PHP 

interview questions and answers

What is PHP?

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is open source server-side scripting language that is widely used for web development.
PHP scripts are executed on the server. PHP allows writing dynamically generated web pages efficiently and
quickly. The syntax is mostly borrowed from C, Java and perl. PHP is free to download and use.

What is PEAR in php?

PEAR(PHP Extension and Application Repository) is a framework and repository for reusable PHP components.
PEAR is a code repository containing all kinds of php code snippets and libraries.

PEAR also offers a command-line interface that can be used to automatically install "packages".

Explain how to submit form without a submit button.

We can achieve the above task by using JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field and call the
document.form.submit() function in JavaScript code.

Echo vs. print statement.

echo() and print() are language constructs in PHP, both are used to output strings. The speed of both statements is
almost the same.

echo() can take multiple expressions whereas print cannot take multiple expressions.

Print return true or false based on success or failure whereas echo doesn't return true or false.

$message vs. $$message in PHP.

$message is a variable with a fixed name. $$message is a variable whose name is stored in $message.

If $message contains "var", $$message is the same as $var.

Explain the different types of errors in PHP.

Notices, Warnings and Fatal errors are the types of errors in PHP

Notices:

Notices represents non-critical errors, i.e. accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors
are not displayed to the user at all but whenever required, you can change this default behavior.

Warnings:

Warnings are more serious errors but they do not result in script termination. i.e calling include() a file which does
not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user.

Fatal errors:
Fatal errors are critical errors i.e. calling a non-existent function or class. These errors cause the immediate
termination of the script.

Explain the importance of the function htmlentities.

The htmlentities() function converts characters to HTML entities.

What is MIME?

MIME - Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions.

MIME types represents a standard way of classifying file types over Internet.

Web servers and browsers have a list of MIME types, which facilitates files transfer of the same type in the same
way, irrespective of operating system they are working in.

A MIME type has two parts: a type and a subtype. They are separated by a slash (/).

MIME type for Microsoft Word files is application and the subtype is msword, i.e. application/msword.

Write the statements that are used to connect PHP with MySQL
The statements that can be used to connect PHP wil MySQL is:
<?
$conn = mysql_connect('localhost');
echo $conn;
?>
This statement gets the resource of the localhost. There are other different ways with which you can connect to
the database and they are as follows:
<?
mysql_connect('db.domain.com:33306','root','user');
mysql_connect('localhost:/tmp/mysql.sock');
mysql_connect('localhost','rasmus','foobar',
true,MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL|MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS);
?>

How to use HTTP Headers inside PHP? Write the statement through which it can be added?
HTTP headers can be used in PHP by redirection which is written as:
<?header('Location: http://www.php.net')?>
The headers can be added to HTTP response in PHP using the header(). The response headers are sent before any
actual response being sent. The HTTP headers have to be sent before taking the output of any data. The statement
above gets included at the top of the script.

Why PHP is also called as Scripting language?

PHP is basically a general purpose language, which is used to write scripts. Scripts are normal computer files that
consist of instructions written in PHP language. It tells the computer to execute the file and print the output on the
screen. PHP is used for webpages and to create websites, thus included as scripting language.
Why many companies are switching their current business language to PHP? Where PHP basically used?
PHP is rapidly gaining the popularity and many companies are switching their current language for this language.
PHP is a server side scripting language. PHP executes the instructions on the server itself. Server is a computer
where the web site is located. PHP is used to create dynamic pages and provides faster execution of the
instructions.

What is the use of PEAR in php?

PEAR is known as PHP Extension and Application Repository. It provides structured library to the PHP users and
also gives provision for package maintenance.

What is the difference between PHP and JavaScript?

The difference lies with the execution of the languages. PHP is server side scripting language, which means that it
can’t interact directly with the user. Whereas, JavaScript is client side scripting language, that is used to interact
directly with the user..

What is the difference between $message and $$message?

