from its begin-
Major Ernst W. Karsten has just
A. Dodd, and Lieutenant D. E. Etzold. ning, November 19, 1951, until Au-
joined the Chaplain Section, RTC.
The Board's Secretary, Lieutenant Colo- gust, 1952, when he left to become
nel Charles W. Casey, is bound for AA & GM Branch, TAS Commander of Camp Drake in Japan.
C & GS College, Fort Leavenworth. Of the original staff of the school,
In the Department of Electronics,
Lieutenant Colonel Wm. F. LaHatte only two members remained to assist in
Colonel Arthur Kramer has been named
has left the Guided Missile Service Test its closing, They were Lt. Col. George
Deputy Director. Lt. Col. James G.
Section for <ilutyin the Pentagon. Cap- Healy is the new Senior Instructor in
J. Bayerle, Jr., assistant director, and
tain Hampton Godfrey and WO R. B. Maj. Asa P. Gray, the senior tactical
the Fire Control Equipment Section,
Schmitcke have orders for the Far East officer of the final OCS class.
and three other officers, Majors Donald
Command, and Captain Charles Mug- L. Eiler, James B. Clift, and James W.
ford is joining the Arctic Test Branch Abramoski are newly assigned to the
Still To Train Here
at Big Delta, Alaska. Captain O. T. Section. The closing of the OCS school does
Duggan is back in civilian clothes. A new arrival in the Gunnery De- not mean that the Antiaircraft Artillerv.-
Board No.4 Marine Corps Liaison partment is Lt. Col. Nelson J. Burge, will not receive any more OCS-trained
Officer, Lieutenant Colonel R. D. Opp Instructor in the Light AA Section. officers.
is bound for Washington, D. C. Major Lt. Col. William Harold Bach and Forty percent of the Artillery candi-
C. R. LaPlant is scheduled as his re- Major Walter Scott Hanson have new dates will be earmarked for Antiaircraft
placement. assignments in the Department of before they go to Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
New additions to the Board personnel Guided Missiles. Col. Bach is now Upon being commissioned, following
are Captains Eugene P. Pfauth and John Chief of the Operations and Security completion of the 22-week course, at
A. Sadler and Lieutenants L. B. Aull Section and Major Hanson's new duty the Oklahoma installation, the men
and H. T. Heckman. All are joining is that of Chief of SSM Subsection, selected for Antiaircraft will come to
the Guided Missile Service Test Section. Tactics and Gunnery Section. Fort Bliss for an eight-week course in-
Three arrivals and three departures doctrinating them into AA techniques.
1st GM Brigade mark the shift of personnel in the De-
Seven new field grade officers have partment of Nonresident Instruction. 6th Group In New Quarters
joined the 1st Guided Missile Brigade. Joining the staff recently were Lt. Col. The 6th AAA Group has moved into
They include: Colonel Iver Peterson, John K. Frei, Major Roger L. Steltzner new quarters and is now occupying
Lt. Col. Donald K. Stevens, and Majors and Major George A. Sense. Depar- three of the recently completed bar-
James D. Benner, Sam L. Davies, tures were Lt. Col. W. Craig Boyce, Jr., racks in the permanent troop housing
Charles W. Hope, Donald E. Simon, Major George H. Garnhart and Major project at Fort Bliss. It is supporting
and Charles A. Wilson, Jr. James W. Grant. the ROTC Summer Camp.
Losses from the Brigade include Lt. Col. Thomas H. Barfield is Exec., Colonel A. A. Adams is Group com-
Colonel Gren Swain, Lt. Cols. John G3 Section, AM & GM Center. mander.

42 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 ROTC Camp Maj. W. L. Linton, Asst. PMS&T, Legion Of Merit To Bliss Officer
The Antiaircraft Artillery ROTC Florida A&l\l College, Hqs Comman- Transferring 127,000 prisoners of war
Camp opened officially on June 22, dant. from Pusan to Koje-do Island was one
with Maj. Gen.:. S. R. Mickelsen, Com- Maj. S. R. l\Iarconi, Asst. PMS&T, of the notable achievements which
manding General of Fort Bliss and University of lllinois, Asst. Director of earned Colonel Roy K. Kauffman of
ROTC Camp Commander, welcoming Trainino o 'CAW). Fort Bliss the Army's Legion of rvlerit
the Cadets. Co!. E. R. Crowell, Deputy l\laj. P. R. Melcher, Asst. PMS&T, award for his Korean service.
Camp Commander, orientea the ROTC St. John's Military Academy, Instruc- Colonel Kauffman, G3 of the AA &
,tudents on their summer training. A tor, Guns. GM Center, received the decoration at
;otal of 1,460 Cadets are in attend- Maj. L. C. Miller, Asst. Pl\'lS&T, a dismounted review on Noel Field,
ance at the Camp. University of Illinois, Instructor, Guns. May 23.
Maj. V. R. Moss, Asst. PMS& T, Major General S. R. Mickelsen, Fort
ROTC Camp Officers University of California, Asst. Direc-
Field-grade officers for the ROTC Bliss Commander, made the presentation
tor of Training CFA). of the high award.
Camp, with their prior assignments and Maj. H. M. Wendle, Asst. PMS&T,
present Camp duties, are as follows: University of Maine, Instructor, Au- ADDITIONAL AWARDS
Co!. E. R. Crowell, P~vlS&T , Texas tomatic \Veapons. 1st Oak Leaf Cluster to the Bronze
Western College, Deputy Camp Com-
Star: Major Victor A. Franklin, Capt.
mander. Judge Thomason Honored
Co!. M. A. Hatch, Pl\IS&T, Univer- Edward W. Nicholls, Capt. Paul C.
More than 1,000 civilian and military
Kirchner. The Bronze Star Medal:
sitv of lllinois, Camp Executive. spectators saw Federal District Judg~ R.
M/Sgt. Peter P. Lee.
Co!. Shelly P. l\lyers, PMS&T, Texas 'E. Thomason of EI Paso, Texas, receive,
A&l\1 College, Director of Training. on Armed Forces Day, the highest award Administration and Classroom
Lt. Co!. F. W. Bowman, PMS&T, which can be presented by the Army
Contract has been let for construc-
i'Jorthwest College of Louisiana, Sr. to a civilian in peacetime. Presentation
Instructor, Automatic vVeapons. tion of the new administration and
of the award was the high point of a
classroom building for the An tiaircraft
Lt. Co!. J. B. Clark, Asst. PMS&T, formal Retreat Ceremony concluding the
and Guided Missiles Branch of The
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Sr. In- public Armed Forces Day program at
Artillery School at this post. Probable
structor, Guns. Fort Bliss.
starting date of construction is July 15
Lt. Co!. B. J. Greenberg, Asst. The Department of the Army's Cer-
and approximate completion date is.
PIvlS&T, University of Delaware, In- tificate of Appreciation for "Patriotic
September 15, 1954.
structor, Automatic vVeapons. Civilian Service" and the accompanying
The new School building is to be of.
Lt. Co!. N. M. Locke, Asst. PMS&T, lapel pin were presented to Judge Thom-
ooncrete frame, masonry panel con-
University of Oklahoma, Asst. Director ason by Lt. Gen. John E. Dahlquist,
struction with concrete Boor and roof
of Training CFA). Commandino o General of Fourth Army.
slabs, except that the auditorium will
Lt. Co!. R. F. Moore, Asst. PMS&T, For 17 years a member of the House
have steel trusses and a steel roof deck.
Fordham University, Asst. Director of of Representatives in Congress, Judge
It will be air-conditioned with an air-
Training. Thomason had a wide inHuence and dis-
washer type evaporative cooling sys-
Lt. Co!. R. Watson, Asst. PMS&T, tinguished reputation among the law-
tem will be steam heated.
University of Cincinnati, Commandant makers in the nation's capita!. In the
The administrative wing of the
of Troops. Army he is remembered as the sponsor
building is to be in T-shape, three
Maj. Edward O. Crouch, G3 Section, of "The Thomason Act" -which called
stories high, with a penthouse. The
AAA & GM Center, Fort Bliss, Execu- many young Reserve officers to a year
auditorium winoo will have one floor
tive Director of Training. of active duty with the result that num-
with balcony and each of the three
Maj. J. W. Davis, Asst. PMS&T, bers of them became Regular Army of-
rectangular classroom wings will be
Texas A&M College, Instructor, Auto- ficers. He was appointed Federal Dis-
two stories in qeight. All wings arc
matic Weapons. trict Judge at EI Paso upon his retire-
to have a full basement.
Maj. G. Ford, Asst. PMS&T, Texas ment from Congressional duties some
Connecting corridors between the ad-
Western College, Instructor, Automatic five years ago.
ministrative and classroom wings will
Weapons.
Students Fire on Incoming Targets also be two stories high with basement.
Maj. J. P. Guinn, Asst. PMS&T, Tex-
The School building will occupy prac-
as Western College, Instructor, Guns. Incoming courses Hown by the OQ 19
tically all the area between the post
Maj. Howard L. Karnes, Asst. towing a horizontal flag target are being
theater and Howze Stadium and will
PMS& T, Michigan State College, Ad- fired upon by students with the Light
face to the west on Sheridan Road.
Jutant. AAA Section of the Department of Gun-
Maj. D. E. Kjeldsen, Asst. PMS&T, nerv and Materie!. The OQ 19 is flown
\Vashington University, Instructor, at ; height of 800 feet or more, and less TECHNIQUE FOR ADJUTANTS
Guns. than 500 feet of tow cable is used. This
BY MAJOR ARTHUR M. CHESTER
Maj .. J. H. Lichty, Asst. Pl\1S&T, gives an interesting change from the
University of Cincinnati, Instructor, usual crossing course utilized in range Cloth, $2.50 Paper, $1.00
Automatic Weapons. firing.
JULY-AUGUST,. 1953 43
 Bliss Has Airborne and Firing
Demonstrations
Several thousand EI Paso civilian and
military spectators witnessed on 28 1\ lay
a near-perfect exhibition of the Army
and Air Force defense team in action
at Fort Bliss.
The demonstration was sponsored by
the Antiaircraft and Guided 1\ lissiles
Branch of The Artillery Schoo\. Par-
ticipating units included the 88th Air-
borne Antiaircraft Battalion of the II th
Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Ky.;
the 366th Fighter Bomber Wing from
the \Vest Coast; the 463rd Troop Car-
rier \Ving from Memphis, Tenn.; the
1st Tow Target Squadron from Biggs
Air Force Base; and the 59th and
90th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions and Paratroopers of the 88th Airborne AAA Bn.
School personnel from Fort Bliss.
Spectators included the general pub- Short minutes later, the 88th troopers' targets. The weapons included towed
lic, a Chamber of Commerce group, and heavy equipment and materiel, includ- 40-millimeter guns, self-propelled twin
military personnel from Fort Bliss and ing 40-millimeter guns, quadruple .50 40-millimeter cannon and self-propelled
Biggs Field. caliber machine guns, jeeps and trucks, quadruple .50 caliber machine guns.
Special guests for the demonstration floated to earth beneath huge canopies. Concluding event of the day was the
were high-ranking Allied officers from Because of the high elevation of the demonstration at Hueco Range No. 3
Mexico, Canada and Norway, along drop zone, the heavier equipment re- where the Army's new "Skysweeper"
with a trio of U. S. Airborne officers, quired three instead of the usual two and medium and heavy antiaircraft
headed by Brig. Gen. D. E. Beach, com- lOO-foot-diameter parachutes for safe weapons were fired at radio-controlled
mander of the 11th Airborne Division landing. targets and at targets furnished by the
Artillery. The jump of paratroopers, the drop 1st Tow Target Squadron.
The air drop of men and materiel at of their equipment, and the swift setting Paratroopers of the 88th Airborne Bat-
Dona Ana Dry Lake opened the day's up of an antiaircraft defense in a simu- talion gave Fort Bliss troops, in a series
demonstrations. lated enemy territory went forward in of static displays on :May 27, a closeup
Pathfinders jumped first to prepare a fast-paced and almost £lawless exhibi- view of the equipment and technique
the drop zone for the paratroopers who tion of split-second timing and team- to be employed the following day in the
made the jump simultaneously with a work. airborne drop of men and materiel at
monorail drop of their light equipment. The airborne demonstration was cli- Dona Ana Dry Lake,
maxed with the landing of an "assault The displays explained aerial delivery
transport" with supporting troops from containers, the mission of the Pathfind-
the 59th AAA Battalion. ers, the rigging and dropping of heavy
For the instruction of artillery stu- equipment, and the gear of the para-
dents, the Tactics Department of The trooper. In the latter exhibit, the Bliss-
Artillery School gave a demonstration of men saw paratroopers wearing the stand-
air support and antiaircraft support of ard main parachute and reserve 'chute
Infantry in an attack. The demonstra- and were shown exactly what the para-
tion, following the air drop, was held chute looks like and what makes it open
on the Dona Ana Range No. 47. as the jumper steps out of the plane.
Planes of the 366th Fighter Bomber Thev were also shown what action a
\Ving roared in to do dive bombing, para~rooper can take if his 'chute fails
strafing, rocket and napalm bombing, to open.
after which the antiaircraft artillery
went into action. Following the bomb-
CHANGE OF ADDRESS
ing and artillery barrage, Infantry troops,
Moving? Please send us your

