ROMAN

ART
ROMAN ART
TOPIC OUTLINE

1 INTRODUCTION
2 ORIGIN
3 TYPES
INTRODUCTION
The first roman art can be dated back to 509 B.C.E. up until 330
C.E. It encompasses a broad spectrum of media including marble,
painting, mosaic, gems, silver and bronze work, and terracottas. A
key aspect of Roman public art was the commemoration of
important individuals, and the later Republic is a period of striking
portraits of leading Romans, partly following native veristic
traditions of portraiture and partly influenced by Hellenistic
interest in physiognomy.
ORIGIN
REPUBLICAN ROME
art was produced in the service of the state
veristic style of portrait
patrons chose to have themselves
represented with balding heads, large
noses, and extra wrinkles, demonstrating
that they had spent their lives working for
the Republic as model citizens
MARBLE BUST OF A MAN, MID 1ST

CENTURY, MARBLE, 14 3/8 INCHES

(THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART)

IMPERIAL ROME
art was put to the service of aggrandizing the ruler and his family
took inspiration in Classical art
Classical = influences of the Greek art from the Classical and Hellenistic periods
smooth lines, elegant drapery, idealized nude bodies, highly naturalistic and balanced proportions
Severan art signals shift to art of Late Antiquity
frontality, stiffness of pose and drapery, deeply drilled lines, less naturalism, squat proportions and lack of individualism.
Important figures are often slightly larger or are placed above the rest of the crowd to denote importance
Constantinian art continued to integrate and further develop the elements of Late Antiquity

CHARIOT PROCESSION OF SEPTIMUS

AUGUSTUS OF PRIMAPORTA, 1ST RELIEF FROM THE ARCH OF
SEVERUS, RELIEF FROM THE ATTACH OF
CENTURY C.E.(VATICAN CONSTANTINE, 315 C.E., ROME
THE ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS, LEPTIS
MUSEUMS)(PHOTO:STEVEN (PHOTO: F. TRONCHIN, CC BY-
MAGNA, LIBYA, 203 C.E., MARBLE, 5; 6”
ZUCKER, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) NC-ND 2.0)
HIGH (CASTLE MUSEUM, TRIPOLI)
 TYPES OF
ROMAN ART
 TYPES OF
ROMAN ART

PAINTING THEATRE

SCULPTURE MUSIC

ARCHITECTURE DECORATIVE
ARTS
PAINTING
 PANEL PAINTING

TRIUMPHAL PAINTING

MURAL PAINTING
 PANEL PAINTING
Highest form of painting in Rome and Greece
Popular for making decorative altarpieces
It is a kind of painting that is executed in a wood or metal

VARIETY OF WOODS
METALS USED
USED
Beech, cedar, chestnut, fir, larch, Silver, tin, lead, and zinc.
linden, white poplar, mahogany,
olive, dark walnut, and teak
 THE VIRGIN AND CHILD WITH SAINTS DOMINIC AND
AUREA, TEMPERA ON PANEL BY DUCCIO, C. 1312–15; IN
THE NATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON
LEFT: MUMMY PORTRAIT OF A MAN IN ANTIQUE TEMPERA PAINTING
MIDDLE: MUMMY PORTRAIT OF A WOMAN IN ENCAUSTIC
RIGHT: MUMMY PORTRAIT OF A BOY IN ANTIQUE COLD WAX PAINTING
 TRIUMPHAL PAINTING

Paintings that are produced in order to highlight the military

successes
Considered as a history painting
Usually executed as a mural painting in fresco
COLUMN OF MARCUS
AURELIUS
 MURAL PAINTING
Also called as wall painting
It is a kind of painting which is directly applied to the surface
of the wall or ceiling
Romans used wall paintings as a way to open up and lighten
their space
FOUR POMPEIIAN
STYLES:

INCRUSTATION
ARCHITECTURAL
ORNAMENTAL
INTRICATE
INCRUSTATION

200 to 60 B.C.
Identified by colorful blocks
painted on the wall to
resemble large marble slabs.
ARCHITECTURAL

60 to 20 B.C.
This style has a distinctly
realistic feel and tends to
reflect everyday objects and
scenery as they actually
appear.
 ORNAMENTAL
20 B.C to 20 A.D.

