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Citizenship national and international

The concept of citizen is an old one. It is the state of being native of a country and having rights and
duties because of it.
Citizen has all of the rights granted to people in a given state. These are expressed in rules which
specify what an individual may or may not do, and what the State may or may not do. They are
usually defined in constitutions or other basic legislation. At a world level they are found in the
Universal Declaration on Human Rights, one of the first links between the international system and
the individual.
Citizens have responsibilities as well. They are expected to vote, pay taxes, obey the law, and perform
voluntary public service like serving on juries. Some of these are codified in law, but most are part of
the normal expectations of behavior. While international responsibilities are less clear than national
ones, they increasingly involve expectations of behavior: as a tourist, one should not pollute or write
graffiti on national monuments; one should recycle in the interest of a global good; one should not
SPAM on the Internet.
Citizens also have authority. This is the central pillar in the architecture. Slaves may have rights and
responsibilities, only citizens have authority over their governments. They provide the legitimacy to
most governments (absolute monarchies based on Divine Right aside), based on the principle of
consent of the governed. They may change government leaders and may determine what constitutes
the common good. This idea of legitimacy that was posited by Max Weber as the most effective and
least expensive form of power underlies democratic government. Citizen authority has, until recently,
extended only as far as the nation-state; it has not reached the international system except on
delegation to representatives of states.
International Citizenship
There is an increasing need to construct citizenship about issues that are now dealt with globally, but
it will be a new type of citizenship, limited in scope and segmented. It can be a new anchor for
identity, displacing in some ways the identity built on the Nation-State. A citizen of the world would
be one who senses an ability to influence global decisions and accepts behavior that is congruent with
those decisions.
It would also include issues related to phenomena that cross national boundaries in such a way that
they cannot be regulated by national action, such as global warming, pandemics like HIV/AIDS,
bandwidths and stationary orbit slots. It would encompass issues where, because of technology, the
porous nature of borders and the interdependence of the global economy that need international
solutions, including examples like regulation of the internet, control of international financial
transfers, prevention of trafficking in illicit drugs and adjudication of trade disputes based on
international norms. Increasingly it involves international enforcement of universal human rights
norms as reflected in the work of international tribunals. The environmental area is where the
emergence of a world citizenship is beginning to be seen, in the concepts of civil society and global
governance. There is no doubt that the process is made possible by the communications revolution.
"The Internet does allow previously disinfranchised groups to communicate cheaply without
geographic limitation.''14'(David Shenk, "Data Smog: Surviving the Info Glut", Technology Review, Vol.
100, No. 4 (May/June 1997), p. 23.)
It is possible for persons concerned with a given issue to exchange information easily and steadily. So
World citizenship is A new global paradigm of rights, responsibilities and authority.

PAKISTANI SOCIETY AND CULTURE-BROAD FEATURES

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DEFINITION OF SOCIETY:- Large group of people living together in an organized way, making
decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done.
DEFINITION OF CULTURE: -
Culture is defined as the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior.
Culture thus defined, consists of languages, ideas, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools,
techniques, work of arts, rituals, ceremonies and other related components.
CONTENTS AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF PAKISTANI SOCIETY & CULTURE

The culture of Pakistan is multidimensional, which is developed through absorptions and