-
~ armed with their usual assault weapons

3~::- ~~ ,o,~
~_-.Jli:.i,.
_.
including £lame throwers, moved to the
attack under continuing artillery co\'er.
change of address. Use the in-
closed postage-paid card. Just
mark it "Change of Address"-
Buoyed by rwo 100 foot canopies, a Third demonstration of the day was and print your name and new ad-
quad .50 caliber machine gun drops at Hueco Range No.2 where automatic dress on it.
safely. weapons were fired at radio-controlled
44 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 ployed tactically. this is a difficult and
often impossible task when the unit or
UNIT ACTIVITIES portions of it must be on alert. Firing
batteries are rotated to the Training Area
periodically so each may ha,'e the op-
32nd AAA BRIGADE the American soldier, these quarters, portunity of battery training. This move-
situated in the immediate vicinity of the ment stimulates the interest, morale and
By First Lielltellmlt Jack D. Peavy
weapons which the crews served, blos- esprit de corps of the command.
The 32nd AAA Brigade under the
somed with such conveniences as elec- Another facilitv_ for the traininot> of
Command of Colonel 1\1. W. 1\ lay, Jr.,
tricity, hot and cold running water, the officers and men of the 32nd AAA
is stationed in the network of air de-
shower facilities, and dav rooms where Brigade is the 32nd AAA Brigade School
fense in Suffolk, England with the Air
the cannoneers miohtt>
re~d or write let- Detachment (Provisional). This school
Force Strategic Air Command. The anti-
ters when their time was not occupied detachment, commanded by i\Iajor
aircraft units of the Brigade are aided
by alert duties or training. I\Iany of George Sylvester, undertakes the teach-
in the accomplishment of this mission
these tents were paneled with a plywood ing of such subjects as: Automatic
by assigned chemical smoke generator
material, at no expense to the govern- vVeapo~s Course for Officers, Automatic
companies, whose mission is to conceal
ment, which presented a very neat ap- \Veapons Course for Enlisted i\Ien,
strategic areas from an enemy.
pearance, and aided in keeping the tents Non-Commissioned Officers' Academv
The position of the Brigade in Eng-
warm in winter and cool in summer. Aircraft Recognition School, Medic~i
land is unique in being stationed in the
These accommodations have now been Field Training, Chemical-Biological-Ra-
United Kingdom in time of peace. The
replaced by prefabricated buildings, 20 diological Course, Typing School,
married officers and non-commissioned
x 48 feet in size. Again the American Chemical Smoke Generator i\lechanics'
officers living off the bases have become
soldier's ability at improvisation came Course and Officers' Command Course.
members of the communities in which
forth, making these prefabricated build- These courses vary in duration from one
they live, taking an interest in their local
ings comparable in comfort and practica- week to one month. Of particular im-
social and civic activities and being ex-
bility to the quarters occupied by troops portance is the Aircraft Recognition
tremely successful in the role of ambas-
in any other command. School, under the direction of Captain
sadors of good will from the United
Although the Brigade maintains strin- Marvin D. Yarborough. In view of the
States. Along military lines, equal prog-
ress has been achieved in dealings with gent alert requirements, it still finds Brigade's mission in air defense, it is of
the Royal Air Force and the British time to fulfill the basic needs of the obvious importance that the men on the
Army. This is especially true of the military man's education. Parades, re- guns promptly and correctly identify air-
British AA Command. views and ceremonies are not forgot- craft. In the event of hostilities, the
LIpon becoming operational, the bat- ten under the press of alert operations. man's ability to recognize aircraft may
talions of the Brigade, with their weap- Training, including service practice, is very well be the deciding factor as to
ons situated on the air bases, set up in carried out. The firing being accom- whether an allied life is lost needlessly
tents. Squad tents were utilized as living plished at the ranges of the Royal Artil- through the shooting down of friendly
quarters for 40mm gun crew members lery. These ranges are located on the aircraft, or whether an enemv bomber
and the pyramidal tent was "home" to North Sea and provide an excellent or fighter accomplishes its mis;ion with-
the cannoneers comprising the crew of locale for the Battery Commander to out effective antiaircraft defense on the
the 1\155 Quad I\lachine Gun mounts. accomplish training as a battery. At the' part of the friendly defense forces.
Through the unparalleled ingenuity of unit's home station, with the battery de- The major units of the 32nd AAA
Brigade are: the 4th AAA AW Battalion
under the command of Lt. Co!. Edwin
O'Connor, Jr., the 39th AAA A W Bat-
talion under the command of Lt. Co!.
Peter J. Lacey, the 60th AAA AW Bat-
talion under' the command of L1. Co!.
William D. Ward, the nnd AAA AW
Battalion under the command of Lt. Co!.
Benjamin McCaffrey, Jr., and the 6th
Chemical Smoke Generator Battalion
under the command of Lt. Co!. Samuel
E. Baker.
Colonel Baltzer left his post recently
as Chief, Liaison Group, 32nd AAA
Brigade, to undertake new duties as a
student at !he Army \Var College.
Lt. Colonel Peter J. Lacey, Jr., has
also departed for duty as Assistant
PI\IS&T at Utah State Agricultural
32nd AAA Brigade firing at the StifIkey Anglo-American AA
Norfolk, England. College, of which he is an alumnus.