There is a closing up of space

Incorporated fantastic and
stylized columns and
pediments that could only
exist in the imagined space
of a painted wall
 INTRICATE
20 A.D. to the fateful

year of
79 A.D.
Consist of a variety of
architectural elements
arranged in an unrealistic
manner with an unrealistic
perspective, set against a flat
background.
SCULPTURE
 THREE MAIN CATEGORIES

Portrait Busts
Historical Reliefs Funerary reliefs
and Statues
HISTORICAL RELIEFS
HISTORICAL RELIEFS
The historical relief was as
important an architectural
member in important civic and
religious structures.
Portrayed, military campaigns
and victories, processions and
sacrifices, in fine detail.
HISTORICAL RELIEFS

TRAJAN'S COLUMN
125ft Doric-style monument made of Italian white
marble
Has a spiral frieze that winds 23 times around its
shaft to commemorate the Dacian triumphs of
Emperor Trajan; reminds citizens of Trajan ’s success
Episodes on the column create a continuous
narrative

DETAIL OF
THE COLUMN
HISTORICAL RELIEFS

MARCUS AURELIUS' COLUMN

100ft Doric-style column in Piazza Colonna
Features a winding ribbon of marble sculptures
which commemorates the wars of Marcus Aurelius;
includes the “ rain miracle” , a colossal thunderstorm
that saves the Roman army from death from the
Quadi tribes

DETAIL OF
THE COLUMN
HISTORICAL RELIEFS

ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE

(ALTAR OF AUGUSTAN PEACE)
HISTORICAL RELIEFS

ARCH OF TITUS' RELIEF

 HISTORICAL RELIEFS

ARCH OF CONSTANTINE'S RELIEF

PORTRAIT BUSTS
AND STATUES
PORTRAIT BUSTS
AND STATUES
Mainly out of marble and bronze.
Served as a reminder of Rome’s
reach and as an important unifying
force
The traditional head-and-shoulders
bust was borrowed from Etruscan
art
 PORTRAIT BUSTS AND STATUES
Statue of Augustus
Claudius As Jupiter
(Augustus of Prima Porta)

Augustus Caesar, the first emperor of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus

the Roman Empire (ruled 27-14 CE) Germanicus (ruled 41-54 CE)
 PORTRAIT BUSTS AND STATUES
Bust of Caligula Bust of Tiberus

Emperor Gaius , more commonly known as Tiberius Caesar Augustus, second Roman
"Caligula (ruled 37-41 CE) emperor (ruled 14-37 CE)
PORTRAIT BUSTS AND STATUES
Head of Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

(ruled 54-68 CE)
 PORTRAIT BUSTS AND STATUES
OTHER FAMOUS PORTRAIT BUSTS AND STATUES
Bust of Galba (68-69 CE) in the Capitoline Museum
Statue of Titus (79-81 CE) in Vatican Museum
Bust of Trajan (98-117 CE) in British Museum
Bronze Statue of Hadrian (117-138 CE) in Israel Museum Bronze Equestrian
Statue of Marcus Aurelius (180 CE) in Piazza del Campidoglio
Statue of Commodus as Hercules (180-192 CE) in Capitoline Museum
Bust of Gordian II (238 CE) in Capitoline Museum
Bust of Pupienus (238 CE) in Capitoline Museum
Bust of Balbinus (238 CE) in Capitoline Museum
Bust of Maxentius (306-312 CE) in Museo Torlonia Colossal
Head of Constantine (307-337 CE) in Basilica Nova
FUNERARY RELIEFS
FUNERARY RELIEFS
Roman funerary art was not
marginalized within Roman visual
culture but was an integral part of it
and constitutes one of the largest
surviving bodies of evidence of
Roman art.
Romans commemorate their
success by commissioning a tomb
or grave marker that documented
their rise to wealth
FUNERARY RELIEFS
AMITERNUM TOMB
late first century B.C.E. funerary relief

from Amiternum, located in what is

now the Abruzzo region of Italy
One relief depicts a person of some
consequence and shows the only
existing scene in Roman art of the
pompa or funerary procession that
was famously described by the
historian Polybius
FUNERARY RELIEFS
Tomb of the Haterii
Built around 100 CE and discovered