The main difference between $message and $$message is that former one is a simple variable and later is a
reference variable. $message is a variable with a fixed name and it consists of a fixed value. $$messages contains
the variable itself.

What does ODBC do in context with PHP?

PHP supports many databases like dBase, Microsft SQL Server, Oracle, etc. But, it also supports databases like
filePro, FrontBase and InterBase with ODBC connectivity. ODBC stands for Open Database connectivity, which is a
standard that allows user to communicate with other databases like Access and IBM DB2.

Why PHP is sometimes called as embedded scripting language?

PHP is a high level language which is used to allow users to write and understand it in human readable form and
also use an interpreter to interpret the code which user write for the computer. PHP is used as an embedded
scripting language for the web. PHP is embedded in HTML code. HTML tags are used to enclose the PHP language.
HTML is used and PHP is code written in it in the same way as you write JavaScript in HTML.

What is difference between require_once(), require(), include()?

require() includes and evaluates a specific file, if the file is not found then it shows a Fatal Error.
require_once() includes only the file which is not being included before. It is used to be recommended for the files
where you have lots of functions stored.
include() includes the file, even if the file is not found, but it gives a warning to the user to include().

How the web server interprets PHP and interacts with the client?
After installing and configuring the PHP, the web When PHP is installed, the Web server looks for PHP code that is
embedded in HTML file with its extension. The extensions which are used are .php or .phtml. When web server
receives a request for the file with an appropriate extension, HTML statements are processed and PHP statements
are executed on the server itself. When the processing gets over the output is being shown in HTML statements.

PHP being an open source is there any support available to it?

PHP is an open source language, and it is been said that it has very less support online and offline. But, PHP is all
together a different language that is being developed by group of programmers, who writes the code. There is lots
of available support for PHP, which mostly comes from developers and PHP users.
What are the steps involved to run PHP?
The steps which are involved and required to run PHP is as follows:
1. Set up the web environment.
2. Set up the web servers. There are many web servers that are available and the mostly used is Apaches which
automatically remains installed with linux distribution and on windows it is easy to install. There are other servers
like IIS (Internet information server) provided by Microsoft can be used to set up the web environment.
3. Install the web server and PHP
4. Update and administer the system for changes.

What is the difference between echo, print and printf()?

Echo is the basic type used to print out a string. It just shows the content of the message written using it. It can
have multiple parameters as well. print is a construct, it returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE there is no
output. It can’t have multiple parameters. Printf() is a function, and not be used as a construct. It allows the string
output to be formatted. It is the slowest medium to print the data out.

Why IDE is recommended for use while programming with PHP?

IDE stands for Integrated Development environment; it is a framework for developing applications. It includes
programming editor where you can edit and write the development programs. The features of IDE are as follows:
1. Debugging: this is the feature which is used to debug or find the bugs in a program
2. Preview: this is the feature which allow instant preview of the program you are writing
3. Testing: this is the features that includes built in testing features through which you can check your scripts
4. FTP: through this you can upload and download the file while connecting to the server.
5. Project management: it organizes scripts into projects; manages the files in the project; includes file checkout
and check-in features.
6. Backups: it creates backups automatically of your Web site at periodic intervals.

How PHP statement is different from PHP script?

The difference between PHP statement and PHP script is that statements are set of instructions that tell PHP to
perform an action. PHP script consists of a series of PHP statements that it uses for execution. PHP executes
statements one at a time till it reaches the end of the script. Example is as follows:
PHP statement: echo “Hi”;
PHP script: if (time = midnight)
{put on pajamas;
brush teeth;
go to bed;}

