Why is QM useful

1- Explain the behavior of Subatomic particles, e.g. electrons, neutrons, ...

so on

2- Gives a quantitative insight into the ionic and covalent bonding by

showing which molecules are energetically favorable to which others ... this
is called Quantum Chemistry

3- Modern technology operators at a scale where QM is important:

Lasers, semiconductors (diodes and transistor), the electron microscope,
magnetic resonance imaging.

4- QM has influenced string theory a candidate for a theory of everything. It

is also related to statistical mechanics.

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¨ Why is QM useful?

¨ Future goals :
¨ The quantum computer
¨ Performing exponentially faster than the classical one

¨ Quantum cryptograph by:

¨ Allowing guaranteed secure transmission of information
¨ Quantum teleportation
¨ Transmits info a try distances

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¨ Course Outline:
¨ Identifying physical problems that could not be solved by classical
mechanics
¨ basic assumptions in quantum mechanics.
¨ wave functions and their properties.
¨ The language of commutative operators.
¨ Quantization
¨ uncertainty for Heisenberg.
¨ Schrodinger equation and its solutions for some physical applications.
¨ harmonic oscillator.
¨ Schrodinger equation in 3 dimensions and in spherical coordinates.
¨ Hydrogen atom and energy levels.
¨ operators of angular momentum.
¨ Course Policy
¨ Credit hrs 3
¨ Attendance Policy
¨ Examination and Assessment Policy
¨ Exams
¨ 1st Mid term Exam (15%).
¨ 3 Quizzes (15 percent)
¨ 2nd Mid term Exam (15%).
¨ Research Project (5%)
¨ Participate in lecture (5%)
¨ Assignment (5%)

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Recommended text books:

¨ Quantum Mechanics, L.I Schiff, McGraw-Hill, 1981.

¨ Basic Quantum Mechanics, J.L. Martin, Oxford Physics Series, 1981.

¨ Quantum Mechanics, Gasiorowicz, Wiley, 1974.

¨ Quantum Mechanics, N. Zettili Wiley, 2004.

¨ Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D.J. Griffiths, Pearson, 2004.

¨ Introduction to Quantum Mechanics P.T.Matheue, McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Limited; 2 Rev Ed edition , 1968.

¨ Quantum Mechanics, B.H.Bransden & C.J.Joachain, 2nd edition, Pearson

Prentice Hall, 2000.
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¨ The student has to know :Newtonian mechanics and
some inductory level modern physics know the
fundamental concepts (conservation of energy
,movement of a particle in a potential field ,momentum
,kinetic energy and potential energy of a particle
,harmonic oscillation.
¨ Wave phenomena ,also getting some ideas on the rise
of quantum phenomena based on classical physics e.g.
wave particle duality ,Heisenberg Uncertainty
principle .Bohr’s theory and De Broglie’s postulates to
understand the other concepts of Quantum mechanics

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 Quantum Mechanics 1

Chapter 1:The origins of quantum

mechanics

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Classical mechanics (Newton's mechanics) and Maxwell's
equations (electromagnetic theory) can explain MACROSCOPIC
phenomena such as motion of billiard balls or rockets.
Quantum mechanics is used to explain microscopic phenomena
such as photon-atomic scattering and the flow of electrons in a
semiconductor. The behavior of a "microscopic" particle is
different from that of a classical particle:
In some experiments it resembles the behavior of a classical wave
(not localized in space)
In other experiments it behaves as a classical particle (localized in
space)
 De Broglie’s Theory - Matter Wave
classical: Light consists of waves, while ordinary matter is composed
of particles.
modern : Both light and matter exhibit behavior that seems
characteristic of both particles and wave. (wave-particle duality)

We recall that for a photon (E, p) associated to an electromagnetic

wave (f, l): 1
E h f p h

particle wave
De Broglie’s hypothesis:
To a particle (E, p) is associated a matter wave,
which has a frequency f and a wavelength l

E h
f
h p
9
 E h
• From f and
h p

if we put: h 2 Þ E 2 f
Þ 2
p
E THE QUANTUM MECHANICS
Planck-Einstein’s relationship
p K l is called de Broglie wavelength