merging with cultures that came into this land since ancient times. Evolution of these cultures
however came winged with conquests and trade, where blood and gore mingled with creativity, music,
art, literature and cuisine.
Later in 1947, fresh influxes moved in, at this time due to ideals and nationhood. The new
immigrant culture is most apparent in urban areas particularly in Karachi. The second urban area is
Lahore, where the culture developed by Mughals from Central Asia, Iran and Turkey flowered. This
richness is constantly renewed by the local giants in poetry and literature like Allama Iqbal, Faiz and
a number of luminaries that embellish the rich cultural heritage of the country.
Historically, Pakistan maintains a cultural heritage in dress, which comes from Sassanian
period. The prefix and suffix ‘Shah’ is used till today with great self importance by Syed’s of Pakistan
as was used by pre-Islamic Sassanians to address their kings and other royalty.
After the conquest of Sindh by Mohammad Bin Qasim and the arrival of great Sufi saints
and poets, the advent of Islam gave a vast dimension to the culture. Islam supplied Ethical formation
to the culture that had already existed. Along with the march of a series of civilizations from Central
Asia, Arabia, Iran and later the Mughals, our culture inherited an amazing richness of some of the
greatest cultures that ever flourished in the world.
The main manifestation of our culture is revealed in music, literature, arts & crafts,
architecture, in cuisine, in dresses and in fabulous folk heritage that reaches classical heights.
Arabs initially enriched our music with their variety of musical instruments. They loved and
practiced music as Arab rulers patronized it and our people shared the Arab view on music despite of
religious circles who regarded cultivation of music as corrupt pleasure.
In Pakistan, melody of voice and instruments is exercised with great beauty and virtuosity in
reciting Holy Quran and Naat. Of course, Qawwali is a tremendous spiritual expression. Some schools
of Sufi’s have allowed music instruments centuries ago. In their, school the harmony and synthesis of
Arabian, Iranian, Central Asians and indigenous folk has given us the melody in form of Ghazal, Geet
and Pahari raag in classical music.
Hazrat Ameer Khusro’s great and dominant place in our cultural heritage is most
significant in music, poetry and language. He spent some of the most fruitful years of his life in the
provinces that now comprise Pakistan. In that period, Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhatai, the great Sufi
of Sindh, created Sindhi Kafi and developed music with great magnificence.
There have been great poets in Pakistan – Shah Hussain, Baba Bulleh Shah, Baba Fareed,
Hazrat Sachal Sarmast, Khushal Khan Khatak, Rehman Baba and Jam Durrak are some of them.
Pakistan is blessed with a school of calligraphy. There are at least 100 famous artists who
excel in this art. The fantastic calligraphy in Fresco and Canvas, of our national artists like Sadeqain,
Guljee and Nayyar Ahsan, adorn the public buildings of Pakistan and other world capitals.
The other significant aspect of our rich cultural heritage involves the gifted peoples of our
provinces who produce the most beautiful arts & crafts in woodwork, wood carving, ivory damascene,
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in ceramics, hand-loom fabrics in silk & cotton, in gold & silver ornaments & jewellery, in carpets, in
Bronze & Brass, in screen printing, in block printing and in Chundri.
Historical evidences are there that cotton handloom fabrics were exported from here
thousands of years ago.
Pakistan is famous the world over for its cuisine, hospitality and friendship. Almost every
capital in the world has Pakistani restaurants. There are many more never ending aspects of Pakistani
culture.
Recent factors in Pakistan’s Foreign policy

The terrorist attacks in the U.S. on September 11, 2001 had far reaching implications for the
international system. Pakistan joined the international community in its counterterrorism drive.
Pakistan's decision was also influenced by the UN General Assembly resolutions which called upon its
members to support the global efforts for combating terrorism.
The United Nations in Aug.2010 launched an immediate appeal for 460
million dollars to cover the next 90 days and UN chief Ban Ki-moon visited
Pakistan at the weekend, calling on the world to quicken its aid pledges.
Recent factors in Pak-Iran relations

On 12th Sep. 2010 the Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, called the devastating
floods in Pakistan which have left about 20 million homeless the most urgent issue of the Islamic
world and called for an immediate humanitarian assistance to Pakistan by Muslim nations and
governments including Iran.

On 5th Sept. 2010, Pakistan’s President expressed his profound gratitude to the Iranian government
and people for providing help to the flood-stricken people of Pakistan in these words “Iran was one of
the first countries that rushed to deliver aid to the flood-stricken people in Pakistan”. So far, Iran has
sent over 500 tons of humanitarian assistance to Pakistan, including tents, blankets, medicine, and
food.

On 13th Jan. 2011, Pakistan and Iran agreed to formulate a five-year strategic plan for tripling the
bilateral trade volume from the existing $1.2 billion through reduction in duty and taxes on more
items under the operational preferential trade agreement.
Iran offered to provide a free space of 1500 sq. metres at Zahidan for holding a single country
exhibition by Pakistan in 2011, which was accepted by Islamabad. The Iranian side expressed the
desire to hold a single country exhibition in Karachi in 2011 and Pakistan agreed to provide space at
concessional rates of 50 per cent subject to regulations of Trade Development Authority of Pakistan
(TDAP).

Recent factors in Pak-China Relations

Pak-China

In Sep. 2010, Chinese ambassador in Pakistan Lui Jian while meeting with Pakistan Prime Minister
Yousuf Raza Gilani said that Chinese total contribution in Pakistan’s flood relief has reached 50
million dollars.

