EAT 208

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, HEALTH AND SAFETY

SEMESTER 2 ,2020/2021

PROBLEM BASED LEARNING 1 (PBL 1)

PREPARED FOR:

PROF. DR IRNIS AZURA BINTI ZAKARYA

PREPARED BY:

Group 13

SUGANYAH A/P RAJU (191132205)

SYAHRI HANNAN BIN MOHAMMAD (191130628)

TAY CHUI CHIAN (191132945)

WAFAA' BINTI AHMAD PUA'AT (191130630)

WAN NOR NABILAH SYAFIQAH BINTI WAN CHIK (191132946)

PROGRAM:

RK07

(ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING)
TABLE OF CONTENT

No Content Page

1.0 Scenario 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Report Content 2-3

1.3 Recommendations 3-5

2.0 Scenario 2

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Report Content 7-8

2.3 Recommendations 9-10

3.0 List of References 10-12

1.0 SCENARIO 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cement is the fundamental material used to construct everything from bridges to
swimming pools that can be commonly found in building site. Cement could not perform itself
and therefore involves the help of key ingredient – water. Cement and water mix up to form a
paste that binds the aggregate together. The hardening process of cement with other mixtures
will turns into concrete through hydration.

Cement is a very fine powdery substance that made up of limestone (calcium), sand or
clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminium), and iron ore [1]. It is usually grey in colour. The
manufacture of cement includes four stages which are crushing raw materials, mixing the
materials in the correct proportions, burning the prepared mix, and grinding the burned
product, which known as “clinker” together with some five percent gypsum to control the time
of set of the cement.

Human extremely needs the production of cement as it is the world’s most leading
construction materials. But people seems like they are forgetful on how it destroys our Mother
Earth. Generation of cement is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas pollution
according to an article on National Geographic website [2]. Cement is environmentally
unfriendly. Highly-toxic substances will be emitted such as carbon dioxide, heavy metal like
thallium, cadmium and mercury during the manufacture of cement. It is the major discharge of
greenhouse gases, accounting to an eight percent of total emissions [3].

The cement mill stated in Scenario 1 – Hong Huat Enterprise is located near to Taman
Semesti and its operation has been affecting the nearby residents since November 2010. They
claim that their clothes are sandy after hanging outside, the floor is always dusty and had to be
cleaned all the time. Moreover, some of them have suffered itchy skin, sore eyes, persistent
cough and asthma. They are affected by the noise produced as well. The structural wall
cracked due to the vibration of heavy vehicles in the factory. Hence, on behalf of
Jawatankuasa Bertindak Kampun Baru Sungai Buluh, Batu 8 1/2, Jalan Hutan Melintang, we
will evaluate and discuss based on the guideline of Environmental Quality Act 1974 (ACT
127) in order to cope with the consequences of cement produced.

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1.2 REPORT CONTENT

Section

Scenario 1 depicts air pollution, noise pollution, and licenses as sources of pollution at
that location. Referring to the legislation on Environment quality Act 1974, the section that
can be charged were Section 16 licensee to comply with licence and Section 17 licence fees
which were in Part III (Licences) and Section 22 restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere
and Section 23 restrictions on noise pollution which were in Part IV (Prohibition and
Control of Pollution).

Section 16 (Licensee to comply with licence) which is stated about the owner of Hong
Huat Enterprise shall comply in every respect with the terms and condition thereof. In
addition, they who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable
to a fine not exceeding twenty-five thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a period not
exceeding two years or to both, and a fine of one thousand ringgit for each day the offence is
continued after the Director General has served him with a notice requiring him to comply
with the term or condition stated therein.

Section 17 (Licence fees) about inspection it is ascertained that the pollutants or class
of pollutants or class of pollutants discharged, emitted or deposited is different from or the
quantity of wastes discharged, emitted or deposited is greater than, that declared by the Hong
Huat Enterprise in his application for or renewal of licence, the Director General may recover
such fees as would have been payable in respect of that pollutant or class of pollutant or extra
quantity of discharge, emission or deposit.

