HARDWARE NetKing

Ahsan Jameel Khan

(MCSE, CCNA)

NETKING
COMPUTER HARDWARE & NETWORKING INSTITUTE

1
 HARDWARE NetKing

Contents
 Introduction of Hardware and Software (Basic)
 Mother Board
 RAM
 Hard Disk
 SMPS
 Microprocessor
 CD-ROM
 Virus & Antivirus
 Monitor
 BIOS setup
 Printer
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Floppy Disk Drive
 Disk Operating System
 Installation of Win98, Windows XP, 2000, 2003 Server
 Troubleshooting

Introduction of Software and Hardware

A Personal Computer is made up of hundreds and thousands of discrete components. While no one can name every
tiny bit of electronics in a PC. A good computer hardware technician should be able to name the major internal and
external components that make up the typical PC. Let us take a brief idea of various components of a PC, and learn
what their functions are.

Software:- Software consist of sequence of instruction in the form of a program to perform a particular task on
a computer is called software.
A collection of program, which contain some coding of programs.

Types of Software: There are three types of Software-

 System Software: System Software is that type of software who provides the platform.
Example- All type of Operating System.

 Application Software: Application Software is that type of software who uses his platform.
Example- MS Office, Coral Draw, Photoshop etc.

 Utility Software: Utility Software is that type of software who uses both system software and
application software. Example- Antivirus, motherboard Driver etc.

Hardware: - A component of computer system which has some physical existence called hardware.
Example- Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, CD-ROM etc.

2
 HARDWARE NetKing

Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the PC. It holds the processor, memory and expansion slots
and connects directly or indirectly to every part of the PC.
Motherboard is called motherboard because all h components of computer are connected with
motherboard.

Section 1.01 Components of Motherboard:

 PCB:- Painted Circuit Board  SMPS Power Connector:-
Printed Circuit Board 10×2 = 20 pin (ATX SMPS Connector)
Planner Circuit Board 6×2 = 12 pin (AT SMPS Connector)
PCB is a main part of motherboard. All the 12×2 = 24 pin (ATX SMPS motherboard
components are logically connected with PCB. connector generally used in Dual Core and
Core-2 Duo
 Serial Port:- SMPS provide the voltage to the
9 pin (Mouse/ Modem) equipment who all are logically connected
with motherboard.
 Parallel Port:-
25 pin (Printer)  RAM Slot (Random Access Memory):-
SIMM/ DIMM/ RIMM
 USB (Universal Serial Bus):- RAM is inserting in motherboard according to
Pen drive, Printer, Scanner, Camera etc. cut.
(Speed 10mbps)
 Microprocessor Slot:-
 IDE port/ IDE Connector (Integrated PGA-370, PGA-478, PGA-778
Device Electronics):- The other name of the processor is CPU. CPU
IDE-1: Hard Disk Controller- 4o pin is control whole he system. CPU is the brain
IDE-2: CD-ROM- 40 pin of computer.
IDE-3: Floppy Disk Controller- 34 pin
IDE Connector are plays a important role to  Ps/2:-
connect Hard Disk , CD-ROM and Floppy (Mouse/ Keyboard)
Drive.
 Inbuilt Port:-
Inbuilt Port found on the back side of the
motherboard.

 Berge Connectors:-  BIOS (Basic Input Output System):-

Berge Connectors found is motherboard in the BIOS is basically in chip technology which
form of pin which stand alone. contain all the information about all
components of motherboard.
 PCI slot (Peripheral Components
Interface):-  CMOS Battery (Complementary Metal
LAN Card/ Sound Card/ VGA Card Oxide Semiconductor):-
Slot color is always white. Single cut in this Just provide the charge to BIOS and BIOS
slot. chip.