On 17th Dec. 2010, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao made a three day visit to Pakistan that included the
first-ever address by a Chinese leader to a joint session of parliament.
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The year 2011 was declared as the ‘Pak-China Friendship Year’ during the recent visit of Chinese
Premier Wen Jiabao to Pakistan, the two governments decided to celebrate 60th anniversary of the
establishment of Sino-Pak diplomatic relations with full fervor.

Pak-Afghan Relations

When Pakistan’s application for admission to the UN came up in General

Assembly on 30th September 1947, Afghanistan was the only country to
oppose. But on 20th October Afghanistan withdrew the negative vote.

AFGHANISTAN’S ARGUMENTS AND THEIR VALIDITY

1ST ARGUMENT: - Durand line was established under duress.

Validity: - The Durand line agreement was negotiated at the request of

Ameer Abdur Rehman himself; by a British officer of Ameer’s own choice &
that the Ameer and his advisors publicly accepted it and declared them
selves satisfied with it. For half a century afterwards each and every Afghan
ruler reaffirmed the validity of Durand line as agreed frontier between
Afghanistan & British India.

2ND ARGUMENT: - As the British govt. in India has ceased to exist, the Anglo-
Afghan treaty is not valid.

Validity: - It is well settled statement of international law that treaties of

extinct states concerning boundary lines remain valid and all rights and
duties arising from such treaties of extinct states, are binding on the
absorbing state.

3rd ARGUMENT : - The inhabitants of Pakhtunistan are one nation and the
Durand line arbitrarily divides the nation into two.

Validity: - In the first place Durand line was not arbitrarily drawn. It
generally follows tribal boundaries separating those tribes, which go to
market in Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Tank & Quetta from those with economic
links with Khurasan, having Kabul,Ghazni, & Qandhar as their market towns.

Secondly Afghanistan’s concern for the unity of Pakhtuns is not genuine

because it does not include pakhtuns on its own side of line in the proposed
state of Pakhtunintan. Pakhtuns would therefore continue to be divided into
two sovereign states. As 67% of all Pakhtuns live in Pakistan and only 33%
in Afghanistan, it would appear more logical for the minority to join the
majority.

Thirdly any attempt to redraw political boundaries of Afghanistan on

linguistic lines might cause Afghanistan’s govt. to fall. The northern areas
would then join Central Asian Republics, the western with Iran and the rest
with Pakistan’s present Pushto speaking areas.

Other factors in Pak-Afghan relations

In 1995 Afghanistan condemned the bombing on civilian population by India

during September 1965 Indo-Pak war. In 1967 king Zahir shah visited
Pakistan and put the ties on firmer footings.

A conference of foreign ministers from 36 Islamic countries, was held in

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Islamabad from 26th to 29th January 1980. The foreign ministers unanimously
denounced the Soviet invasion on Afghanistan as violation of UN and Islamic
Conference’s charters. They demanded immediate and unconditional
withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Afghanistan & suspended the
membership of Afghanistan in OIC. The foreign ministers also urged all
states & people throughout the world to consider boycott of Moscow
Olympic games.

After long negotiations Geneva Accord was signed between Pakistan and
Afghan Soviet Authorities on 14th April 1988.

On 8th September 1995 Pakistan evacuated all members of its diplomatic

staff from Kabul mission who were severely in an attack by an unruly mob
on Embassy building. On 22nd September & 18th October 95, Pakistan
declared 13 Afghan diplomats and 11 Afghan nationals respectively as
‘persona-non-grata’ and asked them to leave the country within 48 hours.
Pakistan also blamed Kabul for a series of bomb blasts in NWFP including
the big explosion in Peshawar on 21st December in which more than 40
persons were killed.
On 17th Aug. 2010 Afghanistan donated one million dollars to help the victims of unprecedented floods
in Pakistan.

On 31 March 2011 Parliamentarians from Afghanistan and Pakistan in Islamabad, vowed to continue
working together to bring the two brotherly countries further closer by playing their role in resolving
the issues affecting the bilateral relations.

Pak-India Relations

Pak-India relations are based on the following factors.

HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS LEGACIES:

The two-nation theory, the bitterness in partition and Hindu-Muslim riots is the historical factors in
Pak-India relations. It is said that Indian leadership has not truly recognized Pakistan and would like
to destabilize this country by exploiting political and ethnic issues. The Indian role in 1971 is an
example of Indian designs against Pakistan.