Problems remained from classical mechanics that the special

theory of relativity didn’t explain.
Attempts to apply the laws of classical physics to explain the
behavior of matter on the atomic scale were consistently
unsuccessful.
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¨Problems included:

§ Blackbody radiation
v The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a heated object
§ Photoelectric effect
v Emission of electrons by an illuminated metal
¡ The Compton effect

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1.2 Blackbody Radiation
The basic problem was in understanding the observed distribution in
the radiation emitted by a black body.Classical physics didn’t
adequately describe the observed distribution.
¨A good approximation of a black body is a small hole leading to
the inside of a hollow object.
¨A perfect Black body absorbs radiation of all wavelength incident
on it. It also emits radiation of all wavelength.
¨The nature of the radiation leaving the cavity through the hole
depends only on the temperature of the cavity.
¨The heat radiation emitted by a black body is known as Black
body radiation.

Dr. Mouna Kilani 12

 Theory of Black Body Radiation-Energy spectrum of a
black body

The radiation emitted by the black

body varies with temperature.
•At a given temp. energy
distribution is not continuous.
•The intensity of radiation is
maximum at a particular
wavelength lmax.
•With increase in temperature lmax
decreases
•As temp. Increases intensity also
increases.
•The area under each spectrum
represents the total energy emitted
at that particular temp.
Where

For The Reyliegh-Jeans Law in terms frequency

8 kT (J K 1 ) K 1 2 1 3
p ( ,T )d 2
d = 1 3
(s ) (s ) J .m
C3 (m s )

For the plank distribution in terms frequency

8 h 3
d (J S )(S 1 )3
p ( ,T )d = 1 3
(s 1 ) J .m 3

C3 eh kT
1 (m s )

Express Planck’s constant radiation law in terms of wave

length. 8 hc d
( ,T )d 5
e hc kT
1
where ( ,T )d energy density between l and l+dl

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Classical quantum mechanics of the black body radiation:
The integration of I (λ, T) with respect to λ makes it possible to reach
the total power emitted by the black body.
The total power of the emitted radiation increases with temperature.
Stefan’s law :
P = s A e T4
The emissivity, e, of a black body is 1, exactly
The power radiated per unit surface area of the radiator is given by
the Stefan-Boltzmann law.

Æ The Stefan Boltzmann equation

P = s T4
F = flux of energy (W/m2)
T = temperature (K)
s = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4 (Stefan-Boltzmann constant)
lmax µ I/T Wien’s law
Wein Displacement Law max b
T
- It tells us as we heat an object up, its
color changes from red to orange to
white hot.
- You can use this to calculate the
temperature of stars.
The surface temperature of the Sun is 5778
K, this temperature corresponds to a
peak emission = 502 nm = about 5000
Å.
- b is a constant of proportionality, called
Wien's displacement constant and
equals 2.897 768 × 10–3 m K =
2.897768 × 106 nm K.
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Further evidence of Planck’s work came from the photoelectric effect - ejection
of electrons from a metal when its surface is illuminated with light
Experimental observations when the metal was illuminated by ultraviolet light:
§ No electrons are ejected unless the radiation has a frequency above a certain
threshold value characteristic of the metal
§ The kinetic energy of the ejected electron increases linearly with the frequency of
the incident radiation.
§ Einstein proposed that electromagnetic radiation consist of particles, called
PHOTONS.
§ Each photon can be regarded as a packet of energy E = h n where n is the
frequency of the light.
§ Electrons in the metal require a minimum amount of energy to be ejected from the
metal - workfunction (Φ)

If Ephoton < Φ electrons will not be ejected even at high intensity of the light

If Ephoton > Φ, the kinetic energy of the electrons ejected, EK,

EK = 1/2 mv2 = h n - Φ
KE of the electron increases linearly with frequency of the radiation
 Photo-Electric Equation