JULY -AUGUST, 1953 45

 Lt. Colonel Lacey was replaced as The 34th AAr\ Brigade has estab- gunners examination as tested in the
Battalion Commander of the 39th AAA lished a Brigade Gunners Examination two batteries proved to be the SOlution
A\ V Battalion by Lt. Colonel Frank D. Board to prepare the gunners examina- to the problem. After some defects that
Pryor. formerly S3 of the 32nd AAA tions outlined in Fi\ 1 44-19 and to super- showed up when the preliminary tests
Brigade. vise the administration of the initial were corrected the examinations were
The news highlight from the 32nd examinations to units of the 34th AAA standardized and the Brigade-wide ex-
AAA Brigade is the development of a Brigade with a program to be completed aminations were started on 4 i\ lay 1953.
new sight for the 1\155, I\lultiple I\la- not later than 30 JU!le 1953. The exam- According to the present schedule the
inations had to (I) set realistic standards Second Class Gunners Examination is
for the knowledge required of enlisted due to be completed on 11 June 1953.
antiaircraft artillerymen and (2) be Examinations will be held twice each
physically capable of administration to year for each of the three classes of gun-
units of the 34th AAA Brigade in the ners: Second Class, First Class, and
time available. Expert. To the enlisted man who makes
In order for the Board to meet the a satisfactory rating in both phases of
deadline of 30 June 1953, some method the examination pertaining to any class
of screening the men recommended by of gunnery, the Commanding General,
the Battery Commanders had to be es- 34th AAA Brigade, will issue a Certifi-
tablished. The Board decided that the cate of Proficiency in that class, and the \
most practical solution to the problem battalion commander will issue the nec-
was a written test. Although Fl\ 1 44-19 essary orders awarding the enlisted man
specifically states that no written test the respective classification. This should
will be administered, due to the time give the men an incentive to impro\'e
element and the number of men, some their proficiency in AAA.
chine Gun. The new sight is a product type of written examination was con- The Second Class Gunners examina-
of the ingenuity and ability of 1'1/Sgt. sidered mandatory. tion for a gun battery included a tolal of
George W. Davis, of the 39th AAA A study of the types of units assigned III questions covering the gun, powcr
A\V Battalion. to the 34th AAA Brigade revealed that plant, gunnery, communications, trans-
M/Sgt. Davis, with the aid of a Brit- six sets of questions would be required. portation, map reading, and ammunition.
ish auto mechanic, constructed the first The Board decided to use the multiple Here are some of the questions:
model of the new sight from a tractor choice answer type of examination, using ( 7) The brecchblock is held opcn
bearing, an exhaust pipe, an angle iron four possible solutions to each question. by the:
and odd scraps. A sufficient number of sets of questions a. breech operating lever.
The principle behind the new "Davis would be mimeographed to test one bat- b. operating crank.
sight" is similar to that of the famed talion at a time. Each person tested c. extractors.
Stiffkey Stick, presently in operation would be given an answer sheet. By the d. cross-heads.
with virtually all British Light AA use of this method the sets of questions ( 8) \Vhat part of the breech and
units. could be used as many times as neces- firing mechanism holds the per-
Simplicity, ease of operation and a sary. cussion assembly in the cocked
relatively small training problem are For those who passed the written test position?
keynoted in the Davis sight. a practical test was made up for each a. breech operating lever.
In recent firing test held at Stiffkey type of unit. b. sear.
AA Firing Range, located on the North Prior to testing the entire Brigade, c. breech closing spring.
Sea, the Davis sight showed up well. the Board tested a battery of medium d. extractor plunger.
In test firing against RCATs two targets AA and a battery of light AA. Initially (12) The correct gas pressure for the
were brought down with an expenditure it was the intention of the Board to ad- recoil mechanism is:
of only 150 rounds of ammunition. minister the written test and have officers a. 750 psi
Two improved models of the sight in each battalion administer the prac- b. 1000 psi
have since been produced by the Mains tical test according to standards set up c. 1250 psi
Ordnance Depot in Germany, incorpo- by the Board. The results of the pre- d. 1500 psi
rating into the original sight, the sug- liminary testing of the two batteries (16) The purpose of the counter-re-
gested improvements of Ordnance ex- showed that there would possibly be a coil buffer is to:
perts there. wide yariation throughout the Brigade a. cushion the return of the gun
The Davis sight has been forwarded if each battalion administered the prac- into battery.
to the Army Field Forces Board at Fort tical test. The Board therefore decided b. slow the recoil of the gun.
Bliss, Texas, for testing. that for the sake of uniformity through- c. prevent damage to the coun-
out the Brigade it would administer both ter-poise cylinder.
GUNNERS EXAMINATION, the written and the practical phases of d. control the recoil of the gun.
34th AAA BRIGADE the examination. (24) For how many days, after the
By Capt. Hugh S. Fife, 27th AAA AW The method of administering both gun is fired, must the bore be
Battalion, President, Examination Board the written and practical phases of the cleaned:

