Python Module 2 Vtu

Application Development Using Python (18CS55) Module II
MODULE II
2.1 LISTS
The List Data Type, Working with Lists, List Methods , Augmented Assignment Operators, Example
Program: Magic 8 Ball with a List, List-like Types: Strings and Tuples, References,
2.2 DICTIONARIES AND STRUCTURING DATA
The Dictionary Data Type, Pretty Printing, Using Data Structures to Model Real-World Things
2.3 MANIPULATING STRINGS
Working with Strings, Useful String Methods, Project: Password Locker, Project: Adding Bullets to
Wiki Markup
Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 1

MODULE II
2.1 LISTS
 The List Data Type
 A list is an ordered sequence of multiple values.
 It is a data structure in Python.
 The values inside the lists can be of any type (like integer, float, strings, lists, tuples,
dictionaries etc) and are called as elements or items.
 A list value looks like this: ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant'].
 The elements of lists are enclosed within square brackets separated by commas.
 For example,
ls1=[10,-4, 25, 13]
ls2=[“Tiger”, “Lion”, “Cheetah”]
 Here, ls1 is a list containing four integers, and ls2 is a list containing three strings.
 A list need not contain data of same type. We can have mixed type of elements in list.
 For example,
ls3=[3.5, „Tiger‟, 10, [3,4]]
 Here, ls3 contains a float, a string, an integer and a list.
 This illustrates that a list can be nested as well.
 How to Create Lists in Python ?

 We can create the following lists:
 An Empty List
 A List with Elements
 A List with Elements using Methods
 An empty list can be created any of the following ways –

>>> ls =[]
>>> type(ls)
<class 'list'>

or
>>> ls =list() #list() Constructor with zero arguments
>>> type(ls)
<class 'list'>
 In fact, list() is the name of a method (special type of method called as constructor – which will be
discussed in Module 4) of the class list.
 A list with elements can be created any of the following way:
>>> ls =[10,-4, 25, 13]
>>> type(ls)
<class „list‟>
 A new list can be created using list() constructor and by passing arguments to it as shown below
>>> ls2=list([3,4,1]) #list() Constructor with arguments
>>> print(ls2)
[3, 4, 1]
 List Indexing
 The elements in the list can be accessed using a numeric index within square-brackets.
 The integer inside the square brackets that follows the list is called an index.
 The first value in the list is at index 0, the second value is at index 1, the third value is at index 2,
and so on.
 In Python, we can have 2 types of indexing: Forward(Positive) and Backward(Negative) Indexing
as shown below:

 Forward Indexing - Starts from index 0 from the beginning of the list moving towards the end.
 Negative Indexing - Starts from index -1 from the end of the list moving towards the beginning.
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> print(ls[1])
hi
>>> print(ls[2])
[2, 3]
 Observe here that, the inner list is treated as a single element by outer list. If we would like to
access the elements within inner list, we need to use double-indexing as shown below –
>>> print(ls[2][0])
2
>>> print(ls[2][1])
3
 Note that, the indexing for inner-list again starts from 0.
 Thus, when we are using double- indexing, the first index indicates position of inner list inside
outer list, and the second index means the position particular value within inner list.
 Lists are Mutable
 Lists are mutable. That is, using indexing, we can modify any value within list after it is created.
 In the following example, the 3rd element (i.e. index is 2) is being modified –
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> ls[2]='Hello'
>>> print(ls)
[34, 'hi', 'Hello', -5]
 The list can be thought of as a relationship between indices and elements. This relationship is
called as a mapping. That is, each index maps to one of the elements in a list.
 The index for extracting list elements has following properties –
 Any integer expression can be an index.
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> print(ls[2*1])

[2,3]
 Attempt to access a non-existing index will throw and IndexError.
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> print(ls[4])
IndexError: list index out of range
 A negative indexing counts from backwards.
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> print(ls[-1])
-5
>>> print(ls[-3])
hi
 The in operator applied on lists will results in a Boolean value.
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> 34 in ls
True
>>> -2 in ls
False
 Getting a List’s Length with len()
 The len() function will return the number of values that are in a list value passed to it, just like it
can count the number of characters in a string value.
 Example:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'moose']
>>> len(spam)
3
 List Operations
 Two List Operations are: List Concatenation and List Replication
 Python allows to use operators + and * on lists.
 The + operator can combine two lists to create a new list value in the same way it combines two
strings into a new string value.
 Whereas * operator take one list object and one integer value, say n, and returns a list by repeating
itself for n times.

>>> ls1=[1,2,3]
>>> ls2=[5,6,7]
>>> print(ls1+ls2) #concatenation using +
[1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
>>> ls1=[1,2,3]
>>> print(ls1*3) #repetition using *
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> [0]*4 #repetition using *

[0, 0, 0, 0]
 Traversing a List
 A list can be traversed using for loop.
 If we need to use each element in the list, we can use the for loop and in operator as below
 Example: To Print the elements of a list
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', [2,3],-5]
>>> for item in ls:
print(item)
OUTPUT:
34
hi
[2,3]
-5
 List elements can be accessed with the combination of range() and len() functions as well –
 Example:
ls=[1,2,3,4]
for i in range(len(ls)):
ls[i]=ls[i]**2
print(ls)
#output is
[1, 4, 9, 16]
 Here, we wanted to do modification in the elements of list. Hence, referring indices is suitable than
referring elements directly.
 The len() returns total number of elements in the list (here it is 4).
 Then range() function makes the loop to range from 0 to 3 (i.e. 4-1).
 Then, for every index, we are updating the list elements (replacing original value by its square).
 List Methods
 A Python method is like a Python function, but it must be called on an object(value).
 The method part comes after the value(object), separated by a period.
 Syntax: object.method_name(<args>) #method call
 Each data type has its own set of methods.
 The list data type, for example, has several useful methods for finding, adding, removing, and
otherwise manipulating values in a list.
 Some of the List Methods are:
 Adding Values to Lists with the append() and insert() Methods
 Finding a Value in a List with the index() Method
 Sorting the Values in a List with the sort() Method
 Reversing the Values in a List with the reverse method
 Removing Values from Lists with pop()
 append(): This method is used to add a new element at the end of a list.
>>> ls=[1,2,3]
>>> ls.append(„hi‟)
>>> ls.append(10)
>>> print(ls)
[1, 2, 3, „hi‟, 10]
 extend(): This method takes a list as an argument and all the elements in this list are added at the

end of invoking list.

>>> ls1=[1,2,3]
>>> ls2=[5,6]
>>> ls2.extend(ls1)
>>> print(ls2)
[5, 6, 1, 2, 3]
Now, in the above example, the list ls1 is unaltered.
 sort(): This method is used to sort the contents of the list. By default, the function will sort the
items in ascending order.
>>> ls=[3,10,5, 16,-2]
>>> ls.sort()
>>> print(ls)
[-2, 3, 5, 10, 16]
When we want a list to be sorted in descending order, we need to set the argument as shown
>>> ls.sort(reverse=True)
>>> print(ls)
[16, 10, 5, 3, -2]
 reverse(): This method can be used to reverse the given list.

>>> ls=[4,3,1,6]
>>> ls.reverse()
>>> print(ls)
[6, 1, 3, 4]
 count(): This method is used to count number of occurrences of a particular value within list.
>>> ls=[1,2,5,2,1,3,2,10]
>>> ls.count(2)
3 #the item 2 has appeared 3 times in ls
>>> ls.count(54) #the item 54 is not present in ls, hence it returns 0
0

 clear(): This method removes all the elements in the list and makes the list empty.
>>> ls=[1,2,3]
>>> ls.clear()
>>> print(ls)
[]
 insert(): Used to insert a value before a specified index of the list.

>>> ls=[3,5,10]
>>> ls.insert(1,"hi")
>>> print(ls)
[3, 'hi', 5, 10]
 index(): This method is used to get the index position of a particular value in the list.
>>> ls=[4, 2, 10, 5, 3, 2, 6]
>>> ls.index(2)
1
 Here, the number 2 is found at the index position 1. Note that, this function will give index of
only the first occurrence of a specified value.
 The same function can be used with two more arguments start and end to specify a range
within which the search should take place.
>>> ls=[15, 4, 2, 10, 5, 3, 2, 6]

>>> ls.index(2)
2
>>> ls.index(2,3,7)
6
 If the value is not present in the list, it throws ValueError.
>>> ls=[15, 4, 2, 10, 5, 3, 2, 6]
>>> ls.index(53)
ValueError: 53 is not in list

Few important points about List Methods:

1. There is a difference between append() and extend() methods. The former adds the argument as it
is, whereas the latter enhances the existing list. To understand this, observe the following example
>>> ls1=[1,2,3]
>>> ls2=[5,6]
>>> ls2.append(ls1)
>>> print(ls2)
[5, 6, [1, 2, 3]]
Here, the argument ls1 for the append() function is treated as one item, and made as an inner list
to ls2. On the other hand, if we replace append() by extend() then the result would be –
>>> ls1=[1,2,3]
>>> ls2=[5,6]
>>> ls2.extend(ls1)
>>> print(ls2)
[5, 6, 1, 2, 3]
2. The sort() function can be applied only when the list contains elements of compatible types. But, if
a list is a mix non-compatible types like integers and string, the comparison cannot be done.
Hence, Python will throw TypeError.
For example,
>>> ls=[34, 'hi', -5]
>>> ls.sort()
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
Similarly, when a list contains integers and sub-list, it will be an error.
>>> ls=[34,[2,3],5]
>>> ls.sort()
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'list' and 'int'
Integers and floats are compatible and relational operations can be performed on them. Hence,
we can sort a list containing such items.
>>> ls=[3, 4.5, 2]

