‫عنوان‬

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of

VoLTE

‫عنوان‬

Performance Evaluation of Voice over

Advance LTE

‫عنوان‬
‫ بعيد المدى‬$‫" راسة جودة الخدمة في شبكات التطوير‬LTE"
A Study of QoS in Long Term Evolution Networks "LTE"

‫ملخص‬

Long Term Evolution “LTE” is considered to be one of the most important and latest
communication technologies falling under the fourth generation of cellular
communications technology 4G. LTE supports high-speed and large bandwidth
which makes it a great candidate to providing the potential to improve the Quality of
Service "QoS" associated with specific types of data transfer. As a consequence,
researchers have paid their attentions to this type of networks. In fact, it was a great
challenge for researchers to achieve a good level of QoS for all users as the LTE
provides Audio and Data transmission to users at the same time.

‫دى‬44‫د الم‬44‫وير بعي‬44‫ة التط‬44‫بر تقني‬44‫" عت‬LTE" ‫ع من‬44‫ل الراب‬44‫ات الجي‬44‫من تقني‬44‫درج ض‬44‫تي تن‬44‫االت ال‬44‫ات االتص‬44‫دث تقني‬44‫من أح‬
‫ودة‬44‫ع ج‬44‫ل م‬44‫ات للتعام‬44‫ديمها إمكاني‬44‫افة لتق‬44‫ باإلض‬،‫ير‬44‫ة كب‬44‫رض حزم‬44‫ و التي تدعم سرعات عالية و ع‬،‫االتصاالت الخلوية‬
ً
‫ إن‬.‫تخدمين‬44‫نتيجة لذلك فإنها تحظى باهتمام واسع و كبير من الباحثين و المس‬ ،‫الخدمة المرتبطة بأنواع محددة من البيانات‬
‫ التطوير بعيد المدى‬4‫" التحدي األكبر الذي يواجه شبكات‬LTE" ‫هو القدرة على ضمان جودة الخدمة لكل مستخدمي الشبكة‬
‫ة من‬44‫ر مجموع‬44‫بين أث‬44‫تنا لت‬44‫ لذلك جاءت دراس‬،‫طالما هذه الشبكات تخ ّد م كل من مستخدمي الصوت و البيانات بنفس الوقت‬
‫" خوارزميات الجدولة على انتقال بيانات‬TCP" ‫و بيانات صوتية و فيديوية‬.
Abstract and Figures
Moving voice traffic from circuit-switched domain to packet-switched domain seems to be the only
rational way to improve quality of experience. Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) is a technology
that enables transmission of voice calls over LTE network by using IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).
VoLTE is bandwidth efficient and offer better speech quality than legacy technologies such as Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). In
this paper, we analyze the impact of radio propagation conditions, codec type implementation, and
mouth-to-ear delays on VoLTE service performance. In particular, we consider drive test, stationary test,
and train test measurements in real VoLTE network deployments. Testing results indicate that when
both end users are using VoLTE technology, the obtained speech quality is impressive compared to the
case when one user is using legacy technologies (UMTS or GSM) or performing Circuit Switched Fall
Back (CSFB) to legacy. Furthermore, results show that VoLTE call setup time and mouth-to-ear delays
are shorter while call reliability is comparable with legacy technologies. However, the percentage of
VoLTE dropped calls is high and this indicates a potential for further optimization in the current
implementation of VoLTE.

????????????????????

Based on established telecom standards, globally interoperable communication services over LTE
already enjoy full industry support in networks and devices. So far more than 100 networks have been
deployed globally and VoLTE uptake is expected to reach 5.5 billion users in 2023. Operators have the
possibility to develop their communication business, and consumers and enterprise users will benefit
from richer communication services, available on any device, anywhere. The quality of voice calls is
significantly better when using telecom-grade VoLTE than it is with any OTT voice service. As mobile

broadband LTE networks continue to expand globally, VoLTE provides a great opportunity to continue
building globally interoperable communication services over IP networks. VoLTE is also the foundation
for telecom-grade communication services and new innovations in future 5G networks. Combining
today’s high quality voice service with new emerging use cases will provide lasting value for operators,
consumers and enterprise users.

ً
‫ تتمتع خدمات االتصال القابلة للتشغيل البيني عالميًا عبر‬، ‫استناد ا إلى معايير االتصاالت الراسخة‬ LTE ‫بالفعل بدعم الصناعة الكامل في الشبكات‬
‫ شبكة على مستوى العالم ومن المتوقع أن يصل استيعاب‬100 ‫ حتى اآلن تم نشر أكثر من‬.‫ واألجهزة‬VoLTE ‫ مليار مستخدم في عام‬5.5 ‫إلى‬
‫ وسيستفيد المستهلكون والمستخدمون المؤسسيون من خدمات االتصال‬، ‫ يتمتع المشغلون بإمكانية تطوير أعمال االتصاالت الخاصة بهم‬. 2023
‫ تكون جودة المكالمات الصوتية أفضل بشكل ملحوظ عند استخدام‬.‫ في أى مكان‬، ‫ األكثر ثرا ًء والمتاحة على أي جهاز‬VoLTE ‫على مستوى‬
‫ االتصاالت مقارنة بأي خدمة صوتية‬OTT. ‫ مع استمرار شبكات‬LTE ‫ توفر‬، ‫ذات النطاق العريض لألجهزة المحمولة في التوسع عالميًا‬
VoLTE ‫ فرصة عظيمة لمواصلة بناء خدمات اتصاالت قابلة للتشغيل البيني عالميًا عبر شبكات‬IP. VoLTE ‫هو أيضً ا األساس لخدمات‬
‫ إن الجمع بين الخدمة الصوتية عالية الجودة اليوم‬.‫االتصاالت على مستوى االتصاالت واالبتكارات الجديدة في شبكات الجيل الخامس المستقبلية‬
‫ ومستخدمي المؤسسات‬4‫وحاالت االستخدام الناشئة الجديدة سيوفر قيمة دائمة للمشغلين والمستهلكين‬.

‫؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬

Security for Voice over LT

Abstract
Voice has historically been the first application of mobile communication networks, and the success of
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) has been primarily based on voice. This chapter
briefly introduces the methods standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for providing
Voice over Long Term Evolution (VoLTE). It also discusses the security mechanisms used with these
methods. The chapter shows how these security mechanisms have been taken up by the specifications
for VoLTE and the Rich Communications Suite. There are two standardized methods for providing
VoLTE: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) over LTE, and Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB). IMS is based
on standards in contrast to proprietary Voice-over-IP solutions present in the market today. IMS can be
deployed globally based on the Common IMS specifications, which provide a global standard. For CSFB
to work, it needs to be supported by signalling in Evolved Packet System (EPS). 3G mobile
communication; Communication system security; long term evolution; multimedia systems

VoLTE Performance Analysis and Evaluation in Real Networks

Abstract—Moving voice traffic from circuit-switched domain to packet-switched domain

seems to be the only rational way to improve quality of experience. Voice over Long-Term
Evolution (VoLTE) is a technology that enables transmission of voice calls over LTE network
by using IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). VoLTE is bandwidth efficient and offer better
speech quality than legacy technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). In this paper, we
analyze the impact of radio propagation conditions, codec type implementation, and mouth-
to-ear delays on VoLTE service performance. In particular, we consider drive test, stationary
test, and train test measurements in real VoLTE network deployments. Testing results
indicate that when both end users are using VoLTE technology, the obtained speech quality
is impressive compared to the case when one user is using legacy technologies (UMTS or
GSM) or performing Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) to legacy. Furthermore, results show
that VoLTE call setup time and mouth-to-ear delays are shorter while call reliability is
comparable with legacy technologies. However, the percentage of VoLTE dropped calls is
high and this indicates a potential for further optimization in the current implementation of
VoLTE.

Besides the fact that LTE provides higher bandwidth, reduced latency, seamless connectivity,

and support for various kinds of packet data services; achieving best QoS for voice services in
an

LTE network is still challenging. In my research I will be simulating VoLTE calls

(video streaming in our case) to determine the effect on VoLTE calls even when

other types of traffic is present in the network.

I will test design in both congestion and non-congestion scenarios. Later,

I will find out the behavior of VoLTE with respect to different kinds of QoS parameters and
determine whether or not our design meet VoLTE specifications for optimal QoS.

Seamless voice over LTE

Abstract
Long Term Evolution (LTE) as an evolution of fourth generation (4G) technology offers high data rate of
upto 100 Mbps for data applications. But it lacks native support for Circuit Switched (CS) voice service
which has been the main revenue generator for operators. This introduces the problem of how to
provide voice call when a user is in LTE and how to ensure voice call continuity when it moves out of
LTE coverage. There are possible technical solutions e.g CS fallback, Single Radio Voice Call
Continuity (SRVCC), Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA), third party services like skype for
providing voice call and voice call continuity over LTE. The paper compares various aspects of these
solutions and suggests possible roadmap that operators can adopt to provide seamless voice over LTE

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Long Term Evolution (LTE) as an evolution of fourth generation (4G) technology offers high data rate of
upto 100 Mbps for data applications. But it lacks native support for Circuit Switched (CS) voice service
which has been the main revenue generator for operators

‫ تقدم‬Long Term Evolution (LTE) ‫( كتطور لتقنية الجيل الرابع‬4G) ‫ ميجابت في الثانية لتطبيقات‬100 ‫معدل بيانات مرتفعً ا يصل إلى‬
‫ لكنها تفتقر إلى الدعم األصلي للخدمة الصوتية مبدلة الدوائر‬.‫( البيانات‬CS) ‫التي كانت مصدر اإليرادات الرئيسي للمشغلين‬.
??????????????????