Incident light When light shines on the cathode C

of a photocell, electrons are ejected
Cathode Anode from A and attracted by the positive
C A potential due to battery. There is a
certain threshold energy, called the
work function Φ that must be
Ammeter overcome before any electrons can be
- +
A emitted.
hc
E W 1
2 mv 2
The conservation of energy demands that the energy of the
incoming light hc/l be equal to the work function W of the
surface plus the kinetic energy ½mv2 of the emitted
electrons. Threshold hc
W
wavelength lo 0

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 hc l = 600 nm
W K
hc hc
K
0 A

hc hc 1240 1240
K ; K = 2.76 eV – 2.07 eV
0 450 nm 600 nm

K = 0.690 eV Or K = 1.10 x 10-19 J

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A potentiometer is used to Incident light
vary to the voltage V between
Cathode Anode
the electrodes.

The stopping potential is that

V A
voltage Vo that just stops the
emission of electrons, and thus + -
equals their original K.E.
Potentiometer
Kmax = eVo

Photoelectric equation:
h W
E hf W eV0 V0 f
e e
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 Incident light
Photoelectric Equation: Cathod Anode
e
E hf W eV0 V A
eV0 E W; W hf 0 + -

W = (6.63 x 10-34 Js)(1.09 x 1015 Hz) =7.20 x 10-19 J

eV0 8.48 x 10-19 J 7.20 x 10-19 J 1.28 x 10-19 J

1.28 x 10-19 J Stopping
V0 potential: Vo = 0.800 V
1.6 x 10-19 J
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Compton treated this scattering as the interaction between X ray
and the matter as a particle collision between X ray photon and
loosely bound electron in the matter.
The results could be explained by treating the photons as point-
like particles having energy hƒ and momentum h ƒ / c.
Assume the energy and momentum of the isolated system of the
colliding photon-electron are conserved.
This scattering phenomena is known as the Compton effect.

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 THEORY OF COMPTON EFFECT

Energy of the incident photon

Energy of the electron at rest
where m0 is the rest mass of electron and C the velocity of light.

Therefore total energy before collision

Total energy after collision:

energy of the scattered photon

Energy of the Recoil electron = mC2

Therefore total energy after collision =hn’ + mC2

Total energy before collision = Total energy after collision
Since light is often described by its wavelength in nanometers
(nm) and its energy E is given in eV, a conversion formula is
useful. (1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m)

hc
E (in Joules) ; 1 eV 1.60 x 10-19 J
hc(1 x 109 nm/m)
E (in eV)
(1.6 x 10-19 J/eV)
If l is in nm, the energy in eV is found from:

1240
E
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Apparently, light consists of tiny Photon
bundles of energy called photons,
each having a well-defined quantum
of energy. E = hf

Planck’s
Equation: E = hf (h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s)

The Electron-volt: 1 eV = 1.60 x 10-19 J

1 keV = 1.6 x 10-16 J 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J

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 1.6 x 10-19 J -17
-
K 90 eV 1.44 x 10 J e- 90 eV
1 eV
Next, we find momentum from the
kinetic energy: p 2mK

p 2(9.1 x 10-31kg)(1.44 x 10-17 J) h h

p = 5.12 x 10-24 kg m/s p mv
-34
h 6.23 x 10 J
l = 0.122 nm
p 5.12 x 10-24 kg m/s
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 First we find f from wave equation: c = fl

c hc
f ; E hf

(6.626 x 10 34 J s)(3 x 108 m/s)

E
555 x 10-9 m
E = 3.58 x 10-19 J Or E = 2.24 eV

Since 1 eV = 1.60 x 10-19 J

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 example1
In a research laboratory, electrons are
accelerated to speed of 6.0 ´ 106 m/s. Calculate the de Broglie
wavelength in both case

SOLUTION
• For the electron:
h h 6.625 10 34 J .s
p mv 9.11 10 31 kg 6.0 106 m / s
1.2 10 10 m

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 example An electron microscope uses 40-keV electrons.
Find the wavelength of this electron.

SOLUTION

The velocity of this electron:

v 2K / m
2 40 103 1.6 10 19
v 1.2 108 m / s
9.1 10 31
The wavelength of this electron:
h
mv
6.63 10 34 10 o
31 8 6.1 10 m 6 .1 A
9.1 10 1.2 10

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