What are the different types of statements that are present in PHP?
There are four kinds of PHP statements that are present. They are as follows:
• Simple statement- these are the echo statements and end with a semicolon (;). PHP ignores white spaces
between simple statements. Until it finds a semicolon it reads the statement.
• Complex/Conditional statements: these are the statements which deal with certain conditions that have to be
executed to meet certain specific requirements. These are if and else block or switch statements. PHP reads the
complete statement and doesn’t stop at the first semicolon it encounters. It looks for starting and ending braces to
end the execution.
• Looping statements: statements that are repeated in a block. The feature that enables you to execute the
statements repeatedly is called as loop. For example: for loop, while loop, do..while loop.
How can we increase the execution time of a php script?
By the use of void set_time_limit(int seconds)
Set the number of seconds a script is allowed to run. If this is reached, the script returns a fatal error. The default
limit is 30 seconds or, if it exists, the max_execution_time value defined in the php.ini. If seconds is set to zero, no
time limit is imposed.
When called, set_time_limit() restarts the timeout counter from zero. In other words, if the timeout is the default
30 seconds, and 25 seconds into script execution a call such as set_time_limit(20) is made, the script will run for a
total of 45 seconds before timing out.

Write a Hello world program using variable?

To write the hello world program in PHP using variable you need to know the tags that are used in HTML and the
PHP coding which is as follows:
<html>
<head><title>Hello World Script using Variable</title></head>
<body>
<?php
$salutation = “Hello World!”;
echo “<p>$salutation</p>”;
?>
</body>
</html>

How many different types of messages available in PHP?

1. Error message: is received when the script has some problem that is preventing it from running correctly. The
message consists of the possible solution or identification of the problem. Ex: Parse error: occurs when there is
something gets missed while writing the script.
2. Warning message: is received when the script find out some problem that doesn’t allow the script to run. These
messages are not of very high priority but quite essential to show that there is something wrong with the script. Ex:
if you write print_r() instead of print_r($varname) then a warning will occur like this:
Warning: print_r() expects at least 1 parameter, 0 given
The script will execute in continuation.
3. Notice: is received when there is a condition where a script might have an error or may be it is working. Ex: echo
variables that don’t exist.

What does type casting mean in PHP? Explain with an example?

PHP automatically store the data and interprets according to itself. Type casting is a way to assign the variable
according to your need and requirement and not allowing PHP to assign it automatically. To specify the type, it can
be used like:
$newint = (int) $var1;
$newfloat = (float) $var1;
$newstring = (string) $var1;
The value in the variable on the right side of the equal sign is stored in the variable on the left side as the specified
type.

How error handling is being handled by PHP?

Error handling is very important in every programming language. PHP uses the trigger to print the error in a
program. The example statement is given below:
If ($height_of_door > $height_of_house)
{ trigger_error(“Impossible condition”,E_USER_ERROR); }
The E_USER_ERROR in the statement tells PHP that the condition is an error. Impossible condition is a string
message which is displayed when an error is encountered. If the condition comes out to be true then the following
message is displayed:
Fatal error: Impossible condition
E_USER_WARNING or E_USER_NOTICE can be used instead of E_USER_ERROR, to have PHP treat the condition as
a warning or notice. Own statements can be written to perform error handling actions such as send a message, log
a message or stop the script. For example:
If ($height_of_door > $height_of_house)
{
echo “This is impossible<br>”;
exit();
}
If $height_of_door is larger than $height_of_house, the message is echoed, and exit() stops the script.
Die statement can be used to display an error message when a function fails.

What are escaping characters? Explain with an example?

Special characters are the characters that have some special meaning attached to it. Example is $, #, % etc. A
backslash (\) before the special symbol is known as escaping characters. For example, two strings produce the
same output:
$string = ‘The variable name is $var1’;
$string = “The variable name is \$var1”;
The output from either string is the following:
The variable name is $var1
Suppose you want to store a string as follows:
$string = _Where is Tom’_s house_;
echo $string;
The sting can be interpreted by PHP by putting a backslash (\) in front of the single quote. The backslash tells PHP
that the single quote does not have any special meaning; it’s just an apostrophe. Example:
$string = _Where is Tom\’_s house_;

Write a program to show the joining of two strings in PHP?