Voice over LTE Performance Evaluation

The 4G technology, known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), has been dominating the telecommunication
market the last years offering a high data rate (up to 100Mbps) that will perfectly satisfy the users
multimedia applications needs in term of bandwidth. Designed to be a fully packet switched network,
LTE lack in offering the voice CS service. This paper propose an analytical model for simulating the
performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) while presenting an overview of the latest up to date solutions
for the voice over LTE such as Circuit Switched Fall Back, Voice over LTE via Generic Access and third
party services for providing call continuity over LTE

‫كالم كويس‬
 VoLTE is important for network operators, vendors, original equipment manufacturers
(OEM) and consumers. Since LTE is a data-only networking technology, VoLTE provides
higher quality calls, better service and the ability to simultaneously use voice and data

Related Work

The transport of voice over LTE has a lot of challenges with respect to QoS as mentioned
earlier. In the literature, there are a number of studies which are focussed on the optimum
.scheduling of resources for supporting VoIP service

In [3], Siomina et.al. have analysed the impact of prioritizing VoIP over other services in the
radio network. The performance of prioritized VoIP is compared with Best Effort VoIP and
the advantage in terms of increase in capacity is explained. In [4], Zaki, et.al. have studied
the impact of dynamic packet scheduling on the performance of VoIP in LTE. Puttonen, J [5]
and Yasir Zaki [6], have studied the impacts of MAC scheduling algorithm for different types
of services. Most of these studies are focussed on the scheduling of resources in the LTE
radio network. To the best of my knowledge there are very few studies that have been done
on analysing the impact of scheduling in the LTE transport network. The most relevant study
in this aspect is done in [7] in which Li, et.al. have studied the impact of dimensioning in the
transport network. In this study, analytical models have been proposed for dimensioning the
transport network for real time and non real time services and the proposed models are
.verified by simulations
Benefits of VoLTE

VoLTE can provide service providers and device users with multiple benefits, including:

Uses the spectrum more efficiently than traditional voice.

Increases battery life when compared to VoIP.

Provides a superior audio quality and a clearer calling experience.

Offers more reliable services and interoperability.

Lets users make calls and use data simultaneously.

Allows up to six-way conference calls.

Can be deployed along with multimedia services such as video sharing and multimedia
messaging.

Simplifies network management and developer accessibility.

Frees up network bandwidth due to a smaller packet.

VoLTE Offers Clearer Voice Calls

VoLTE offers high-quality voice calls with minimal background noise. VoLTE calls are also
generally considered more reliable and stable since they are less prone to suddenly
disconnecting or experiencing glitches.
VoLTE uses the LTE standard for network transmissions over the 4G wireless network, which
allows cellular providers to more efficiently deliver communications services to their
customers—whether that's phone calls, video calls, text messages, or anything else. With
VoLTE, voice just becomes another form of data that travels over the cellular broadband
network. This is a step up from the older method of managing smartphone communications,
in which voice and data traveled over separate networks and cellular providers could not
ensure as high a quality of service for the voice communications. Because VoLTE lives on the
same network as other data communications, both voice and data connections work while
you're on a voice call.

Voice over long-term evolution (Voice over LTE/VoLTE) is a technology specification that
defines the standards and procedures for delivering voice communication and data over 4G
LTE networks. It is one method for creating, provisioning and managing high-speed voice,
video and messaging services on a 4G wireless network for mobile and portable devices

Techopedia Explains Voice Over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE)

VoLTE primarily works on IP-based networks and only supports packet switching. The data
received from a circuit-switched cellular network such as the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) or a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network will be
converted into network packets before being broadcast. VoLTE uses IP multimedia
subsystem (IMS) based networks to offer these services. It will not work on networks that
are not compatible with or that have not integrated IMS within their core architecture. The
services that can be provisioned using VoLTE include video calling, voice calling, and
multimedia streaming and sharing services.

Note

When cell phones debuted in the early 1980s, they used voice-specific encoding schemes to
move data between the device and a tower. Data connections didn't come standard until
the early 2000s. The reason that VoLTE delivers better call quality is a function of the very
old, less sophisticated cellular-voice protocols relative to the newer cellular-data protocols

Introduction
The Voice over LTE solution allows the operators to evolve from circuit switched (CS) based
solution in WCDMA networks towards an IMS IP-based core network .

+++++++++++++++++++++

What are the benefits of VoLTE?

The implementation of VoLTE offers many benefits, both in terms of cost and operation.
VoLTE:

Provides more efficient use of spectrum than traditional Voice

Meets the rising demand for ‘Richer’, more reliable services

Eliminates the need to have Voice on one network and data on another

Unlocks new revenue potential, utilising IMS as the common service platform

Can be deployed in parallel with video calls over LTE and RCS multimedia services, including
video share, multimedia messaging, chat and file transfer

Increases handset battery life by 40 per cent (compared with VoIP)

Delivers an unusually crisp calling experience

Provides rapid call establishment time

‫ ما هي فوائد‬VoLTE‫؟‬

‫ يوفر تطبيق‬VoLTE ‫ سواء من حيث التكلفة أو التشغيل‬، ‫العديد من الفوائد‬. VoLTE:

‫يوفر استخدامًا أكثر كفاءة للطيف من الصوت التقليدي‬

‫يلبي الطلب المتزايد على خدمات "أغنى" وأكثر موثوقية‬

‫ يلغي الحاجة إلى وجود‬Voice ‫على شبكة وبيانات على شبكة أخرى‬

‫ باستخدام‬، ‫ يفتح إمكانات اإليرادات الجديدة‬IMS ‫كمنصة خدمة مشتركة‬

‫ يمكن نشرها بالتوازي مع مكالمات الفيديو عبر خدمات الوسائط المتعددة‬LTE ‫ و‬RCS ، ‫بما في ذلك مشاركة الفيديو‬
‫ورسائل الوسائط المتعددة والدردشة ونقل الملفات‬

ً
‫ في المائة‬40 ‫مقارنة بـ( يزيد من عمر بطارية الهاتف بنسبة‬ VoIP)

‫يقدم تجربة اتصال نقية بشكل غير عادي‬

‫يوفر وق ًتا سري ًعا إلنشاء المكالمات‬

Voice over long-term evolution (Voice over LTE/VoLTE) is a technology specification that
defines the standards and procedures for delivering voice communication and data over 4G
LTE networks. It is one method for creating, provisioning and managing high-speed voice,
video and messaging services on a 4G wireless network for mobile and portable devices.

What Does IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Mean?

An IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is a set of specifications that describes the next-

generation networking architecture for implementing IP-based telephony and multimedia
services. These specifications define a complete framework and architecture that enables
the convergence of video, voice, data and mobile network technologies

Techopedia Explains IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

The IP multimedia subsystem is an architectural framework for the delivery of IP multimedia

services. It was initially developed by the Wireless Standards Body 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) as part of a vision for mobile network evolution beyond the
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) standard.

IMS uses Internet Engineering Task Force protocols to provide access to voice applications
and multimedia from wireless and wire-line terminals. IMS also supports services enabled
and based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Multimedia subsystems deliver multimedia
services, which can be accessed by users from various devices through an IP network or a
traditional telephony system.

The network architecture is divided into the following layers:

Device layer

Transport layer

Control layer

Service layer

‫ الصوت عبر( الصوت عبر التطور طويل المدى‬LTE / VoLTE) ‫هو أحد المواصفات التقنية التي تحدد المعايير‬
4 4‫ واإلجراءات الخاصة بتقديم االتصاالت الصوتية والبيانات عبر شبكات‬G LTE. ‫إنها إحدى طرق إنشاء خدمات الصوت‬
4 ‫ والفيديو والرسائل عالية السرعة وتوفيرها وإدارتها على شبكة السلكية‬G ‫لألجهزة المحمولة واألجهزة المحمولة‬.
‫؟)‪ IP (IMS‬ماذا يعني النظام الفرعي للوسائط المتعددة‬

‫عبارة عن مجموعة من المواصفات التي تصف بنية )‪ (IMS‬النظام الفرعي للوسائط المتعددة عبر بروتوكول اإلنترنت‬
‫شبكات‪ 4‬الجيل التالي لتنفيذ خدمات المهاتفة والوسائط المتعددة القائمة على بروتوكول اإلنترنت‪ .‬تحدد هذه المواصفات‬
‫إطارً ا وهندسة كاملة تتيح التقارب بين تقنيات الفيديو والصوت والبيانات وشبكات المحمول‬

‫)‪ IP (IMS‬تيكوبيديا تشرح النظام الفرعي للوسائط المتعددة‬

‫تم تطويره في البداية من قبل ‪ IP.‬هو إطار معماري لتقديم خدمات‪ 4‬الوسائط المتعددة ‪ IP‬النظام الفرعي للوسائط المتعددة‬
‫كجزء من رؤية لتطور شبكة الهاتف المحمول بما يتجاوز )‪ (3GPP‬مشروع شراكة الجيل الثالث لهيئة المعايير الالسلكية‬
‫‪ (GSM).‬معيار النظام العالمي لالتصاالت المتنقلة‬

‫بروتوكوالت فريق عمل هندسة اإلنترنت لتوفير الوصول إلى التطبيقات الصوتية والوسائط المتعددة من ‪ IMS‬يستخدم‬
‫‪ (SIP).‬أيضً ا الخدمات‪ 4‬التي تم تمكينها وتعتمد على بروتوكول بدء الجلسة ‪ IMS‬محطات السلكية وخطوط سلكية‪ .‬يدعم‬
‫تقدم األنظمة الفرعية للوسائط المتعددة خدمات الوسائط المتعددة ‪ ،‬والتي يمكن الوصول إليها من قبل المستخدمين من‬
‫‪.‬أو نظام االتصاالت الهاتفية التقليدي ‪ IP‬مختلف األجهزة من خالل شبكة‬

‫‪:‬تنقسم بنية الشبكة إلى الطبقات التالية‬

‫طبقة الجهاز‬

‫طبقة النقل‬

‫طبقة التحكم‬

‫طبقة الخدمة‬

‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@‬

‫)‪Techopedia Explains Session Initiation Protocol (SIP‬‬

‫‪SIP is used in applications ranging from Unicast Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls to‬‬
‫‪multistream or multimedia conferencing. SIP runs on User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Stream‬‬
‫‪Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).‬‬

‫‪SIP was accepted as a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) signaling protocol in‬‬
‫‪November 2000 and became a permanent component of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS),‬‬
‫‪which is a mobile (cellular) multimedia streaming framework‬‬

‫)‪ (SIP‬تيكوبيديا تشرح بروتوكول بدء الجلسة‬

‫ يستخدم‬SIP ‫( في تطبيقات تتراوح من مكالمات أحادية اإلرسال الصوتي عبر بروتوكول اإلنترنت‬VoIP) ‫إلى مؤتمرات‬
‫ يعمل‬.‫ البث المتعدد أو مؤتمرات الوسائط المتعددة‬SIP ‫( على بروتوكول مخطط بيانات المستخدم‬UDP) ‫أو بروتوكول نقل‬
‫( التحكم في التدفق‬SCTP) ‫( أو بروتوكول التحكم في اإلرسال‬TCP).