>>> ls.sort()
>>> print(ls)
[2, 3, 4.5]
3. The sort() function uses one important argument keys.
4. Most of the list methods like append(), extend(), sort(), reverse() etc. modify the list object
internally and return None.
>>> ls=[2,3]
>>> ls1=ls.append(5)
>>> print(ls)
[2,3,5]
>>> print(ls1)
None
 Deleting Elements
Elements can be deleted from a list in different ways. Python provides few built-in methods for
removing elements as given below –
 pop(): This method deletes the last element in the list, by default.
>>> ls=[3,6,-2,8,10]
>>> x=ls.pop() #10 is removed from list and stored in x
>>> print(ls)
[3, 6, -2, 8]
>>> print(x)
10
When an element at a particular index position has to be deleted, then we can give that position as
argument to pop() function.
>>> t = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> x = t.pop(1) #item at index 1 is popped
>>> print(t)
['a', 'c']
>>> print(x) b

 remove(): When we don‟t know the index, but know the value to be removed, then this function
can be used.
>>> ls=[5,8, -12,34,2]
>>> ls.remove(34)
>>> print(ls)
[5, 8, -12, 2]
Note that, this function will remove only the first occurrence of the specified value, but not all
occurrences.
>>> ls=[5,8, -12, 34, 2, 6, 34]
>>> ls.remove(34)
>>> print(ls)
[5, 8, -12, 2, 6, 34]
Unlike pop() function, the remove() function will not return the value that has been deleted.
 Lists and Functions

 The utility functions like max(), min(), sum(), len() etc. can be used on lists.
 Hence most of the operations will be easy without the usage of loops.
>>> ls=[3,12,5,26, 32,1,4]

>>> max(ls) # prints 32
>>> min(ls) # prints 1
>>> sum(ls) # prints 83
>>> len(ls) # prints 7
>>> avg=sum(ls)/len(ls)
>>> print(avg)
11.857142857142858
 When we need to read the data from the user and to compute sum and average of those numbers, we
can write the code as below –
ls= list() #creates a empty list

while (True):
x= input('Enter a number: ')
if x== 'done':
break
x= float(x)
ls.append(x)
average = sum(ls) / len(ls)
print('Average:', average)
 In the above program, we initially create an empty list.

 Then, we are taking an infinite while- loop.
 As every input from the keyboard will be in the form of a string, we need to convert x into float
type and then append it to a list.
 When the keyboard input is a string „done‟, then the loop is going to get terminated.
 After the loop, we will find the average of those numbers with the help of built-in functions sum()
and len().
2.2 TUPLE
 A tuple is a sequence of items, similar to lists.

 The values stored in the tuple can be of any type and they are indexed using integers.
 Unlike lists, tuples are immutable. That is, values within tuples cannot be modified/reassigned. Tuples are
comparable and hashable objects.
 Hence, they can be made as keys in dictionaries.
 A tuple can be created in Python as a comma separated list of items – may or may not be enclosed within
parentheses.
>>> t='Mango', 'Banana', 'Apple' #without parentheses
>>> print(t)
('Mango', 'Banana', 'Apple')
>>> t1=('Tom', 341, 'Jerry') #with parentheses
>>> print(t1)

('Tom', 341, 'Jerry')

 Observe that tuple values can be of mixed types.
 If we would like to create a tuple with single value, then just a parenthesis will not suffice.
 For example,
>>> x=(3) #trying to have a tuple with single item
>>> print(x)
3 #observe, no parenthesis found
>>> type(x)
<class 'int'> #not a tuple, it is integer!!
 Thus, to have a tuple with single item, we must include a comma after the item. That is,
>>> t=3, #or use the statement t=(3,)
>>> type(t) #now this is a tuple
<class 'tuple'>
 An empty tuple can be created either using a pair of parenthesis or using a function tuple() as below
>>> t1=()
>>> type(t1)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> t2=tuple()
>>> type(t2)
<class 'tuple'>
 If we provide an argument of type sequence (a list, a string or tuple) to the method tuple(), then a tuple with
the elements in a given sequence will be created:
 Create tuple using string:

>>> t=tuple('Hello')
>>> print(t)
('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')
 Create tuple using list:

>>> t=tuple([3,[12,5],'Hi'])
>>> print(t)
(3, [12, 5], 'Hi')

 Create tuple using another tuple:

>>> t=('Mango', 34, 'hi')
>>> t1=tuple(t)
>>> print(t1)
('Mango', 34, 'hi')
>>> t is t1
True
Note that, in the above example, both t and t1 objects are referring to same memory location. That is, t1 is a
reference to t.
 Elements in the tuple can be extracted using square-brackets with the help of indices.
 Similarly, slicing also can be applied to extract required number of items from tuple.
>>> t=('Mango', 'Banana', 'Apple')
>>> print(t[1]) Banana
>>> print(t[1:])
('Banana', 'Apple')
>>> print(t[-1])
Apple
 Modifying the value in a tuple generates error, because tuples are immutable –
>>> t[0]='Kiwi'
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
 We wanted to replace „Mango‟ by „Kiwi‟, which did not work using assignment.
 But, a tuple can be replaced with another tuple involving required modifications –
>>> t=('Kiwi',)+t[1:]
>>> print(t)
('Kiwi', 'Banana', 'Apple')
 Tuple Assignment
 Tuple has a unique feature of having it at LHS of assignment operator.
 This allows us to assign values to multiple variables at a time.
>>> x,y=10,20
>>> print(x) #prints 10
>>> print(y) #prints 20

 When we have list of items, they can be extracted and stored into multiple variables as below –
>>> ls=["hello", "world"]
>>> x,y=ls
>>> print(x) #prints hello
>>> print(y) #prints world
 This code internally means that –
x= ls[0]
y= ls[1]
 The best known example of assignment of tuples is swapping two values as below –
>>> a=10
>>> b=20
>>> a, b = b, a
>>> print(a, b) #prints 20 10
 In the above example, the statement a, b = b, a is treated by Python as – LHS is a set of variables, and RHS
is set of expressions.
 The expressions in RHS are evaluated and assigned to respective variables at LHS.
 Giving more values than variables generates ValueError –

>>> a, b=10,20,5
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)
 While doing assignment of multiple variables, the RHS can be any type of sequence like list, string or
tuple. Following example extracts user name and domain from an email ID.
>>> email='[email protected]'
>>> usrName, domain = email.split('@')
>>> print(usrName) #prints mamathaa
>>> print(domain) #prints ieee.org
 Dictionaries and Tuples

 Dictionaries have a method called items() that returns a list of tuples, where each tuple is a key-value pair
as shown below –

>>> d = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}

>>> t = list(d.items())
>>> print(t)
[('b', 1), ('a', 10), ('c', 22)]
 As dictionary may not display the contents in an order, we can use sort() on lists and then print in required
order as below –
>>> d = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}
>>> t = list(d.items())
>>> print(t)
[('b', 1), ('a', 10), ('c', 22)]
>>> t.sort()
>>> print(t)
[('a', 10), ('b', 1), ('c', 22)]
 Multiple Assignment with Dictionaries

 We can combine the method items(), tuple assignment and a for-loop to get a pattern for traversing
dictionary:
d={'Tom': 1292, 'Jerry': 3501, 'Donald': 8913}
for key, val in list(d.items()):
print(val,key)
The output would be –
1292 Tom
3501 Jerry
8913 Donald
 This loop has two iteration variables because items() returns a list of tuples.
 And key, val is a tuple assignment that successively iterates through each of the key-value pairs in the
dictionary.
 For each iteration through the loop, both key and value are advanced to the next key-value pair in the
dictionary in hash order.
 Once we get a key-value pair, we can create a list of tuples and sort them:
d={'Tom': 9291, 'Jerry': 3501, 'Donald': 8913}
ls=list()

for key, val in d.items():

ls.append((val,key)) #observe inner parentheses
print("List of tuples:",ls)
ls.sort(reverse=True)
print("List of sorted tuples:",ls)
List of tuples: [(9291, 'Tom'), (3501, 'Jerry'), (8913, 'Donald')]
List of sorted tuples: [(9291, 'Tom'), (8913, 'Donald'), (3501, 'Jerry')]
 In the above program, we are extracting key, val pair from the dictionary and appending it to the list ls.
 While appending, we are putting inner parentheses to make sure that each pair is treated as a tuple.
 Then, we are sorting the list in the descending order.
 The sorting would happen based on the telephone number (val), but not on name (key), as first element in
tuple is telephone number (val).