46 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
r
a. one that unswerving loyalty which are so
b. two essential to victorv in battle:'
c. three In the GI slang, General Crichlow is
d. four simply working to cut ow the bull and
Before starting the power plant, make this program the COIllll/mrder's pro-
the operator should: grmll.
a. check the oille,.el.
40th AAA BRIGADE NOTES
b. close the circuit breaker.
Since I January 1953, Brigadier Gen-
c. turn up the rheostat.
eral James G. Devine has acted in the
d. crank the engine by hand to
dual capacity of Commanding General,
distribute oil to the bearings.
40th AAA Brigade. and Antiaircraft Ar-
The maximum average slant
tillery Officer on the staff of the Com-
ranoeo
of the 90mm Gun as lim-
~laJor \\'yckoff addresses 34th AAA manding General, United States Army
ited by a ma:\.;mum fuze setting
Brigade TI&E Conference. Forces, Far East. Needless to say, the
of 30 seconds is:
workload of the brigade staff has in-
a. 7500 yds.
them what the score is-as the soldiers creased considerably.
b. 12500 yds.
sav here-'" F ass ist los." New faces have appeared quite fre-
c. 19560 yds.
Further, young mcn in the United quently recently. Among the newcom-
d. about 11 miles.
States Army should have and develop ers to bridgade are Captain Kenneth
(81) A properly spliced wire is cov-
an abiding faith in our country-its his- Frankenfield, former S4, 31st AAA Bri-
ered with:
tory, its heritage, and its form of gov- gade, now assigned as assistant S4, 40th
a. rubber tape
ernment-its principles, standards, and AAA; Lieutenant Colonel Bruce H.
b. friction tape
ideals. This faith in America and this Johnson, former Battalion Commander,
c. masking tape
love for America is one of the desired 15th AAA A\V Battalion, who replaces.
d. friction tape and rubber tape
products of the TI & E program-one i\Iajor Ralph E. Duncan as Command-
(102) \Vhich of the following is 1Iot
of its most important. ing Officer, 37th AAA Gun Battalion;
50 cal ammunition?
Recently the 34th Brigade held a two Major Robert H. McCauley, former S3,
a. Ball
day TI & E Conference for all its TI & 15th AAA A\V Battalion, who has as-
b. Armor piercing
E oAicers and NCO's in Garmisch, the sumed the position of Chief of the Light
c. High explosive
US Army Europe Recreation Area in AAA Department, FEAAASS; Major
d. Incendiary
the Bavarian Alps. Herbert T enwinkel, previously the Exec-
Keynoting the conference was Gen- utive Officer, 21st AAA AW Battalion,
TI & E IN THE 34th AAA
eral Crid low's message to all command- now Executive Officer, 37th AAA Gun
BRIGADE Battalion; Major Arthur G. Malone,
ers within the Brigade:
By Major Theodore Wyckoff "I strongly encourage all commanders former S3, 933d AAA AW Battalion,
Brigadier General Robert \V. Crich- to give their personal attention to estab- presently assigned as S3, 32d AAI\ AW
low is a brigade commander who be- lishing and maintaining a strong and Battalion.
licvcs in Troop Information and Edu- effective TI & E program to the end that Other recent arrivals include lieu-
cation. He believes in the ]Jers01wl antiaircraft soldiers may develop that tenant Colonel James A. Laing, former
tOlfch. The results are apparent in the belief in ideals, that will to win, and G4, Army AA Command, who is taking
high morale and efficiency prevailing
throughout the Brigade.
Troops in Germany, like troops in
Korea-like troops everywhere-have to
be kept informed. Here in Germany
the life of the soldier is not easy. He
spcnds a large part of his time in the
field under strain to be combat readv.
His free time is restricted; he is lonelv
and he wants to go home. \Vhy does h~
have to be here?, he asks. It is his com-
mander's responsibility to tell him why.
1\len should develop a deep faith in
their commanders and a profound loyal-
ty to them. They develop this faith and
loyalty largely by personal contact,
largely by listening to their commanders
and by observing them in action. They
appreciate when a commander takes a
few minutes to talk to them and tell
JULY -AUGUST, 1953 47
oyer the command of the 507th AAA cil "adopted" the Shichinohe Orphan- and annual; quarterly awards being
A \V Battalion; Major Phillip Lanasa, age. They decided to dress the children guidon type flags, and annual awards,
former executh'e officer, 145th AAA from the "skin out" in warm winter siker cups. All awards were donated by
A\V Battalion of the 45th Division, now clothing. After this detail was taken public-spirited organizations of Phila-
assigned as Commanding Officer, 327th care of, the men of the 753d, "B" Bat- delphia and Pittsburgh.
AAA Operations Detachment: Lieu- terv 507th AAA AW Battalion and "C"
tenant Colonel Harold O. Johnson, Batterv of the 32d AM AW Battalion 56th AAA BRIGADE
former Commanding Officer, 9th AAA saw the need for ~ new dining room- Brig. Gen. Harry F. Meyers, Comdg.
Gun Battalion, who takes over as Bri- study :Qall area and by contributing Lieutenant General Withers A. Bur-
gade S3; Captain Cornelius Wakefield, time, labor, and materials constructed a ress, Commanding General, First Army,
former Air Officer, G3 Section, Head- new wing on the home. To improve the his deputy, Major General Edmund B.
quarters, 40th Infantry Division, who sanitary standards, an electric pump was Sebree, and Brigadier General John B.
has been assigned as assistant S3 on purchased and installed. Still not con- Murphy, Chief of Staff, visited Fort
brigade staff. tent, the officers and men, at the end Totten on 24 June and were given a
Coincident with extending welcome of April, contributed $456.20 to expand briefing on the Brigade mission by Lt.
to the newcomers, we are preparing to and improve the cooking facilities. Chap- Col. Paul A. Harmon, Brigade S3.
say "Sayonara" to a large group of of- lain Golder claims that this money is Brigadier General Harry F. Meyers
ficers. Our loss is the Zone of Interior's sufficient to complete this detail and per- was guest speaker at the AFF Command-
gain in the following: Colonel Wm. mit them to initiate a continuing pro- ers Preventive Maintenance Course at
L. McNamee, Commanding Officer, gram to take care of the needs of the the Ordnance School, Aberdeen Prov-
138th AAA Group; Lieut. Col. George orphanage as they come up. Work such ing Grounds, Maryland, on 19 May,
W. Kenna, brigade S3; Lieut. Col. Da- as this contributes to the establishment Lieutenant General John T. Lewis,
vid B. Nye, Commanding Officer, 97th of good will and friendly relationships Army Antiaircraft Commander, inspect-
AAA Gun Bn.; Lieutenant James R. between the Japanese and our Armed ed the New York defenses on 5 June.
Master, S2, 64th AAA Gun Bn.; Cap- Forces. Brigadier General Frederick L. Hay-
tain Grant K. Lower, Commo Officer, den, Commanding General, Eastern
753d AM Gun Bn.; Captain Raymond 45th AAA BRIGADE
Army Antiaircraft Command, inspected
H. Lamothe, C Battery, 753d MA Gun Lt. Col. Robert H. Johnston, Brigade defenses of this unit during the period
Bn.; Lieutenant Hollister W. Borden, S3, is on orders to USAEUR. He will 25 May to 3 June.
D Battery, 753d AAA Gun Bn.; Major depart this headquarters on or about 14 Colonel K. J. Woodbury, Brigade Ex-
Ralph E. Duncan, Commanding Officer, August 1953. ecutive, attended the Army Field Forces
37th MA Gun Battalion; Lieut. Col. Capt. Donald H. Ryan is the Brigade Commanders Preventive Maintenance
James M. Carson, Commanding Officer, Adjutant. He was formerly with the Course at Aberdeen during the week of
507th AAA AW Bn.; Lieutenant Rich- 8th MA AW Bn. (Smbl), Camp Lu- 18 May and the Special Weapons and
ard W. Noyes, Operations Officer, 162d cas, Mich. Capt. Ryan returned from Guided Missiles orientation course at
MA Operations Detachment; Major Korea in August of 1952. Fort Bliss during the week of 8 June.
Alec T. Fedosi, 97th AAA Gun Bn.; Major Norman C. Jensen, Brigade Captain Adam C. Hart, recent grad-
Captain Richard C. Beaudry, S4, 32d Radar Officer, was recently awarded the uate in the Guided Missiles course at
AM AW Bn.; Lieutenant William M. Bronze Star Medal for meritorious serv- Fort Bliss, has assumed the duties of the
Frisbie, D Battery, 32d MA AW Bn. ice as the 8th Army Artillery Radar Of- Brigade Guided Missiles Officer.
Although the primary mission of an- ficer. The award was presented by Captain Leonard Starin has been as-
tiaircraft artillerymen here in Japan is Colonel Frank F. Miter, Brigade Com- signed as Hq Btry Commander.
to provide MA defense of certain vital mander. Captain Clarence A. Klaver, Signal
installations, another very important mis-
Corps, was assigned as Brigade Signal
sion has been taken on voluntarily by 53d AAA BRIGADE
Swarthmore, Pa. Officer upon his return from Europe.
many of the AAA units. It appears that
MjSgt. Thomas W. Conley, S4 Sec-
the rugged, combat ready artilleryman Colonel Kenneth 1. Curtis assumed
tion, was retired on 30 June as a Chief
just can't withstand the sight of small command of the 53d AAA Brigade on 1
Warrant Officer after more than 30
Japanese orphan children living under July, replacing Colonel Arthur C. Peter-
years of honorable service.
conditions which they believe to be in- son who has been reassigned to Hq.
ferior to what the children deserve. Ac- ASA, 8600th MU, Washington, D. C.
EASTERNARMY ANTIAIR-
cordingly, they have taken upon them- A system of intra-brigade awards has
selves to provide, wherever possible, been established with presentations to
CRAFT COMMAND
those things which will improve the lot begin on 30 September. Awards will Three riflemen and two pistoleers
of these unfortunate tykes. A typical be made in the following categories: (1) from the Eastern Army Antiaircraft
example is the project undertaken by Best battalion, (2) Best gun battery; Command are members of the Army
the men of the Northern Provisional operational readiness, (3) Best battery; Antiaircraft Command team participat-
Group. transportation, (4) Best battery; site, ing in the All-Army rifle and pistol
During the fall of 1952 Chaplain (5) Best battery; mess, (6) Best battery; tryouts at Fort Benning, Georgia.
(Major) William P. Golder and the En- administration and supply. The riflemen are 1st Lt. Daniel L.
listed Mens Character Guidance Coun- Awards will be of two types, quarterly Thomas, 701st AAA Gun Battalion,
48 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Broughton, Pa.; WOJG William A. from duty with the 38th AAA Brigade, Sheridan to its present location, the Mu-
Ralston, Headquarters, 35th AAA Bri- Fort Bliss, Tex. seum of Science and Industry, formerly
gade. Fort Meade, Maryland; and Pri- Major Thomas A. Duke, until re- occupied by Headquarters 45th AAA
yate Bobby Dailey, Battery D, 34th AAA cently in attendance at the Command Brigade.
Gun Battalion, Fort Totten, New York. and General Staff College, Fort leaven- The Group is commanded by Colonel
Pistolmen are Captain William Wal- worth, Kan., has been assigned to G3 John Alfrey from Baker, Oregon. Colo-
ter, Battery A, 701st AAA Gun Battal- and will report in July. nel Alfrey graduated from the USr..1A
ion, Broughton, Pa.; and CWO Michel Major Max R. McCarthv, Assistant in 1935. He served recently as PMS &
Tuffner, Battery D, 506th AAA Gun G3, has been designated t~ attend the T at the University of Kansas.
Battalion, Philadelphia, Pa. Command and General Staff College, The Executive Officer of the Group
The rifle team is scheduled to com- Fort Leavenworth, Kan. is Major David C. Miss, who recently
pete in the Southeastern Regional High- Major Harry B. Plowman, Assistant returned from the C & GS College, at
power Rifle Championships at Camp G3, will attend the Artillery Officers Ad- Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Lejeune, North Carolina, beginning vanced Course at Fort Sill, Okla., start- Major George Henry, from Dart-
July 26th. ing in September. mouth, Massachusetts, who has been
The Pistol squad will participate in Major Leonard H. Sims, Jr., former with the 22nd AAA Group since 20
the Southwestern Regional Pistol Cham- G2, left the Command for an assign- July 52 is the S3.
pionships which begin July 29th at Fort ment with EUCOM in May. He was The Group has gone through the
Bliss, Texas. replaced by Major Robert H. Lockyer. phases of being operational and very
Both the rifle and pistol squads are Major John A. Walder, former S4 of close to garrison at the same time as far
slated to proceed to Camp Perry, Ohio, the 4th AAA Group, USARAL, was as responsibilities were concerned. The
early in August to begin preparation assigned to G4 in June. men have lived in squad tents and
for the National Championships which Captain August M. Fons, Jr., arrived cooked on field ranges for months with-
will be held August 20th to 25th. at Headquarters WESTARAACOM in in view of the Palmolive Building. The
June from Headquarters AFFE. Jamesway huts were very welcome, al-
WESTERN ARMY ANTIAIR- Captain Samuel D. Miller was desig- though they are only to be used until
nated Crypto Officer upon his arrival the prefabricated buildings are com-
CRAFT COMMAND
from Fort Richie, Md., in April. He pleted. The sites have latrines with
By Li. Col. Wiley F. Shaver, Jr., Gl showers and modern electric equipment
was promoted to captain on 22 ApriL
Brigadier General Edward J. McGaw Captain Francis J. Morgen, who has in the mess halls. A great change
assumed command of WESTARAA- been Personnel Officer of Headquarters has been effected within the last few
COM in March. His key staff officers WESTARAAC01\1 for well over two months.
include: years, was ordered to EUCOM early in A constant supervised training pro-
Deputy Commander: Colonel Pierre June. gram helps maintain artillery proncien-
B. Denson. CWO Harry G. Marshall, who served cy. This training program is rounded
G1: Lt. Col. Wiley F. Shaver, Jr. for over two years as Administrative As- out by maintaining two batteries at a
G2 and PIa: Major Robert H. Lock- sistant, G3, left for EUCOM in Mav. time on the firing range at Camp Haven,
yer, who recently returned from the His former position is now held by Wisconsin. Each battalion assigned will
C & GS College. cwo Charles W. Davis, who came to fire at the range three times during the
G3: Colonel Robert W. Hain, who the Command from IIeadquarters, Ice- ensuing year.
leaves soon to attend the Army War land Defense Force. Morale is high and great pride shows
College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsyl- CWO Robert 1\1. 1\1osholder, former for unit achievement. This fact is espe-
nnia. Supply Officer G4, left for EUC01\1 in cially true when competitive spirit is
G4: Lt. CoL Edmund H. Carpenter, June. displayed for the best unit awards. The
who formerly served with the Arctic Major Thomas A. Gandy, Jr., recent- people of Chicago are displaying a good
Test Branch in Alaska. ly returned from the Far East, was as- deal more interest in the welfare of our
Air Defense Officers: Colonel Daniel signed to the G2 Section early in July. men. Organizations such as the Chicago
A. Rannev, Hamilton AFB; Lt. Col. State Teachers College produced plays
Bernard J: Drew, Hamilton AFB; Lt. 22nd AAA GROUP for the benefit of the Chicago area ar-
Col. Chas. W. Stewart, McChord AFB. Chicago, Illinois tillery personnel. On 16 May, 1953, ap-
G3 Section: Colonel Fred H. Mein- The 22nd AAA Group moved from proximately a dozen sites opened their
ert, Exec.; Lt. Col. Thos. D. Caulfield, Fort Custer, Michigan to Fort Sheridan, gates to the public and good will was
Opns.; Lt. CoL Chas. G. Young, Plans. Illinois, in March of 1952, where the established with the hundreds of people
Asst. G4: Lt. Col. Lee B. Bolton. Group assumed command of the north- who took advantage of the offer. Guided
Colonel Walter A. Rude, formerly ern defense of Chicago. The 23rd AAA tours county fair style let them see the
Chief of Staff, has been reassigned to Group was reactivated 13 May 1952 for displays which gave them an idea of
duty as Professor of Military Science the southern defense; however, both why we are here. Several of the local
and Tactics at the University of Wash- groups were combined as the 22nd AAA business men in the Chicago area were
ington, Seattle. Group on 14 January 1953. On the kind enough to donate refreshments to
Lieutenant Colonel Thomas D. Caul- 28th of February 1953, Headquarters be served to the public. The Boy Scouts
field came to the G3 section in June 22nd AAA Group moved from Fort of various Chicago units such as the St.
JULY-AUGUST,1953 49
Paul Troop visited the batteries on site The uncomfortable living conditions Major John W. Mielke. This survey
quite frequently, thus giving them an of the AM troops had long been noted developed that training at the squad
idea of how we live. As future leaders by Maj. Gen. David A. D. Ogden, com- level was unsatisfactory due to the in-
of the community this will give them a manding general, Ryukyus Command. experience of squad leaders plus lad:
clearer insight toward our trend in pub- Earlier as an engineer officer he haa of suitable training aids, as well as train-
lic relations as well as how their money developed an idea for a prefabricated ing literature.
win be used. building which would offer both comfort Known rotation losses for the period
and mobility since it could be disman- 1 January to 1 May, 1953 represented
29th AAA GROUP SOUTHERN tled, moved, and reassembled. The first about 70% of the total personnel that
AIR DEFENSEAREA such barracks was built recently by the had been assigned prior to 1 January
Col. Percy L. Wall, Commanding Ryukyus Command post engineers as an 1953. However, filler personnel from
experiment. the Zone of Interior were received to
We have had the local political and
The experiment proved a success, and fill the vacancies left by these more sea-
POW tensions and a few air alerts, but
as a result, the dreary squad tent is dis- soned troops. Even at or near full T /0
not the PO 2 raids, as they have further
appearing from the Okinawan scene. In & E strength, the efficiency of the unit
North.
its place are neat little green and white was slowly decreasing. This decrease
Lieutenant Colonel John M. Ross-
buildings, leak-proof, typhoon-resistant was caused by the loss of a large num-
nagel, from Maine, is now our Execu-
and comfortable. ber of key NCO's.
tive Officer. Major Godfrey V. Gabor-
The new barracks cost about the same The need for a better training pro-
sky, from New York, is the Adjutant.
as the squad tent whose canvas must be gram was readily apparent, and on I
Major William S. Wall, South Carolina,
replaced frequently. They are being March, 1953, it was decided to set up
is the Operations Officer. Captain
built by the men of the 97th themselves a program based on the principle of
George B. Erdman, Pennsylvania, is the
at a central fabricating plant at Group centralized instruction, which would be
S2, and Captain James J. McCartney,
headquarters in Nupunja, Okinawa. comprehensive and sufficiently broad in
Pennsylvania, is the S4.
Sidewalls and roof are both constructed scope to cover the ":Must Know" sub-
of prefabricated panels which can be jects for all enlisted crew men in the
97th ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTIL- bolted together. Two men, properly Battalion.
LERY GROUP trained, can fabricate one building in On 26 March a section training pro-
APO 331 two days. As a further economy meas- gram of one week's duration was put
Col. Eugene H. Walter, Command- ure, the "Ogden House" as the men into effect to run for eight consecutive
ing Officer of the 97th AAA Group em have dubbed it, can be built largely from weeks. One 'section from each Battery
Okinawa since December, 1951, was re- salvaged material. was called out of action and drawn into
cently reassigned to the Combat Advi- Although the barracks are being built the battalion headquarters area for six
sory Group, Ft. Monroe, Va. during off-duty time, the work is going days. Classes were scheduled from 0800-
He has been succeded by Lt. Col. ahead at a rapid pace. Perhaps before 1200, 1300-1700 and 1900-2100 hours
David Y. Nanney, who was formerly the present season of the "big blow" is Monday through Friday with Saturdays
Commander of the 76th AAA AW Bat- over, all the men who man the antiair- class schedule being 0800-1200 and
talion in Korea. craft guns will be snug and dry in their 1300-1530 hours. At' the close of the
Lt. Col. Harry E. Eaton has assumed "Ogden Houses." course an examination was given, fol-
command of the 65th AAA Gun Battal- lowed by a critique and graduation cere-
ion, replacing Lt. Col. Harry C. Brown. 50th AAA BN (AW) (SP) monies.
Lt. Col. Eaton recently completed a tour Lt. Col. John A. Hodgson, Commanding The subject material covered in this
as Commander of the 50th AAA AW Training in Korea, particularly when course was: Nomenclature, Operation
Battalion in Korea. an Automatic Weapons Self-Propelled and Functioning of the Caliber .50 Ma-
Lt. Col. Marvin R Douglas, recently Battalion is in a semi-static position in chine Gun, M45C Turret, Twin 40mm
of Ft. Bliss, has replaced Lt. Col. Wil- defense of critical installations, becomes Gun 1'.119,1'.14Turret; Half-Track ve-
liam F. Kuhn as Commander of the a problem due to a high rate of person- higes; Full-Track vehicles; sighting sys-
85th AAA Gun Battalion. Lt. Col. nel turnover caused by rotation. The tems and AW Gunnery using both the
Kuhn was reassigned as instructor with many separate squad sites that fit into ring type sights as well as computing
the New Hampshire National Guard. the tactical plan and also bad roads that sights; action drill on both the M16 and
Lt. Col. Maurice J. Palizza, former wreak havoc on transportation present a M19; AAA Fire Control conditions,
executive officer of the 97th AAA constant maintenance problem. The ne- states of readiness; and ammunition
Group, has recently departed this Com- cessity for maintaining minimum crews handling, classification and storage.
mand for Stewart Air Force Base, N. Y. at their position 24 hours a day coupled Instructor personnel were drawn from
with requirements of a 24 hour air and officers of the battalion. All instruction
BETTERHOUSING security guard clearly indicates that most was conducted using Fort Bliss lesson
The squad tent has a lot of merit UH- training must be conducted by the in- plans, where applicable, to include
der some conditions. However, it was dividual squad leader. training aids that were available, plus
something less to the 97th AM Group At the direction of the Battalion Com- additional training aids that the instruc-
batteries on Okinawa during their wind mander a survey of effectiveness of train- tors had made up by enlisted men in
and rain lashing typhoons. ing was made by the Battalion S3, the battalion.
50 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 The section trammg program was
coI11pletedon 23 1\lay and the battalion
then went into intensive training on
range procedure, as the battalion was
due to go on the Light AM range for
J record sen'ice practice during the
month of June.
Plans are now under way for the fol-
lowing courses of centralized instruction
to be presented at battalion level during
lhe period 6 July through 6 September,
1953. These plans include the follow-
ino: (a) A 48 hour 1\ lotar 1\ laintenance
and " Drivers School for dri\'er person-
nel. This course will be repeated eight
limes. (b) A phase II section training
program, 44 hours in duration, to in-
clude First Aid, 1\lap Reading, Aircraft
Recognition, A \V in close support of
infantry, maintenance of the 1\116 and
~119 weapons, Physical Training and
Character Guidance, which will run for
eight periods. Lieut. Paul J. Reioux, Btr)' A, 92nd AAA A \X' Bn., orients USAF noncoms
During the period 25 June to 5 July
was a steel maintenance building 100' x
three short courses will be conducted. 92nd AAA A W BN REPORTS
40', for their 1\lotar Pool. The nnd oc-
The subjects of these courses are: (a) FROM ENGLAND cupies only buildings of its own con-
Communications, which includes 7
By Lt. John M. Cragill struction.
hours instruction, to be repeated twice
Perhaps the most gratifying thing
for all communication personnel in the
about this troop-labor project is the fact
batteries, (b) CBR \Varfare refresher
Some citizen-soldiers havc a psycho- that it was accomplished by artillery
coursc of 5 hours duration; instruction
logical aversion to military service be- troops who were concurrently training
to be repeated three times which will
cause "it is a non-productivc period and maintaining a state of combat readi-
afford the battalion a man in each squad
spent in an organization the primary ness.
lhat has been brought up to date on
purpose of which is to destroy." Not so When, in February, 1951, the 39th
CBR \Varfare. The one remaining
with troops of the 32nd AAA Brigade. AAA AW Battalion landed at South-
school to be conducted is a 24 hour land
These men can point with pride to a ampton the US Army had returned to
mine warfare school for officers and se-
period of considerable accomplishment. England for the first time since the war.
lected NCO's.
Typical of these accomplishments is This event heralded a period of produc-
The battalion is now conducting a
the construction program of the 92nd tive cooperation on at least four stages.
record service practice on a light AAA
AAA A \V Battalion stationed at Brize Between the US and British Armies a
range, and we can see good results from
Norton AFB, Oxon, England. During great deal of mutual respect and good
lhe earlier training program.
the winter months, December, January will developed as a result of the assist.
The Battalion Staff and Battery Com- ance tendered us in the use of ranges,
and February, the Battalion built 47
manders of the 50th AAA Bn (A W)
woodcn barracks and 18 quonset-type facilities, and training aids.
(SP) include the following:
buildings, not to mention some 100-odd Between our Army and the RAF a
Executive-1\lajor I-larry C. Eisenhart maintenance huts. Completed in March very effective air defense team has grown
SI-Captain W. K. Richardson
up.
S2-2nd Lt. Elmer L. Neto Another important stage of coopera-
S3-1\lajor John W. l\lielke tion has been that between the USAF
S4-WOJG William V. Stevens and the US Army. 'vVe are dependent
Assist. S3-lst Lt. R. R. Hawkins, Jr. upon the Air Force for logistical sup-
!\lotor-Captain John J-l. Allen, Jr.
port.
Chaplain-1st Lt. L. l-I. Campbell
A great deal of experience in com-
Comm.-2nd Lt. Joseph C. Gaughan
bined chemical smoke and automatic
Personnel-WOJG John 'v\'. \Vise
weapons defense has been gained.
I-Iq Btry CO-1st Lt. E. P. 1\lullin
At the same time our officers, men,
Btr)' A CO-Capt. Ralph C. Williams
and their families have also built up a
Btr)' B CO-1st Lt. James A. Stewart
lot of British good will in their private
Btry C CO-Capt. l\laynard J. Short
92nd AAA A \X' Bn Headquarters Area social intercourse.
Btry D CO-Capt. C. C. Clarke
51
JUlY-AUGUST,1953
THE 52nd AAA AW BATTAL- put into the hands of light AAA battal. Mundy, representing the AA and eM
ions? How adequate is the school train- Branch, T AS, is responsible for the
ION TESTS SKYSWEEPER
ing for Skysweeper personnel? Does the training program. Lt. CoL Raymond E.
By 2d Lt. Donald G. Chaney T /0&£. as established, give to the using Isenson, representing Army Field Forces
Recognizing the definite need for thor- units the necessary equipment and per- Board Four, is responsible for the tCSt
ough test and examination of new equip- sonnel so that their mission mav be ef- results concerning materiel. l\lajor Don.
ment under field conditions before it is fectively accomplished? Can th~ 40mm aId l\lillar, AA and Gl\l Branch, TAS
actually placed in the hands of using battalion be successfullv converted to the is supervising the tactical phases of ou;
units, the Armv has the 52nd AAA Bat- Skysweeper or would it be preferable.ro operations.
talion (Light 75mm) conducting an ex- organize new units for this purpose? Is The Troop Test will be divided into
tensive Troop Test on the Skysweeper the tactical doctrine, as established, prac- three separate sub-tests. The first phase
at Camp Roberts, California. tical when put to actual test? Can the will consist of a normal traininob cycle
•