Two strings can be joined together by the use of a process called as concatenation. A dot (.) operator is used for
this purpose. Example is as follows:
$string1 = _Hello_;
$string2 = _World!_;
$stringall = $string1.$string2;
echo $stringall;

What are the different components used in PHP for formatting?

The components that are used in PHP for formatting are as follows:
1. %: it tells the start of the formatting instruction.
2. Padding character (pad): is used to fill out the string when the value to be formatted is smaller than the width
assigned. Pad can be a space, a 0, or any character preceded by a single quote (‘).
3. -: A symbol meaning to left-justify the characters. If this is not included, the characters are right-justified.
4. width: The number of characters to use for the value. If the value doesn’t fill the width, the padding character is
used to pad the value. For example, if the width is 5, the padding character is 0, and the value is 1, the output is
00001.
5. dec: The number of decimal places to use for a number. This value is preceded by a decimal point.
6. type: The type of value. Use s(string) for string, f (float) for numbers that you want to format with decimal
places.

What is the use of super-global arrays in PHP?

Super global arrays are the built in arrays that can be used anywhere. They are also called as auto-global as they
can be used inside a function as well. The arrays with the longs names such as $HTTP_SERVER_VARS, must be
made global before they can be used in an array. This $HTTP_SERVER_VARS check your php.ini setting for long
arrays.

What is the use of $_Server and $_Env?

$_SERVER and $_ENV arrays contain different information. The information depends on the server and operating
system being used. Most of the information can be seen of an array for a particular server and operating system.
The syntax is as follows:
foreach($_SERVER as $key =>$value)
{ echo “Key=$key, Value=$value\n”; }

What is the difference between $argv and $argc? Give example?

To pass the information into the script from outside, help can be taken from the PHP CLI (Command line interface)
method. Suppose addition of two numbers has to be passed to PHP then it can be passed like this on the command
line:
php add.php 2 3
Here the script name is add.php, and 2 and 3 are the numbers that has to be added by the script. These numbers
are available inside the script in an array called $argv. This array contains all the information on the command line;
the statement is stored as follows:
$argv[0]=add.php
$argv[1]=2
$argv[2]=3
So, $argv always contains at least one element — the script name.
Then, in your script, you can use the following statements:
$sum = $argv[1] + $argv[2];
echo $sum;
$argc is a variable that stores the numbers of elements in $argv. $argc is equal to at least 1, which is saved for the
name of the script. Example is $argc=3 using the above statements.

Write a statement to show the joining of multiple comparisons in PHP?

PHP allows multiple comparisons to be grouped together to determine the condition of the statement. It can be
done by using the following syntax:
comparison1 and|or|xor comparison2 and|or|xor comparison3 and|or|xor.
The operators that are used with comparisons are as follows:
1. and: result in positive when both comparisons are true.
2. or: result in positive when one of the comparisons or both of the comparisons are true.
3. xor: result in positive when one of the comparisons is true but not both of the comparisons.
Example:
$resCity == “Reno” or $resState == “NV” and $name == “Sally”

How to create reusable code in PHP?

Applications created in PHP often perform the same task in same script or in different scripts. To create a reusable
code functions are used. Functions are group of PHP statements that perform a specific task. Example:
A header and footer can be created for all the web pages which has to be used again and again.
echo ‘<img src=”greenrule.jpg” width=”100%” height=”7” />
<address>My Great Company
<br />1234 Wonderful Rd.
<br />San Diego, CA 92126
</address></font>
<p>or send questions to
<a href=”mailto:[email protected]”>sales </a>
<img src=”greenrule.jpg” width=”100%” height=”7” />’;
Instead of typing header and footer for each page, a function can be created and used to add footer and header in
every page. The function can be named as:
add_footer();
add_header();

I've been interviewed by many companies for PHP development positions, every company has a
slightly different interview process, but there seems to be a lot of commonalities among them.
I've outlined below the main areas that companies look for knowledge in, and some
questions/answers you may get asked. At the end of the day you will not be able to entirely fake
your way through a good interview, but I thought this would be a huge help for newer or mid
level developers going into an interview. If you are totally new to PHP or programming
www.teamtreehouse.com is a great place to start. Don't forget to me on Twitter so you can stay
up to date with whats going on in the PHP world.