 Built In Functions


2.3 DICTIONARIES
 A dictionary is a collection of unordered set of key:value pairs, with the requirement that keys are
unique in one dictionary.
 Unlike lists and strings where elements are accessed using index values (which are integers), the
values in dictionary are accessed using keys.
 A key in dictionary can be any immutable type like strings, numbers and tuples. (The tuple can be
made as a key for dictionary, only if that tuple consist of string/number/ sub-tuples).
 As lists are mutable – that is, can be modified using index assignments, slicing, or using methods
like append(), extend() etc, they cannot be a key for dictionary.
 One can think of a dictionary as a mapping between set of indices (which are actually keys) and a
set of values.
 Each key maps to a value.
 An empty dictionary can be created using two ways –
d= {}
OR
d=dict()

 To add items to dictionary, we can use square brackets as –

>>> d={}
>>> d["Mango"]="Fruit"
>>> d["Banana"]="Fruit"
>>> d["Cucumber"]="Veg"
>>> print(d)
{'Mango': 'Fruit', 'Banana': 'Fruit', 'Cucumber': 'Veg'}
 To initialize a dictionary at the time of creation itself, one can use the code like –
>>> tel_dir={'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry':8135}
>>> print(tel_dir)
{'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry': 8135}
>>> tel_dir['Donald']=4793
>>> print(tel_dir)
{'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry': 8135, 'Donald': 4793}
NOTE that the order of elements in dictionary is unpredictable. That is, in the above example, don‟t
assume that 'Tom': 3491 is first item, 'Jerry': 8135 is second item etc. As dictionary members are not
indexed over integers, the order of elements inside it may vary. However, using a key, we can extract its
associated value as shown below –
>>> print(tel_dir['Jerry'])
8135
 Here, the key 'Jerry' maps with the value 8135, hence it doesn‟t matter where exactly it is inside the
dictionary.
 If a particular key is not there in the dictionary and if we try to access such key, then the KeyError is
generated.
>>> print(tel_dir['Mickey'])
KeyError: 'Mickey'

 While indexing is used with other data types to access values, dictionary uses keys. Key can be used
either inside square brackets or with the get() method. The difference while using get() is that it
returns None instead of KeyError, if the key is not found
 The len() function on dictionary object gives the number of key-value pairs in that object.
>>> print(tel_dir)
{'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry': 8135, 'Donald': 4793}
>>> len(tel_dir)
3
 The in operator can be used to check whether any key (not value) appears in the dictionary object.
>>> 'Mickey' in tel_dir #output is False
>>> 'Jerry' in tel_dir #output is True
>>> 3491 in tel_dir #output is False
 We observe from above example that the value 3491 is associated with the key 'Tom' in tel_dir. But,
the in operator returns False.
 The dictionary object has a method values() which will return a list of all the values associated
with keys within a dictionary.
 If we would like to check whether a particular value exist in a dictionary, we can make use of it as
shown below –
>>> 3491 in tel_dir.values() #output is True
 The in operator behaves differently in case of lists and dictionaries as explained hereunder:
 When in operator is used to search a value in a list, then linear search algorithm is used internally.
That is, each element in the list is checked one by one sequentially. This is considered to be

expensive in the view of total time taken to process.

 Because, if there are 1000 items in the list, and if the element in the list which we are search for is
in the last position (or if it does not exists), then before yielding result of search (True or False),
we would have done 1000 comparisons.
 In other words, linear search requires n number of comparisons for the input size of n elements.
 Time complexity of the linear search algorithm is O(n).
 The keys in dictionaries of Python are basically hashable elements.
 The concept of hashing is applied to store (or maintain) the keys of dictionaries.
 Normally hashing techniques have the time complexity as O(log n) for basic operations like
insertion, deletion and searching.
 Hence, the in operator applied on keys of dictionaries works better compared to that on lists.
 Modifying Dictionary
 Dictionary are mutable. We can add new items or change the value of existing items using
assignment operator.
 If the key is already present, value gets updated, else a new key: value pair is added to the
dictionary.
 Deleting elements from a dictionary
 We can remove a particular item in a dictionary by using the method pop(). This method removes as
item with the provided key and returns the value.
 All the items can be removed at once using the clear() method.
 We can also use the del keyword to remove individual items or the entire dictionary itself.

 The method, popitem() can be used to remove and return an arbitrary item (key, value) form the
dictionary.
 Raises KeyError if the dictionary is empty.
 Dictionary as a Set of Counters

 Assume that we need to count the frequency of alphabets in a given string. There are different
methods to do it –
 Create 26 variables to represent each alphabet. Traverse the given string and increment the
corresponding counter when an alphabet is found.
 Create a list with 26 elements (all are zero in the beginning) representing alphabets. Traverse
the given string and increment corresponding indexed position in the list when an alphabet is
found.
 Create a dictionary with characters as keys and counters as values. When we find a character
for the first time, we add the item to dictionary. Next time onwards, we increment the value of
existing item.
 Each of the above methods will perform same task, but the logic of implementation will be
different. Here, we will see the implementation using dictionary.
s=input("Enter a string:") #read a string

d=dict() #create empty dictionary
for ch in s: #traverse through string

if ch not in d: #if new character found
d[ch]=1 #initialize counter to 1
else: #otherwise, increment counter
d[ch]+=1
print(d) #display the dictionary
The sample output would be –

Enter a string:
Hello World
{'H': 1, 'e': 1, 'l': 3, 'o': 2, ' ': 1, 'W': 1, 'r': 1, 'd': 1}
 It can be observed from the output that, a dictionary is created here with characters as keys and
frequencies as values. Note that, here we have computed histogram of counters.
 Dictionary in Python has a method called as get(), which takes key and a default value as two
arguments. If key is found in the dictionary, then the get() function returns corresponding value,
otherwise it returns default value.
 For example,
>>> tel_dir={'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry':8135, 'Mickey':1253}
>>> print(tel_dir.get('Jerry',0))
8135
>>> print(tel_dir.get('Donald',0))
0
 In the above example, when the get() function is taking 'Jerry' as argument, it returned
corresponding value, as 'Jerry'is found in tel_dir.
 Whereas, when get() is used with 'Donald' as key, the default value 0 (which is provided by us) is
returned.
 The function get() can be used effectively for calculating frequency of alphabets in a string.
 Here is the modified version of the program –
s=input("Enter a string:")
d=dict()
for ch in s:
d[ch]=d.get(ch,0)+1
print(d)
 In the above program, for every character ch in a given string, we will try to retrieve a value. When

the ch is found in d, its value is retrieved, 1 is added to it, and restored.

 If ch is not found, 0 is taken as default and then 1 is added to it.
 Looping and Dictionaries

 When a for-loop is applied on dictionaries, it will iterate over the keys of dictionary.
 If we want to print key and values separately, we need to use the statements as shown
tel_dir={'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry':8135, 'Mickey':1253}

for k in tel_dir:
print(k, tel_dir[k])
Output would be –
Tom 3491
Jerry 8135
Mickey 1253
 Note that, while accessing items from dictionary, the keys may not be in order. If we want to print
the keys in alphabetical order, then we need to make a list of the keys, and then sort that list.
 There are three dictionary methods that will return list-like values of the dictionary‟s keys, values,
or both keys and values: keys(), values(), and items().
 The values returned by these methods are not true lists: They cannot be modified and do not have
an append() method.
 If you want a true list from one of these methods, pass its list-like return value to the list()
function.
 But these data types (dict_keys, dict_values, and dict_items, respectively) can be used in for
loops.
 Using the keys(), values(), and items() methods, a for loop can iterate over the keys, values, or
key-value pairs in a dictionary, respectively.
 We can do so using keys() method of dictionary and sort() method of lists.
 Consider the following code –
tel_dir={'Tom': 3491, 'Jerry':8135, 'Mickey':1253}

ls=list(tel_dir.keys())
print("The list of keys:",ls)
ls.sort()
print("Dictionary elements in alphabetical order:")
for k in ls:
print(k, tel_dir[k])

The list of keys: ['Tom', 'Jerry', 'Mickey']
Dictionary elements in alphabetical order:
Jerry 8135
Mickey 1253
Tom 3491
Note: The key-value pair from dictionary can be together accessed with the help of a method items()
as shown
>>> d={'Tom':3412, 'Jerry':6781, 'Mickey':1294}

>>> for k,v in d.items():
print(k,v)
Output:
Tom 3412
Jerry 6781
Mickey 1294
The usage of comma-separated list k,v here is internally a tuple (another data structure in Python,
which will be discussed later).
 get() Method
 We need to check whether a key exists in a dictionary before accessing that key‟s

value.
 In dictionaries, we have a get() method that takes two arguments: the key and a
fallback value
 If key is present it returns its value else it returns the default value if that key does not
exist.
 If default value is not specified, the get() method will raise an error “Key Error” if
the key does not exist
 The setdefault() Method
 We can set a value in a dictionary for a certain key only if that key does not already have a value.
 The setdefault() method offers a way to do this in one line of code.
 The first argument passed to the method is the key to check for, and the second argument is the
value to set at that key if the key does not exist.
 If the key does exist, the setdefault() method returns the key‟s value.

 Pretty Printing
 The pprint() and pformat() functions available in module pprint will “pretty print” a
dictionary‟s values.
 This is helpful when you want a cleaner display of the items in a dictionary than what
print() provides.
 The pprint.pprint() function is especially helpful when the dictionary itself contains
nested lists or dictionaries.
 If you want to obtain the prettified text as a string value instead of displaying it on the
screen, call pprint.pformat() instead.
 Program is given below:

OUTPUT:
 Using Tuples as Keys in Dictionaries

 We can have tuples ar keys in dictionaries, as they are immutable
 For Example, we may need to create a telephone directory where name of a person is Firstname-last
name pair and value is the telephone number.
 Our job is to assign telephone numbers to these keys.