piecemeal in Rome since the late

1800s, the original form and layout of
the tomb is unknown
The tomb simultaneously documents
the death of the family matriarch and
celebrates the family’s source of
wealth.
ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
influenced by multitude of factors: geographic, climatic, political, economic,
social, and cultural
De Architectura (27 BC) by Vitruvius - handbook for architects
BUILDING MATERIALS
tuff - a volcanic material with varying hardness
peperino and albani stone - harder volcanic rocks
travertine - a limestone; the most important stone under the late republic
marble - mainly decorative; used in pavements either in slab cut and arranged in
pattern or mosaic
bricks or tiles - used for private houses; the protective skin; triangular shape
stucco - made of lime, sand, and fine marble dust; usual ground for decoration
bronze - decorative; used in doors, grilles, panels of ceilings, and other details
concrete - pozzolana mixed with hydrated lime; used to lighten the weight of the
structure
CONSTRUCTION
The walls are built of ordinary masonry or of concrete

TYPES OF WALLS
opus quadratum - stone walls were built of large squared blocks laid in regular
courses as headers and stretchers
opus incertum - the face of the concrete was studded with 3- to 4-inch irregularly
shaped pieces of stones
opus reticulatum - similar to opus incertum but the pieces of stone were
pyramid-shaped with square bases set diagonally in rows and wedged diagonally
opus testaceum - the points of triangular tiles were turned into the concrete and
their long sides were showing
TYPES OF WALLS
opus mixtum - mixed brick and stone facing

opus quadratum opus incertum opus reticulatum

opus testaceum opus mixtum

ARCHES
in gates, bridges, aqueducts, doors, and colonnades
can be round, segmental, or flat
voussoirs - wedge-shaped stones or tiles where concrete arches were faced
ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS
SEVERUS
A Roman triumphal arch built by the Emperor
Septimius Severus commemorate his victory
over the Parthians
height: 21 meters
width: more than 23 meters
It is made up of Proconessian white marble
Comprise of three arches
VAULTS
the surfaces were tile-faced or covered with stucco
simple geometric forms:

barrel vault groined vault

DOMES
one of the defining features of architecture of the Roman Empire
limiting the number of columns or walls needed to support the space of the roof
 BASILICA OF
MAXENTIUS
The greatest of the Roman basilicas
Begun by Emperor Maxentius and finished by
Constantine in 313 AD
Built for economic and political tactic: to
demonstrate the prosperity of the Roman
empire under the reign of Emperor Maxentius
 PANTHEON
A temple dedicated to the seven gods of
Ancient Rome
Built by Marcus Agrippa between 25 and 27
BC
Rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian in 126 CE
The interior space is based on a perfect
sphere; the ceiling is a dome with an oculus in
the middle
 FIVE ORDERS OF ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE

DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN TUSCAN COMPOSITE

characterized by a characterized by the characterized by an the simplest among combination of the

simple and austere twin volutes or ornate capital the five orders characteristics of the
column spiral scrolls of its carved with has a simpler base Ionic order and the
had a base molding capital stylized acanthus and unadorned Corinthian order
taken from Etruscan used in some leaves frieze compared to
doric or Tuscan temples and public the most popular Doric order
column buildings with Roman builders
ORDERS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Temple of Herculus - Doric Temple of Fortuna Virilis - Ionic

Temple of Vesta - Corinthian Arch of Titus - Composite

COLUMNS
Roman columns carried arches and entablatures, which permits more varied
linear patterns, wider intercolumniations, and greater freedom in spatial forms
Columns are used not only as primary supports but also decoratively

TYPES OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Temples Baths (balneae) and Thermae
Tombs Theatres and Amphitheatre
Basilicas Monumental City Gate
Triumphal Arches Bridges and Aqueducts
 MAISON CARRÉE
An ancient Roman temple dedicated to the
adopted sons of Augustus, Lucius and Gaius
Caesar

TOMB OF
CAECILIA METELLA
A mausoleum built during the reign of Emperor
Augustus in honor of Caecilia Metella, the
daughter of a Roman Consul
 BASILICA
OF MAXENTIUS
Built for economic and political tactic: to
demonstrate the prosperity of the Roman empire
under the reign of Emperor Maxentius

ARCH OF TITUS
A Roman triumphal arch that represents the
victory of Titus and his father, Vespasian, as they
conquered the people of Jerusalem revolting
against their Roman rulers
 STABIAN BATHS
The oldest baths in the city, dating back to
2nd century BC

BATHS OF
CARACALLA
A public bath house that was built around 200 AD,
during the reign of Emperor Caracalla to gain
political likeability
 THEATRE
OF MARCELLUS
The oldest Roman theatre still in existence
commissioned by Julius Caesar. It is most known
for hosting the secular games of 17 BC.