1. What is Object Oriented Programming?

likelihood high
This is usually a pretty open ended question. You should understand classes (objects are
instantiated classes), abstract classes, interfaces, methods, properties,inheritance, multiple
inheritance as well as why OOP is helpful as compared to procedural programming.
http://net.tutsplus.com/tutorials/php/object-oriented-php-for-beginners/

2. In PHP what is the difference between a Class and an Interface?

likelihood high
Interfaces do not contain business logic, only method signatures that define a template
that any classes implementing the interface must contain. Lets take an auto mobile for
example. If we were to create and interface for a car we would want to define a few
methods like drive, stop, turn left , turn right. This mean that any vehicle that is a car (aka
implements the interface car) must have methods for these things, If they do not PHP will
throw an error. So if your car is an BMW , Honda or Ford it must be able to stop. How it
stops is up to each car (or PHP class) but it must be able to stop. Technically we can
 decide not to use an interface for cars, but then some types of cars are not forced to have
a "stop" method.

3. What is MVC?

likelihood high
Most programmers know this, but interviewers will likely look for a deep understanding
of MVC, and some explanation or examples on how/why/ when you used it.

MVC- Model, View, Controller - is simply a way of organizing your code into 3 separate
layers each with there own job.

Model - Usually contains data access code and all of you business logic code.
View - Contains markup/design code, generally html,xml, json.
Controller - Usually contains very little code, just whatever is needed to call the Model
code and render the View code.
http://www.symfony-project.org/book/1_0/02-exploring-symfony-s-code

4. Explain how a PHP session works?

likelihood high
A PHP session cookie is set in the clients browser, on every request the client sends that
cookie to the server. PHP then uses that cookie to select the corresponding session
information. By default PHP session_start() will store session data in files, you can also
store sessions in a database.
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.session-start.php

5. What are some of the big changes PHP has gone through in the past few years?

likelihood high
There are a number, but the big ones people are looking for are:
a. PHP 5.0 realised the object model (AKA OOP).
b. 5.1 added PDO - for accessing databases.
c. 5.3 - added namespace support and late static bindings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP#Release_history

6. What is the difference between $_GET and $_POST

likelihood high
This is a great question because an interviewer can tell how deeply you understand HTTP
and the request/response. If you don't have good understanding of HTTP protocol, google
around and get a grasp on it.
Good answer
Explain the HTTP protocol and how every request contains a method,
generally(GET,POST,PUT,DELETE) and what each method signifies.
Bad answer
 $_GET stores variables passed in url as query strings. $_POST stores variables past from
using method = $_POST
http://djce.org.uk/dumprequest

7. In a PHP class what are the three visibility keywords of a property or method?

likelihood medium
public, private and protected. The default is public.
Public -> Any class may instantiate the class and call the method or property.
Protected -> Only the class itself or inherited (children) classes may call a method or
property.
Private -> Only the class itself may call a method or property.
http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.visibility.php

8. What is Polymorphism?

likelihood medium
Don't get scared by the big word. It's simply the idea that one object can can take on
many forms. So in PHP OOP one class "cars" may have two classes that extend it, for
example a "Honda" class and a "BMW" class.
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/210460/try-to-describe-polymorphism-as-easy-as-
you-can

9. How do you load classes in PHP?

likelihood medium
They are trying to gauge your understanding of how class auto loading works. Review
the "autoload" and "spl_autoload_register" function (note:you should use the later). The
autoload function basically triggers a function when a class is instantiated, you can put
whatever logic you like in it but generally you want to include the class file based on
some sort of naming convention.
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.spl-autoload-register.php