Section 22 (Restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere) which is mentioned unless

licensed, no individual shall emit or discharge any environmentally hazardous substances,
contaminants, or wastes into the atmosphere in violation of section 21's appropriate conditions.
Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), a person shall be deemed to emit or
discharge wastes into the atmosphere if Hong Huat Enterprise places any matter in a place
where it may be released into the atmosphere. Aside from that, they induce or permit the
release of odours that are obnoxious or offensive due to their origin, concentration, intensity,
or extent.

Section 23 (Restriction on noise pollution) which is stated about no person shall,

unless licenced, emit or cause or permit to be emitted any noise greater in volume, intensity or
quality in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified under section 21. Hong Huat
Enterprise who violates subsection (1) is guilty of an offense and faces a fine of not more than
a hundred thousand ringgit, or a sentence of not more than five years in jail, or both.

Regulation

The scenario will be seen under in Environmental Quality Act (Clean Air)
Regulations 2014 under Regulation 6, Regulation 13 and Regulation 3(b). 2
 The factory is located within 20-50 meters of the community, and toxic cement dust
pollution is released, particularly during dry and windy weather. The clothes are hung in a
sandy manner, and they have itchy skin, sore eyes, a constant cough, and are particularly
harmful to the elderly, who are often afflicted with respiratory disease and asthma. The floor
of the house is always dusty, and it must be washed on a regular basis. The first subregulation
which is Regulation 6 stated that a Hong Huat Enterprise premise including that which is not
subject to any condition on limit values for air pollutant whether. Then, second subregulations
is Regulation 13 stated that a Hong Huat Enterprise of the new premises shall comply with the
limit values and technical standard specified in these Regulations. According to the
Regulation 3(b) which is application stated that any other premises or process that discharges
or is capable of discharging air pollutants into the open air.

Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulations 1987 under Regulation 6.

When the plant was operational, this company used vehicle intrusion noise all of the
time. Residents, pupils, and teachers are unable to participate in outdoor activities as they once
did, and children are unable to learn due to the noise and severe air pollution. The first
subregulation in Regulation 6 (Tests to be conducted by assembler or manufacturer) stated
that purpose of verifying sound emission under these Regulations, the Director General may
require any assembler or manufacturer of motor vehicles to conduct sound level tests, in the
presence of an authorized officer, on each model of motor vehicle assembled or manufactured
and the assembler or manufacturer shall bear the costs of such tests. That is what the Hong
Huat Enterprise is intended to accomplish.

Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations 1977 under Regulation 4

Without a valid license, Hong Huat Enterprise would be unable to operate. The issues
above break the Regulation 4 which has 3 subregulation of revocation and suspension of
licence. The first subregulation stated that if the licensee, Hong Huat Enterprise, fails to meet
any of the requirements, or condition of the licence, the Director General may revoke the
licence or suspend it for such period as he thinks fit. The second subregulation stated that the
suspension of a licence amounts to a revocation of the licence for the period of suspension.
The third subregulation stated that the revocation or suspension of a licence shall not take
effect until the licensee receives written notice thereof [4].

1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Section

Referring to the legislation on Environment quality Act 1974, Hong Huat Enterprise
must obey the law based on the section related to its manufacturing factory. The section that
can be charged were Section 16 licensee to comply with licence and Section 17 licence fees
which were in Part III (Licences) and Section 22 restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere
and 3
Section 23 restrictions on noise pollution which were in Part IV (Prohibition and Control of
Pollution).

In Section 16 (Licensee to comply with licence) Hong Huat Enterprise really need to
be alerted due to conduct of hazardous substances. All terms and conditions must be followed
all the time. This is to ensure of maintaining friendly environment from a manufacturing
cement factory. As the premise is very close to residential area such as Kampung Baru Sungai
Buluh, they need to be act properly about licence matter. Any offensive action did by the Hong
Huat Enterprise will be affected nearby residents.