3
 HARDWARE NetKing
Types of Motherboard:
o Intel Original
o Intel Chipset

 Chipset’s Type:-  Intel 810:- In this Chipset used SD RAM,

Intel Chipset ATA Hard Disk and P4.
SIS Chipset  Intel 845:- In this chipset used DDRAM-1,
VIA Chipset SATA/ ATA and P4.
 Modules of Intel Chipset:-  Intel 915:- In this chipset used DDRAm-2,
Intel 810 One IDE Interface/SATA and P4.
Intel 845  Intel 945:- In this chipset DDRAM-2, One
Intel 915 IDE Interface/SATA Hard Disk and P4.
Intel 945

Section 1.02 Types of Motherboard according power connecter

 AT Motherboard:-
 AT stand for Advance Technology.
 At is old technology.
 AT SMPS power connector has 6×2=12pin.
 AT motherboard has no inbuilt port.
 In AT motherboard all the inbuilt connector are connect with Berge connector.
 AT motherboard has no USB port.
 AT motherboard has manual shut down.
 The connector of keyboard and mouse is called DIN connector.
 Power switch of computer is connected with SMPS.

 ATX Motherboard:-
 ATX stand for Extended Advance Technology.
 ATX is a new technology.
 ATX SMPS power connector has 10×2=20 pin and 12×2=24 pin
 ATX motherboard has inbuilt port.
 No need of Berge connector.
 ATX motherboard has USB port.
 ATX motherboard has automatic shut down.
 The connector of keyboard and mouse is called Ps/2 connector.
 Power switch of computer is connected with Berge connector which s logically connected with BIOS.

4
 HARDWARE NetKing

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is a volatile memory. Its mean that it does not hold data when you switch of your computer.
Every computer has a physically internal storage place. Such as temporary storage place is known as RAM.
RAM is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in
current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer’s processor.

Section 1.03 Types of RAM according to Slots

 SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):-

 A SIMM or Single Inline Memory Module Is a type of memory module used for random access
memory in older personal computers.
 The first variant of SIMMs has 30 pins and provides 8 bits of data. They were used in 286, 386
and 486 systems.
 The second variant of SIMMs has 72 pins and provides 32 bits of data (36 bits in parity
versions). They were used in 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro and even some Pentium2 systems. By
the mid 90s, 72-pin SIMMs replaced 30-pin SIMMs.
 RAM technologies used on SIMMs include EDO and FPM.

 DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module):-

 A DIMM or Dual Inline Memory Module comprises a series of random access memory
integrated circuits. These modules are mounted on a printed circuit board and designed for use in
personal computers.
 The main difference between SIMMs and DIMMs is that SIMMs has a 32-bit data path, while
DIMMs have a 64-bit data path.
 Two types of DIMMs: a 168-pin SDRM and a 184-pin DDR SDRAM module.
 A DIMM’s capacity and timing parameters may be identify with SPD (Serial Presence Detect),
an additional chip which contains information about the module type.

 RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module:-

 Direct Rambus DRAM or DRDRAM (sometimes just called Rambus DRAM or RDRAM) is a
type of synchronous dynamic RAM, designed by the Rambus Corporation.
 The first PC motherboards with support for RDRAM debuted in 1999. They supported PC-800
RDRAM, which operated at 400MHz and delivered 1600 MB/s of bandwidth over a 16-bit bus
using a RDRAM memory with integrated heatsink.
 If you a dual channel main board accepting 16-bit modules, you have to add or remove 184-pin
RIMM form factor.
 RIMMs in pairs. If you have dual channel mainboard accepting 32-bit modules, you can add or
remove single RIMMs as well.

Types of RAM

 FPM RAM:-
 FPM stands for First / Fast Page  Used in 284, 486 and some P1
Module. computer.
 No cut n RAM.  Capacity 256 KB, 512 KB, 1MB, 2
 Inserted in 30-pin SIMM slot. MB.

5
 HARDWARE NetKing
 EDO RAM:-
 Stand for extended Data Output.  Used in 486, P1 and P2 computers.
 72-pin and Single cut in RAM.  Capacity 2MB, 4MB, 8MB
 Inserted in 72-pin SIMM slot.  Processing ability 32-bit
 Slot Color always white.

 SD RAM:-
 SD RAM stands for Synchronous  Used in P2 and P3 computers.
Dynamic.  Capacity 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB,
 168-pin and Double cut in RAM. 128MB,256MB.
 Slot color always black.  Processing ability 64-bit.