10. What is the value of "$day" in the below code?

likelihood medium
$wed= 1;
$day = ($wed==1) ? 'today' : 'tommorrow';
// $day is now set to 'today'
Companies often ask about the ternary operator (?). which is simply a shorthand for if
else statements.
http://davidwalsh.name/php-shorthand-if-else-ternary-operators

11. What is the Scope Resolution Operator?

likelihood medium
 "::" double colons is the scope operator it is used to call methods of a class that has not
been instantiated. You should also understand static methods and how they differ from
regular methods.
http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.paamayim-nekudotayim.php
http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.static.php

12. What are some PHP Design patterns you have worked with?

likelihood medium
Design patterns are simply commonly used techniques within your code, they often are
implemented in different ways so they can be a bit tricky to grasp without writing them
yourself. If you are unfamiliar with them I would start by learning the Singleton Pattern
and the Strategy Pattern.
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-php-designptrns/

13. What is the difference between single quotes and double quotes?

likelihood medium
Great answer at below link.
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3446216/difference-between-single-quote-and-
double-quote-string-in-php

14. What does ob_start do?

likelihood medium
Makes it so PHP does not output anything. Companies ask this because many large
frameworks wrap a bunch of code in ob_start() and ob_get_clean(). So understanding
how that function works is pretty important.
http://myphpsource.blogspot.com/2010/01/obstart-save-php-output-to-string-php.html

15. What does "&" mean in '&$var' ?

likelihood medium
'&' indicates a reference
http://schlueters.de/blog/archives/125-Do-not-use-PHP-references.html

16. What is the meaning of a final class and a final method?

likelihood medium
Final keywords indicates that the class or method cannot be extended.
http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.final.php

17. Does PHP support multiple inheritance?

likelihood medium
No. You should understand what multiple inheritance is.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance

18. What are some magic methods in PHP, how might you use them?

likelihood medium
Magic methods are basically triggers that occur when particular events happen in your
coding. __GET, __SET are magic methods that are called (behind the seen) when you get
or set a class property.
http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.magic.php

19. Are objects in PHP 5 passed by value or reference?

likelihood medium
This is basically a trick questions. To understand how they are passed you need to
understand how objects are instantiated. Study the below link:
http://ca2.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.references.php

20. What is the difference between $var and $$var?

likelihood medium
$$var sets the value of $var as a variable.
$day='monday';
$$day='first day of week';
echo $monday; //outputs 'first day of week'

1186957 –  user8599 Jan 22 '10 at 19:16

comments disabled on deleted / locked posts / reviews

17 Answers
active oldest votes
50 Admittedly, I stole this question from somewhere else (can't remember where I read it
accepted any more) but thought it was funny:

Q: What is T_PAAMAYIM_NEKUDOTAYIM?
A: Its the scope resolution operator (double colon)

An experienced PHP'er immediately knows what it means. Less experienced (and not
Hebrew) developers may want to read this.

But more serious questions now:

Q: What is the cause of this warning: 'Warning: Cannot modify header information -
headers already sent', and what is a good practice to prevent it?
A: *Cause:* body data was sent, causing headers to be sent too.
Prevention: Be sure to execute header specific code first before you output any body
data. Be sure you haven't accidentally sent out whitespace or any other characters.

Q: What is wrong with this query: "SELECT * FROM table WHERE id =

$_POST[ 'id' ]"?
A: 1. It is vulnarable to SQL injection. Never use user input directly in queries. Sanitize
it first. Preferebly use prepared statements (PDO) 2. Don't select all columns (*), but
specify every single column. This is predominantly ment to prevent queries hogging up
memory when for instance a BLOB column is added at some point in the future.

Q: What is wrong with this if statement: if( !strpos( $haystack,

$needle ) ...?
A: strpos returns the index position of where it first found the $needle, which could
be 0. Since 0 also resolves to false the solution is to use strict comparison: if( false
!== strpos( $haystack, $needle )...