In Section 17 (Licence fees) Hong Huat Enterprise should have been no issues with
licence fee if they emitted amount of substances same as they declared. The factory should not
take advantage of releasing extra substances of cement dust for profit. They should report to
Director General for any excessive of discharged amount. Environmental pollution matter will
be prioritized to be in factories such as Hong Huat Enterprise. The complaints on dust
pollution flying damages nearby resident properties like dusty floors, sandy hanging clothes
and affect health of the people.

In Section 22 (Restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere) Hong Huat Enterprise must

be licensed to discharge the cement dust. Unfortunately, under subsection 22(2) (b) Hong Huat
must control the discharge of cement dust to amount that already regulated. Controlled of
discharge of pollutants like cement dust to acceptable amount daily can promote once again
outdoor activities by nearby residents. Too much pollution wills offence many parties.

In Section 23 (restrictions on noise pollution) intensity of noise created by Hong Huat

Enterprise can be reduced by rearranging operations hours. Night time and school time should
be prevented to carry out any heavy operation. Furthermore, machine and vehicle used should
be maintained in good conditions as it will lessen the noise pollution. People living in the area
can peacefully study if Hong Huat Enterprise has always making sure activities they conduct
been checked on noise generated is in accordance to acceptable amount.

Regulation

Hong Huat Enterprise should follow the standard that state in regulation
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014, which are Regulation 6 measure to
reduce emission, Regulation 13 Limit values and technical standards and Regulation 3
Application.

From Regulation 3 (Application) (b) Hong Huat Enterprise is seen under this
regulation due to the discharging of air pollutants into the open air. They should always check
on the capability of discharging air pollutants. Next, obeying Regulation 6 (measure to reduce
emission) Hong Huat Enterprise should always measure the amount of pollutants released by
the factory in order to help reducing air pollution determined by the Director General. Hong
Huat Enterprise should follow Regulation 13 (Limit values and technical standards) as cement
producing factory listed in the first schedule. They can only release granted amount of air
pollutants in time specified. This activity will ensure the continuing of freedom factory. 4
Hong Huat Enterprise can continue to operate the factory if they follow all the regulations
mentioned. Keeping the environment clean will not make other parties to be offended such as
residents of Kampung Baru Sungai Buluh did.

Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulations 1987 under Regulation 6 test to
be conducted by assembler or manufacturer.

In Regulation 6 (test to be conducted by assembler or manufacturer) let the authorities

to test noise produced by vehicle, so Hong Huat Enterprise should have their own technical
support to check the noise produced before the authorities. If they check first, this will ensure
the noise pollution is controlled always by the factory. Hong Huat Enterprise use vehicles
every day, then they should supervise their activities to not disturb nearby residents and follow
regulation needs on the noise pollution produced and avoid to get complaints on the matter like
before.

Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations 1977 under Regulation 4 Revocation and

suspension of licence.

In Regulation 4 (Revocation and suspension of licence) the holder of a licence such as

Hong Huat Enterprise should obey the term and condition of the licence. Because of failing in
doing this regulation, Hong Huat Enterprise licence should be suspended. If there are any
cases, Hong Huat Enterprise must wait for written notice by the Director General for
revocation of licence to take effect. To continue operating the cement factory, Hong Huat
Enterprise will wait until everything is ready and has to follow regulation that related
environmentally pollution because same thing will be done if they do not fulfill requirement to
operate again better than before.

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2.0 SCENARIO 2

2.1 INTRODUCTION
An inorganic compound that is composed of a single nitrogen atom covalently bonded
to three hydrogen atoms is known as ammonia. One of the major contributions of ammonia is
in the nitrogen cycle which is a bacterial process and the breakdown of organic matter
naturally. Ammonia is the primary natural refrigerants of choice. This is because ammonia can
be easily compressed in the form of liquid. Thus, liquid ammonia can act as a refrigerant.
During vaporization of liquid ammonia, it will absorb a large quantity of heat at a constant
temperature. Hence, it is used for making ice in the factories as it acts as a refrigerant.