COLOSSEUM
Intended for entertainment value, hosting
gladiator fights, animal fights, etc. It was built as
an effort to revitalize Rome.
 PORTA NIGRA
The Black Gate is located in Trier, Germany. It was
built by the Romans in 2nd century AD as part of
the defenses of the city.

PONT DU GARD
Designed to supply running water from a spring
at Uzes to the city of Nemausus
THEATRE
ANCIENT ROMAN THEATRE
Roman plays were imitations or loose translations of Greek dramas
Due to various competitions, the theatres eventually came to an end

NATIVE TRADITIONS
Fescennine verses (fescennia locatio) - sung by masked dancers; origin may
have had a magico-religious intent
phlyax - farces adopted from Greek Middle Comedy plays; burlesques and
travesties of tragedy, mythology, and daily life
Atellan play (fabulla Atellana) - earliest native Italian farce, parody, and political
satire; featured masked stock characters
 IMITATION OF GREEK MODELS
A Greek living in Rome
The first to adapt Greek plays (240 BCE),
both tragedy and comedy
Founder of Roman epic and poetry
Odyssia - his main work; a translation of
Homer's Odyssey

Livius Andronicus
The first native Italian playwright
Originator of historical plays based on
Roman historical figures and events
A competitor of Livius Andronicus
He was imprisoned due to his audacious
attempts at satire
Gnaeus Naevius
 COMEDIC WRITERS
He blended the comic style of Menander
with the fabulla Atellana to produce
vigorous farces
21 out of his 130 plays had survived and
were in turn inspire the succeeding
playwrights

Plautus

He closely followed the style of

Menander, aimed at a more discerning
audience
His comedic works are noted for their
grace and delicacy

Terence
 TRAGEDY WRITERS
His epic Annales was the national epic
until Virgil's Aenid
He excelled in tragedy - titles survive of
20 tragedies adapted from the Greek
He heightened the rhetorical element
and pathetic appeal

Ennius

His plays lack the craftsmanship of the

Greeks but he became the principal
medium through which the Renaissance
writers became connected with Greek
tragedy

Seneca
 MIME AND PANTOMIME
Derived from Greek mime traditions
Characterized by great diversity
Featured dialogue, acrobatic, songs, and
slapstic routines
Used to ridicule the Christian faith on
stage

Mime
A kind of burlesque ballet
The actor used gesture and dance to
portray various characters in a
succession of masks
Particular emphasis was placed on the
story's erotic element
Pantomime
MUSIC
The Romans adapted their music from Greek principles
The musical culture of the eastern Mediterranean was inevitably altered by local
tastes and traditions.
The diatonic scale became the standard, displacing the Grecian chromatic and
enharmonic structures
 MUSICAL HERITAGE FROM
ANCIENT EAST TO ROME
acoustical theory
concept of tonal organization
principles of rhythmic organization
basic principles of instrument construction
system of notation
large repertory of melodies
 INSTRUMENTS
Roman instruments include pan flutes, straight trumpets, wooden flutes,
cane reed instruments, finger symbols, skin drums, bagpipe-like
instrument, lyres, shepherd pipes, and the buccina.
shell trumpets, bone flutes, bronze horns - musical instruments found at
Pompeii
Old Roman chants survive in writing from the 11th century and onwards
ten-string lyre, pan pipes, flute, drums, and cymbals - used in cults and
Roman religion
pipes and flutes - used during festivals and holy days to celebrate
 INSTRUMENTS
trumpets, cornets, and buccina - used in Roman legion music
trumpet - sounds the charge and the retreat; serve when the soldiers are
ordered out to any work without the colors; directs the motions of the
soldiers on working parties and on field days
cornets - used to regulate the motions of the colors
trumpet and cornet together - time of action
classicum - a particular sound of the buccina, is appropriated to the
commander-in-chief; used in the presence of the general or at the
execution of a soldier
Unfortunately, no one knows what the music in Ancient Rome sounded like.
However, efforts have been made to recreate their music based on the
archaeological remains of instruments, as well as the references in historical texts
and depictions in frescoes, mosaics, and sculptures.
DECORATIVE ART
Jewelry
 OVERVIEW