Q: What is the preferred way to write this if statement, and why?

if( 5 == $someVar ) or if( $someVar == 5 )
A: The former, as it prevents accidental assignment of 5 to $someVar when you forget
to use 2 equalsigns ($someVar = 5), and will cause an error, the latter won't.

Q: Given this code:

function doSomething( &$arg )

{
$return = $arg;
$arg += 1;
return $return;
}

$a = 3;
$b = doSomething( $a );

...what is the value of $a and $b after the function call and why?
A: $a is 4 and $b is 3. The former because $arg is passed by reference, the latter
because the return value of the function is a copy of (not a reference to) the initial value
of the argument.

OOP specific

Q: What is the difference between public, protected and private in a class

definition?
A: public makes a class member available to "everyone", protected makes the class
member available to only itself and derived classes, private makes the class member
only available to the class itself.

Q: What is wrong with this code:

class SomeClass
{
protected $_someMember;

public function __construct()

{
$this->_someMember = 1;
}

public static function getSomethingStatic()

{
return $this->_someMember * 5; // here's the catch
}
}

A: Static methods don't have access to $this, because static methods can be executed
without instantiating a class.

Q: What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

A: An interface defines a contract between an implementing class is and an object that
calls the interface. An abstract class pre-defines certain behaviour for classes that will
extend it. To a certain degree this can also be considered a contract, since it garantuees
certain methods to exist.

Q: What is wrong with classes that predominantly define getters and setters, that map
straight to it's internal members, without actually having methods that execute
behaviour?
A: This might be a code smell since the object acts as an ennobled array, without much
 other use.

Q: Why is PHP's implementation of the use of interfaces sub-optimal?

A: PHP doesn't allow you to define the expected return type of the method's, which
essentially renders interfaces pretty useless. :-P

Variables by reference

By default, function arguments are passed by value (so that if the value of the argument within the
function is changed, it does not get changed outside of the function). To allow a function to modify its
arguments, they must be passed by reference.

To have an argument to a function always passed by reference, prepend an ampersand (&) to the
argument name in the function definition.

<?php
function add_some_extra(&$string)
{
$string .= 'and something extra.';
}
$str = 'This is a string, ';
add_some_extra($str);
echo $str; // outputs 'This is a string, and something extra.'
?>

FizzBuzz is a very popular “test” used when interviewing programmers. It’s mostly used to filter
out people who can’t actually program. Now you may wonder why such a test would be
necessary, after all, why would somebody who can’t program apply for a programming job? The
unfortunate truth is, many people believe they can program (Some CompSci graduates for
example), when in reality they may have a strong theoretical knowledge but no practical
experience. There are also people who think it’s easy and they can pick it up as they go (I’ve had
a couple of these people come in when I was interviewing programmers to replace me an an old
job).

Here is how FizzBuzz works. The interviewer asks the interviewee to write a program in a
language of their choice (Or a specific language depending on the job, maybe even pseudo-
code). The program should count from 1 to X, X being a random number such as 20 or 100. For
each multiple of 3, the program should output “Fizz” instead of the number. For each multiple of
5, the program should output “Buzz” instead of the number. For each multiple of 3 AND 5 the
program should output “FizzBuzz” instead of the number. It’s a very trivial task for any
competent programmer, and the output should look like this:
1
2
Fizz
4
Buzz
Fizz
7
8
Fizz
Buzz
11
Fizz
13
14
FizzBuzz
16
17
Fizz
19
Buzz

How do you generate such output? Well here is a simple method written in PHP:

<?php
if ( PHP_SAPI != 'cli' ) {
echo '<pre>';
}

for ( $i = 1; $i <= 20; $i++ ) {

if ( ( $i % 3 ) == 0 && ( $i % 5 ) == 0 ) {
echo 'FizzBuzz';
} else if ( ( $i % 5 ) == 0 ) {
echo 'Buzz';
} else if ( ( $i % 3 ) == 0 ) {
echo 'Fizz';
} else {
echo $i;
}

echo PHP_EOL;
}