This weapon represents the latest ad- Skysweeper be mm'ed tactically over designed to teach our gun crews to ef-
vance in the never-ending search for An- long distances without causing undue ficiently employ the weapon in its "ari-
tiaircraft Artillery weapons to cope with maintenance problems? ous modes of operation. Upon comple-
modern, high-speed enemy aircraft oper- These and many other questions we tion of the basic training cycle, we will
ating tactically in forward areas. hope to be able to answer in the next move into the field to test the tactical
The Skyswccper is the first successful few months. mobility of the Skysweeper. The last
Antiaircraft Artillery weapon utilizing Lieut. Col. Franklin A. \Verner com- part of the test will consist of service
an on-carriage, integrated fire control mands the 52nd AAA Battalion. Kev practice and intensive manem'ers under
system composed of a gun laying radar, staff officers include: l\lajors John l\ i. closely simulated combat conditions.
computer and associated fire control Rutledge, Executive, and \Vm. P. Mc- Thus far the preliminaries and the
equipment. Each firing section is com- Kinney, Jr., S3; Captains Harry N. Roll- tests have been very interesting. The
pletely self-contained and capable of en- er, Electronics, and James H. vVhise- battalion is on its toes with a high state
gaging high-speed enemy targets Bying nant, S2; Lieutenants George F. Mc- of morale and enthusiasm.
at low and medium altitudes. Garrity, Motor 0, and Percy E. Roberts, [Lieut. Chaney graduated at the Uni-
The battalion will conduct the troop Adjutant. versity of California in June, 1952, and
testing program to determine the ade- This battalion has been provided with was commissioned from the ROTC
quacy of the materiel and T /0&£ as the prescribed personnel and equipment there. Since then he has graduated from
now established. It is our mission to de- as listed in the T /O&E. In addition, the ABOC at Fort Bliss and gained his
termine how the materiel will perform the 52d has been given supplementary RA commission. Ed.]
when placed with troops under average officers and men who will function as
6015t AAA GUN BATTALION
field conditions. a test team carefully observing and reo
\Ve are trying to answer a number cording the results of each portion of
(90mm)
of questions: Can the Skyswceper be the training cycle. Lt. Col. Ruben \V. During the months of l\'iay and June,
construction on the batteries' on-site po-
sitions has been heavily emphasized.
All batteries, with the exception of "D"
Battery, have moved into their mess halls
and have either commercial water or
well water now available at their posi-
tions. This makes a great improvement
over the kitchen tents and the daily
water runs. Construction of the main-
tenance building, already begun at sev-
eral sites, will complete the building
plan. The beautification program has
been in full swing with glass and shrub-
bery planting being done at all positions.
Concrete sidewalks are being laid and
the ammunition bunkers at the gun ring
are completed with the exception of "A"
Battery. The batteries of this battalion
all have the cable system from the gen-
erators to the guns installed completely
outside the gun ring.
On Armed Forces Day, 1\ lay 17, all
the batteries held "Open House" for the
friends and neighbors of the battery per-
sonnel. After the success of this ven-
5th Section, Btry B, 52nd AAA Battalion, A WI. ture, it was decided that every week
52 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
r
thereafter one battery would open their
position to any ,'isitors and guests who
l11ight be interested. On the afternoon
of June 21st, "A" Battery held the first
-Open House" with displays of barracks
and equipment ready for inspection. The
:\merican Legion Post No. 241 at Sun-
nybrook, l'\laryland was invited and a
large group attended. On June 28th, "lj'
Battery played host to the Gateway
Lions Club.
During the past month, this battalion,
along with the 75th AAA Gun Battal-
ion, performed tests for the AAA Com-
mand in the problem of decentralized
control of firing units and the suitability
of TO&E Radios, the AN/TPS ID
radar and many other items. The re-
sults of the tests have not been released
as yet but excellent training was ob-
tained by the battalion.
The last week in June concluded the
Advanced Individual Training Program
for the 601st. This program completes Brigadier General Edward J. McGaw, CG, \X' AAC, awards PFC Johnny A.
the last eight weeks of basic training for Butcher, Btry C, 740th AAA Bn, the Soldier's Medal for rescuing two civilians
many of the new men in the battalion. from drowning.
Two decorations were awarded to men
in this command. Sgt. Kilpatrick of "B" twice cited in Orders of the Day of the Edwards commanding, Richmond, Va.
Battery was awarded the Bronze Star Belgian Army for action in the defense 463rd AAA AW BN, Major S. C.
and Corporal Jeffers of "A" Battery was of Antwerp and of Antwerp Harbor, and Dunn commanding, Springfield, Delco,
given a Commendation Ribbon with was awarded the Belgian Fourragere. Penna.
Medal Pendant. Both were awarded for The 740th AAA Gun Battalion is 387th AAA A\V BN, Lt. Col. Rob-
meritorious service in Korea. commanded by Lt. Co/. James C. Parker. ert \Vetherall commanding, New Castle,
Plans are also under way for the let- Dela.
tered batteries to make the journey up 2nd ARMY ORC CAMP 457th AAA AW BN, Lt. Col. John
to Bethany Beach, Delaware for target Fort Miles, Delaware, and Dewey S. V. B. Shriver commanding. Balti-
practice in the near future. Beach were the scenes of active At\A more, Md.
Lt. Co/. James O. Murphy, who has training by the Second Army ORC 304th AAA Operations Det, Major S.
been Battalion Commander since reac- during the period July 4 to 18. J. Steinberg commanding, Havertown,
tivation of the 601st on 1 January 1953, Colonel Armand F. I-1oehle, com- Penna.
departs in August for a new assignment manding the 313th AI\A Group, Pitts- The beach weather was delightful and
in Europe. burgh, Pa., was the brigade commander. also perfect for their best AAA firing in
Colonel John i\1. Welch commanded several years.
740th AAA GUN BN the 302nd AAI\ Group, Cincinnati,
ACTIVATED Ohio, including: 260th AAA GROUP DCNG
On 14 May 1953 the 718th AAI\ Gun 199th AAI\ A'vV BN, Major L. The 260th AAA Group under com-
Bn, a California National Guard Unit, R. Laughner commanding, Cleveland, mand of Co/. Geo. V. Selwyn was ac-
was relieved from active Federal service Ohio. tive in camp at Bethany Beach from
at the Presidio of San Francisco, Cali- 453rd AAA AW BN, Lt. Col. H. Julv 4 to 18.
fornia. The battalion had completed 'vV. Rogers commanding, Columbus, i\lajor General Wm. H. Abendroth,
the Army Training Program at Fort Ohio. Commander of the DC Guard, was
Bliss, Texas, and subsequently had been 482nd AAI\ AW BN, i\ la jor R. camp commander.
a part of the AA defense of the San Sarisfield commanding, Rossmoyne, Lt. Col. Robert T. Bard, CO, 340th
Francisco Bay Area. Ohio. AAA Gun Battalion, commanded the
The 740th AAA Gun Battalion was 301st AAA Operations Det, Major major firing unit in camp. And the
reactivated on 14 April 1953 to replace Geo. Tollini commanding, Cincinnati, 90mm AAA firing is the main event.
the outgoing National Guard battalion. Ohio. The 260th, Major Abram L. Green,
The battalion served in Europe in VV\V Colonel i\lartin D. i\leyers com- CO, and the 380th under Lt. Col.
II. It is authorized streamers for the manded the 326th AAA Group, Phila- Andrew G. Conlyn did not go in full
campaigns of England 1944, for Nor- delphia, including: strength; however, they had active con-
mandy, and for Northern France, was 486th AAA AW BN, i\lajor C. C. tingents.
JULY -AUGUST, 1953 S3
 is news. Its timeliness, its topic, its
vision and its views embrace the big-