‫ تم قبول‬SIP ‫( كبروتوكول إشارات مشروع شراكة الجيل الثالث‬3GPP) ‫ وأصبح مكو ًنا دائمًا للنظام‬2000 ‫في نوفمبر‬
‫ الفرعي للوسائط المتعددة‬IP (IMS) ، )‫وهو إطار دفق الوسائط المتعددة المحمول (الخلوي‬

???????????????????

Intro 60

Multimedia applications are driving data usage in the cellular networks. Long Term Evolution
(LTE) and its true fourth generation manifestation, Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A),
are technologies that operators are deploying, or planning to deploy, to help them tide over
this evolutionary trend. Having evolved from Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS), the specifications are known as the evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access network
(E-UTRAN). The first version of LTE was released by 3GPP as release 8

‫ التطور طويل األمد‬.‫( تقود تطبيقات الوسائط المتعددة استخدام البيانات في الشبكات الخلوية‬LTE) ‫ومظهره الحقيقي من‬
‫ الجيل الرابع‬، Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) ، ‫ أو يخططون‬، ‫هي التقنيات التي ينشرها المشغلون‬
‫ بعد التطور من النظام العالمي لالتصاالت المتنقلة‬.‫ لمساعدتهم على تجاوز هذا االتجاه التطوري‬، ‫( لنشرها‬UMTS) ،
‫ ُتعرف المواصفات باسم شبكة الوصول الراديوي األرضي‬UMTS ‫( المتطورة‬E-UTRAN). ‫تم إصدار اإلصدار األول‬
‫ من‬LTE 3 ‫بواسطة‬GPP 8 ‫كإصدار‬

?????????????????????????????/

Challenges of VoLTE

There are many challenges of LTE. While 3GPP has standardized IMS based VoLTE for voice
over LTE and SRVCC for call continuity, IMS adoption has been very slow mainly because of
the cost issues. Mass deployment of IMS is nowhere in sight putting a question mark on wide
adoptability of VoLTE. Among the non-IMS techniques, CSFB introduces call latency as the
signaling load on HLR increases. In this section we would discuss the challenges posed by
multiplicity of technologies, protocols and implementation scenarios [anritrsu13].

‫ حديات‬VoLTE

‫ هناك العديد من تحديات‬LTE. 3 4‫بينما قامت‬GPP ‫ بتوحيد‬VoLTE ‫ المعتمد على‬IMS ‫ للتعبير عن الصوت عبر‬LTE ‫و‬
ً ‫بطي ًئا‬
SRVCC ‫ كان اعتماد‬، 4‫ الستمرارية المكالمات‬IMS ‫ النشر الشامل لنظام‬.‫جدا بشكل أساسي بسبب مشكالت التكلفة‬
IMS ‫ ليس في األفق مما يضع عالمة استفهام على قابلية تبني‬VoLTE ‫ من بين التقنيات غير‬.‫ على نطاق واسع‬IMS ،
‫ يقدم‬CSFB ‫ زمن انتقال المكالمة مع زيادة حمل اإلشارة على‬HLR. ‫سنناقش في هذا القسم التحديات التي يفرضها تعدد‬
‫[ التقنيات والبروتوكوالت وسيناريوهات التنفيذ‬anritrsu13]

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Implementation challenges
Standards for voice services over LTE based on 3GPP IMS architecture are still maturing. It
would take time for the subscriber base on LTE to be anywhere close to 2G/3G networks. It
is, therefore, expected that the operators would look for interim solutions before moving on
to full-fledged IMS architecture. For operators this makes economic sense. In the interim the
operators would deploy CSFB, VoLGA or even OTT solutions. The data may be migrated
sooner to the LTE because of built in efficiencies offered by LTE for data operations. New
operators who have obtained spectrum from the digital dividend and do not have any legacy
networks face difficult situation. If they do not wish to go for OTT solutions for the fear of
customer dissatisfaction, they would have to make expensive sharing arrangements with
other operators. Even the existing 2G/3G operators who do not have Generic Access
Network and do not wish to commit investment in IMS would have to go for CSFB. If the
operators have GAN and are prepared to invest in VANC would still have to maintain their
legacy networks.

???????????????????????????????

User satisfaction challenges

Performance of the network for critical real-time services needs to be tested with real-time
audio and video quality measurement tools. Network impairment simulation may be carried
out to test voice call quality by inserting errors in the application data stream. While moving
to more advance technology like LTE, customers expect the service quality to be better than
what they get today. While this may be true for data services where customers can see
faster video downloads, the same cannot be said for voice services. Depending on the voice
over LTE solution deployed by the operator, there may be delay in call set up and
degradation in quality. The service providers would therefore face a difficult choice in the
short and long term. Since IMS based VoLTE has the support of 3GPP, the operators may be
forced to have a roadmap towards full IMS services. The VoLGA forum supports GSMA VoLTE
initiative, which recognizes VoLGA as the interim solution

‫تحديات رضا المستخدم‬

.‫يجب اختبار أداء الشبكة للخدمات الهامة في الوقت الفعلي باستخدام أدوات قياس جودة الصوت والفيديو في الوقت الفعلي‬
‫ أثناء‬.‫يمكن تنفيذ محاكاة ضعف الشبكة الختبار جودة المكالمة الصوتية عن طريق إدخال أخطاء في تدفق بيانات التطبيق‬
‫ االنتقال إلى تقنية أكثر تقدمًا مثل‬LTE ، ‫ في حين أن‬.‫ أن تكون جودة الخدمة أفضل مما يحصلون عليه اليوم‬4‫يتوقع العمالء‬
‫ ال يمكن قول الشيء‬، ‫ البيانات حيث يمكن للعمالء مشاهدة تنزيالت فيديو أسرع‬4‫هذا قد يكون صحيحً ا بالنسبة لخدمات‬
‫ اعتما ًدا على حل‬.‫ نفسه عن الخدمات الصوتية‬LTE ‫ وتدهور‬4‫ قد يكون هناك تأخير في إعداد المكالمة‬، ‫الذي ينشره المشغل‬
‫ نظرً ا ألن‬.‫ لذلك سيواجه مقدمو الخدمة خيارً ا صعبًا على المدى القصير والطويل‬.‫ في الجودة‬VoLTE ‫ القائم على‬IMS
3 ‫يحظى بدعم‬GPP ، ‫ فقد يضطر المشغلون إلى الحصول على خارطة طريق نحو خدمات‬IMS ‫ يدعم منتدى‬.‫الكاملة‬
VoLGA ‫ مبادرة‬GSMA VoLTE ، ‫ التي تعترف بـ‬VoLGA ‫كحل مؤقت‬

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Future Works
A lot of work remains for the standards bodies and research institutions.
There is no doubt that the technology to implement Voice-over-LTE
(VoLTE) is maturing, but mobile operators won't roll out telephony services
in earnest for next couple of years. The main technical concerns are
integration with existing operations and business support systems or the lack
of these for the new operators. Alternative technologies are also allowing
telephony over older networks to coexist with data over LTE.

A new approach that is being tried is the Network functions virtualization

(NFV) technology, which could take some pain out of implementation of
voice over LTE. Using NFV the operators would be able to create virtual
elements of voice over LTE, like EPC and IMS on resources in the cloud.
SDN Orchestration mechanisms can then be used to create the required
architecture of voice over LTE depending on the existing network scenario.
It is being designed to be so versatile that operators would be able to
provision and de-provision instances of voice on demand to meet user
requirements. Specifically, virtualizing the EPC will let operators automate
the authentication and management of subscribers as they access services.
Meanwhile, virtualizing the IMS would reduce the cost of VoLTE
drastically.

Another area on which research is being carried out is providing voice in

LTE- Advanced Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). LTE-A HetNets use a
mix of various sizes of cells. If interference can be controlled in the low
power small cells then high spectral efficiency can be achieved. Enhanced
inter-cell interference coordination and advanced terminal receivers with
interference cancellation (eICIC/IC) has been used to provide high
performance in heterogeneous networks in LTE. The LTE Advanced eICIC
feature has been standardized in 3GPP Rel. 10. The VoLTE service
including features such as Transmission Time Interval (TTI) bundling can
coexist with LTE HetNets using eICIC/IC

‫أعمال المستقبل‬

‫ ليس هناك شك في أن تقنية تنفيذ‬.‫ ال يزال هناك الكثير من العمل لهيئات المعايير والمؤسسات البحثية‬Voice-over-LTE
(VoLTE) ‫ الهاتف بشكل جدي خالل العامين‬4‫ لكن مشغلي الهاتف المحمول لن يطرحوا خدمات‬، ‫في طريقها للنضج‬
‫ االهتمامات التقنية الرئيسية هي التكامل مع العمليات الحالية وأنظمة دعم األعمال أو عدم وجود هذه للمشغلين‬.‫المقبلين‬
‫ القديمة بالتعايش مع البيانات عبر‬4‫ تسمح التقنيات البديلة أيضً ا للمهاتفة عبر الشبكات‬.‫ الجدد‬LTE.