MILITARY SUPPLIES:

At the time of partition, the responsibility for the movement of military supplies was entrusted to
Field Marshall Auchinlee (C-in-C of British Indian Army) and his command was to last till 1st April
1948. But in the joint defense council, India promised to give Pakistan its due share. The headquarters
of Supreme Commander were closed on 30th November 1947 but Pakistan could not get its due share.

EVACUEE PROPERTY:

In the beginning, the defense over evacuee property created much ill will, a number of conferences
were held to solve this problem. After gradual settlement of refugees on both sides, the matter was not
raised by either side.

INDUS WATERS:

In immediate terms, the most intolerable for Pakistan was the waters of Indus Basin. The matter was
settled in September 1960, when Pakistan’s president and Indian prime minister signed the Indus
basin development fund agreement at Karachi.
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CASH BALANCES:

Pakistan and India came to an agreement that Pakistan would get Rs.750 crore as its share. Rs.200
million were paid to Pakistan, as an interim installment and Rs.550 crore remained outstanding. Soon
afterwards, India threatened that implementation of the agreement would depend upon settlement of
Kashmir issue. On 17th January 1948, the reserved bank of India was authorized to pay Pakistan
Rs.500 crore retaining a balance of Rs.50 crore.

PRINCELY STATES

HYDERABAD DACCAN:

The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted complete freedom of his state like Pakistan and India but in case of
failure, he preferred to join Pakistan. Hyderabad was surrounded by India with 85%Hindu
population. On 13th Sept. 1948, Indian army invaded the state and subdued opposition.

JUNAGARH:

The ruler of Junagarh was a Muslim but his subjects were 80% Hindus. On 15 th August 1947, the
government of Junagarh announced that the state has acceded to Pakistan. In November1947, India
invaded the state and conducted a plebiscite. It was announced that majority had voted in favor of
India.

KASHMIR:

The state of Kashmir had an overall Muslim majority of 78% in its most desirable parts, the vale of
Kashmir, Muslims numbered 93%. The Raja of Kashmir, Hari Singh wanted complete freedom of its
state. In southern parts of Kashmir, farmers of Poonchh sector revolted against the Raja. Hari Singh
wanted to crush this revolt by his forces but people from tribal areas of Pakistan reached to help the
farmers and Hari Singh had to leave Sri-Nagar and stayed in Jammu. After the tribal invasion, India
deployed its troops in Kashmir and pressurized Hari Singh to sign the documents of accession. In
reply of Indian troops, Quaid-e-Azam ordered the British Commander in Chief of Pakistan army to
deploy troops in Kashmir. But the C-in-C refused to obey the orders and Indian forces occupied the
valley of Kashmir.

In 1972, Shimla agreement was signed to settle the dispute through peaceful means but even after 29
years the matter has not been solved.

DEVALUATION OF INDIAN RUPEE:

Pak –India trade was stopped when British pound sterling and American dollar were devalued by
30.5% in Sept. 1949. India similarly devalued its currency and Pakistan did not.

The strongest single factor, which saved Pakistan from the possible disaster, was one, which no one
could have seen at the time of currency crisis. In the summer of 1950, Korean war suddenly broke out
and gave an unexpected boost to the prices of raw materials that Pakistan produced and saved the
situation.

SIACHAN-GLACIER:

The dispute took its practical dimensions in 1984 when Indian forces tried to occupy that strategic
place. In 1985, India succeeded in occupying 300 miles of the glacier. It should be noted that Siachan
glacier has been under Pakistan’s control since 1949.
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Other FACTORS:

On 7th December 1992, the federal cabinet of Pakistan at an emergency meeting expressed deep
anguish and grave concern over the destruction of Babari Mosque and as a mark of protest, called the
nation to keep all business suspended and offices closed.

On 20th Feb. 1999 Indian Prime Minister visited Pakistan and met his Pakistani counterpart. Both
leaders expressed their determination to intensify efforts for an early resolution of all issues including
Kashmir. The resolve is contained in Lahore declaration, signed on 21 Feb 1999.

In May 1999 tension had increased on the line of control, which was intensified after violation of
Pakistan’s airspace and consequent shooting down of two Indian war planeson 27th May 1999.Both
countries were close to war. In these conditions Pakistan demonstrated its good faith & respect for the
line of control, fby fulfilling its promise to ask mujahideen to with draw form their positions in Kargil.