II BOOK REVIEWS II
I
gest problem in the world today. It of-
fers a long-range, over-all plan rather
ways win his fight, but neither Sixth than any pat, spot solution for strategy
DE TASSIGNY'S STORY
Army Group nor SHAEF were permit- against Communist im-asion and ideas.
THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH Justice Douglas can expect dissents
FIRST ARMY. Marshal de Lattre ted any doubt of his point of view.
Marshal de Lattre had a deep and from some of his opinions, particularly
de Tassigny. The Macmillan Com- about Korea, although he agrees with
pany, 1952. 532 Pages; Illus- abiding affection for his men, an affec-
tion that illuminates every page of this the 1950 decision to defend that coun-
trated; Maps; Index; $9.50. try. He commends the Burmese for
In many ways this will be a curious book. To him, every man was important
warding off communism by setting up
book to the American reader because of and he spared neither himself nor his
a welfare state. He fears for the future
its intensely personal tone. It is an ex- commanders to see that no man was lost
needlessly. This book, in fact, is a me- of Indo-China. He contends that France,
tension of General de Lattre's personality
despite valor in fighting against Red en-
just as his Army was, and both reveal morial to them.
Aside from the insight that he has croachment in that area, will feed the
a man of genius-and of a thousand
given us into his own character, Marshal flames unless it promises real independ-
con tradictions.
ence to Viet Nam.
The task he accomplished with the de Lattre has written an account that
This book about Malaya, Burma,
French First Army might well have will serve historians well. It is an enor-
Indo-China, the Philippines, Formosa
crushed a lesser man. He had as a nu- mously detailed report on the organiza-
and Korea really is addressed to Ameri-
cleus veteran colonial units which he as- tion, training and combat operations of
cans, especially the well-intentioned but
sembled and trained in North Africa, the French First Army from the time of
uninformed.
and a tough, battle-hardened corps from its organization for the landings in
Justice Douglas holds that our lack
Italy. Nearly all of these troops had been Southern France to final victory. It is
of understanding of Communist revo-
trained in the traditions of the regular .very evidently the result of complete
lutionary tactics in Asia is weakest of
service and were led by men who were notes de Lattre must have made on the
all, as is our understanding of the as-
products of that service. This was the ground, augmented by exhaustive per-
pirations and situations of the people of
army Marshal de Lattre led into South- sonnel research.-O.C.S.
Asia. He doubts that force of arms can
ern France with conspicuous success.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDED drive Communist methods and ideas
To it he had to add over a hundred MISSILE. By Kenneth W. Gatland. out of Asia. But he is convinced that a
thousand veterans of the Resistance, Philosophical Library, New York. democratic counterrevolution can do it
young men who had learned soldiering 133 pages. $3.75. if the United States "helps Asia acquire
in a different school of war and who The English author presents valu- the strength to win her own independ-
were not accustomed to the more formal able information. His coverage of the ence and to maintain and enjoy it" over
.discipline of the conventional military development of guided missiles in Ger- any form of tyranny.
unit. The integration had to be accom- many during World War II provides a The difficulties, in his opinion, are
plished while some units of the army necessary background. He also attempts not insurmountable. The first need, he
were actively fighting the enemy. Yet it to provide a projection into the future, says, is that we be faithful to our own
was accomplished-not without friction including space ships and interplane- traditions of democracy and rights if we
-and the army continued to fight mag- tary rockets. are to champion the weak and oppressed
nificently. The military reader will find this in Asia. As a reporter, political philoso-
Add to this a cumbersome logistical publication an interesting and specu- pher and jurist, he writes: "The tradi-
setup, partly through French channels lative treatise on guided missiles. The tion of due process of law gives spiritual
and partly through American channels, book is a concise review of guided mis- strength to the forces opposing com-
.and the constant and often conflicting sile information which is available to munism in Asia. In fact, it sums up the
pressures which the Allied command the general public.-I. A. P. basic conflict between the free world
and de Gaulle's government exerted on and communism."-R. W.K.
.de Lattre, and you have a troop com- NORTH FROM MALAYA. By Wm .
mander's nightmare. O. Douglas. Doubleday. 352 pp. BOOKS RECEIVED
But de Lattre guided his conduct on $3.95. STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR CO-
two primary loyalties-to his men and Justice Douglas, in this briefing on ALITION WARFARE 1941-1942.
to France. For them he fought magnif- conditions or conspiracies from Malaya U.S. Army in World War II. Supt.
icently, against the Germans, and some- to Korea, counsels his fellow Americans of Public Documents. 454 pages.
times against his superiors. He was to rely on a sense of justice more than $3.25.
determined to help bring about the any material weapon to overcome com- MAlENKOV: Stalin's Successor.
resurgence of French arms and he fought munism in Asia. By Marfin Ebon. McGraw-HilI.
bitterly any move that might curb the In journeyings he has often proved 284 pages. $3.75.
effective fighting power of his army, for to be far more than a mere globe-trotter THE RIVER AND THE GAUNTlET.
it and it alone represented the organized between Supreme Court terms. This By S. L. A. Marshall. Wm. Mor-
.armed might of France. He did not al- book, even more than his earlier ones, row & Co. 385 pages. $5.00.
54 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 Phillips, Wilmer S., Chief, [\;. I-I.
i\lil. District, i\lanchester, N. H.
Sturman, J. Foxhall, Jr., Senior
Army Instructor, NG, Boston, i\ lass.