 DDR RAM-1:-
 DDR stand for Double / Dual Data  Used only P4 computer.
Rate.  Capacity 128MB, 256MB, 512MB,
 184-pin and Single cut in RAM 1GB, 2GB, 4GB.
 Slot color always black.  Processing ability 64-bit.

 DDR RAM-2:-
 DDR2 stand for Double Data Rate  Used in P4 computer.
Tow.  Processing ability 64bit.
 240-pin and Single cut in RAM.
 RD RAM:-
 RD stands for Rambus Dynamic.  Used in server computer.
 194 pin.  Capacity 1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB,
 Double cut in RAM. 16GB(according to requirement)
 Inserted in 194 pin RD slot.  Processing ability 64bit.

6
 HARDWARE NetKing

Difference between SRAM and DRAM

 SRAM (Static RAM):-

 Store our data while the power is switch off.
 Use a set up transistor for each memory saves.
 Does not refresh the memory cell after each a reading of transistor.
 Data access is faster.
 Consume more power.
 SRAM is two types
i. Internal Cache – The internal cache memory is the internal to the processor. It is the part of
primary memory and increase the speed of processor only. Internal cache is also called
L1 cache memory.
ii. External Cache- The external cache memory is a separate memory which is generally found
in motherboard and increase the speed of motherboard. External cache memory is called
L2 cache memory.

 DRAM (Dynamic RAM):-

 Store data only for few mili second.
 Use a single transistor and capacitor for each memory save.
 Need to refresh the memory cell after each reading of the capacitor.
 Data access is slower.
 Consume less power.
 They are mainly five types. FPM RAM, EDO RAM, SD RAM, DDR RAM, RD RAM.

7
 HARDWARE NetKing

Hard Disk
The hard disk is a device which store all program The read write head is logically connected with
and data in the computer. The hard disk is referred lance and lance operates the whole information of
to as the memory bank of computer. platter. The head move over the hard surface as
Hard drive as the most popular device for the platter rotate.
store data. Hard Disk drive has multiple hard The internal part of Hard Disk-
mettle surfaces that is called platter. Each patter Platter>Track>Sector>Cluster. (All files and
normally holds data on both side of the platter. folders save in cluster).

Components of Hard Disk

 Mechanical base  Read / Write head and lance
 Logic card PCB  Platter
 Motor  Actuator
i. Stepper motor (Rotate the  Data cable connector- 40 pin
actuator)  Power cable connector- 4 pin
ii. Spindle motor (Rotate the
platter)

Types of Hard Disk

i. ST-506 iii. SCSI

ii. ESDI iv. IDE

 ST-506:- ST stand for Serial Transfer and 506 is the number. The ST-506 interface is the oldest
standard and it evolved from floppy drive interface. ST-506 required one 34-pin cable for control
signal and another 20-pin cable for data signal.
ST-506 Hard Disk transmits data serially (1bit at a time). ST-506 data transferring speed is
7.5 mbps.

 ESDI: - ESDI stand for Erchance Small Device Interface. The ESDI hard disk uses the 34-pin
cable and 20-pin cable as the ST-506. ESDI Hard Disk capacity and develop the concept of Multy
tasking. ESDI Hard Disk also installs operating system.

 SCSI: - SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface. SCSI Hard Disk generally use for
server computer. The big difference SCSI and IDE is data cable connector. The data cable connector
of SCSI hard disk is 50 or 68 pin.

 IDE: - IDE stand for Integrated Device Electronic. IDE is the most useable connector in today’s
computer.
IDE Hard Disk is two types:
i. ATA- The data cable connector of ATA is 40-pin. In this Hard Disk we can create master and
slave. Processing ability is 100mbps/16bit. ATA HDD speed 7200 rpm.
ii. SATA- The data cable connector of SATA is 7-pin. No concept of master and slave. It’s
processing ability 600mbps/bit. SATA HDD speed 4×7200 rpm.