However, ammonia gases also contribute to a severe health hazard due to their toxicity.
When a person is exposed to 300ppm of ammonia gas, skin burns, and breathing issues will
arise [7]. Unfortunately, when a person encounters ammonia exposure to high concentrations,
they will experience immediate burning of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract and can
result in blindness, lung damage or can be fatal within a few breaths since the ammonia gas is
a corrosive substance [8]. While lower levels of ammonia exposure (levels from 70 to 300
ppm) can cause severe irritation of the nose, throat, and airways. Symptoms are coughing,
shortness of breath, difficult breathing, and tightness in the chest [9]. Besides, low-level long-
term exposure can lead to permanent damage to the human body [10].

The same goes for scenario 2 in Problem Based Learning 1, the ice-making factory in
Taman Nagasaki Prai, Penang which used ammonia gas as the main chemical ingredient for
making ice. Unfortunately, the factory was faced an ammonia leakage problem, which affected
100 workers from the neighboring factories at Taman Nagasari Prai. The neighbor's factories
workers detect the pungent smell of ammonia leakage around 7 am. Before the situation is
getting serious, the neighboring workers informed the fire And Rescue Department of a
solution to overcome this situation.

Team members of the Fire and Rescue Department finalize a leakage on a faulty pipe
connected to a 300kg cylinder of ammonia. The team has successfully sealed the leak within
15 minutes. Referring to the issue above, our group will make a discussion concerning the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (ACT 127), Malaysia using suitable sub-act involved in the
emission of the ammonia gas.

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2.2 REPORT CONTENT

Section

Scenario 2 shows that the hazardous leakage happened in the premise which will harm
workers from several factories. Referring to the legislation on Environment quality Act
1974, the section that can be charged were Section 22 restriction on air pollution, Section 31
restriction on equipment, Section 32 restriction on maintenance which were in Part IV
(Prohibition and Control of Pollution), Section 37 restriction on furnishing information
which were in Part VI (Miscellaneous).

Section 22 (Restriction on pollution of the atmosphere) restriction on air pollution of

atmosphere under subsection 22(1) the ice-making factory emitted hazardous ammonia gas
which can cause health problems to workers. Under subsection 22(2) (b) the factory caused the
discharge of ammonia and under subsection 22(3) the ice-making factory was found guilty and
shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a
period not exceeding five years or to both and to a further fine not exceeding one thousand
ringgit a day for every day that the offence is continued after a notice by the Director General
requiring him to cease the act specified therein has been served upon him.

Section 31 (Power to require occupier to install, operate, repair, etc.) restriction on

equipment of the factory under subsection 31(1) (b) where any environmentally hazardous
substances likely to be emitted from premise to be repaired. The owner of the factory should
be charged as he did not repair the faulty pipes immediately. This need to be done or replaced
as it will ensure the safety of workers and environment. Under subsection 31(3) the ice-making
factory contravenes the notice issued under subsection 31(1) (b) was found guilty of an
offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding twenty-five thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or to both and to a further fine not
exceeding one thousand ringgit a day for every day that the offence is continued after service
on him of the notice specified in subsection 31(1) or (2).

Section 32 (Owner or occupier to maintain and operate equipment) restriction on

maintenance due to the ammonia leakage affects 4 more neighboring factories. High level
exposure level of ammonia can cause irritation and serious burn to the skin, mouth throat,
lungs and eyes. More than 100 workers of five factories can be affected by the gas released.
Conducting such chemicals, the owner shall maintain any equipment on the premise in good
condition and shall operate in a proper manner.

Section 37 (Owner or occupier to furnish information) restriction on furnishing

information under subsection 37(1)(d) Director General may be require the factory to furnish
him environmental risk that is likely to result from use of environmentally hazardous
substances which is ammonia.

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 This situation result will continue under subsection 37(2) the factory to answer any
questions from Director General and fails to furnish such information required was found
guilty and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding two thousand ringgit or imprisonment for a
period not exceeding six months or to both.