General Jackson Retires

The Third Infantry Regiment, serv-
ice units at Fort Lesley J. McNair and
the U. S. Army Band turned out in
Retirements colorful review on 26 June honoring
The following Antiaircraft Artillery the Fort McNair Commander, Colonel
Colonels retire on 31 July, each with Harold R. Jackson, incident to his re-
more than 30 years honorable service tirement and promotion to his wartime
and five years in grade: rank of Brigadier General.
Amoroso, Arnold D., Pi\lS&T, Geor- A 1917 graduate of the U. S. 1'1ilitary
gia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Academy, General Jackson served with
Anderson, George B., IG Section, Antiaircraft Artillery in the United
Fourth ,\rmy. States and in Europe during \Vorld \Var
Armstrong. i\larvil G., Exec., i\lil. II. He has served as post commander
Assistance Div., Hq, EUCOi\l, Ger- at Fort i\ lcNair for the past two years.
manv. General and Mrs. Jackson are making
Betts, Thomas J., Intelligence duty an eight-month tour of Great Britain,
in London. Europe and French Morocco following
Chaplin, Robert T., Senior Army In- retirement.
structor, aRC, Boston, i\ lass. Colonel Joe D. i\loss, \Vorld Vlar II
DeCamp, John T., Asst. IG, Hq, commander of the 112th AAA Group
Sixth Army, Presidio of San Francisco. during the France and Germany cam-
Lieutenant General Schuyler Featherston, John H., Senior Army paigns, succeeds General Jackson as Post
instructor, aRc, Columbia, S. C. Commander at Fort Lesley J. McNair.
i\lajor General Cortlandt Van R. Frank, Karl C., Pi\'lS& T, Utah State His last assignment was as the Chief of
Schuyler was recently promoted to the College, Logan, Utah. the Procurement and Distribution Divi-
grade of lieutenant general and assigned Goff, John L., Post Inspector General, sion Gl, Department of the Army Gen-
as Chief of Staff to General Gruenther Fort Lewis, \Vash. eral Staff.
in SHAPE. Thus when General Gruen- Hafer, Joseph B., Pi\lS&T, Univer- Colonel and l'lrs. Moss will reside at
ther recently relieved General Ridgway, sity of Delaware, Newark. Quarters 10, Fort lVlcNair.
General Schuyler took over General Harrington, John H., Chief, Nevada
Gruenther's former assignment. Merger
i\lilitary District, Reno.
No progress has yet been made on
The job was not new to him. \Vhen Harris, Charles 5., Editor, Ar-."'TIAIR-
the JOURNAL merger. Meanwhile, we
Generals Eisenhower and Gruenther CRAFTJOURNAL.
continue to publish the Ar-."'TIAIRCRAFT
were organizing SHAPE Headquarters Harry, John, Senior Army Instructor,
JOURNALon regular schedule and with
in 1951 General Schuyler was secured aRC, Hartford, Conn.
our present editorial staff.
to serve as Special Assistant to General Hartman, Norman E., Chief, AA
Gruenther. He served in that capacity Sec., Any Br., CMD, 01A, Wash., D. C. To the Editor
at SHAPE until January this year when I-Ieilfron, Milton, Senior Army In-
Inclosed is a roster of officers of the
he was transferred to take command structor, aRC, Presidio of San Fran-
44th AAA Brigade (Provisional) and
of the 28th Infantry Division in Ger- CISCO.
subscriptions to the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOUR-
many. Holder, \Villiam G., Review Board
NAL to permit the Brigade to start out
USMA graduate, class of 1922, Gen- Council, Wash., D. C.
on the Honor Roll of the JOURNAL,as
eral Schuyler served with Antiaircraft Kahle, John F., Senior Army Instruc-
a matter of course. \Ve will continue to
Artillery until 1944, when he was tor, N.G., \Vashington, D. C.
push for subscriptions and articles as
named United States representative to Kohn, Joseph P., Pi\lS&T, I-lills-
we did when the 10th AAA Group was
the Allied Commission for Roumania. borough High Schools, Tampa, Florida.
top headquarters for non-divisional AAA
In 1947 he returned to \Vashington to LaFrenz, William F., Dpy CIS, Calif. in Korea.
serve as the Chief of the Plans and Pol- Mil. Dist., Presidio of San Francisco. Colonel Charles G. Dunn commands
icy Group, Army General Staff. i\1cLean, Donald, Info Section, the Brigade; Lt. Col. C. E. Dunlap, Jr.,
Brigadier General Robert J. \Vood, OCAFF, Fort Monroe, Virginia. is the Executive; i\hjor John B. Grogan,
whose orders to USAFFE were an- Merritt, Wilmer B., G2, Hq Second S 1 and I am S2; Capt. Thos. A Payne,
nounced in last issue, has been re- Army, Fort Meade, Maryland. S3 and Major Donald G. Seward, 54.
assigned to the Office of the Secretary Pamplin, Douglas G., OCAFF wlSta Colonel John C. Bane now commands
of Defense with station in Paris. i\U.T., Cambridge, Mass. the 10th AAA Group and Lt. Col.
JULY-AUGUST, 1953 55
 Recent Assignments Hill, William W., Jr., to 1st GM Group, Coggans, Emory 1., Jr., to 516th AAA GlIII
Fort Bliss, Texas. Bn., Detroit, Mich.
COLONELS Johnston, Robert H., to USA Forces, Europe, Davies, Edward H., to USA Forces, Euro~
Abbey, 'X'alter, to USA Forces, Far East, Yolw- Bremerhaven. Bremerhaven.
harna. Kreager, Raymond F., to l..;SA Forces, Far Evans, David J., to USA Forces, Euro~
Baya, George E., to OCLL. Washington, DC. East, Yokohama. Bremerhaven.
Buynoski, Adam S., to USA Forces, Far East, Kashner, G., to 518th AAA Gun BN, Camp Frantz, Karl 1., to TJSAForces, Far East, Yoko-
Yokohama. Hanford, Wll!h. hama.
Dutton, Shelley E., to L'SA Forces, Europe, McGinn, Floy W., to USA Caribbean, Ft. Fobes, Ramon D., to USA Forces, Far East,
Bremerhaven. Amador,CZ. Yokohama.
George, William c., to l..;SAForces, Far East, MacDonald, Vincent A., 71st AAA Gun Bn., Gandy, Thomas A., to Hq WESTARAACOM,
Yokohama. Fort Belvoir, Va. Hamilton AFB, Calif.
Harrison, Joseph 1., to USA Forces, Far East, Manguso, Antonino H., to 1st GM Group, Garofalo, William H., to 3rd A.AA Group,
Yokohama. Fort Bliss, Texas. Norfolk, Va.
Logan, W. Bruce, to USA Forces, Europe, Miccio, Louis, to AA & GM Br, TAS, Ft Bliss, Gray, Asa P., Jr., to USA Forces, Far East,
Bremerhaven. Texas. Yokohama.
Moses, DeMaurice, to USA Forces, Far East, Newcomer, Francis K., Jr., to TJSA Forces, Far Hagemeier, Paul E., to USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. East, Yokohama. Yokohama.
Norvell, James E., to USA Forces, Far East, Oswalt, John W., to USA Forces, Far East, Holbrook, John S., to USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. Yokohama. Yokohama.
Patterson, Charles G., to Tactical Command, Parker, James C, to Stu Det, Univ. of Virginia, Jacobs, Harold ]., to USA Forces, Far East,
USA Forces, Austria. Charlottesville, Va. Yokohama.
Schaefer, Arthur F., to AAA RTC, Ft. Bliss, Philbrick, Kenneth R., to USA Forces, Far East, Jensen, Norman C, to Stu Det, TAS, Ft Bliss,
Tex. Yokohama. Tex.
Shaver, Maurice P., to 2nd AAA Group, Pringle, Herman E., to USA Forces, Far East, Keene, Lawrence E., to USA Forces, Europe,
Youngstown, N.Y. Yokohama. Bremerhaven.
Solomon, Maddrey 1\.., to USA Forces, Europe, Reubel, Harry B., to Hampton Institute, Hamp- Keys, Edward M., to USA FaKes, Europe,
Bremerhaven. ton, Virginia. Bremerhaven.
Tubbs, Harry S., to USA Caribbean, Ft Ama- Ringgold, Charles 1., to USA Forces, Far East, McCarthy, Paul N., to USA Forces, Far East,
dor,CZ. Yokohama. Yokohama.
Schooley, Carl T., to 1st GM Group, Fort Bliss, McCartney, Robert W., to USA Forces, Far East,
LIEUTENANT COLONELS Texas. Yokohama.
Arnold, Samuel M., to 466th AAA AW BN, Shookus, Anthony H., to USA Forces, Europe, McGiven, PaulL., to OCAFF, Fort Monroe,
March AFB, Calif. Bremerhaven. Va.
Ballagh, Robert S., to USA Forces, Far East, Thorkelson, William 1., to USA Forces, Far Mastellar, Bruce G., USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. East, Yokohama. Yokohama.
Ballentine, John F., USA Forces, Far East, Williams, James W., to USA Forces, Far East, Nagelmann, Bernard K., to USA Forces, Eu.
Yokohama. Yokohama. rope, Bremerhaven.
Barry, Robert B., Jr., to USA Forces, Far East, Williams, William]., to USA Forces, Far East, Sanguinetti, John H., to USA Forces, Europe,
Yokohama. Yokohama. Bremerhaven.
Bellamy, Paul E., USA Forces, Far East, Sharpe, John H., to USA Forces, Far East,
MAJORS
Yokohama. Yokohama.
Boyce, Wilbur C, Jr., to USA Forces, Far Anderson, John C, to USA Forces, Far East, Sheehan, James T., to USA Forces, Far East,
East, Yokohama. Yokohama. Yokohama.
Butler, James 1., USA Forces, Far East, Aschenbeck, Arnold H., to USA Forces, Europe, Skeltstaltis, Walter, Jr., 66th AAA Gun Bn,
Yokohama. Bremerhaven. Ft Hamilton, NY.
Carr, John R., to USA Forces, Europe, Brem- Aurand, Paul B., to USA Forces, Far East, Smith, Temple C, to USA Forces, Far East,
erhaven. Yokohama. Yokohama.
Caulder, Bruce B., to USA Forces, Far East, Bahme, Nathan, to USA Forces, Europe, Brem- Steckel, Chester ]., to USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. erhaven. Yokohama.
Debes, Dale A., to USA Forces, Far East, Tedick, Eugene, to USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. Bielefeld, Henry E., to TAS, Fort Sill, Okla. Yokohama.
Dueker, Fred E., to USA Forces, Far East, Brown, William N., to 71st AAA Gun Bn., Trafford, George H., to USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. Ft. Belvoir, Va. Yokohama.
Durgin, Chesley F., to USA Forces, Far East, Burger, Paul S., to USA Forces, Far East, Yoko- Waugh, Edgar S., to USA Forces, Far East,
Yokohama. hama. Yokohama.
Edmunds, James M., to USA Forces, Far East, Campbell, Thomas E., to USA Forces, Far East, Winton, George P., to AFF Bd No.1, Ft.
Yokohama. Yokohama. Bragg, N.C
Herman, Dean A., to 1st GM Gp, Ft Bliss, Carpenter, Delbert 0., to USA Forces, Far East, Young, Blaine E., to USA Forces, Europe,
Tex. Yokohama. Bremerhaven.