But on 10th Aug. 1999, India targeted Pak Navy’s unarmed surveillance aircraft during a routine
training mission near Badin, well inside Pakistani territory. Consequently 16 precious lives of officers
and sailors were lost.

India offered the aid to assist the rehabilitation of over 20 million flood displaced people in Pakistan.
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called up his Pakistani counterpart Yousuf Raza Gilani Aug
19, 2010, to reiterate the offer. The gesture was widely welcomed. Later the Pakistani prime minister
sent five boxes of mangoes to Manmohan Singh to say thanks.

Despite the lapse of more than a week since accepting the offer, Pakistan and India could not agree on
the modalities for transporting the aid material. Finally, Pakistan decided against accepting the
Indian offer directly. On 28th Aug. 2010 the same was conveyed to the government of India asking
them to hand over this assistance package to the UN organizations who are working in India as well.

On 30th March 2011 Pakistan’s Prime Minister (Gilani) visited India on the invitation of his Indian
counterpart for the event of cricked world cup semi- final. Pakistan’s prime minister said,” Winning
or losing a game did not matter as much as its quality and the team spirit in fact, it is the success of
both the teams”. He conveyed special felicitations to the Indian team for showing better performance
and determination.

PAK-U.S RELATIONS:

Pakistan’s first Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan visited the United States in
May 1950. He had visited there in preference to the U.S.S.R. Liaqat Ali
Khan’s main anxiety was to ensure the survival of a particularly unarmed
Pakistan in the threats of war from a much stronger neighbor. He realized
that if Pakistan wanted outside material and moral support, it had to lean
on one side or other and all-practical and ideological considerations pointed
in the directions of the United States.
In concrete terms, Pakistan provided 5000 tons of wheat to the U.N. effort in
Korea. In 1961, president Kennedy, welcoming president Ayub to the United
States, said: “ During the difficult days which faced our country at the time
of war in Korea, one of the first to offer us assistance was your country”

In December 1953, American vice president Nixon visited Pakistan and

urged that the ring around the USSR must be closed by creating a military
crescent. He also recommended military aid to Pakistan.
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Pakistan for it’s own defense against India became member of the S.E.A.T.O.
and C.E.N.T.O. in 1954 and 1955 respectively. Later on Pakistan signed a
bilateral agreement with the United States in 1959.

Pak-U.S. relations suffered a tremendous setback when the United States decided to provide India
with military aid in the aftermath of Indo-China war in 1962.

During 1965 Indo-Pak war, the United States treated an ally and a non-aligned country equally by
suspending arms supply to both countries. In 1971, the USSR supported India but the United States
remained a silent spectator for all practical purposes.

United States was the single most important contributor to the projects like Mangla and Tarbela
dams, two of the major achievements of Indus Basin project along with the introduction of chemical
fertilizers and new varieties of grain. U.S.A.I.D. s (United States Agency For International
Development) role in this green revolution has been central.

A second major objective of U.S.A.I.D. program is to build institutions. Pakistan’s ongoing program
in agriculture and irrigation research, malaria control, family planning and primary health care, all
these come from earlier assistance programs. The United States has supported some of the major
institutions of Pakistan. These include Agricultural University Faisalabad, the Institute Of Business
Administration (I.B.A.) at University of Karachi, the National Agricultural Research Center, near
Islamabad and N.I.P.A. at Lahore.

In 1985, there was significant improvement in Pak-U.S. relations. In addition to some other weapons,
Pakistan received 25 F-16 aircrafts from the United States during the year and 15 in 1986. Pakistan
wanted to obtain A.W.A.C.S. (Airborne Warning And Control System) from the U.S.A. against the
regular violations by Afghan Air Force. Washington recognized the validity of Pakistan’s problems
but offered less developed aircrafts, which were not acceptable to Pakistan. In 1988, the U.S congress
approved for Pakistan, one of the largest U.S.A.I.D. programs anywhere in the world.

In October 1990, the U.S. military and economic assistance to Pakistan was suspended of Pressler
amendment. According to Pakistan, its position for non-proliferation was clear that if India signs the
N.P.T. Pakistan would also sign it.

In 1991, Pakistan supported the United States during the Gulf war on the basis of shared principle
that a large country should not invade a smaller one because of sanctity, sovereignty and territorial
integrity of states.