Regulation

The scenario will be seen under Environment Quality (Clean Air) and Regulations
2014 under:-

Regulation 8 (Failure in operation of air pollution control system) the Director General
should be notified no later than one hour. Under this regulation, time of leakage of ammonia
happened and notification on Director General will be seen and investigated. From the case,
the factory lack of responses to notify accident related to failure in the operation of air
pollution control system.

Regulation 21 (Accidental emission) In the event of the occurrence of an accidental

emission at the ice-making factory, the owner or occupier of a premises shall inform the
Director General of such occurrence immediately upon discovery of the accidental emission.
Quick decision must be taken from the factory if accident happened and should notify Director
General if it related to environmental matter. Fast inlet leaded to early action was taken as
main objective of this matter. The case of this accident contravenes the regulation and was
found guilty.

Environment Quality (Refrigerant management) Regulation 2020 under Regulation 3 and

Regulation 5.

Regulation 3 (prohibition on use of refrigerant) stated that no person shall use any
refrigerant specified in the first schedule in the manufacturing and if the factory found
contravenes shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both. The ice-making factory will be
charged under in this regulation and investigated to be guilty if they use the prohibited
refrigerant or in an excessive amount.

Regulation 5 (condition on person using refrigerant) stated that only trained person
who has attended any course for refrigerant handling certified by Director General. This
regulation ensures expertise of conducting hazardous substances and equipment for smooth
manufacturing industry such as the ice-making factory. In Scenario 2, the ice-making factory
likely to not fulfill requirement of this regulation conditions after the incident of ammonia
leakage.

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2.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Section

Based on the previous scenario, the leakage of 300kg of cylindrical ammonia in a

premise brings impact towards workers themselves and other workers from neighboring
factories. There are several recommendations that can be accomplish for the company to
improve their performances based on Section 21 (Power to specify conditions of emission,
discharge, etc.), Section 22 (Restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere),
Section 31 (Power to require owner or occupier to install, operate, repair, etc.) and Section 32
(Owner or occupier to maintain and operate equipment) which stated in Part IV (Prohibition
and Control of Pollution) under the legislation on Environmental Quality Act 1974.

In Section 21 (Power to specify conditions of emission, discharge, etc.) the company is

restricted from discharge or emit hazardous substance to the environment that may lead to
pollution. The ice factory has discharged ammonia, hazardous substance, that may change the
odors and concentration surrounding that differs than the normal atmosphere and may impact
human health. The ice factory can dispose the excess ammonia by highly diluted in water,
neutralize with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and routed to sewer system and not limit the
established limits for ammonia.

In Section 22 (Restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere) where no person shall,

unless licensed, emit or discharge any environmentally hazardous substances, pollutant or
wastes into the atmosphere in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified under
Section 21. The leakage happened in ice factory caused the ammonia to be discharged and
alter the atmosphere in the factory to be harmful to the workers. The ice company should
check the pipe and equipment that connecting to the ammonium container to be in good
condition and ensure the atmosphere not contaminated with this chemical.

In Section 31 (Power to require owner or occupier to install, operate, repair, etc.),

under subsection 31(1) (a), the ice factory’s that likely to emit environmentally hazardous
substances such as ammonia, should install and operate control equipment in the factory. The
previous scenario showed that the occurrence of the leak was unknown to any employee,
except for the first employee who came earlier to his workplace. Action that can be taken to
avoid from the scenario to happen again is the ice factory should install ammonia detector
system where the leak could occur that can be operated 24 hours per day to monitor and alert
the level of ammonia to workers.

In Section 31 (Power to require owner or occupier to install, operate, repair, etc.) under
subsection 31(1) (b), this ice factory that likely to emit environmentally hazardous substance,
need to be repair, alter or replace equipment or control equipment. Control equipment such as
ammonia detector system helps to alert workers inside premise when there is any emergency
or leakage happen in the future. This factory needs to ensure the control equipment to be
repaired and calibrated from time to time to avoid the equipment from being malfunction.