 Nested Dictionaries and Lists

 A program that uses a dictionary that contains other dictionaries in order to see who is bringing
what to a picnic.
 The totalBrought() function can read this data structure and calculate the total number of an item
being brought by all the guests.
 Inside the totalBrought() function, the for loop iterates over the key-value pairs in guests .
 Inside the loop, the string of the guest‟s name is assigned to k, and the dictionary of picnic items
they‟re bringing is assigned to v.

 If the item parameter exists as a key in this dictionary, it‟s value (the quantity) is added to
numBrought .
 If it does not exist as a key, the get() method returns 0 to be added to numBrought.
def totalBrought(guests, item):
numBrought = 0
for k, v in guests.items():
numBrought = numBrought + v.get(item, 0)
return numBrought
 Built in functions and Methods of Dictionary

2.4 MANIPULATING STRINGS

 A string is a sequence of characters, enclosed either within a pair of single quotes or double
quotes.
 Each character of a string corresponds to an index number, starting with zero as shown below:
S= “Hello World”
character H e l l o w o r l d
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 The characters of a string can be accessed using index enclosed within square brackets.
 So, H is the 0th letter, e is the 1th letter and l is the 2th letter of “Hello world”
 For example,
>>> word1="Hello"
>>> word2='hi'
>>> x=word1[1] #2nd character of word1 is extracted
>>> print(x)
e
>>> y=word2[0] #1st character of word1 is extracted
>>> print(y)
h
 Python supports negative indexing of string starting from the end of the string as shown below:
S= “Hello World”
character H e l l o w o r l d
Negative index -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
 The characters can be extracted using negative index also, which count backward from the end of
the string.
 For example:
>>> var=“Hello”
>>> print(var[-1])
o
>>> print(var[-4])
e
 Whenever the string is too big to remember last positive index, one can use negative index to
extract characters at the end of string.
 Getting Length of a String using len()

 The len() function is a built-in function that can be used to get length of a string, which returns the
number of characters in a string
 Example:
>>> var="Hello"
>>> ln=len(var)
>>> print(ln)
5
 The index for string varies from 0 to length-1. Trying to use the index value beyond this range
generates error.
>>> var="Hello"
>>> ln=len(var)
>>> ch=var[ln]
IndexError: string index out of range
 Traversal through String with a Loop

 Extracting every character of a string one at a time and then performing some action on that
character is known as traversal.
 A string can be traversed either using while loop or using for loop in different ways. Few of such
methods is shown here –
 Using for loop:

st="Hello"
for i in st:
print(i, end='\t')
Output:
H e l l o
 In the above example, the for loop is iterated from first to last character of the string st. That is, in
every iteration, the counter variable i takes the values as H, e, l, l and o. The loop terminates when
no character is left in st.
 Using while loop:
st="Hello"
i=0
while i<len(st):
print(st[i], end=„\t‟)
i+=1
Output:
H e l l o
 In this example, the variable i is initialized to 0 and it is iterated till the length of the string. In
every iteration, the value of i is incremented by 1 and the character in a string is extracted using i
as index.
 Example: Write a while loop that starts at the last character in the string and traverses backwards
to the first character in the string, printing each letter on separate line
str="Hello"
i=-1
while i>=-len(str):
print(str[i])
i-=1
Output:
o
l

l
e
H
 String Slices
 A segment or a portion of a string is called as slice.
 Only a required number of characters can be extracted from a string using colon (:) symbol.
 The basic syntax for slicing a string would be – st[i:j:k]
 This will extract character from ith character of st till (j-1)th character in steps of k.
 If first index is not present, it means that slice should start from the beginning of the string. I
 f the second index j is not mentioned, it indicates the slice should be till the end of the string.
 The third parameter k, also known as stride, is used to indicate number of steps to be incremented
after extracting first character. The default value of stride is 1.
 Consider following examples along with their outputs to understand string slicing.
st="Hello World" #refer this string for all examples
1. print("st[:] is", st[:]) #output Hello World

As both index values are not given, it assumed to be a full string.
2. print("st[0:5] is ", st[0:5]) #output is Hello

Starting from 0th index to 4th index (5 is exclusive), characters will be printed.
3. print("st[0:5:1] is", st[0:5:1]) #output is Hello

This code also prints characters from 0th to 4th index in the steps of 1. Comparing this
example with previous example, we can make out that when the stride value is 1, it is
optional to mention.
4. print("st[3:8] is ", st[3:8]) #output is lo Wo

Starting from 3rd index to 7th index (8 is exclusive), characters will be printed.
5. print("st[7:] is ", st[7:]) #output is orld

Starting from 7th index to till the end of string, characters will be printed.
6. print(st[::2]) #output is HloWrd

This example uses stride value as 2. So, starting from first character, every alternative
character (char+2) will be printed.
7. print("st[4:4] is ", st[4:4]) #gives empty string

Here, st[4:4] indicates, slicing should start from 4th character and end with (4-1)=3rd
character, which is not possible. Hence the output would be an empty string.
8. print(st[3:8:2]) #output is l o
Starting from 3rd character, till 7th character, every alternative index is considered.
9. print(st[1:8:3]) #output is eoo

Starting from index 1, till 7th index, every 3rd character is extracted here.
10. print(st[-4:-1]) #output is orl

Refer the diagram of negative indexing given earlier. Excluding the -1st character, all
characters at the indices -4, -3 and -2 will be displayed. Observe the role of stride with
default value 1 here. That is, it is computed as -4+1 =-3, -3+1=-2 etc.
11. print(st[-1:]) #output is d

Here, starting index is -1, ending index is not mentioned (means, it takes the index
10) and the stride is default value 1. So, we are trying to print characters from -1 (which is
the last character of negative indexing) till 10th character (which is also the last character in
positive indexing) in incremental order of 1. Hence, we will get only last character as output.
12. print(st[:-1]) #output is Hello Worl

Here, starting index is default value 0 and ending is -1 (corresponds to last character in
negative indexing). But, in slicing, as last index is excluded always, -1st character is omitted
and considered only up to -2nd character.
13. print(st[::]) #outputs Hello World

Here, two colons have used as if stride will be present. But, as we haven‟t mentioned stride
its default value 1 is assumed. Hence this will be a full string.
14. print(st[::-1]) #output is dlroW olleH

This example shows the power of slicing in Python. Just with proper slicing, we could able
to reverse the string. Here, the meaning is a full string to be extracted in the order of -1.
Hence, the string is printed in the reverse order.
15. print(st[::-2]) #output is drWolH

Here, the string is printed in the reverse order in steps of -2. That is, every alternative
character in the reverse order is printed. Compare this with example (6) given above.
By the above set of examples, one can understand the power of string slicing and of Python script.
The slicing is a powerful tool of Python which makes many task simple pertaining to data types like
strings, Lists, Tuple, Dictionary etc. (Other types will be discussed in later Modules)
 Strings are Immutable

 The objects of string class are immutable.
 That is, once the strings are created (or initialized), they cannot be modified.
 No character in the string can be edited/deleted/added.
 Instead, one can create a new string using an existing string by imposing any modification
required.
 Try to attempt following assignment –
>>> st= “Hello World”
>>> st[3]='t'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
 The error message clearly states that an assignment of new item („t‟) is not possible on string
object(st).
 The reason for this is strings are immutable
 So, to achieve our requirement, we can create a new string using slices of existing string as below
>>> st= “Hello World”

>>> st1= st[:3]+ 't' + st[4:]
>>> print(st1)
Helto World # l is replaced by t in new string st1

 Looping and Counting

 Using loops on strings, we can count the frequency of occurrence of a character within another
string.
 The following program demonstrates such a pattern on computation called as a counter.
 Initially, we accept one string and one character (single letter). Our aim to find the total number of
times the character has appeared in string.
 A variable count is initialized to zero, and incremented each time „a‟ character is found. The
program is given below –
word="banana"
count=0
for letter in word:
if letter =='a':
count=count+1
print("The occurences of character 'a' is %d "%(count))
Output:
The occurences of character 'a' is 3
 Encapsulate the above code in a function named count and generalize it so that it accepts the string
and the letter as arguments
def count(st,ch):
cnt=0
for i in st:
if i==ch:
cnt+=1
return cnt
st=input("Enter a string:")
ch=input("Enter a character to be counted:")
c=count(st,ch)
print("%s appeared %d times in %s"%(ch,c,st))

Output:
Enter a string: hello how are you?
Enter a character to be counted: h
h appeared 2 times in hello how are you?
 The in Operator
 The in operator of Python is a Boolean operator which takes two string operands.
 It returns True, if the first operand appears as a substring in second operand, otherwise returns
False.
 For example,
>>> 'el' in 'hello' #el is found in hello

True
>>> 'x' in 'hello' #x is not found in hello
False
 String Comparison
 Basic comparison operators like < (less than), > (greater than), == (equals) etc. can be applied on
string objects.
 Such comparison results in a Boolean value True or False.
 Internally, such comparison happens using ASCII codes of respective characters.
 Consider following examples –
Ex1. st= “hello”

if st== „hello‟:
print(„same‟)
Output is same. As the value contained in st and hello both are same, the equality results in True.
Ex2. st= “hello”

if st<= „Hello‟:
print(„lesser‟)
else:
print(„greater‟)
Output is greater. The ASCII value of h is greater than ASCII value of H. Hence, hello
is greater than Hello.
NOTE: A programmer must know ASCII values of some of the basic characters. Here are few –
A–Z : 65 – 90
a–z : 97 – 122
0–9 : 48 – 57
Space : 32
Enter Key : 13
 String Methods
 String is basically a class in Python.
 When we create a string in program, an object of that class will be created.
 A class is a collection of member variables and member methods (or functions).
 When we create an object of a particular class, the object can use all the members (both variables
and methods) of that class.
 Python provides a rich set of built-in classes for various purposes. Each class is enriched with a
useful set of utility functions and variables that can be used by a Programmer.
 A programmer can create a class based on his/her requirement, which are known as user-defined
classes.
 The built-in set of members of any class can be accessed using the dot operator as shown–
objName.memberMethod(arguments)
 The dot operator always binds the member name with the respective object name. This is very
essential because, there is a chance that more than one class has members with same name. To
avoid that conflict, almost all Object oriented languages have been designed with this common

syntax of using dot operator.