‫( األسلوب الجديد الذي تتم تجربته هو تقنية التمثيل االفتراضي لوظائف الشبكة‬NFV) ، ‫والتي يمكن أن تخفف بعض األلم‬
‫ من تنفيذ الصوت عبر‬LTE. ‫ باستخدام‬NFV ، ‫ سيتمكن المشغلون من إنشاء عناصر افتراضية للصوت عبر‬LTE ، ‫مثل‬
EPC ‫ و‬IMS ‫ يمكن بعد ذلك استخدام آليات تنسيق‬.‫ على الموارد الموجودة في السحابة‬SDN ‫ البنية المطلوبة‬4‫إلنشاء‬
‫ للصوت عبر‬LTE ‫ بحيث يتمكن المشغلون من‬4‫ تم تصميمه ليكون متعدد االستخدامات‬.‫اعتما ًد ا على سيناريو الشبكة الحالي‬
‫ ستسمح محاكاة‬، ‫ على وجه التحديد‬.‫ توفير وإلغاء توفير مثيالت الصوت عند الطلب لتلبية متطلبات المستخدم‬EPC
‫ فإن تحويل نظام‬، ‫ وفي الوقت نفسه‬.‫ وإدارة المشتركين أثناء وصولهم إلى الخدمات‬4‫ للمشغلين بأتمتة مصادقة‬IMS ‫إلى‬
‫ نظام افتراضي من شأنه أن يقلل من تكلفة‬VoLTE ‫بشكل كبير‬.

‫ مجال آخر يجري البحث فيه هو توفير الصوت في‬LTE- ‫( شبكات غير متجانسة متقدمة‬HetNets). ‫ تستخدم‬LTE-A
HetNets ‫ إذا كان من الممكن التحكم في التداخل في الخاليا الصغيرة منخفضة‬.‫مزيجً ا من أحجام مختلفة من الخاليا‬
‫ تم استخدام تنسيق محسن للتداخل بين الخاليا ومستقبالت طرفية متقدمة مع‬.‫ فيمكن تحقيق كفاءة طيفية عالية‬، ‫الطاقة‬
‫( إلغاء التداخل‬eICIC / IC) ‫عال في الشبكات غير المتجانسة في‬
ٍ ‫ لتوفير أداء‬LTE. ‫ تم توحيد ميزة‬LTE Advanced
eICIC 3 ‫في‬GPP Rel. 10. ‫ يمكن أن تتعايش خدمة‬VoLTE ‫( بما في ذلك ميزات مثل تجميع فاصل وقت اإلرسال‬TTI)
‫ مع‬LTE HetNets ‫ باستخدام‬eICIC / IC

??????????????????

summery

Migration towards LTE is a foregone conclusion. Both the existing cellular operators and the
new ones who received spectrum in the ~digital dividend auction are looking at LTE as the
savior technology in the era of exponential increase in data traffic. 3GPP Release 8, 9 and 10
that deal with LTE and LTE-A explain how LTE has been optimized for data transmission. In
the process the casualty is circuit switched voice. While there is an option of OTT services,
cellular operators are averse to this choice for many reasons and it would also not go down
well with subscribers as the main voice offering. The GSMA has standardized 3GPP IMS
based VoLTE as the ultimate solution for circuit switched voice and SMS in heterogeneous
and pure LTE networks. As this solution is complex and expensive, operators are considering
CSFB and VoLGA, atleast in the interim. In this paper we deliberate upon technical details of
various VoLTE technologies, their upsides and downsides and the situations in which they
could be deployed. Future developments and research in the area of VoLTE has also been
discussed*

‫ الهجرة نحو‬LTE ‫ ينظر كل من المشغلين الخلويين الحاليين والجدد الذين حصلوا على الطيف في مزاد‬.‫أمر مفروغ منه‬
‫ األرباح الرقمية إلى تقنية‬LTE 3 ‫ تشرح‬.‫ باعتبارها التقنية المنقذة في عصر الزيادة الهائلة في حركة البيانات‬GPP
‫ التي تتعامل مع‬10 ‫ و‬9 ‫ و‬8 ‫ اإلصدارات‬LTE ‫ و‬LTE-A ‫ كيف تم تحسين‬LTE ‫ في هذه العملية المصاب هو‬.‫لنقل البيانات‬
‫ في حين أن هناك خيارً ا لخدمات‬.‫ صوت بتبديل الدائرة‬OTT ، ‫إال أن مشغلي الهواتف الخلوية يكرهون هذا االختيار‬
‫ قامت‬.‫ كما أنه لن يكون جي ًدا مع المشتركين كعرض الصوت الرئيسي‬، ‫ ألسباب عديدة‬GSMA ‫ بتوحيد‬VoLTE ‫القائم‬
3 ‫على‬GPP IMS ‫ باعتباره الحل النهائي للصوت بتبديل الدارات والرسائل النصية القصيرة في شبكات‬LTE ‫غير‬
‫ فإن المشغلين يفكرون في‬، ‫ نظرً ا ألن هذا الحل معقد ومكلف‬.‫ المتجانسة والنقية‬CSFB ‫ و‬VoLGA ، ‫على األقل في هذه‬
‫ نتداول بشأن التفاصيل الفنية لتقنيات‬، ‫ في هذه الورقة‬.‫ األثناء‬VoLTE ‫ والمواقف التي يمكن‬، ‫ ومزاياها وعيوبها‬، ‫المختلفة‬
‫ كما تمت مناقشة التطورات واألبحاث المستقبلية في مجال‬.‫ نشرها فيها‬VoLTE *

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Abstract

Rapid increase in data traffic over cellular network is necessitating deployment of Long Term
Evolution (LTE) in the cellular operators networks. While LTE provides efficient data traffic
handling and high data rates, it lacks native circuit switched voice capability. The GSM
association has standardized IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) based VoLTE solution along
with Single radio SRVCC for handover. Migration to this solution requires operators to have
expensive and complex IMS deployments. This has led to operators leveraging the existing
2G/3G networks with VoLTE methods like Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) and Voice over
LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA). This paper describes both, the interim and the long-term,
solutions for the operators and their respective pro and cons. Future directions in VoLTE
research have also been briefly described.

??????????????????????????

‫ممكن نشتق منه ابستراكت‬

Volte is designed to support voice calls on LTE network. As LTE is all IP network there was
need to support the traditional voice calls over PS domain. IMS or IP Multimedia Subsystem
is required to carry voice over LTE network. Network operators have to deploy IMS in order
to facilitate Volte calls. In this video we will go over the introduction of voice over lte

?????????????????????????

UE is a mobile terminal authorized to be used in an LTE network. UE may be a smartphone,

tablet or other communication devices.

An IMS powered UE has two main components.

Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC)

Session Initiation Protocol User Agent (SIP UA)

?????????????????????????????????

ABSTRUCT

Voice service is one of the basic services that the mobile internet carrier provides for its
users. There are severa1 schemes to carry on the voice service in LTE era. The VoLTE scheme
was focused on and had been studied both in theoretica1 and implementation views. Based
on the 3GPP standards，the key technologies of VoLTE had been clarified，and the network
architecture was also studied. Specifica11y，the interoperability between VoLTE and the
1egacy networks was analyzed to guarantee the continuity of service.
Additiona11y，suggestions were given for the VoLTE development and business conducting

‫ هناك‬.‫ األساسية التي يوفرها مشغل اإلنترنت عبر الهاتف المحمول لمستخدميه‬4‫خدمة الصوت هي إحدى الخدمات‬
‫ مخططات‬Severa1 ‫ لمواصلة الخدمة الصوتية في عصر‬LTE. ‫ تم التركيز على مخطط‬VoLTE ‫وتم دراسته في كل من‬
theoretica1 3 ‫ بنا ًء على معايير‬.‫وآراء التنفيذ‬GPP ، ‫ تم توضيح التقنيات الرئيسية لـ‬VoLTE ، ‫كما تمت دراسة بنية‬
‫الشبكة‬. Specifica11y 4‫ تم تحليل قابلية التشغيل البيني بين شبكات‬VoLTE ‫ تم‬.‫ القديمة لضمان استمرارية الخدمة‬1 ‫و‬
‫ تقديم اقتراحات‬Additiona11y ‫ لتطوير‬VoLTE ‫وإجراء األعمال‬.

.
????????????????????????????????????????????????????

SUMMERY

VoLTE is a real-time telephony service managed over the operator network end to end (IMS,
EPC, LTE RAN with policy control), such that the service may be prioritized over all other
services. OTT VoIP services run as best-effort data services over the LTE network

and are thus mixed with all other data traffic. The OTT services can therefore sometimes
have high quality, and sometimes very poor quality, while VoLTE offers a high and stable
quality throughout the calls. Devices are also specifically designed to support inherent
telephony services like VoLTE, since a number of standardization requirements like QoS and
mobility have to be fulfilled, which is not the case with OTT services.

VoLTE ‫( هي خدمة هاتفية في الوقت الفعلي ُتدار عبر شبكة المشغل من طرف إلى طرف‬IMS ، EPC ، LTE RAN ‫مع‬
‫ )التحكم في السياسة‬، 4‫ تعمل خدمات‬.‫ األخرى‬4‫ بحيث يمكن إعطاء األولوية للخدمة على جميع الخدمات‬OTT VoIP
‫ بيانات بأفضل جهد عبر شبكة‬4‫ كخدمات‬LTE

‫ لذلك يمكن أن تتمتع خدمات‬.‫ وبالتالي يتم خلطها مع جميع حركة البيانات األخرى‬OTT ، ‫بجودة عالية في بعض األحيان‬
‫ بينما توفر‬، ‫ وأحيا ًنا ذات جودة رديئة للغاية‬VoLTE ‫ تم تصميم األجهزة أيضًا‬.‫جودة عالية ومستقرة خالل المكالمات‬
‫صا لدعم خدمات االتصال الهاتفي المتأصلة مثل‬ ً ‫ خصي‬VoLTE ، ‫نظرً ا ألنه يجب الوفاء بعدد من متطلبات التقييس مثل‬
‫ وهذا ليس هو الحال مع خدمات‬، ‫ جودة الخدمة والتنقل‬OTT.

