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    Two-Pass Assembler: Optab Symtab Locctr

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    Aishwarya Arora
    The two-pass assembler operates in two passes to translate assembly language into machine-readable object code. In pass 1, it assigns addresses, saves labels, and performs some processing. Pass 2 assembles instructions by translating opcodes and symbols, generates data values, and finishes processing directives while writing the object program and listing. It uses an operation code table for instruction information and a symbol table to track labels and their assigned values during the assembly process.

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    Two-Pass Assembler: Optab Symtab Locctr

    Uploaded by

    Aishwarya Arora
    641 views4 pages
    The two-pass assembler operates in two passes to translate assembly language into machine-readable object code. In pass 1, it assigns addresses, saves labels, and performs some processing. Pass 2 assembles instructions by translating opcodes and symbols, generates data values, and finishes processing directives while writing the object program and listing. It uses an operation code table for instruction information and a symbol table to track labels and their assigned values during the assembly process.

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    2 pass assembler code

    Original Title

    assembler-2pass

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    The two-pass assembler operates in two passes to translate assembly language into machine-readable object code. In pass 1, it assigns addresses, saves labels, and performs some processing. Pass 2 assembles instructions by translating opcodes and symbols, generates data values, and finishes processing directives while writing the object program and listing. It uses an operation code table for instruction information and a symbol table to track labels and their assigned values during the assembly process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    641 views4 pages

    Two-Pass Assembler: Optab Symtab Locctr

    Uploaded by

    Aishwarya Arora
    The two-pass assembler operates in two passes to translate assembly language into machine-readable object code. In pass 1, it assigns addresses, saves labels, and performs some processing. Pass 2 assembles instructions by translating opcodes and symbols, generates data values, and finishes processing directives while writing the object program and listing. It uses an operation code table for instruction information and a symbol table to track labels and their assigned values during the assembly process.

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    Two-Pass Assembler

    Pass 1
    Assign addresses to all statements in the program
    Save the values assigned to all labels for use in Pass 2
    Perform some processing of assembler directives
    Pass 2
    Assemble instructions by translating opcode and symbolic operands
    Generate data values defined by BYTE, WORD
    Perform processing of assembler directives not done in Pass 1
    Write the object program and the assembly listing

    From input line: LABEL, OPCODE, OPERAND


    Operation Code Table (OPTAB)
    Symbol Table (SYMTAB)
    Location Counter (LOCCTR)

    OPTAB (Operation Code Table)


    Content
    Mnemonic, machine code (instruction format, length) etc.
    Characteristic
    Static table
    Implementation
    Array or hash table, easy for search

    SYMTAB (Symbol Table)


    Content
    Label name, value, flag, (type, length) etc.
    Characteristic
    Dynamic table (insert, delete, search)
    Implementation
    Hash table, non-random keys, hashing function
    Two Pass Assembler – Pass 1
    read first input line
    if OPCODE = ‘START’ then
    save #[OPERAND] as starting address
    initialize LOCCTR to starting address
    write line to intermediate file
    read next input line
    else initialize LOCCTR to 0
    while OPCODE  ‘END’ doEND’ do’ do
    if this is not a comment line then
    if there is a symbol in the LABEL field then
    search SYMTAB for LABEL
    if found then
    set error flag (duplicate symbol)
    else
    insert (LABEL, LOCCTR) into SYMTAB

    search OPTAB for OPCODE


    if found then add 3 (instruction length) to LOCCTR
    else if OPCODE = ‘WORD’ then
    add 3 to LOCCTR
    else if OPCODE = ‘RESW’ then
    add 3 * #[OPERAND] to LOCCTR
    else if OPCODE = ‘RESB’ then
    add #[OPERAND] to LOCCTR
    else if OPCODE = ‘BYTE’ then
    find length of constant in bytes
    add length to LOCCTR
    else set error flag (invalid op code)
    write line to intermediate file
    read next input line // end while
    write last line to intermediate file
    save (LOCCTR – starting address) as program length

    Two Pass Assembler – Pass 2


    read first input line from intermediate file
    if OPCODE = ‘START’ then
    write listing line
    read next input line
    write Header record to object program
    initialize first Text record
    while OPCODE  ‘END’ doEND’ do’ do
    if this is not a comment line then
    search OPTAB for OPCODE
    if found then
    if there is a symbol in OPERAND field then
    search SYMTAB for OPERAND
    if found then store symbol value as operand address
    else store 0 as operand address and set error flag
    (undefined symbol)

    else store 0 as operand address


    assemble the object code instructions
    else if OPCODE = ‘BYTE’ or ‘WORD’ then
    convert constant to object code
    if object code will not fit into the current Text record then
    write Text record to object file
    initialize new Text record
    add object code to Text record
    write listing line
    read next input line
    write last Text record to object file
    write End record to object program
    write last listing line

    Object Program
    Header
    Col. 1 H
    Col. 2~7 Program name
    Col. 8~13 Starting address (hex)
    Col. 14-19 Length of object program in bytes (hex)
    Text
    Col.1 T
    Col.2~7 Starting address in this record (hex)
    Col. 8~9 Length of object code in this record in bytes (hex)
    Col. 10~69 Object code (69-10+1)/6=10 instructions
    End
    Col.1 E
    Col.2~7 Address of first executable instruction (hex)
    (END program_name)
    Example
    H COPY 001000 00107A
    T 001000 1E 141033 482039 001036 281030 301015 482061 ...
    T 00101E 15 0C1036 482061 081044 4C0000 454F46 000003 000000
    T 002039 1E 041030 001030 E0205D 30203F D8205D 281030 …
    T 002057 1C 101036 4C0000 F1 001000 041030 E02079 302064 …
    T 002073 07 382064 4C0000 05
    E 001000 starting address

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