On 25th March 2000, the US president visited Pakistan and addressed Pakistani Nation on PTV. He
called for easing tension with India.

On 11th Sep. 2001, when there were terrorist attacks on the USA, Pakistan’s president expressed his
grief in the words, “ …At this moment of shock and tragedy I convey to you and grieved families and
the American people our most profound sympathy and condolences”

In June 2003 Pakistan’s president visited the US to hold talks with the US president at Camp David.
(24-6-2003). The American president announced that he would work with Congress for a five-year,
three billion dollar economic and military package for Pakistan. Half of the three billion-dollar
package was reserved for military sales. This 3 billion-dollar package was in addition to the one
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billion-dollar loan, which the US has already written off. As a follow-up to the Camp David talks, the
two countries on 25th June, signed two agreements: one, on trade and investment and the other on
science and technology. The second provides for American financial and technical assistance in setting
up high-grade science and engineering centres.

On June 16, 2004, US President officially designated Pakistan a major non-NATO ally of the United
States. A major non-NATO ally is exempted from the suspension of US military assistance and
qualifies to receive surplus defence material from US stockpiles.

In June 2005 Pakistan and the United States held a week long joint naval exercise, “Inspired Union
2005”, in the north Arabian Sea. A number of surface, subsurface and air units from both the navies
actively participated in the exercise.

Up to 14th Sep 2010, the U.S. has provided other civilian and military in-kind assistance in the form of
halal meals, pre-fabricated steel bridges and other infrastructure support, as well as air support to
and within Pakistan to transport goods and rescue people, valued at approximately $40 million.
In 2011, US-Pakistan ties had become tense after a string of diplomatic disputes this year, including a
massive drone strike in March and the case of Raymond Davis, a CIA contractor who shot dead two
Pakistanis on Jan 27.

Pakistan-US relations have seen many ups and downs. The strength of this relationship obviously will
depend on the convergence of the national interests of the two countries: the greater the convergence,
the stronger will this relationship be.

PAKISTAN AND THE MUSLIM WORLD:

Pakistan is an ideological country, which has always supported

freedom and autonomy of Muslim countries. To achieve this objective,
Pakistan organized several conferences of Muslim countries. The World
Muslim Congress was re-activated in February 1949 and a conference was
held at Karachi.
During Indo-Pak of 1965, the entire Muslim world supported Pakistan except the U.A.R.
(United Arab Republics) and Yemen, which were neutral. But Malaysia was the only Muslim country,
which favored India. During 1971 Indo-Pak war, the Muslim states of Middle East felt specially
conserved with the danger that Pakistan faced from India. Saudi-Arabia lent Pakistan 15 warplanes
in October 1971 and Jordan sent 10 during the war.

There was significant progress towards Muslim world unity after Arab-Israel conflict of
1973.At this time; the initiative was taken by Saudi-Arabia and Pakistan. The Muslim world
responded positively and agreed to participate in the proposed summit, which was held at Lahore on
22nd February 1974 and 38 Muslim countries participating in the conference. In this conference,
Middle East and Palestine were the main points and economic aspects of the problems were also
discussed.

The Gulf has been the major area of interest for Pakistan. Bilateral trade, economic and
technological co-operation and relations in the field of education, culture and security featured
prominently in Pakistan’s relations with these states. The remittances from Pakistan’s manpower
showed a downward trend and a number of Pakistani workers have returned home but the overall
relations with these states are significant to Pakistan’s economy.

Pakistan maintained its historical warmth and cordiality with Saudi Arabia. Presidents and
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Prime Ministers of Pakistan pay frequent visits to Makkah.

Pakistan has signed agreements of co-operation in military field with

Saudi-Arabia and with 16 Arab and Muslim countries. Under this agreement,
Pakistan provides training facilities in its defense institutions to the armed
forces personnel of these countries.
Pakistan has already recognized Bosnia as an independent Sovereign state. Pakistan along with
the O.I.C. countries had also made efforts for expulsion of Yugoslavia from the U.N.O.(consisting of
Serbia and Montenegro).

Pakistan government in February 1993 decided to send a planeload of food items and relief
goods to the besieged people of Bosnia.

There is a steady growth of Pakistan’s economic ties with Central Asian states at bilateral level
as well as within the framework of E.C.O. On PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) Israel accord,
without recognizing Israel, Pakistan expressed a cautious welcome. Pakistan condemned the
Armenian attack on Azerbaijan and sent relief supplies for the displaced Azeris.