-
Mobile communications systems were designed from the very beginning, since the analogue
First Generation (1G), with the goal of providing voice services. With the arrival of the
Second Generation (2G) using digital transmission, a wider range of voice services became
available to a large number of users, with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
being the most popular system in Europe, at the time, based on circuit-switched technology.
At a later stage, data services were added, but voice remained as the main traffic source.
The Third Generation (3G) emerged with the intent of providing high-speed packet-switched
data transfer following the abrupt growth of popularity of the Internet in fixed networks,
bringing Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) as the evolution of GSM
according to the specifications of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

Long Term Evolution (LTE) appears as 3GPP’s Fourth Generation (4G) solution, based on an
entirely packet-switched oriented architecture, aimed at fulfilling the exponential demand
for Internet Protocol (IP) data services. It was initially designed to provide a peak data rate of
100 Mbps in the downlink (DL) and 50 Mbps in the uplink (UL), while ensuring low latency to
allow real-time applications, like voice and interactive gaming [HoTo11]. High spectral
efficiency as well as high levels of mobility, security and

terminal power efficiency constituted also the main targets for LTE. In this context, the need
to move voice services from circuit-switched to an entirely packet-switched architecture
raised.

In 2000, 3GPP standardised the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a framework aimed at

providing multimedia services like voice, over 3GPP systems. However, implementation
aspects like session setup, authentication or bearer setup were left for service providers and
vendors to decide upon. In November 2009, the One Voice initiative was established by 12
telecommunications companies, from operators to manufacturers, proposing a standard
solution for an IMS-based Voice over LTE (VoLTE) service [YiCh12]. In March 2010, the GSM
Association (GSMA) supported by more than 40 companies all around the globe published
an improvement of the One Voice profile, specifying a set of requirements to provide Voice
over IP (VoIP) calls over LTE in their official document IR.92 –IMS Profile for Voice and SMS
[GSMA16a].

Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB)

Until we get to VoLTE, initial LTE deployments are focused on data applications with
circuitswitched fallback used to deliver interim voice services for LTE subscribers. With CSFB,
an incoming or outgoing voice call forces a radio fallback from LTE to the legacy 2G or 3G
service. Any 4G data is stopped at this point, limiting voice and texting to slower legacy 3G
mobile services. CSFB will primarily use narrowband codecs, and not the AMR-WB (Adaptive
Multi-Rate Wideband) used for HD audio. Additionally, it will not enable all-IP services such
as video calls.

The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized
radioaccess technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. Same time its network
architecture has been designed with the goal to support packet-switched traffic with
seamless mobility and great quality of service

‫ وزمن انتقال منخفض وتقنية وصول السلكي محسّنة للحزم تدعم‬، ‫عال‬
ٍ ‫ هو توفير معدل بيانات‬LTE ‫الهدف الرئيسي من‬
‫ تم تصميم بنية الشبكة الخاصة بها بهدف دعم حركة المرور ذات‬، ‫ في نفس الوقت‬.‫عمليات نشر النطاق الترددي المرنة‬
‫تبديل الحزمة مع التنقل السلس وجودة الخدمة الرائعة‬

In the era of fast paced environment, Technological enhancements and their rapid and wide
applications are having a significant impact on a nation’s traditional skills and ways of life.
With new technology hitting in the market, this is changing the way that how we are living
the life. Evolution of LTE deployment in telecom made the end user life easier and fast.
Initially people were using wireless telecom for voice services only & with passage of time
customer’s needs increased and voice only was not enough to serve the purpose. Then
evolution of data came in. Enhancing from third generation to the fourth generation, has
accomplished big capacity and high speed of mobile telephone networks as well as high
internet speed without any doubt.

The main objective of this project is, firstly to identify the factors that affect the design of
the wireless access network for LTE and define how to take them into account to achieve
optimally performing and cost-efficient networks. It will present an overall description for
LTE backhaul research, architecture and some parameters to deploy an efficient LTE
network. Secondly after deployment, then the troubleshoot part comes in. In this section,

we will show problem that the network can face while in use and their solution are
explained to enhance the performance of the LTE network

‫ تؤثر التحسينات التكنولوجية وتطبيقاتها السريعة والواسعة تأثيرً ا كبيرً ا على المهارات‬، ‫في عصر البيئة سريعة الخطى‬
‫ أدى‬.‫ هذا يغير الطريقة التي نعيش بها الحياة‬، ‫ مع دخول التكنولوجيا الجديدة إلى السوق‬.‫وأساليب الحياة التقليدية لألمة‬
‫ تطور نشر‬LTE ‫ في البداية كان الناس يستخدمون‬.‫في االتصاالت إلى جعل حياة المستخدم النهائي أسهل وأسرع‬
‫ العمالء ولم يكن الصوت فقط كافيا ً لخدمة‬4‫ الصوتية فقط ومع مرور الوقت زادت احتياجات‬4‫االتصاالت الالسلكية للخدمات‬
‫ حقق سعة كبيرة وسرعة عالية لشبكات‬، ‫ التحسين من الجيل الثالث إلى الجيل الرابع‬.‫ ثم جاء تطور البيانات‬.‫الغرض‬
‫الهاتف المحمول باإلضافة إلى سرعة إنترنت عالية دون أدنى شك‬.
‫ الهدف الرئيسي من هذا المشروع هو أوالً تحديد العوامل التي تؤثر على تصميم شبكة الوصول الالسلكي لـ‬LTE ‫وتحديد‬
‫ لبحوث ربط‬4ً‫ سيقدم وص ًفا شامال‬.‫ كيفية أخذها في االعتبار لتحقيق األداء األمثل والشبكات الفعالة من حيث التكلفة‬LTE ،
‫ لنشر شبكة‬4‫ والهندسة المعمارية وبعض المعلمات‬LTE .‫ يأتي جزء استكشاف األخطاء وإصالحها‬، ‫ ثانيًا بعد النشر‬.‫فعالة‬
‫في هذا القسم‬،

‫ سنعرض المشكلة التي يمكن أن تواجهها الشبكة أثناء االستخدام ويتم شرح حلها لتحسين أداء شبكة‬LTE

>>>>>>>>>>>>

VoLTE becomes one of first services to fully leverage the end-to-end quality of service (QoS)
capabilities built into IMS-based LTE networks. Operators can market—and monetize—this
advantage by making deals with OTT providers seeking to differentiate on quality, and by
rolling out their own premium services to generate new revenues.

‫ أصبحت‬VoLTE ‫ جودة الخدمة الشاملة‬4‫( واحدة من أولى الخدمات التي استفادت بشكل كامل من إمكانات‬QoS) ‫المضمنة‬
‫ في شبكات‬LTE ‫ القائمة على‬IMS. ‫ من خالل عقد صفقات مع‬- ‫ وتحقيق الدخل منها‬- ‫يمكن للمشغلين تسويق هذه الميزة‬
‫ مزودي خدمات‬OTT ‫ ومن خالل طرح خدماتهم المتميزة لتوليد إيرادات جديدة‬، ‫الذين يسعون إلى التميز في الجودة‬

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

Faster Call Setup

VoLTE delivers sub-second call setup times, a major improvement upon 3G call setups taking
approximately 3 seconds. True VoLTE also significantly improves upon interim LTE solutions
using CSFB where the latency resulting from handoffs to circuit-switched networks result in
setup times exceeding 4 seconds

‫اإلعداد السريع للمكالمات‬

‫ يوفر‬VoLTE 3 4‫ وهو تحسن كبير في إعدادات مكالمات‬، ‫ أقل من ثانية‬4‫أوقات إعداد مكالمات‬G 3 ‫التي تستغرق حوالي‬
‫ تحسن تقنية‬.‫ثوان‬
ٍ True VoLTE ‫ضا بشكل كبير من حلول‬ ً ‫ أي‬LTE ‫ المؤقتة باستخدام‬CSFB ‫حيث ينتج عن زمن االنتقال‬
‫ثوان‬
ٍ 4 ‫الناتج عن عمليات التسليم إلى شبكات تبديل الدوائر أوقات إعداد تتجاوز‬

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB)

Until we get to VoLTE, initial LTE deployments are focused on data applications with
circuitswitched fallback used to deliver interim voice services for LTE subscribers. With CSFB,

an incoming or outgoing voice call forces a radio fallback from LTE to the legacy 2G or 3G
service. Any 4G data is stopped at this point, limiting voice and texting to slower legacy 3G
mobile services.

CSFB will primarily use narrowband codecs, and not the AMR-WB (Adaptive Multi-Rate
Wideband) used for HD audio. Additionally, it will not enable all-IP services such as video
calls.
 ‫( تبديل الدارة االحتياطية‬CSFB)

‫ حتى نصل إلى‬VoLTE ، ‫ تركز عمليات نشر‬LTE ‫األولية على تطبيقات البيانات مع تبديل الدوائر االحتياطية المستخدمة‬
‫ لتقديم خدمات صوتية مؤقتة لمشتركي‬LTE. ‫ مع‬CSFB ،

‫ تفرض مكالمة صوتية واردة أو صادرة رجوعً ا السلكيًا من‬LTE 2 ‫إلى خدمة‬G 3 ‫أو‬G 4 ‫ يتم إيقاف أي بيانات‬.‫القديمة‬G
3 ‫ مما يحد من الصوت والرسائل النصية لخدمات الهاتف المحمول‬، ‫في هذه المرحلة‬G ‫القديمة األبطأ‬.

‫ سيستخدم‬CSFB ‫ وليس‬، ‫ بشكل أساسي برامج الترميز ضيقة النطاق‬AMR-WB ( ‫النطاق العريض متعدد المعدالت‬
‫ لن يتم تمكين جميع خدمات )التكيفي‬، ‫ باإلضافة إلى ذلك‬.‫ المستخدم للصوت عالي الدقة‬IP ‫مثل مكالمات الفيديو‬.

Ccccccccccccccccccccccccc

What are the benefits of VoLTE?

The implementation of VoLTE offers many benefits, both in terms of
0cost and operation. VoLTE:
 Provides more efficient use of spectrum than traditional Voice
 Meets the rising demand for ‘Richer’, more reliable services
 Eliminates the need to have Voice on one network and data on
another
 Unlocks new revenue potential, utilising IMS as the common
service platform
 Can be deployed in parallel with video calls over LTE and RCS
multimedia services, including video share, multimedia messaging,
chat and file transfer
 Increases handset battery life by 40 per cent (compared with
VoIP)
 Delivers an unusually crisp calling experience
 Provides rapid call establishment time

What are the benefits of VoLTE?