Ancient Romans are renown for the complex jewelry designs

and use of a wide range of materials, especially colorful gems
and glass beads. Various types of jewelry were worn by
different genders and social classes in Rome and were used
both for aesthetic purposes and to communicate social
messages of status and wealth.
Overview

MEN
Wore less jewelry than women
Finger rings and fibulae are common forms of jewelry worn by men.
They also wear bracelets, pendants, and torcs.

WOMEN
Collected and wore more jewelry than men.
Usually they had pierced ears, in which they would wear one set of
earrings.
They also wear necklaces, bracelets, rings, and fibula (brooch or pin for
fastening garments).

 N Floral Motif Roman Necklace

E
C
K
L
A
Necklace. Gold and Glass Paste, C
Roman Artwork, 6th–5th Centuries
BC. From a Sarcophagus in Fidene, E
Italy.
 EARRINGS
Gallo-Roman Emerald
Earrings of Gold Wire

Gallo-Roman Lion Earrings

Gemstone & Pearl

Earrings, c. 4-5th
Century AD
FIBULA

Gold crossbow fibula (brooch)

Ceramics
POTTERY
Pottery was produced in enormous quantities in
ancient Rome, mostly for utilitarian purposes. It is
found all over the former Roman Empire and
beyond

Roman domestic pottery broadly into coarse wares

and fine wares.
Fine wares - used by archaeologists for Roman pottery intended for serving
food and drink at table, as opposed to pots designed for cooking
and food preparation, storage, transport and other purposes.

Terra sigillata or Samian

bright-red, polished pottery used
throughout the Roman Empire from the
1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.
best known type of Roman pottery
finest Roman pottery and it was not
typical of the ceramic ware used by the
average Roman.
Coarse wares - ceramic assemblage that can be regarded as everyday
transportation, storage, food preparation, and cooking
vessels.

Mortarium
One of a class of Ancient Roman pottery
kitchen vessels
They are "hemispherical or conical bowls,
commonly with heavy flanges", and with
coarse sand or grit embedded into the
internal surface.
Used for pounding or mixing foods and are
an important indicator of the spread of
Romanized food preparation methods.
Amphora
a type of container with a
pointed bottom

ancient vessel form used as a

storage jar

primarily designed for the non-

local transport of agricultural
products.
OTHER CERAMICS

Two Roman Firmalampen. The one

on the left was made in Colchester,
and that on the right in Gaul. Both Gladiators on an oil lamp
were found in Britain
Mosaic
 OVERVIEW
Roman mosaic was made during the Roman period, throughout the
Roman Republic and later Empire. Roman mosaics were a common feature
of private homes and public buildings across the empire from Africa to
Antioch. Not only are mosaics beautiful works of art in themselves but
they are also an invaluable record of such everyday items as clothes, food,
tools, weapons, flora and fauna. They were highly influenced by earlier and
contemporary Hellenistic Greek mosaics, and often included famous
figures from history and mythology.
Mosaics were used in a variety of private and public buildings, on
both floors and walls
Roman mosaics are constructed from geometrical blocks called
tesserae, placed together to create the shapes of figures, motifs
and patterns.
The floors are set with fairly large tesserae with a limited range of
colors, some tending toward monochrome (black-and-white).
The decorative designs and motifs are also simple and
uncomplicated.
 Roman Bacchus floor mosaic

A 3rd century CE Roman floor mosaic

depicting Bacchus, God of wine. From via
Flaminia, Rome. (Palazzo Massimo, Rome).

Fish, Roman Mosaic

A Roman floor mosaic dating to between

350 and 375 CE and depicting fish.
Evolution in Design

Alexander the Great & Bucephalus Dionysos, Roman Mosaic

Mosaic
END
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