 Python provides a function (or method) dir to list all the variables and methods of a particular class
object. Observe the following statements –
>>> s="hello" # string object is created with the name s

>>> type(s) #checking type of s
<class „str‟> #s is object of type class str
>>> dir(s) #display all methods and variables of object s
[' add ', ' class ', ' contains ', ' delattr ', ' dir ', ' doc ', ' eq ', ' format ', ' ge ', ' getattribute ',
' getitem ', ' getnewargs ', ' gt ', ' hash ', ' init ', ' init_subclass ', ' iter ', ' le ', ' len ', ' lt ',
' mod ', ' mul ', ' ne ', ' new ', ' reduce ', ' reduce_ex ', ' repr ', ' rmod ', ' rmul ', ' setattr
', ' sizeof ', ' str ', ' subclasshook ', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith',
'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit',
'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust',
'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind',
'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title',
'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
 Note that, the above set of variables and methods are common for any object of string class that
we create.
 Each built-in method has a predefined set of arguments and return type.
 To know the usage, working and behavior of any built-in method, one can use the command help.
 For example, if we would like to know what is the purpose of islower() function (refer above list
to check its existence!!), how it behaves etc, we can use the statement –
>>> help(str.islower)
Help on method_descriptor:
islower(...)
S.islower() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and if there is at least one upper cased character

in S, returns False otherwise.

 This is built-in help-service provided by Python. Observe the className.memberName format
while using help.
 The methods are usually called using the object name. This is known as method invocation. We
say that a method is invoked using an object.
 The String methods are discussed below:


 Now, we will discuss some of the important methods of string class.

 capitalize(s) : This function takes one string argument s and returns a capitalized version of that
string. That is, the first character of s is converted to upper case, and all other characters to
lowercase. Observe the examples given below –
Ex1. >>> s="hello"
>>> s1=s.capitalize()
>>> print(s1)
Hello #1st character is changed to uppercase
Ex2. >>> s="hello World"

>>> s1=s.capitalize(s)
>>> print(s1)
Hello world
Observe in Ex2 that the first character is converted to uppercase, and an in-between uppercase
letter W of the original string is converted to lowercase.
 s.upper(): This function returns a copy of a string s to uppercase. As strings are immutable, the
original string s will remain same.

>>> st= “hello”

>>> st1=st.upper()
>>> print(st1)
'HELLO'
>>> print( st) #no change in original string
'hello'
 s.lower(): This method is used to convert a string s to lowercase. It returns a copy of original
string after conversion, and original string is intact.
>>> st='HELLO'
>>> st1=st.lower()
>>> print(st1) hello
>>> print(st) #no change in original string
HELLO
 s.find(s1) : The find() function is used to search for a substring s1 in the string s. If found, the
index position of first occurrence of s1 in s, is returned. If s1 is not found in s, then -1 is returned.
>>> st='hello'
>>> i=st.find('l')
>>> print(i) #output is 2
>>> i=st.find('lo')
>>> print(st.find(„x‟)) #output is -1
The find() function can take one more form with two additional arguments viz. start and end
positions for search.
>>> st="calender of Feb. cal of march"
>>> i= st.find(„cal‟)
Here, the substring „cal‟is found in the very first position of st, hence the result is 0.
>>> i=st.find('cal',10,20)

Here, the substring cal is searched in the string st between 10th and 20th position and hence the
result is 17.
>>> i=st.find('cal',10,15)
>>> print(i) #output is -1
In this example, the substring 'cal' has not appeared between 10th and 15th character of st.
Hence, the result is -1.
 s.strip(): Returns a copy of string s by removing leading and trailing white spaces.
>>> st=" hello world "

>>> st1 = st.strip()
>>> print(st1)
hello world
The strip() function can be used with an argument chars, so that specified chars are removed from
beginning or ending of s as shown below –
>>> st="###Hello##"
>>> st1=st.strip('#')
>>> print(st1) #all hash symbols are removed
Hello
We can give more than one character for removal as shown below –
>>> st="Hello world"
>>> st1=st.strip("Hld")
ello wor
 S.startswith(prefix, start, end): This function has 3 arguments of which start and end are
option. This function returns True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
>>> st="hello world"
>>> st.startswith("he") #returns True
When start argument is provided, the search begins from that position and returns True or False
based on search result.
>>> st="hello world"

>>> st.startswith("w",6) #True because w is at 6th position

When both start and end arguments are given, search begins at start and ends at end.
>>> st="xyz abc pqr ab mn gh“
>>> st.startswith("pqr ab mn",8,12) #returns False
>>> st.startswith("pqr ab mn",8,18) #returns True
The startswith() function requires case of the alphabet to match. So, when we are not sure about
the case of the argument, we can convert it to either upper case or lowercase and then use
startswith()function as below –
>>> st="Hello"
>>> st.startswith("he") #returns False
>>> st.lower().startswith("he") #returns True
 S.count(s1, start, end): The count() function takes three arguments – string, starting position
and ending position. This function returns the number of non-overlapping occurrences of
substring s1 in string S in the range of start and end.
>>> st="hello how are you? how about you?"
>>> st.count('h') #output is 3
>>> st.count(„how‟) #output is 2
>>> st.count(„how‟,3,10) #output is 1 because of range given
Example:
st=input("Enter a string:")
ch=input("Enter a character to be counted:")
c=st.count(ch)
print("%s appeared %d times in %s"%(ch,c,st))
 Working with Strings
 Typing string values in Python code is fairly straightforward: They begin and end with a single
quote.
 But then how can you use a quote inside a string?

 Typing 'That is Alice's cat.' won‟t work, because Python thinks the string ends after Alice, and the
rest (s cat.') is invalid Python code.
 Fortunately, there are multiple ways to type strings.
 Double Quotes
 Escape Characters
 Raw Strings
 Double Quotes
 Strings can begin and end with double quotes, just as they do with single quotes.
 One benefit of using double quotes is that the string can have a single quote character in it,
because double quote is treated as the start and end of the string
 Escape Characters
 An escape character lets the programmer to use characters that are otherwise impossible to put
into a string.
 An escape character consists of a backslash (\) followed by the character want to be added to
the string. (Despite consisting of two characters, it is commonly referred to as a singular escape
character.)
 For example, the escape character for a single quote is \'.
 We can use this inside a string that begins and ends with single quotes.

 Raw Strings
 We can place an r before the beginning quotation mark of a string to make it a raw string.
 A raw string completely ignores all escape characters and prints any backslash that appears in
the string.
 In raw string, Python considers the backslash as part of the string and not as the start of an
escape character.
 Multiline Strings
 While we can use the \n escape character to put a newline into a string, it is often easier to use
multiline strings.
 A multiline string in Python begins and ends with either three single quotes or three double
quotes.
 Any quotes, tabs, or newlines in between the “triple quotes” are considered part of the string..

 MultiLine Comments
 While the hash character (#) marks the beginning of a comment for the rest of the line
 A multiline string is often used for comments that span multiple lines.
 Copying and Pasting Strings with the pyperclip Module

 The pyperclip module has copy() and paste() functions that can send text to and receive text from
computer‟s clipboard.
 Sending the output of the program to the clipboard will make it easy to paste it to an email, word
processor, or some other software.
 Pyperclip does not come with Python.
 To install it, pip install pyperclip
 Users have accounts on many different websites.
 It‟s a bad habit to use the same password for each of them because if any of those sites has a
security breach, the hackers will learn the password to all of other accounts.
 It‟s best to use password manager software on computer that uses one master password to unlock
the password manager.
 Then copy any account password to the clipboard and paste it into the website‟s Password field.
 The password manager program below offers a basic demonstration of how such programs work.
#Program
PASSWORDS = {'email': 'F7minlBDDuvMJuxESSKHFhTxFtjVB6',
'blog': 'VmALvQyKAxiVH5G8v01if1MLZF3sdt', „facebook': '12345'}
import sys, pyperclip
if len(sys.argv) < 2:

print('Usage: py pw.py [account] - copy account password')

sys.exit()
account = sys.argv[1] # first command line arg is the account name
if account in PASSWORDS:
pyperclip.copy(PASSWORDS[account])
print('Password for ' + account + ' copied to clipboard.')
else:
print('There is no account named ' + account)
OUTPUT:
 Parsing Strings
 Sometimes, we may want to search for a substring matching certain criteria.
 For example, finding domain names from email-Ids in the list of messages is a useful task in some
projects.
 Consider a string below and we are interested in extracting only the domain name.
“From [email protected] Wed Feb 21 09:14:16 2018”
Now, aim is to extract only saividya.ac.in, which is the domain name.