Fast call set-up.

High voice quality and reduced background noise.

The phone remains in the 4G/LTE network during voice calls.

You can use 4G/LTE data services, such as web surfing and tethering, while simultaneously
making and receiving calls.

When calling over LTE, you don't use extra data but call minutes. You pay for the voice call
service, not the data you use

????????????????????????

What is VoLTE?

VoLTE stands for Voice over Long-Term Evolution or Voice over LTE. VoLTE offers the
possibility to voice call via the LTE/4G* mobile network.

Previously, 4G was limited to surfing the Internet. When it came to calls, your phone would
automatically switch to 3G or 2G. You may recall a few seconds of delay before the
recipient's phone rang. Thanks to VoLTE, that delay is gone.

On a 2G or 3G network, calls and data are separated and cannot work simultaneously. For
example, during a phone call on a 2G network, any incoming text messages at that moment
will only arrive after you’ve terminated your phone call. On a 4G LTE network, both calls and
data work in unison, meaning that a text message will arrive instantly even during a call.

*The terms 4G and LTE refer to the same technology and can be used interchangeably

‫ ما هو‬VoLTE‫؟‬

VoLTE ‫ تعني‬Voice over Long-Term Evolution ‫ أو‬Voice over LTE. ‫ يوفر‬VoLTE ‫إمكانية إجراء مكالمة‬
‫ صوتية عبر شبكة الهاتف المحمول‬LTE / 4G *.

4 ‫ كان‬، ‫في السابق‬G 3 ‫ سيتحول هاتفك تلقائيًا إلى‬، ‫ عندما يتعلق األمر بالمكالمات‬.‫ يقتصر على تصفح اإلنترنت‬G ‫أو‬
2G. ‫ بفضل‬.‫ قد تتذكر بضع ثوان من التأخير قبل رنين هاتف المستلم‬VoLTE ، ‫انتهى هذا التأخير‬.

2 ‫على شبكة‬G 3 ‫أو‬G ، ‫ أثناء‬، ‫ على سبيل المثال‬.‫ والبيانات وال يمكن أن تعمل في نفس الوقت‬4‫يتم فصل المكالمات‬
2 ‫مكالمة هاتفية على شبكة‬G ، ‫ على شبكة‬.‫لن تصل أي رسائل نصية واردة في تلك اللحظة إال بعد إنهاء مكالمتك الهاتفية‬
4G LTE ، ‫ مما يعني أن رسالة نصية ستصل على الفور حتى أثناء‬، ‫ والبيانات في انسجام‬4‫تعمل كل من المكالمات‬
‫المكالمة‬.

* 4 ‫يشير المصطلحان‬G ‫ و‬LTE ‫ بالتبادل‬4‫إلى نفس التقنية ويمكن استخدامهما‬

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Consumer VoLTE benefits

1. High-definition voice: The most noticeable benefit consumers will experience with VoLTE
is improved voice quality. Traditional voice networks transmit voice calls using an 8kbps
codec. Verizon says it's using a 13kbps codec that also uses more-modern compression
methods. The result is a call that's noticeably clearer than a typical cell phone call. I tried it
out for myself on Verizon's LTE network during a press briefing. I was skeptical that I'd notice
the difference, but when I switched between the two networks using an LG G2 smartphone,
I definitely noticed. And the VoLTE call was superior.

video-calling-1.jpg

Verizon Wireless

"The difference between a voice call made over VoLTE and one using the traditional CDMA
network is like the difference between talking through a tin can connected with string and a
full symphony in CD quality," said Roger Entner, lead analyst at Recon Analytics. "It's night
and day."

2. Rich Communications Services or RCS: VoLTE also will enable wireless operators to deliver
a new set of standards-based services referred to as Rich Communications Services, or RCS.
These services include things like video calling, file transferring, real time language
translation, video voicemail and instant messaging. Many of these applications are already
delivered over cellular data service using third-party apps. For instance, iPhone users are
very familiar with FaceTime for video calling. Millions of people use Skype for video calls as
well as messenger services. And Google offers its Google Translate service.The benefit of
VoLTE is that it lets you launch these services directly from the phone's native dialer. As Greg
Dial, executive director of mobile services for Verizon, explained it to me recently, "There's
no opening a separate app."

Right now Verizon Wireless is the only carrier offering video chat as part of its VoLTE service.
And no one is yet offering any of the other more-advanced features. But eventually Verizon
and other carriers deploying VoLTE will add other Rich Communication Services.

Another thing to keep in mind is that there are services that could be enabled by VoLTE that
no one has even thought of yet.
‫‪3. Faster call setup times: Connecting calls using VoLTE will be much faster than it is today‬‬
‫‪using the older circuit-switched technology on a 2G wireless network. How much faster? T-‬‬
‫‪Mobile CTO Neville Ray has said it can be up to twice as fast as non-VoLTE call setups.‬‬

‫للمستهلكين ‪ VoLTE‬فوائد‬

‫هي تحسين جودة الصوت‪ .‬تنقل ‪ VoLTE‬صوت عالي الوضوح‪ :‬الميزة األكثر وضوحً ا التي سيختبرها المستهلكون مع ‪1.‬‬
‫إنها تستخدم ‪ Verizon‬الشبكات‪ 4‬الصوتية التقليدية المكالمات‪ 4‬الصوتية باستخدام برنامج ترميز ‪ 8‬كيلو بت في الثانية‪ .‬تقول‬
‫برنامج ترميز ‪ 13‬كيلو بت في الثانية يستخدم أيضً ا طرق ضغط أكثر حداثة‪ .‬والنتيجة هي مكالمة أوضح بشكل ملحوظ‬
‫خالل مؤتمر صحفي‪ .‬كنت متشك ًكا في أنني ‪ Verizon‬من ‪ LTE‬من مكالمة هاتف محمول عادية‪ .‬جربته بنفسي على شبكة‬
‫الحظت بالتأكيد‪ .‬وكانت مكالمة‪ LG G2 ، 4‬الحظت الفرق ‪ ،‬لكن عندما قمت‪ 4‬بالتبديل بين الشبكتين باستخدام هاتف ذكي‬
‫‪.‬متفوقة ‪VoLTE‬‬

‫‪.jpg‬مكالمات‪ 4‬الفيديو ‪1‬‬

‫فيريزون وايرلس‬

‫إن االختالف بين المكالمة الصوتية التي يتم إجراؤها عبر" ‪ Recon Analytics:‬قال روجر إنتنر ‪ ،‬المحلل الرئيسي في‬
‫التقليدية هو مثل االختالف بين التحدث من خالل علبة يمكن توصيلها ‪ CDMA‬والمكالمة التي تستخدم شبكة ‪VoLTE‬‬
‫"‪.‬بسلسلة وسيمفونية كاملة في جودة القرص المضغوط"‪" .‬إنه الليل والنهار‬

‫أيضً ا على تمكين مشغلي الشبكات الالسلكية من تقديم مجموعة ‪ VoLTE‬ستعمل ‪ RCS:‬خدمات‪ 4‬االتصاالت الغنية أو ‪2.‬‬
‫تتضمن هذه ‪ RCS.‬أو ‪ Rich Communications Services‬جديدة من الخدمات‪ 4‬القائمة على المعايير المشار إليها باسم‬
‫الخدمات أشياء مثل مكالمات الفيديو ونقل الملفات وترجمة اللغة في الوقت الفعلي والبريد الصوتي المرئي والمراسلة‬
‫الفورية‪ .‬يتم تسليم العديد من هذه التطبيقات بالفعل عبر خدمة البيانات الخلوية باستخدام تطبيقات الطرف الثالث‪ .‬على‬
‫‪ Skype‬لمكالمات الفيديو‪ .‬يستخدم ماليين األشخاص ‪ FaceTime‬على دراية كبيرة بـ ‪ iPhone‬سبيل المثال ‪ ،‬مستخدمو‬
‫في ‪ VoLTE‬وتتمثل فائدة ‪ Google ،‬خدمة الترجمة من ‪ Google‬لمكالمات‪ 4‬الفيديو باإلضافة إلى خدمات المراسلة‪ .‬وتقدم‬
‫أنها تتيح لك تشغيل هذه الخدمات‪ 4‬مباشرة من المتصل األصلي للهاتف‪ .‬كما أوضح لي جريج ديال ‪ ،‬المدير التنفيذي‬
‫"‪.‬األمر مؤخرً ا ‪" ،‬ال يوجد فتح تطبيق منفصل ‪ Verizon ،‬لخدمات الهاتف المحمول في‬

‫وال يقدم ‪ VoLTE.‬الناقل الوحيد الذي يقدم دردشة الفيديو كجزء من خدمة ‪ Verizon Wireless‬في الوقت الحالي ‪ ،‬تعد‬
‫وشركات النقل األخرى التي ‪ Verizon‬أحد حتى اآلن أيًا من الميزات األخرى األكثر تقدمًا‪ .‬ولكن في النهاية ‪ ،‬ستضيف‬
‫‪.‬خدمات‪ 4‬اتصال غنية أخرى ‪ VoLTE‬تنشر‬

‫‪.‬لم يفكر بها أحد حتى اآلن ‪ VoLTE‬شيء آخر يجب مراعاته هو أن هناك خدمات يمكن تمكينها بواسطة‬
3. ‫ سيكون توصيل المكالمات باستخدام‬:‫ أسرع‬4‫ أوقات إعداد مكالمات‬VoLTE ‫أسرع بكثير مما هو عليه اليوم باستخدام‬
2 ‫تقنية تبديل الدوائر األقدم على شبكة السلكية‬G. ‫ كم اسرع؟ قال‬T-Mobile CTO Neville Ray ‫أنه يمكن أن يصل إلى‬
‫ ضعف سرعة إعدادات المكالمات غير‬VoLTE.