8
 HARDWARE NetKing
File System
File system is process through which operating system searches a file which stored on a disk and also
defines limitation of partition space.
There are three types of file system-
 FAT-16 (File Allocation Table-16):- FAT-16 is a basic file system which can not support large disk
space. It means, in FAT-16, we can create maximum 2GB of partition size. It is supported by
Windows95, Windows98 (first edition) and Windows Millennium.
 Fat-32 (File Allocation Table-32):- FAT-32 is a advance file system which can support large disk
space. That means in FAT-32 we can create maximum of 32GB of partition size. It is supported by
Win98 (second edition), Win2000 Professional, XP, 2000 server, 2003 server

 NTFS (New Technology File System):- NTFS is specially created for security in networking. NTFS
support inscription and description. Which is generally use for security purpose. NTFS can support
very large disk space, it means, in NTFS we can create maximum of 4 TB of partition. It is
supported by Win98, WinXP, Vista, 2003, Win- Exchange Server etc.

Question: How to convert FAT-32 in NTFS?

Answer: Run→ cmd→ ok
C:D convert c:/:ntfs (enter)
Yes(y) → restart the computer

System Files
System Files are those files which are generally used when we install operating system software and as
well as application software. Every bootable CD contain their basic system Files. There are some
System Files:

 IO.sys:- IO.sys is an important system file for every operating system. IO.sys handle basic input
output function of the input output device which is attached to the computer.
 Commond.com:- Commond.com is the central system file for operating system. Commond.com is the
responsible for all the communication between user and computer. Commond.com handles all the
internal and external commands.
 MSDOS.Sys:- MSDOS.Sys is main systems file of operating system because it is logically
connected with BIOS chip. Trough msdos.sys we can set the booting sequence. It also manages the
file management, memory management, and analytical management.

 NT Detect.com:- A file access in the window XP boot sequence. NT Detect.com is used to detect
any hardware that is Installed and Add information about the hardware to the registry.
 NTLDR:- A file is used to control the WinXP boot process, Until control is passed to the anti
OSKRNL.exe file.
 Anti OSKRNL.exe:- A file access in the WinXP boot sequence. The Anti OSKRNL.exe is use to
load the KRNL.

 Anti BootDD.sys:- A file accessed in the WinXP boot sequence. Anti BootDD.sys is an optional
file, (the SCSI driver) that is use when the computer has the SCSI adapter.

 Boot.INI:- A file access during the WinXP boot sequence. The Boot.INI file is used to build the
operating system menu choice that is displayed during the boot process.

9
 HARDWARE NetKing

Hard Disk Tools

Hard Disk are quite robust and reliable devices. Generally, they don’t break down easily and have
fairly longer life than any other device present in computer. But poor maintenance can lead to crash
of this data center of computer, resulting loss data, programs, and other invaluable information
stored on your computer. Thus hard disk, at last cost, must be maintained.

 Disk Clean Up:-

Disk Cleanup helps free up space on your hard drive. Disk Cleanup searches drive on your
computer, and then shows you temporary files, Internet cache files, and unnecessary program
files that you can safely delete.

The steps of Disk Cleanup-

1. Double- click on the My Computer icon.

2. Inside My Computer Window, move the mouse-pointer over a hard disk partition name and
right click. A short cut menu appears
3. Inside the short cut menu, move the mouse-pointer over the Properties option and click the left
mouse-button.
4. In Properties box, move the mouse-pointer over the Disk Cleanup button and left-click.
5. A disk Cleanup dialog box appears with a progress bar.
6. A dialog box for selected disk volume appears. If you do not want to delete certain files then
click over the check mark to deselect the file.
7. Move the mouse-pointer over the OK button and click the left mouse-button.
8. The Disk Cleanup starts deleting files from the partition.

The steps of Error Checking-

1. Double- clicks on the My Computer icon.

2. Inside My Computer Window, move the mouse-pointer over a hard disk partition name and
right click. A short cut menu appears
3. Inside the short cut menu, move the mouse-pointer over the Properties option and click the left
mouse-button.
4. In Properties box, move the mouse-pointer over the Tools tab and click the left mouse-button.
5. Next, move the mouse pointer over Check Now button and click the left mouse-button.
6. A Check Disk dialog box for selected volume appears. Move the mouse-pointer over check
box, and check it.
7. Now, Move the mouse-pointer over the Start button and click the left mouse-button.
8. The Error-checking tools start investigating the hard disk for problem. This process may take
some time, depending upon hard disk or partition size and system configuration.