In July 1995, when the Serbians attacked the U.N. declared safe heavens, Pakistan along with
other members of O.I.C. contact group said: “ It was up to the U.N. Security Council to justify the
legality of maintenance of arms embargo against the republic of Bosnia Herzegovina, a member of the
U.N. which is victim of Serbian aggression.”

On 1st August 1995, the first Muslim women parliamentarians’ conference was held in
Pakistan. More than 100 participants from 35 Muslim countries attended the conference, which was
also seen as an attempt to take unified Islamic stand at international conference held in Beijing in
Sept. 1995.

In March 1997,Pakistan organized a conference of Muslim countries. On 25th Sept. 1997, an

international conference of Motamar-e-Alam-e-Islam concluded its session and adopted resolutions
calling upon the U.N. secretary general to persuade India to hold plebiscite in accordance with U.N.
Security Council resolutions to enable Kashmir’s to decide their future themselves.

In August 1999, Pakistan sent 6 planes full of relief goods for Turkish people who suffered
from earthquake. In the same month, Pakistan made efforts for reconciliation between Talibans and
Northern Alliance in Afghanistan in consultation with Iranian government.

On 16th Feb.2002, a conference of Muslim countries was held in Islamabad, on science & technology.
Pakistan’s president addressed the conference & said that Islamic countries will remain backward
unless they concentrate more on scientific & Technological development. The Muslim Ummah or
Islamic world is presently living in darkness. He told the delegates, “Today we are the most illiterate,
the most backward, the most unhealthy, the most unenlightened, the most deprived & the weakest of
all human race.”

He compared the economic growth of Islamic countries with some developed countries, while the
collective GNP of all Islamic countries stands at $1,200 bn, that of Germany alone is $2,500bn & that
of Japan is $5,500bn. In other words, Japan’s GNP was four and a half times that of the OIC GDP,
even though the Muslim world accounts for one-fourth of the world’s population and has 70 per cent
of its energy resources. On the educational front, all that the Muslim world could boast of were 500
Ph.Ds, while Britain and India alone produced 3,000 and 5,000 Ph.Ds each year.

One of the main reasons for this disparity was that non-of the Muslim countries had ever paid any
attention to educational & scientific development. Pakistan’s president also called for creation of
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scholarships for young scientists to seek knowledge from universities in developed countries. He
described it as the real jihad or holy war. Unless this was done the Islamic world would always be
perceived as backward, illiterate – those who only indulge in extremism & violence.

In July 2003, Pakistan’s president visited three African Muslim countries namely, Tunisia, Algeria &
Morocco. He discussed enhancement of economic & trade relations and strengthening the pan-Islamic
OIC. Pakistan’s exports to Tunisia, Algeria & Morocco are in the range of 30-35 million dollars and
the balance of trade is in Pakistan’s favour. There are vast opportunities for Pakistan in these
countries in services & construction sectors including oil & gas and construction of buildings.

The second and final meeting of the Commission of Eminent Persons (CEP) began in Islamabad
on 28th May 2005, to finalise recommendations for restructuring and revitalizing the 57-member
Organization of the Islamic Conference. The two-day meeting was part of the OIC plan to implement
a Pakistan sponsored resolution entitled “Islam and Muslim World in 21st Century: The Path of
Enlightened Moderation”.
The recommendations are aimed at making the pan-Islamic body dynamic, credible and forward-
looking to enable it to respond to the multiple challenges and opportunities that the Muslim world
faces.

On 1st Aug 2005, the government of Pakistan announced seven-day mourning on the death of Khadim
Al-Harmain Al-Sharifain King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud.

As soon as the tragedy of floods took place in Pakistan the OIC came fast to assist the suffering
humanity adding the member countries donated $ 680 million with Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Iran on
the top.Some Muslim countries extended bilateral assistance to Pakistan for relief activities in the
flood hit areas apart from OIC platform.
At least two countries — Malaysia and Turkey — have shown how quiet and steady work pays
dividends. In spite of its huge problems, Pakistan has achieved a measure of progress. But most other
Muslim countries are simply nowhere on the road to modernization. Muslim leaders and intellectuals
must work to spread education, acquire science and technology, stop extremism and try to live in
peace and harmony with the rest of the world.

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