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    The Solid State Class 12 Notes Chemistry

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    ramu
    This document discusses the key concepts in solid state chemistry. It defines solids and describes their main characteristics. Solids are classified as crystalline or amorphous, and crystalline solids are further divided into metallic, ionic, covalent, and molecular types. The document also discusses unit cells, crystal lattices, defects in crystal structures, and the classification of materials as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on electrical conductivity.

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    The Solid State Class 12 Notes Chemistry

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    ramu
    22 views2 pages
    This document discusses the key concepts in solid state chemistry. It defines solids and describes their main characteristics. Solids are classified as crystalline or amorphous, and crystalline solids are further divided into metallic, ionic, covalent, and molecular types. The document also discusses unit cells, crystal lattices, defects in crystal structures, and the classification of materials as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on electrical conductivity.

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    This document discusses the key concepts in solid state chemistry. It defines solids and describes their main characteristics. Solids are classified as crystalline or amorphous, and crystalline solids are further divided into metallic, ionic, covalent, and molecular types. The document also discusses unit cells, crystal lattices, defects in crystal structures, and the classification of materials as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on electrical conductivity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    22 views2 pages

    The Solid State Class 12 Notes Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    ramu
    This document discusses the key concepts in solid state chemistry. It defines solids and describes their main characteristics. Solids are classified as crystalline or amorphous, and crystalline solids are further divided into metallic, ionic, covalent, and molecular types. The document also discusses unit cells, crystal lattices, defects in crystal structures, and the classification of materials as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on electrical conductivity.

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    The Solid State Class 12 Notes

    Chemistry Chapter 1
    June 26, 2019 by Bhagya

    The Solid State Class 12 Notes Chemistry


    Chapter 1
    1. Solids are substances which have fixed shape
    and volume. 1’hey are characterised by rigidity, incompressibility, slow diffusion and
    mechanical strength. They are classified as:
    (a) Crystalline solids
    (b) Amorphous solids .
    2. The crystalline solids are further classified as:
    (a) Metallic solids
    (b) Ionic solids
    (c) Covalent solids
    (d) Molecular solids
    3. A regular three dimensional arrangement of points in space is called a space lattice
    or crystal lattice. There are only 14 three-dimensional lattices known as Bravais lattices.
    The basic difference between the 14 Bravais lattices are the angles between the faces
    and the relative proportion of the sides.
    4. A unit cell is the smallest unit of the crystal which when repeated again and again
    gives the crystal of the given substance.
    5. There are three types of unit cells based on the cube. These are:
    (a) Primitive or simple cube which has one constituent at each comer.
    (b) Body-centred cube in which one constituent at the centre of the cube as well as
    one at each comer.
    (c) Face-centred cube in which there is one constituent at the centre of each face as
    well as one at each comer.
    6. A pure metal in the solid crystalline state is composed of atoms that are identical in
    shape and size. The identical spheres can be packed in a number of ways.
    7. The number of nearest neighbours of an atom, ion or a molecule is called its
    coordination number.
    8. In the hcp and ccp structures, about 74 percent of the available space is occupied by
    the spheres. In bcc arrangement, about 68 percent of the available space is filled up. In
    simple cubic structures, about 52.4 percent of the available space is occupied by the
    spheres.
    9. The density of the unit cell,
    10. Any departure from perfectly ordered arrangement of atoms or ions in crystals is
    called imperfection or defects. These are of two types:
    (a) Point defects (b) Line defects
    11. Schottky defects occurs when a pair of ions of opposite charge, i.e., cations and
    anions are missing from the ideal lattice. The presence of a large number of schottky
    defects lowers the density of a crystal, e.g., AgBr.
    12. The atoms or ions which occupy the normally vacant interstitial sites in a crystal are
    known as interstitials. It results in increase in density of crystal.
    13. Frenkel defects is a combination of schottky defects and interstitials. It occurs
    when an ion leaves its position in the lattice and occupies an interstitial site leaving a
    gap in the crystal.
    14. Non-stoichiometric defects are a large number of inorganic solids in which the
    ratio of the number of atoms of one kind to the number of atoms of the other kind does
    not correspond to the ideal whole number ratio. Such compounds are called non-
    stoichiometric compounds.
    15. When there is an excess of metal ions in non- stoichiometric compounds, the crystal
    lattice has vacant anion sites. These sites are occupied by electrons. Hie anion sites
    occupied by electrons are called F-centres.
    16. Based on their electrical conductivity, solids are classified as:
    (a) Conductors
    (b) Insulators
    (c) Semi conductors
    17. Pure substances that show conducting b

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