???????????????????????????????????????/

‫مقدمة عن ال تي أي ممكن نستخلص منها الهدف من المشروع‬

The early mobile systems (1G - 1st Generation) emerged in commercial scope in the 1980's,
but it was in this last decade that the mobile communication became irreplaceable for the
society. The 2G (2nd Generation) and 3G (3rd Generation) technologies are now world
spread and with the prices of the phones getting cheaper it makes even easier to people to
get access to these technologies.

The continuous demand for higher speed and connectivity makes necessary a continuous
evolution of the communication systems. The LTE-A (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is the
technology that will represent this next generation of mobile services. It is a standard
developed by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) that will improve communication
performance, increasing data rate and link range without increasing transmit power or
bandwidth.

As diagram suggest, it’s all about carrying voice over LTE Data Network

Ims volte
Since IMS is part of the Third Generation Partnership Project also called as 3GPP, this makes
IMS as Standard solution with Pre-Defined Interworking with underlying 3G & 4G Services.
Flexibility and expandability would allow Operators to bring new services on-line as those
services emerge and evolve. IMS is designed to offer unprecedented convenience for
individual and business users

Along with LTE Network, Operators can harness the true power of IMS which stands for IP
Multimedia Subsystem. IMS is a standalone system which resides out of the LTE network and
connected to PDN Gateway or PGW through SGi interface
The idea of IMS is very old & was very popular around Year 2004, this used to be a failed
Concept prior to support of VoLTE Services. In that Era, Originally the concept for an SMS
and voice system over LTE using IMS had been opposed by many operators because of the
complexity of IMS. They had seen it as far too expensive and burdensome to introduce and
maintain. With VoLTE Launch, This again got popular and in Demand now a days with LTE &
VoLTE Services

Voice over LTE (VoLTE) aims to provide the ability to handle cellular voice calls over LTE.
Most major LTE network providers have announced their intentions to at least begin to
deploy VoLTE within the next couple years

‫ يهدف‬Voice over LTE (VoLTE) ‫ إلى توفير القدرة على التعامل مع المكالمات الصوتية الخلوية عبر‬LTE. ‫أعلن معظم‬
‫ مزودي شبكات‬LTE ‫ عن نيتهم البدء على األقل في نشر‬VoLTE ‫خالل العامين المقبلين‬

???????????????/

Voice over LTE, VoLTE is the method of sending voice over an LTE bearer. Although there are
many over the top applications for carrying voice over an LTE signal, VoLTE is the method
that is provided by operators.

When LTE was launched, it was seen as a packet data based system for data only. Operators
would be able to carry voice either by reverting to 2G / 3G systems or by using VoIP in one
form or another. However this did not provide the operator revenue and the standardisation
required to provide a really reliable service.

A further requirement was that many system relied on SMS messaging. It was therefore
particularly important to have a viable and standardised format for voice over LTE and
messaging to protect the revenue provided to operators by these services.

To overcome this Voice over LTE, was introduced as the global scheme to provide seamless
integration of voice and short messaging into LTE networks.

‫ الصوت عبر‬LTE ، VoLTE ‫ هي طريقة إرسال الصوت عبر حامل‬LTE. ‫على الرغم من وجود العديد من التطبيقات‬
‫ العلوية لنقل الصوت عبر إشارة‬LTE ، ‫ فإن‬VoLTE ‫هي الطريقة التي يوفرها المشغلون‬.
‫كان يُنظر إليه على أنه نظام قائم على حزم البيانات للبيانات فقط‪ .‬سيتمكن المشغلون من نقل ‪ LTE ،‬عندما تم إطالق‬
‫بشكل أو بآخر‪ .‬ومع ذلك ‪ ،‬فإن هذا لم يوفر ‪ VoIP‬أو باستخدام ‪G / 3G‬الصوت إما عن طريق العودة إلى أنظمة ‪2‬‬
‫‪.‬إيرادات المشغل والتوحيد المطلوب لتقديم خدمة موثوقة ح ًقا‬

‫لذلك كان من المهم بشكل خاص أن يكون لديك ‪ SMS.‬كان هناك مطلب آخر هو أن العديد من األنظمة تعتمد على رسائل‬
‫‪.‬والرسائل لحماية اإليرادات التي توفرها هذه الخدمات للمشغلين ‪ LTE‬تنسيق قابل للتطبيق وموحد للصوت عبر‬

‫تم تقديمه كمخطط عالمي لتوفير تكامل سلس للرسائل الصوتية والرسائل القصيرة ‪ LTE ،‬للتغلب على هذا الصوت عبر‬
‫‪ LTE.‬في شبكات‬

‫‪?////////////////////////‬‬

‫‪VoLTE Advantages‬‬

‫‪Voice over LTE provides high-definition voice quality thanks to the Adaptive Multirate Wide‬‬
‫‪Band (AMR-WB) codec. As a result, the quality of the phone call is up to 6 times higher than‬‬
‫‪that of GSM calls in circuit networks.‬‬

‫‪Also, the set-up time is up to two times quicker. Communications require less bandwidth‬‬
‫‪(thanks to the greater spectral efficiency of the LTE data network) and resources used by‬‬
‫‪carriers in circuit networks can be shifted to the LTE packet network. IP and Robust Header‬‬
‫‪compression (RoHC) is used in voice packets, thereby reducing the overhead created by IP‬‬
‫‪headers. The packet network allows for the native deployment of Rich Communication‬‬
‫‪Services (RCS) like video calls, instant messaging, chats or file transfer (right from the‬‬
‫‪telephony application of the terminal).‬‬

‫‪ VoLTE‬مزايا‬

‫‪ Adaptive Multirate Wide Band (AMR-‬جودة صوت عالية الدقة بفضل برنامج الترميز ‪ Voice over LTE‬يوفر‬
‫‪.‬في شبكات الدوائر ‪ GSM‬ونتيجة لذلك ‪ ،‬فإن جودة المكالمة‪ 4‬الهاتفية أعلى ‪ 6‬مرات من جودة مكالمات‪WB). 4‬‬

‫)‪ LTE‬بفضل الكفاءة الطيفية األكبر لشبكة بيانات( كما أن وقت اإلعداد أسرع بمرتين‪ .‬تتطلب االتصاالت نطا ًقا تردديًا أقل‬
‫وضغط ‪ IP‬يتم استخدام ‪ LTE.‬ويمكن تحويل الموارد التي تستخدمها شركات النقل في شبكات الدوائر إلى شبكة حزم‬
‫تسمح شبكة الحزمة بالنشر األصلي ‪ IP.‬في حزم الصوت ‪ ،‬وبالتالي تقليل الحمل الناتج عن رؤوس )‪ (RoHC‬الرأس القوي‬
‫مثل مكالمات‪ 4‬الفيديو أو الرسائل الفورية أو الدردشات أو نقل الملفات (مباشرة من )‪ (RCS‬لخدمات االتصاالت الغنية‬
‫‪.‬تطبيق الهاتف الخاص بالمحطة)‬
Is VoLTE Good Or Bad?

VoLTE is the future of voice calling, and it is a step in the right direction. It takes the voice
calling forward from conventional circuit based calling to IP-based calling. When LTE
networks were launched as part of 3GPP Release 8, the main LTE driver for the customers
was a higher data rate than 2G/3G networks. The 2G and 3G mobile networks had two
different parts of the network operating within them; one for voice calls and SMS, and the
other for all things data. Since moving conventional voice calling to IP was a big step,
especially in the beginning when 2G and 3G networks were still more widely available than
4G, LTE networks had an interim technology called circuit-switched fallback (CSFB). CSFB is
the capability of LTE networks to use 2G and 3G networks for voice calls and SMS. For
example, if you have a 4G phone and a SIM, CSFB allows you to make phone calls as normal,
but in the background, it will be using 2G (e.g. GSM) or 3G (e.g. UMTS) networks. What
VoLTE does is that it takes away that dependency on 2G and 3G networks so that if you are
in an area where you only have 4G or 5G network coverage, you can still make voice calls.
And not just that, VoLTE is capable of providing a better and more crisp calling experience
and is also more power-efficient than other VoIP services.

/..///////////////

volte

Operators face several challenges in the time of replacing the current voice service delivered
through the circuit-switched technologies of systems prior to LTE as they have proven to be
successful in the past. However, this replacement is somehow inevitable as the demand for
data services is growing at a

high pace and, from a long-term perspective, merging all services to packet-switched
technologies will result in a more cost-effective solution. At least, the implementation of
VoLTE is supposed to deliver the same levels of performance compared to the existing
technologies

>………………………..
……………………………………………………………………….

‫عمل اتصال فولتي‬

To make a VoLTE call, the UE connects to the LTE network through eNodeB when it is power
on. After the attach procedure and IMS register procedure, the LTE core network gets the
capabilities of the mobile. UE sends a VoLTE request to IMS network through Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP). SIP is a signaling communications protocol to control the call. The
IMS network receives the request through CSCF, and commands PCRF to reserve bearer
resource for voice media. PCRF also informs the PGW and SGW to allocate the resource and
establishes the bearer for the VoLTE call. The detail

procedure can be found in [4] [5]. The procedures to establish a video call is roughly the
same with a VoLTE call. To support a video call, the UE transmits its video capability to the
LTE network. The video call request encapsulates the video media with Real-time Transport
Control Protocol (RTCP). RTCP is a media protocol for audio or video to synchronize the
multiple streams. Different with VoLTE, PGW and SGW establish two bearers for the video
call. One bearer for the voice and another one for the video [6]

//////////////////////////////////////

Since 4G can’t carry voice traffic , This is big problem for everyone . Circuit Switch Fall Back
which is also known as CSFB helped Operators here , While 4G or LTE Network is used for
Internet and Data Connectivity , User is thrown to underlying 3G or 2G Networks for voice
calls . Existing 2G/3G mobile systems use “Circuit Switching” to carry voice traffic. Circuit
Switching or CS is basically a dedicated, end-to-end, channel or circuit is established to carry
the voice traffic for the entire duration of a transmission . While user is able to use Circuit
Switch for voice services but there are many problems with this technology as user needs to
Switch between 4G & 3G Network for every voice call . This also requires lot of Battery in
handset and also Generates lots of Signaling traffic for Mobile Operator which is Bad for
Network . Now , Every one started working on Better solution & they come up with VoLTE as
solution to these problems