10
 HARDWARE NetKing
 Disk Defragmentation:-

The process of finding and consolidating fragmented files and folders is called
Defragmentation. The amount of time that Defragmentation takes depends on several factors,
including the size of the volume, the amount of fragmentation, and the available local system
resource.

The steps of Defragmentation-

1. Double- clicks on the My Computer icon.

2. Inside My Computer Window, move the mouse-pointer over a hard disk partition name and
right click. A short cut menu appears.
3. Inside the short cut menu, move the mouse-pointer over the Properties option and click the left
mouse-button.
4. In Properties box, move the mouse-pointer over the Tools tab and click the left mouse-button.
5. Next, move the mouse-pointer over the Defragment Now button and click the left mouse-
button.
6. The disk defragmenter window appears.( Red areas show fragmented files, Blue- non
fragmented, White- free space and Green show system files, which cannot be moved by Disk
Defragmenter.)
7. The hard disk partition name that you select to defrag should appear highlighted in Disk
Defragmenter Window. In case it is not highlighted then move the mouse-pointer over the hard
disk partition name and click the left mouse-button.
8. Next, move the mouse-pointer over the Analyze button and click the left mouse-button.
9. A disk Defragment dialog box appears with message whether you should or should not
Defragment the partition.
10. In our case, Disk defragmenter dialog box is suggestion to defrag the partition. So, move the
mouse-pointer over the Defragment button and click over it.( Defragment process start. Once
the process is complete, click over the close button to close it.

The steps of Change Drive Name-

1. Move the mouse-pointer over the Start button and click the left mouse button.
2. Inside the push-up menu, move the mouse-pointer over the control panel and left click.
3. A control panel window appears. Move the mouse-pointer over the Administrative Tools
option and double click the left mouse-button.
4. An Administrative Tools window appears. Move the mouse-pointer over the Computer
Management option and click the left mouse-button.
5. A computer management window appears. In the left portion of computer management
window, move the mouse-pointer over the Disk Management option and click the left mouse-
button.
6. Now move the mouse-pointer over a disk or partition name and click the right mouse-button.
7. In side shortcut menu, move the mouse pointer over the properties option and click the left
mouse-button.
8. A properties dialog box of selected disk volume appears. Beside disk icon, on top of Properties
dialog box, you will find default disk volume name.
9. After typing a new name for disk volume move the mouse-pointer over the Apply button and
left click.
10. Next, click over the OK button. You will reach to computer management.

11
 HARDWARE NetKing
The steps of Change Drive Letter-

1. First open Computer Management (Start> Control Panel> Administrative Tools> Computer
Management)
2. Select Disk Management in left portion of Computer Management window.
3. Next, move the mouse-pointer over hard disk or partition name and click the right-button in the
right portion. A shortcut menu appears.
4. Inside shortcut menu, move the mouse-pointer over the Change Drive Letter and paths option
and click the left mouse-button.
5. A change Drive Letter and Paths dialog box for selected disk volume appears.
6. Move the mouse-pointer over the Change button and click the left mouse-button.
7. Change Drive Letter or Path dialog box appears. You will find a down arrow beside Assign the
following drive letter option.
8. Move the mouse-pointer over down arrow button and selected your desired letter and click left
button.
9. Next, move the mouse-pointer over the OK button and click the left mouse-button.
10. Finally, move the mouse pointer over the Close button present on the top right corner of the
Computer Management window and click the left mouse-button.

The steps of Formatting a Hard Disk from Windows-

1. Double click on My Computer icon.

2. Select a hard disk or hard disk partition which you want to Format.
3. Now. Click the right mouse-button over your selected hard disk partition. A shortcut menu
appears.
4. Inside the shortcut menu, move the mouse-pointer over the Format option and click the left
mouse-button.
5. A Format dialog box appears with the name of the hard disk partition selected for formatting.
6. Move the mouse-pointer over the check box beside Quick Format option and check it.
7. Next, move the mouse-pointer over the Start button and click the left mouse-button.