9
 In Section 32 (Owner or occupier to maintain and operate equipment), the owner of
company needs to ensure the equipment or control equipment in good condition and to operate
in a proper and efficient manner. The ice factory control equipment did not function well and
results in the leakage of ammonia. Thus, the ice factory needs to monitor the ammonia detector
system to operate properly in an efficient manner to avoid from leakage happen again in other
time or conduct leak testing.

Regulation

The scenario will be seen under Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations
2014.

In Regulation 20 (Failure of control equipment and emergency requirement) under

Regulation 20(b), when there is a failure in operations of equipment or any control equipment,
the company shall install necessary public warning or alert systems. When the ammonia
detector system operation is failed, the ice factory should install alert systems such as
mechanical ventilation system, where the failure of operation of ventilation will actuate an
alarm or equip with emergency response equipment.

In Regulation 21 (Accidental emission), under Regulation 21(2), the owner of

company also had to cleanse up the accidental emission that applies following the manner
satisfactory. The leakage of ammonia that caused more than 100 workers barred from entering
the factory, was been resolved by the Fire and Rescue Department. The ice factory needs to
train all workers with emergency response program in relevant emergency response
procedures.

3.0 LIST OF REFERENCES

1. “How Cement is Made.” PCA – The Portland Cement Association – America’s

Cement Manufacturer, https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/how-cement-is-made,
accessed on 20th April 2021.

2. Curry, Andrew. “New Chemistry, Less Energy Could Yield Greener Cement.”
History, National Geographic, 11Dec2010, https://on.natgeo.com/3gCCMiy, accessed
on 20th April 2021.

3. “Cement Production is Massive Contributor to Carbon Dioxide Emission Globally |

World Economic Forum”, https://bit.ly/3ngtoSZ, accessed on 20th April 2021.

4. Legal Research Board. (2020). Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127),
Regulations, Rules & Orders. International Law Book Services.

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5. Esterman, I. (2020, December 23). Pollution, water cuts strengthen calls for
environmental law reform in Malaysia. Mongabay Environmental News.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/news.mongabay.com/2020/12/pollution-water-cuts-
strengthen-calls-for-environmental-law-reform-in-malaysia/amp/

6. Rasdi, M. T. M. (2019, February 6). Noise pollution also a cause for concern. The Star
Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2019/02/07/noise-pollution-also-a-
cause-for-concern

7. Toxicological profile for ammonia- U.S. department of health and human services,
Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, September,
2004. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp126.pdf, accessed on 22th April2021.

8. E.S. White, A case of near fatal ammonia gas poisoning. J. Occupational. Medicine,
Vol.13, Pp. 543-550, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp126.pdf, accessed on
23th April 2021.

9. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Recommended Standard
for Occupational Exposure to Ammonia, US Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Rockville, https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2019-03/fs4-
howmuch2.pdf, accessed on 23th April 2021.

10. R. K. Gangopadhyay and S. K. Das, Ammonia leakage from refrigeration plant and the
management practice, Process Safety Progress, Vol. 27, and No. 1. Pp. 15-20, 200,
https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/prs.10208, accessed on 24th
April2021.

11. Ali, S. I. (2020). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Science And Advanced

Technology. THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY UNDER MALAYSIAN LAW
AND INTERNATIONAL LAW, 1(10), 64–71. https://www.ijmsat.com/

12. Aja, O. C. (2016, October 19). Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in
Malaysia. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/books/management-of-hazardous-
wastes/overview-of-hazardous-waste-management-status-in-malaysia
13. LawTeacher. (2021, June 7). Preservation of the Environment.
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/environmental-law/preservation-of-the-
environment.php

14. National Library of Medicine. Ammonia - Disposal Methods. Retrieved on 2021, April
27.https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=315&identifier=Ammonia&id
entifierType=name&menuItemId=59&catId=76

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15. Anhydrous Ammonia Refrigeration Manual. Retrieved on 2021, April 27.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
05/documents/accident_prevention_ammonia_refrigeration_5-20-15.pdf

16. Perks A. (2017, August 17). Dealing with an ammonia leak.

https://www.refrigerationandaircon.co.za/index.php/features/contributor/79-andrew-
perks/95-dealing-with-an-ammonia-leak

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