We can think of logic as–
o Identify the position of @, because all domain names in email IDs will be after the
symbol @
o Identify a white space which appears after @ symbol, because that will be the end of
domain name.
o Extract the substring between @ and white-space.
The concept of string slicing and find() function will be useful here.
Consider the code given below –
st="From [email protected] Wed Feb 21 09:14:16 2018"

atpos=st.find('@') #finds the position of @
print('Position of @ is', atpos)

spacePos=st.find(„ „, atpos) #position of white-space after @
print('Position of space after @ is', spacePos)
host=st[atpos+1:spacePos] #slicing from @ till white-space
print(host)
Output:
Position of @ is 14
Position of space after @ is 29
saividya.ac.in
 Format Operator
 The format operator, % allows us to construct strings, replacing parts of the strings with the data
stored in variables.
 The first operand is the format string, which contains one or more format sequences that specify
how the second operand is formatted.
Syntax: “<format>” % (<values>)
 The result is a string.
>>> sum=20
>>> '%d' %sum
„20‟ #string ‘20’, but not integer 20
 Note that, when applied on both integer operands, the % symbol acts as a modulus operator.
When the first operand is a string, then it is a format operator.
 Consider few examples illustrating usage of format operator.
Ex1. >>> "The sum value %d is originally integer"%sum

'The sum value 20 is originally integer„

Ex2. >>> '%d %f %s'%(3,0.5,'hello')

'3 0.500000 hello„
Ex3. >>> '%d %g %s'%(3,0.5,'hello')

'3 0.5 hello„
Ex4. >>> '%d'% 'hello'

TypeError: %d format: a number is required, not str
Ex5. >>> '%d %d %d'%(2,5)

TypeError: not enough arguments for format string

In [1]: ls=[] #An empty list
In [2]: type(ls)
Out[2]: list
In [3]: ls1=[2,3,4,"hi",[4,6]] #Creating a list
In [4]: print(ls1)
[2, 3, 4, 'hi', [4, 6]]
In [5]: ls2=["ISE","CSE"]
ls3=ls1+ls2 # List Concatenation
print(ls3)
[2, 3, 4, 'hi', [4, 6], 'ISE', 'CSE']
In [6]: ls2=ls2*3 #List Replication ["ISE","CSE"]*3

print(ls2)
['ISE', 'CSE', 'ISE', 'CSE', 'ISE', 'CSE']
In [7]: len(ls2)
Out[7]: 6
In [8]: ls2[4]
Out[8]: 'ISE'
In [9]: ls2[-4]
Out[9]: 'ISE'
In [10]: ls=[1,2,3]
ls.append("hi")
ls.append(34)
print(ls)
[1, 2, 3, 'hi', 34]
In [11]: res=ls.append(23.4) #append() returns None

print(res)
None
In [12]: ls.append("heelo",45.6)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call la
<ipython-input-12-1467a604d71d> in <module>
----> 1 ls.append("heelo",45.6)
TypeError: append() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
In [13]: ls1=["heelo",45.6] #Create a list

ls.extend(ls1) #extend() appends the elements of the list argument to
print(ls)
[1, 2, 3, 'hi', 34, 23.4, 'heelo', 45.6]
In [14]: ls=[3,4.5,"world"]
ls.insert(2,"hi") # Insert at index 2 after 4.5
print(ls)
[3, 4.5, 'hi', 'world']
In [15]: ls.insert(-1,'is')
print(ls)
[3, 4.5, 'hi', 'is', 'world']
In [16]: ls.insert(-2,34)
print(ls)
[3, 4.5, 'hi', 34, 'is', 'world']
In [17]: spam=['a','b','c','d']
print(spam[int('3'*2)/11])
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-17-3859695216c7> in <module>
1 spam=['a','b','c','d']
----> 2 print(spam[int('3'*2)/11])
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not float
In [18]: '3'*2
Out[18]: '33'
In [19]: int('33')
Out[19]: 33
In [20]: 33/11
Out[20]: 3.0
In [21]: spam[3.0]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-21-a7afae461759> in <module>
----> 1 spam[3.0]
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not float
In [ ]:
In [1]: ls=[2,7,4,2,7,8,5] #Creating a List
ls.index(2) #Index of a particular element in a list # Answer is 0
ls.index(10) #Answer is ValueError
ls.index(7,2,5) #7 is element, 2 and 5 denotes the range, search in the
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call la
<ipython-input-1-c64ecd035280> in <module>
1 ls=[2,7,4,2,7,8,5] #Creating a List
2 ls.index(2) #Index of a particular element in a list # Answer is
----> 3 ls.index(10) #Answer is ValueError
4 ls.index(7,2,5) #7 is element, 2 and 5 denotes the range, search
list from index 2 to 4
In [2]: ls.index(2)
Out[2]: 0
In [3]: ls.index(7,2,5)
Out[3]: 4
In [4]: ls.index(7,2,4)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call la
<ipython-input-4-63326d6aa562> in <module>
----> 1 ls.index(7,2,4)
In [5]: ls=[2,3,10,1,-9,-2]
ls.sort()
print(ls)
[-9, -2, 1, 2, 3, 10]

In [6]: ls=[2,3,"hello",34.0]
ls.sort()
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-6-62872549b00e> in <module>
1 ls=[2,3,"hello",34.0]
----> 2 ls.sort()
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
In [7]: ls=[2,3,10,1,-9,-2]
ls.sort(reverse=True)
In [8]: print(ls)
[10, 3, 2, 1, -2, -9]
In [9]: ls=['a','z','A','B']
ls.sort() #ASCIIbetical Order
print(ls)
['A', 'B', 'a', 'z']
In [10]: ls.sort(key=str.lower) #alphabetical order
In [11]: print(ls)
['A', 'a', 'B', 'z']
In [12]: ls=[2,3,4,5,6,7,2,6,2]
ls.count(2)
Out[12]: 3
In [13]: ls.count(53)
Out[13]: 0
In [14]: ls=[2,3,4,8,-2,10]
x=ls.pop()
In [15]: print(ls)
print(x)
[2, 3, 4, 8, -2]
10
In [16]: x=pop(3)
print(ls)
print(x)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call la
<ipython-input-16-c792f1fcb159> in <module>
----> 1 x=pop(3)
2 print(ls)
3 print(x)
NameError: name 'pop' is not defined
In [17]: x=ls.pop(3)
print(ls)
print(x)
[2, 3, 4, -2]
8
In [18]: x=ls.pop(4)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call la
<ipython-input-18-ca96ac0c134f> in <module>
----> 1 x=ls.pop(4)
IndexError: pop index out of range
In [21]: ls=[2,3,4,6,12,-1,34]
len(ls) # length = 7
max(ls) # max=34
min(ls) # min=-1
sum(ls) #sum= 60
Out[21]: 60
In [22]: len(ls)
Out[22]: 7
In [23]: max(ls)
Out[23]: 34
In [24]: min(ls)
Out[24]: -1
In [ ]:
In [1]: # -7 ,-6 ,-5 ,-4 , -3, -2, -1 -ve indexing
ls=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
# 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 +ve indexing
In [2]: print(ls[:5]) #extract the values from the index 0 to 4
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
In [3]: print(ls[:]) #start =0 ,stop =7 extract the entire list
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
In [4]: # -7 ,-6 ,-5 ,-4 , -3, -2, -1 -ve indexing

ls=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
# 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 +ve indexing
In [5]: print(ls[3:6]) # extracts the values at index 3 to 5
['d', 'e', 'f']
In [6]: print(ls[-7:-2]) # extracts the value from index -7 to -3(L to R)
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
In [7]: # -7 ,-6 ,-5 ,-4 , -3, -2, -1 -ve indexing

ls=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
# 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 +ve indexing
In [8]: print(ls[1:-2])
['b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
In [9]: print(ls[2:-1:2])
['c', 'e']
In [10]: print(ls[-2:-6:-1])
['f', 'e', 'd', 'c']
In [11]: # -7 ,-6 ,-5 ,-4 , -3, -2, -1 -ve indexing

ls=['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
# 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 +ve indexing
In [12]: print(ls[2::2])
['c', 'e', 'g']

In [13]: print(ls[-3:6:-1])
[]
In [14]: print(ls[::-1])
['g', 'f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a']
In [15]: print(ls[1:])
['b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
In [16]: ls[1:3]=['p','q']
print(ls)
['a', 'p', 'q', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
In [17]: del ls[2:4]
In [18]: print(ls)
['a', 'p', 'e', 'f', 'g']
In [19]: del ls[0]

print(ls)
['p', 'e', 'f', 'g']
In [20]: ls[:]=['v','s','e','m']
print(ls)
['v', 's', 'e', 'm']
In [21]: print(ls[:6])
['v', 's', 'e', 'm']
In [22]: print(ls[4:6])
[]
In [ ]:
In [1]: t1=(10,20,"ADP",[12,23])
print(t1) # prints the tuple
(10, 20, 'ADP', [12, 23])
In [2]: print(t1[2]) # prints third element of t1
ADP
In [3]: print(t1[-3]) # prints second element of t1
20
In [4]: t1=(10,20.6,"Hello",[2,3,5])
t1[0]=23 #Error
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last
<ipython-input-4-e6f44c5e0275> in <module>
1 t1=(10,20.6,"Hello",[2,3,5])
----> 2 t1[0]=23 #Error
In [5]: t1[3]="heelo" #Error
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-5-98481bd725de> in <module>
----> 1 t1[3]="heelo" #Error
In [6]: t1=(10,20.6,"Hello",[2,3,5])
t1[3][2]=23 # [2,3,5] will become [2,3,23]
In [7]: print(t1)
(10, 20.6, 'Hello', [2, 3, 23])