The steps of Formatting a Hard Disk from DOS Windows-

1. Move the mouse-pointer over the Start button and click the left mouse-button.
2. Inside the push-up menu, move the mouse-pointer over the Run option and click the left
mouse-button.
3. Inside the Run dialog box’s text box, type cmd.
4. Next, move the mouse-pointer over the OK button and click the left mouse-button.
5. A command window appears.
6. Type format e: and press Enter key.
7. Enter current volume label for drive E: (Raj) then press the Enter key.
8. Type y (for yes) to continue with formatting procedure and press the Enter key.
9. The formatting procedure starts. It is depending upon the hardware configuration and size oh
the disk, formatting procedure may take sometime.
10. Once the disk formatting procedure is complete, a message appears to enter a new volume
label. You may type your desired volume label. After typing the label, press the Enter key.
11. A message format Complete appears in the window. Type exit to close the DOS window.

 Master Slave Configuration (Jumper Setting):-

MSC is generally used when we connect two or more than two hard disk.

12
 HARDWARE NetKing

Power and SMPS

The power supply unit of system, mostly found in the top right corner of the system. The power supply unit
of the system, supplies power to different system component. Such as motherboard and other devices.
SMPS is used to convert AC into DC. Because this is bridge rectifier, which converted AC to DC.
The current supplied by the power supply unit to the different component of the system are 3.3v, 5.0v,
12.0v. The microprocessor and the chip in the system used 3.3v and 5.0v of the electric current. While the
Hard Disk and other removable disk drive used 12.0v of electric current.

 The type of power supply in computer is 12 volt DC.

 All the computer parts that is electronic chip in the motherboard who all are connected with SMPS.
 The SMPS provide the power supply to CD-ROM Drive, FD Drive, HD Drive and mainly
Motherboard.
 In a SMPS the voltage which is fully connected with DIODS transfer the voltage that is in the form
of DC.
 The AC voltage of the input side is applied to the transformer.
 The DC voltage is applied to the filter which produces of fluctuation of voltage. The voltage
regulator converts the output of the filter to constant output voltage.
 The LMPS is actually called SMPS because voltage transform in linear mode. The linear regulator
operates on a continuous conduction that is connected with transformer which is providing large
amount of power.

 Advantage of SMPS:-

 SMPS increases the efficiency of regulation.

 SMPS can be design to incorporate inbuilt step that is called transformer
 The SMPS is switching regulator have the switching device which are not conducting all the time.

Wire Voltage

Blue Wire - 12 Volt

Red Wire + 5 Volt
Yellow Wire + 12 Volt
Black Wire 0 Volt (Ground)
White Wire - 5 Volt
Green Wire Earth
Orange Wire Power good (3.3 volt)

 Diode:-
 The smallest part of semiconductor.
 Convert AC to DC.
 Rectifier.

13
 HARDWARE NetKing

Micro Processor
At the heart of every computer there is a special chip placed on the mother board. This chip is known as
Microprocessor or Processor. The processor determines to great extent, how powerful a computer can be.
The processor is also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU executes instructions, performs
mathematical calculations and coordinates input/output operations.

Processor Instruction Set:-

An instruction set is a collection of machine code instructions which enable a processor to carry out all its
tasks. A high level programmer is complied into a number of machine instruction- one high level instruction
(for example, a print command issued by a programming software like Visual Basic) must be changed into a
series of low-level machine instructions or machine language which perform that single operation. The total
number of instructions in an instruction set can be up to 200. Processors use one of two instruction set types:

 CISC:-
Most personal computers use a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture in
which the CPU supports as many as two hundred instructions. An alternative architecture,
used by many workstations and also by some personal computers, is RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set Computer), which supports fewer instructions.
 RISC:-
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) is a type of instructions set for a microprocessor
that recognizes a relatively limited number of instructions. Until the mid, 1980s the tendency
among computer manufacturers was to build increasing complex CPUs that had ever-larger
sets of instructions

Types of Microprocessor-

 Pre PGA Microprocessor:-

 Back in the earlier day of computer we use PGA CPU.
 CPU inserted came in a rectangular package called DIPP (Dual Inline Pin Package).
 The chip looks as budge. It had a long rectangular body with legs on both side.
 The chip was use for original 8086 motherboard.