Alan B. White, the 41st Provisional man being and not averse to seeing To the Editor
Group. my name in print, I would like former I am forwarding eight subscriptions,
In addition to the AAA defense mis- associates to know I haven't completely which should make us 100% for the
sion, the Brigade is occupied in con- laid down on the job over here. Honor Roll. Most of our junior offi-
ducting training for ROKA personnel. I joined the 45th Infantry Division cers subscribed while in OCS.
A part of this is carried out by integrat- in October of 1952 as an Army Aviator The major part of our work now
ing the personnel directly into our bat- with the 189th FA Bn., and have been would not be recognized by old AA
talions. Hying regularly for them. I am about to officers, and the new ones are amazed
Colonel Dunn also serves as the AAA rotate to KMAG within the next few to find themselves becoming Field Ar-
advisor to the Fifth Air Force. days, and will spend about five months tillerymen with "half inch howitzers."
as an advisor to the ROKA aviation We are concentrating more and more
JAMES M. BUSHNELL
program. on indirect fire in support of infantry.
Major, Arty, PIO
Let's promote Army Aviation as The motto which has been adopted for
TO&E for AAA! our insignia is based on this mission
To the Editor 1ST LT. JOSEPH LEVINSON -when the CCF at Chorwon referred
Gentlemen: 45th InE Div Air Section to our massed quad .50 fire as "Run-
Before winning my Army Wings I ning Water."
was a platoon leader with the 768th (Lieutenant Levinson has been HARRIS A. McCoRMACK
AAA Gun Bn., both in Chicago and awarded a bronze star medal and three Captain, 145th AAA AW Bn
Fort Bliss, Texas. Being a normal hu- air medals for his service in Korea.-ED.) 45th Division
56 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
 ****** * * * ************
* Honor Roll-Continued

*
701s1 AAA Gun Bn 7371h AAA Gun Bn 30th AAA Lt. Blry SOl sl AAA Opns. Del.
Lt. Col. F. F. Quisl Lt. Col. B. W. Perry Copl. W. A. Bronl Maj. D. I. Grant
70SIh AAA Gun Bn 7641h AAA Gun Bn S02nd AAA Opns. Del.
Operations Detachments

*
Lt. Col. F. O. Roever Lt. Col. E. D. Winstead Capt. J. R. Myers
708th AAA Gun Bn 76Blh AAA Gun Bn. 341h AAA Opn5. Del. S061h AAA Opns. Del.
Lt. Col. P. l. Gelsinger Lt. Col. T. H. Kuyper Maj. J. Swerdyo
Maj. G. M. McKelvy
710.h AAA Gun Bn.
Copt. T. P. Chisman
712th AAA Gun Bn
n Jrd AAA Gun Bn
LI. Col. G. F. Slavin
804th AAA AW Bn IMl
13151 AAA Opns. Del.
Maj. W. C. Fore, S. C.
142nd AAA Opn5. Del.
S081h AAA Opns.
Copt. G. J. Lahey
Del.
*
*
Lt. Col. R. W. Harnett Maj. S. N. Caudill, N. Mex. Maj. B. D. Boyett, Ala. S091h AAA Opns. Del.
7161h AAA Gun Bn 86SIh AAA AW Bn 177lh AAA Opns. Del. Maj. J. P. Bodkin
Lt. Col. J. R. Steworl, N. Mex. Lt. Col. R. B. Rounds Capt. J. J. Niehoff S10lh AAA Opn5. Del.
7171h AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. E. D. Pelzer, N. Mu.
nOrh AAA Gun Bn •
867th AAA AW Bn
Lt. Col. W. R. Parr
."OJrd AAA AW Bn
18151 AAA Opns.
Maj. R. H. Moser
286rh AAA Opns.
Del.

Del.
Sllth AAA Opns. Del. *
*
Maj. G. J. Burke
Lt. Col. G. A. Duke, Calif. Lt. Col. F. J. Petrilli Copt. H. J. Torves
SISlh AAA Opns. Del.
7241h AAA Gun Bn 9JJrd AAA AW Bn 302nd AAA Opn5. Del.
Lt. R. J. Hunler
LI. Col. E. H. Hahn Lt. Col. R. M. Huston Maj. N. l. Funke
72SIh
Maj. J.
7261h
AAA AW Bn
C. Maultsby
AAA Gun Bn
9S0lh AAA AW Bn
Lt. Col. J. P. Wallis, Go.
9 S1st AAA Gun Bn
3271h AAA Opn5.
Maj. Philip Lanasa
SOOlh AAA Opns. Del.
Del. S171h AAA Opns.
Lt. R. A. Durkins
S2SIh AAA Opns.
Del.

Del.
*
Lt. Col. C. F. Arnold, N. Mu. Lt. Col. W. G. Bobbitt Maj. C. O. May, Jr. Lt. George McGee. Jr.

*
JOURNAL
I. Brigades, groups, battalions and other units of
HONOR ROLL CRITERIA
Honor Roll, units submit the names of
*
*
JOURl'AL
,ie
, comparable size with 80% subscribers among the subscribers and a roster of officers assigned to the
officers assigned (exclude l\ ledicos. Chaplains, and unit on date of application.
those on DS) are eligible for listing. 3. Units remain on the Honor Roll for one year
*
*¥
2. To qualify or to requalify for a listing on the after qualification or requalification.

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