In [8]: t1[2][1]="E"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-8-37dc73fe8d89> in <module>
----> 1 t1[2][1]="E"
In [9]: t1=(10,20,30.5,"ADP")
t2=t1 # assignment
print(id(t1))
print(id(t2))
2095139374328
2095139374328
In [10]: t1=() #empty tuple

t2=tuple() #empty tuple
print(t1,t2)
() ()
In [11]: t2=tuple("Hello") # passing string to tuple()

print(t2) #tuple contains charcters of the string
('H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')
In [12]: t3=tuple([12,23,45])
print(t3) # tuple contaning the elements of the list
(12, 23, 45)
In [13]: t4=tuple((23,34,45))
print(t4) #tuple containing the elements of the tuple
(23, 34, 45)
In [14]: t4=tuple(([2,3],[4,5]))
print(t4)
([2, 3], [4, 5])
In [15]: t4=tuple(([2,3],[4,5],"ADP"))
print(t4)
([2, 3], [4, 5], 'ADP')

In [16]: len(t4) # length of the tuple is 3
Out[16]: 3
In [17]: t1=(12,23,34)
t2=([12,3],"ADP")
#Concatenation of tuples using '+' operator
t3=t1+t2
print(t3)
#Replication Operation
t4=t1*2
print(t4)
(12, 23, 34, [12, 3], 'ADP')

(12, 23, 34, 12, 23, 34)
In [18]: t=("Mango","Pineapple","Orange")
t1=("Kiwi",)+t[1:] #slicing operator for tuples
print(t)
print(t1)
('Mango', 'Pineapple', 'Orange')

('Kiwi', 'Pineapple', 'Orange')
In [19]: t=("Mango","Pineapple","Orange")
t1=("Kiwi")+t[1:] #slicing operator for tuples
print(t)
print(t1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-19-8c39d09c714b> in <module>
1 t=("Mango","Pineapple","Orange")
----> 2 t1=("Kiwi")+t[1:] #slicing operator for tuples
3 print(t)
4 print(t1)
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "tuple") to str
In [20]: t=(1,2,3)
del t[2] # Error
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-20-c50a5bd2c18f> in <module>
1 t=(1,2,3)
----> 2 del t[2] # Error
TypeError: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion

In [21]: print(t)
del t
print(t)
(1, 2, 3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last
<ipython-input-21-9140215c0778> in <module>
1 print(t)
2 del t
----> 3 print(t)
NameError: name 't' is not defined
In [ ]:
Working of Dictionaries
In [1]: #Creating empty dictionary
d={}
print(type(d)) # d is an instance of class dict
<class 'dict'>
In [2]: d=dict() #using constructor dict() with zero args

print(type(d)) # d is an instance of class dict
<class 'dict'>
In [3]: #Populate the dictionary

d["Tom"]=2345
d["Jerry"]=5678
print(d) # Prints the dictionary with 2 key/value pairs
{'Tom': 2345, 'Jerry': 5678}
In [4]: len(d) #Returns the length i.e., number of key/value pairs
Out[4]: 2
In [5]: print(d["Jerry"])) # prints the value associated with "Jerry"
File "<ipython-input-5-b8cbeddcf754>", line 1

print(d["Jerry"])) # prints the value associated with "Jerry"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [6]: print(d["Jerry"]) # prints the value associated with "Jerry"
5678
In [7]: print(d["Donald"]) # Error
------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call la
<ipython-input-7-954eb3203613> in <module>
----> 1 print(d["Donald"]) # Error
KeyError: 'Donald'
In [8]: d.get("Tom")
Out[8]: 2345
In [9]: d.get("donald") # return None
In [10]: print(d.get("donald")) # return None
None
In [11]: print(d)
{'Tom': 2345, 'Jerry': 5678}
In [12]: d["Tom"]=3456 #DIctionary are mutable
In [13]: print(d)
{'Tom': 3456, 'Jerry': 5678}
In [14]: d["Donald"]=3456 #creates a new key/value pair
In [15]: print(d)
{'Tom': 3456, 'Jerry': 5678, 'Donald': 3456}
In [16]: res=d.pop("Tom") #pop() method and res contains 3456
In [17]: print(d)
print(res)
{'Jerry': 5678, 'Donald': 3456}

3456
In [18]: res=d.pop("Mickey")
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-18-8b2a03f23ba0> in <module>
----> 1 res=d.pop("Mickey")
KeyError: 'Mickey'
In [19]: del d["Jerry"]

In [20]: print(d)
{'Donald': 3456}
In [21]: d["Tom"]=3456
d["Jerry"]=56768
In [22]: print(d)
res=d.popitem() #popitem removes random element in the dictionary
print(d)
{'Donald': 3456, 'Tom': 3456, 'Jerry': 56768}

{'Donald': 3456, 'Tom': 3456}
In [23]: d.clear() # empty the dictionary
In [24]: print(d)
{}
In [25]: d={'Donald': 3456, 'Tom': 3456, 'Jerry': 56768}

del d
print(d) #NameError
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-25-b2ca46cae230> in <module>
1 d={'Donald': 3456, 'Tom': 3456, 'Jerry': 56768}
2 del d
----> 3 print(d) #NameError
NameError: name 'd' is not defined
In [ ]:
Working of Dictionaries
In [1]: tel_dir={"tom":2345,"jerry":4567,"mickey":3489}
for name in tel_dir:
print(name) #print the keys in the dictionary
tom
jerry
mickey
In [2]: tel_dir={"tom":2345,"jerry":4567,"mickey":3489}
for name in tel_dir:
print(name,":",tel_dir[name]) #print the key/value in the diction
tom : 2345
jerry : 4567
mickey : 3489
In [3]: 'tom' in tel_dir #membership test
Out[3]: True
In [4]: 4567 in tel_dir #membership test
Out[4]: False
In [5]: 4567 not in tel_dir #membership test
Out[5]: True
In [6]: #usage of keys()

tel_dir.keys() #returns only the keys
Out[6]: dict_keys(['tom', 'jerry', 'mickey'])
In [7]: tel_dir.values() #returns only the values
Out[7]: dict_values([2345, 4567, 3489])
In [8]: tel_dir.items() #returns the (key,value) pairs
Out[8]: dict_items([('tom', 2345), ('jerry', 4567), ('mickey', 3489)])
In [9]: list(tel_dir.keys()) # returns list of keys
Out[9]: ['tom', 'jerry', 'mickey']

In [10]: list(tel_dir.values()) # returns list of values
Out[10]: [2345, 4567, 3489]
In [11]: ls=list(tel_dir.keys()) # returns list of keys

ls.append("donald")
print(ls)
['tom', 'jerry', 'mickey', 'donald']
In [12]: print(tel_dir)
{'tom': 2345, 'jerry': 4567, 'mickey': 3489}
In [13]: birthdays = {'Alice': 'Apr 1', 'Bob': 'Dec 12', 'Carol': 'Mar 4'} # init
while True:
print('Enter a name: (blank to quit)')
name = input()
if name == ' ':
break
if name in birthdays: #checks whether name is already in dictio
print(birthdays[name] , ' is the birthday of ' , name)
else:
print('I do not have birthday information for ' , name)
print('What is their birthday?')
bday = input()
birthdays[name] = bday #add the information to the dictionary
print('Birthday database updated.')
print(birthdays)
File "<ipython-input-13-150f9404446a>", line 5

if name == ‘ ’:
^
SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
In [14]: birthdays = {'Alice': 'Apr 1', 'Bob': 'Dec 12', 'Carol': 'Mar 4'} # init
while True:
print('Enter a name: (blank to quit)')
name = input()
if name == ' ':
break
if name in birthdays: #checks whether name is already in dictio
print(birthdays[name] , ' is the birthday of ' , name)
else:
print('I do not have birthday information for ' , name)
print('What is their birthday?')
bday = input()
birthdays[name] = bday #add the information to the dictionary
print('Birthday database updated.')
print(birthdays)
Enter a name: (blank to quit)

Alice
Apr 1 is the birthday of Alice
Mamatha
I do not have birthday information for Mamatha
What is their birthday?
Mar 8
Birthday database updated.
{'Alice': 'Apr 1', 'Bob': 'Dec 12', 'Carol': 'Mar 4', 'Mamatha': 'Mar 8'
In [ ]:
Working with dictionary methods ¶
In [1]: d={"Tom":3456,"Jerry":464467,"Mickey":5657}
print(d.get("Jery",0)) #default value is useful, when key doesn't exist
print(d.get("Jerry",0)) #default value is useful, when key doesn't exis
464467
print(d.pop("Jery")) #default value is useful, when key doesn't exists
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-3-b854deea3c48> in <module>
1 d={"Tom":3456,"Jerry":464467,"Mickey":5657}
----> 2 print(d.pop("Jery")) #default value is useful, when key doesn't
KeyError: 'Jery'
print(d.pop("Jery",0)) #default value is useful, when key doesn't exist
print(d.pop("Jerry",0)) #default value is useful, when key doesn't exis
464467
In [6]: print(d)
{'Tom': 3456, 'Mickey': 5657}