ً ‫ تراجع تبديل الدارة والذي يُعرف أي‬.‫ فهذه مشكلة كبيرة للجميع‬، ‫ ال يمكنه نقل حركة الصوت‬4G ‫نظرً ا ألن‬
‫ضا باسم‬
‫ يتم طرح المستخدم على‬، ‫ لالتصال باإلنترنت والبيانات‬LTE ‫ أو‬4G ‫ بينما تستخدم شبكة‬، ‫ ساعد المشغلين هنا‬CSFB
‫ "تبديل الدائرة" لنقل‬2G / 3G ‫ تستخدم األنظمة المتنقلة الحالية‬.‫ الصوتية‬4‫ إلجراء المكالمات‬4‫ األساسية‬2G ‫ أو‬3G ‫شبكات‬
‫ يتم إنشاؤها لنقل حركة‬، ‫ من طرف إلى طرف‬، ‫ هو أسا ًس ا قناة أو دارة مخصصة‬CS ‫ تبديل الدارة أو‬.‫حركة الصوت‬
‫ إال أن هناك‬، ‫ بينما يكون المستخدم قادرً ا على استخدام مفتاح الدائرة للخدمات الصوتية‬.‫الصوت طوال مدة اإلرسال‬
‫ يتطلب‬.‫ لكل مكالمة صوتية‬3G ‫ و‬4G ‫ إلى التبديل بين شبكة‬4‫العديد من المشكالت مع هذه التقنية حيث يحتاج المستخدم‬
، ‫ اآلن‬.‫هذا أيضً ا الكثير من البطارية في الهاتف ويولد أيضً ا الكثير من حركة اإلشارة لمشغل الهاتف وهو سيء للشبكة‬
4‫ كحل لهذه المشكالت‬VoLTE ‫بدأ الجميع في العمل على حل أفضل وتوصلوا إلى‬

///////////////////////////////////////////

Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB), with the help of a global system for mobile communication
(GSM) or UMTS network (circuit-switched network) , delivers voice and SMS services to LTE
devices. The necessity for a Circuit Switch FallBack for the packet-based all-IP network, LTE,
which cannot support circuit-switched calls. For instance,

when an LTE network is not available to make or receive a call , the device "falls back" to a
more accessible 3G or 2G network to finish

the call CSFB is often viewed as a temporary solution. The solution that is expected to deliver
voice services over the LTE network in the long-term is Voice over LTE (VoLTE).

‫( توفر الدوائر البديلة المحولة‬CSFB) ، ‫( بمساعدة نظام عالمي لالتصاالت المتنقلة‬GSM) ‫ أو شبكة‬UMTS ( ‫شبكة بتبديل‬
‫ )الدارات‬، ‫ الصوت والرسائل النصية القصيرة ألجهزة‬4‫ خدمات‬LTE. ‫ ضرورة وجود مفتاح حلبة‬FallBack ‫ لشبكة كافة‬IP
‫ القائمة على الحزمة‬، LTE ، ‫ على سبيل المثال‬.‫ بتبديل الدارات‬4‫والتي ال يمكنها دعم المكالمات‬،

‫ عندما ال تتوفر شبكة‬LTE 3 ‫ فإن الجهاز "يعود" إلى شبكة‬، ‫ أو استقبالها‬4‫إلجراء مكالمة‬G 2 ‫أو‬G ‫يمكن الوصول إليها‬
‫بسهولة إلنهاء‬

‫ غالبًا ما يُنظر إلى المكالمة‬CSFB ‫ الحل الذي من المتوقع أن يقدم خدمات صوتية عبر شبكة‬.‫ على أنها حل مؤقت‬LTE
‫ على المدى الطويل هو‬Voice over LTE (VoLTE).

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

A UE initiates a mobile-originated call request.

2 The MME instructs the eNodeB to transfer the UE to the GSM or UMTS network.

3 Based on the UE capability, the eNodeB selects a method to transfer the UE to the
GSM or UMTS network.

4 The UE initiates a mobile-originated call procedure on the GSM or UMTS network.

Procedure of a mobile-originated calL

the call CSFB is often viewed as a temporary solution. The solution that is expected to deliver

voice services over the LTE network in the long-term is Voice over LTE (VoLTE).

//////////////////////////////////

CSFB has been standardized by 3GPP for providing circuit switched voice services to UE
connected to E-UTRAN by reusing GSM/UMTS infrastructure. To deploy this method, the
operator should have GSM/UMTS deployment in the LTE coverage areas, or have
arrangement with other operators having such deployments. When an LTE subscriber makes
or receives a voice call, CSFB hands over the UE to 2G/3G network. This method favors the
existing operators who have paid for the spectrum and already invested in 2G/3G
infrastructure. New operators with no cellular deployment would have to make expensive
arrangements with existing operators. CSFB has become a recommended solution for
operators who have not deployed IMS. The EPS CSFB architecture as specii- ed in 3GPP TS
23.272 is given in

Disadvantages of CSFB:

• Due to delays associated with fallback and recovery, call set up latency is worse than the
original 2G/3G networks

• 2G/3G network may not be available in all macro/micro cells of the LTE leading to patchy
service

• Operators who do not have legacy deployment cannot implement CSFB

• When switching over to CS voice connection, all LTE data sessions will be dropped

‫ تم توحيد‬CSFB 3 ‫بواسطة‬GPP ‫ الصوتية بتبديل الدارات إلى‬4‫ لتوفير الخدمات‬UE ‫ المتصل بـ‬E-UTRAN ‫عن طريق‬
‫ إعادة استخدام البنية التحتية‬GSM / UMTS. ‫ يجب أن يكون لدى المشغل نشر‬، ‫ لنشر هذه الطريقة‬GSM / UMTS ‫في‬
‫ مناطق تغطية‬LTE ، ‫ عندما يقوم أحد‬.‫أو أن يكون لديه ترتيب مع المشغلين اآلخرين الذين لديهم مثل هذه النشرات‬
‫ المشتركين في‬LTE ‫ يقوم‬، ‫ بإجراء أو استقبال مكالمة صوتية‬CSFB ‫ بتسليم‬UE 2 ‫إلى شبكة‬G / 3G. ‫تفضل هذه الطريقة‬
‫ سيتعين على‬.‫المشغلين الحاليين الذين دفعوا مقابل الطيف واستثمروا بالفعل في البنية التحتية للجيل الثاني والثالث‬
‫ أصبح‬.‫ المشغلين الجدد الذين ليس لديهم نشر خلوي إجراء ترتيبات باهظة الثمن مع المشغلين الحاليين‬CSFB ‫حالً موصى‬
‫ به للمشغلين الذين لم ينشروا‬IMS. ‫ تم تقديم معمارية‬EPS CSFB 3 ‫كما هو محدد في‬GPP TS 23.272 ‫في‬

‫ عيوب‬CSFB:

• 2 ‫ أسوأ من شبكات‬4‫ يكون زمن انتقال إعداد المكالمة‬، ‫ بسبب التأخيرات المرتبطة بالرجوع واالسترداد‬G / 3G ‫األصلية‬

• 2 ‫قد ال تكون شبكة‬G / 3G ‫ الدقيقة في‬/ ‫ متاحة في جميع الخاليا الكبيرة‬LTE ‫مما يؤدي إلى خدمة غير مكتملة‬

• ‫ المشغلين الذين ليس لديهم نشر قديم ال يمكنهم تنفيذ‬CSFB

• ‫ عند التبديل إلى اتصال‬CS ‫ سيتم إسقاط جميع جلسات بيانات‬، ‫ الصوتي‬LTE

////////////////////////////////////////

Abstract
The goal of the research is to study and analyse the performance of voice transmission
technology on fourth-generation networks called volte, where a study has been made of the
key performance euphoria: delay and quality of sound transmission in congested networks
using opnet

The aim of the research is to study and analyze the performance of voice transmission
technology on fourth generation networks

It is called volte, where the main performance parameters: delay and sound transmission
quality have been studied

In crowded networks using opnet

Circuit Switch Fallback

‫ حيث تم إجراء‬، volte 4‫ الجيل الرابع المسماة‬4‫الهدف من البحث هو دراسة وتحليل أداء تقنية نقل الصوت على شبكات‬
.‫ المزدحمة باستخدام الشبكة المفتوحة‬4‫ التأخير وجودة نقل الصوت في الشبكات‬:‫دراسة لنشوة األداء الرئيسية‬

‫ الجيل الرابع‬4‫الهدف من البحث هو دراسة وتحليل أداء تقنية نقل الصوت على شبكات‬

‫ التأخير وجودة إرسال الصوت‬:‫ األداء الرئيسية‬4‫ حيث تمت دراسة معلمات‬، volte ‫يطلق عليه‬

OPnet ‫في الشبكات المزدحمة باستخدام‬

‫ظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظ‬

The research aims to study and analyse the performance of voice transmission technology
on fourth-generation networks called volte, where key performance measures have been
studied: delay and quality of sound transmission in congested networks using opnet

‫ظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظظ‬
. Media Gateway is responsible for converting VoLTE calls to PSTN networks or some legacy
networks e.g. 3G, 2G etc. This is because the language of VoLTE calls is not the same as that
of PSTN or legacy phone networks. The S-CSCF is responsible for handing over all non-VoLTE
calls to MGW

‫ تعد‬Media Gateway ‫ مسؤولة عن تحويل مكالمات‬VoLTE ‫ إلى شبكات‬PSTN ‫أو بعض الشبكات القديمة على سبيل‬
3 ‫المثال‬G ، 2G ‫ وذلك ألن لغة مكالمات‬.‫ إلخ‬VoLTE ‫ ليست هي نفسها لغة‬PSTN ‫أو شبكات الهاتف القديمة‬. S-CSCF
‫ مسؤول عن تسليم جميع المكالمات غير‬VoLTE ‫ إلى‬MGW

‫مراجع‬

https://www.dialogic.com/glossary/media-gateway-control-function-mgcf