In [7]: #Working of fromkeys()
ls=['apple','mango','grapes'] # list to act as keys

value=25 #default value
fruits=dict.fromkeys(ls,value) #first arg is keys and second arg is va
print(fruit)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-7-2e6b9e7b5aa0> in <module>
4 value=25 #default value
5 fruits=dict.fromkeys(ls,value) #first arg is keys and second a
alue for every key
----> 6 print(fruit)
NameError: name 'fruit' is not defined
ls=['apple','mango','grapes'] # list to act as keys

print(fruits)
{'apple': 25, 'mango': 25, 'grapes': 25}
In [9]: d1=dict.fromkeys(d,25)
print(d)
print(d1)
{'Tom': 3456, 'Mickey': 5657}

{'Tom': 25, 'Mickey': 25}
ls=('apple','mango','grapes') # tuple to act as keys

print(fruits)
{'apple': 25, 'mango': 25, 'grapes': 25}
In [11]: alphabets=dict.fromkeys("saividya",0) #first arg is string

print(alphabets)
{'s': 0, 'a': 0, 'i': 0, 'v': 0, 'd': 0, 'y': 0}

In [12]: for i in "saividya":
print(i)
s
a
i
v
i
d
y
a
In [13]: #Working of update method
d={"One":1,"Two":2}
d1={"Two":"two"}
d.update(d1) #update()
print(d)
{'One': 1, 'Two': 'two'}
In [14]: #Working of update method
d={"One":1,"Two":2}
d1={"Two":"two","Three":3}
d.update(d1) #update()
print(d)
{'One': 1, 'Two': 'two', 'Three': 3}
In [15]: #copy() method
dup_d=d.copy() #create duplicate copy of d

print(id(dup_d))
print(id(d))
3064060873688
3064061178168
In [16]: #working of popitem()
d.popitem()
Out[16]: ('Three', 3)
In [ ]:
# Strings Introduction
In [1]: Str="Python"
print(type(Str)) #prints <class 'str'>
print(len(Str)) #prints 6
print(Str[4]) # o
print(Str[-1]) # n
Str[2]='t' #Type Error
<class 'str'>
6
o
n
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<ipython-input-1-856d73056573> in <module>
4 print(Str[4]) # o
5 print(Str[-1]) # n
----> 6 Str[2]='t' #Type Error
In [2]: Str="Python"
str1=Str[:len(Str)-1]+'N'
print(str1)
PythoN
In [3]: print(Str*3) #String Replication
PythonPythonPython
In [4]: for i in Str:

print(i)
P
y
t
h
o
n
In [5]: "el" in "Hello" #in operator -True
Out[5]: True
In [6]: "eo" in "Hello" #in operator - False
Out[6]: False
In [8]: word="python"
reverse=word[::-1]
if word == reverse:
print("Palindrome")
reverse=word[::-1]
if word == reverse:
print("Palindrome")
reverse=word[::-1]
print(reverse)
if word == reverse:
print("Palindrome")
nohtyp
reverse=word[::-1]
print(reverse)
if word == reverse:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("Not a Palindrome")
nohtyp
Not a Palindrome
In [15]: #To count number of vowels in a given string
word="python programming"
vcount=0
vowels="aeiou"
for ch in word:
if ch in vowels:
vcount+=1
print("Number of vowels:",vcount)
Number of vowels: 4
In [14]: #To count number of vowels in a given string
word="python programming"
vcount=0
vowels="aeiou"
for ch in word:
if ch=='a' or ch=='o' or ch=='i':
vcount+=1
print("Number of vowels:",vcount)
Number of vowels: 4
In [ ]:
Working of String methods in Python
In [ ]: #Create a string
st="python Programming"
In [ ]: #display the string

print(st)
type(st)
In [ ]: #Methods of <class 'str'>

dir(st)
Syntax: strobject.MethodName(args)
Every Method creates a new string object and

returns it, without modifying the invoking
string
In [ ]: #use of capitalize()
s1=st.capitalize() #makes the first charcter capital and rest lower
print(s1)
print(st)
In [ ]: #use of lower()
s1=st.lower() #returns a new string in lowercase
print(s1)
In [ ]: #use of upper()
s1=st.upper() #returns a new string in uppercase
print(s1)
In [ ]: #use of swapcase()
s1=st.swapcase() #returns a new string in changing the case
print(s1)
In [ ]: #use of title()
st="python programming"
s1=st.title() #returns a new string in title case format
print(s1)
In [ ]: #use of count()
ct=st.count('n',0,6) #returns an integer value representing the number
print(ct)
In [ ]: #use of startswith()
flag=st.startswith('program',7,20) #returns True or False
print(flag)
In [ ]: #use of endswith()
flag=st.endswith('on') #returns True or False
print(flag)
In [ ]: #use of find()
pos=st.find('p',7,13) #returns the position of first occurrence of sub
print(pos) #else -1 if not found
In [ ]: #use of index()
pos=st.index('prog') #returns the position of first occurrence of subs
print(pos) #else raise an exception "Value Error" if not fo
In [ ]: #use of replace()
s=st.replace('ming','s',1) #returns a new string by replacing old with
print(s) #python programs
print(st)
In [ ]: #use of center()
st.center(12,'*') #returns a padded version of the string with spaces
In [ ]: #use of ljust/rjust()
st.rjust(12,'$') #returns a padded version of the string with spaces in
Usage of isX String Methods

In [ ]: #use of islower()
st="Python programming"
st.islower() #returns True if all characters are in lowercase else Fal
In [ ]: #use of isupper()
st="Python programming"
st.upper().isupper() #returns True if all characters are in uppercase
In [ ]: #use of isalpha()
st="Python@programming"
st.isalpha() #returns True if all characters are alphabets else False
In [ ]: #use of isdigit()
st="123abc"
st.isdigit() #returns True if all characters are digits else False
In [ ]: #use of isalnum()
st="123ABC@"
st.isalnum() #returns True if all characters are either alphabets or d
In [ ]: #use of isspace()
st=" \t\n"
st.isspace() #returns True if all characters are spaces else False
In [ ]: #use of istitle()
st="Python Program"
st.istitle() #returns True if the string is in title case else False
In [ ]:
In [ ]: #usage of split()
s='python,programming'
ls=s.split(',') #return a list of words splitted based on deleimiter (sp
print(ls)
Working of Pyperclip module

In [35]: import pyperclip
#pyperclip.copy('Hello world!') #copy to clipboard "Hello world!"
pyperclip.paste() # Hello world!
Out[35]: "Python is an interpreted, high-level and general-purpose programming la

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design
phy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whit
Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help program
ite clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects"
Working With Strings

In [18]: name='This is Alice's cat'
print(name)
File "<ipython-input-18-380228323f35>", line 1

name='This is Alice's cat'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Usage of Double Quotes

In [20]: name='This is Alice"s cat'
print(name)
This is Alice"s cat
Usage of Escape Characters

In [21]: name='This is Alice\'s cat' #backward slash
print(name)
This is Alice's cat
In [23]: name='This is Alice\'s \t The cat is black in color \n Thank You'

print(name)
This is Alice's The cat is black in color

Thank You
In [28]: #Create a string that contains 'That is Carol\'s cat.'
name="That is Carol\\\'s cat." #raw string
print(name)
That is Carol\'s cat.
MultiLine Strings
In [29]: #Create a string that contains multiple lines using escape character
name="python \n vsem \n svit"
print(name)
python
vsem
svit
In [32]: #Create a string that contains multiple lines using multiline strings
name='''python's programming \t cse ise
v sem
svit'''
print(name)
python's programming cse ise

v sem
svit
MultiLine Comments
In [33]: '''This is a test Python program.
Written by Al Sweigart [email protected]
This program was designed for Python 3, not Python 2.
'''
def spam():
"""This is a multiline comment to help
explain what the spam() function does."""
print('Hello!')
spam()
Hello!
In [ ]:

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Application Development Using Python (18CS55) Module II

2.2 DICTIONARIES AND STRUCTURING DATA

2.3 MANIPULATING STRINGS

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 1

 How to Create Lists in Python ?

 An empty list can be created any of the following ways –

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 2

 A list with elements can be created any of the following way:

>>> ls =[10,-4, 25, 13]

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 3

 Lists are Mutable

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 4

 Python allows to use operators + and * on lists.

itself for n times.

>>> [0]*4 #repetition using *

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 7

end of invoking list.

 reverse(): This method can be used to reverse the given list.

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 8

 insert(): Used to insert a value before a specified index of the list.

>>> ls=[15, 4, 2, 10, 5, 3, 2, 6]

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 9

Few important points about List Methods:

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 10

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 11

 Lists and Functions

>>> ls=[3,12,5,26, 32,1,4]

ls= list() #creates a empty list

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 12

 In the above program, we initially create an empty list.

 A tuple is a sequence of items, similar to lists.

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 13

('Tom', 341, 'Jerry')

 Create tuple using string:

 Create tuple using list:

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 14

 Create tuple using another tuple:

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 15

 Giving more values than variables generates ValueError –

 Dictionaries and Tuples

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 16

>>> d = {'a':10, 'b':1, 'c':22}

 Multiple Assignment with Dictionaries

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 17

for key, val in d.items():

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 18

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 19

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 20

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 21

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 22

 To add items to dictionary, we can use square brackets as –

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 23

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 24

expensive in the view of total time taken to process.

 Deleting elements from a dictionary

Mamatha A, Asst Prof, Dept of CSE, SVIT Page 25

 Raises KeyError if the dictionary is empty.

 Dictionary as a Set of Counters

s=input("Enter a string:") #read a string

>>> [0]4 #repetition using