 PGA Microprocessor:-
 PGA stands for Pin Grid Array.
 A PGA CPU has a grid of pin on the bottom of float chip.
 PGA is physically differentiated from one another by the number of arrangement of pin.
 PGA chip are easy to removable and easy to use.

 SEC Microprocessor:-
 It was the first CPU who starts the concept of cache memory.
 SEC microprocessor also called stand alone processor.
 SEC CPU is used as circuit board which contains processor with heat sink and fan.

14
 HARDWARE NetKing

 Pentium Microprocessor:-
 Intel releases the original Pentium in 1993. Early Pentium had an internal speed of between
16MHz to 200MHz.
 Pentium1 microprocessor uses pipeline technology. Which is found in processor? Its internal
speed is between 66 MHz to 223 MHz.
 In Pentium2 processor added a new feature called multimedia Extension which is found in
processor. The main work of MMX (Multi Media Extension) is providing the better graphic
quality. The speed of Pentium2 is 223 MHz to 466 MHz.
 In Pentium3 microprocessor some processing implementing including Multimedia Extension and
support Windows XP operating system. Pentium3 also support large capacity of hard disk. The
speed of Pentium3 is between 500 MHz to 1.2 GHz.
 In Pentium4 processor support higher speed of motherboard and support higher speed of hard
disk. In a P4 processor first time Intel introduces data bus speed. The speed of Pentium4 is
1.4GHz to 3.8 GHz.

15
 HARDWARE NetKing

CD-ROM
CD-ROM is important in today’s computer. In CD-ROM drive the laser project light of beam (Ray) towards
the desired track. All the digital information is originally coated in the form of PIT and LAND.
If light beam strike a LAND the beam is reflected back. If light beam strike a PIT beam is not
reflected back. Light sincere generate digital pulses which is electronic flow of ray. The data transfer rate of
CD-ROM drive is based x factor. When x is 150 rpm.

CD- Media:-
The CD is predicted by stumping the pattern of the PIT and LAND that is molded by polycarbonate
disk. The clear polycarbonate disk is given a silver coating so that will reflected laser light on the
CD-ROM.

CD- ROM components:-

 Mechanical base
 Logical base
 Motor 1- Stepper motor (Open the CD tray)
2- Spindle motor (Rotate the CD)
 Lens
 Gears and pulley’s
 CD tray
 Power connector – 4 pin large
 Data cable connector – 40 pin

 Internal and External CD-ROM Drivers:-

A CD-ROM can be internally mounted in a available bay or it can be an external unit that sits beside
the computer. If a CD-ROM uses the IDE interface, it must be an internal device because the
interface does not support external devices. However, external SCSI CD-ROM drives can be
purchased. A drawback to internal CD-ROM drives is that the drive requires a drive bay, but internal
CD-ROM drives are cheaper than external drives.

Two types of CD-ROM-

 CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable):-
CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) drives have the ability to create CDs but they can only write once
to a particular disk. This disk cannot be erased. CD-R technology is also called WROM (Write
Once-Read Many) technology.

 CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable):-

CD-RW some times called CD-E for Compact Disk Erasable) can write multiple times to a disk.
These disks are good for data backup, data archiving, or data distribution on CDs. The disk normally
holds 650MB of data. CD-RWs can be connected to a SCSI chain, IDE cable, USB port, or Fire
Wire Port.

16
 HARDWARE NetKing

Virus and Antivirus

Virus-
Virus is a software program which damage or corrupt the operating system file. Virus Origins
Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the traits of biological viruses. A
computer virus passes from computer to computer like a biological virus passes from person to
person.
A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For example, a virus
might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program
runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or
wreak havoc.
Virus is self executable file. Virus is a program which is generally harmful for our computer.

Types of Virus-

1. BIOS Virus:- BIOS Virus are design to attack BIOS chip. Which is called BIOS setup?
BIOS virus defect all the equipment which is logically connected with motherboard. The
solution is that rewrite the BIOS chip and coed the BIOS chip with the help of electronic
pulses. That type of viruses is rarely.

2. Boot Sector Virus:- The cause of boot sector virus is DLL. Boot sector virus is generate
error on hard disk. This virus is generally occurred when we install operating system.
Example- Tunkie, Onio

3. File Infecting Virus:- Most common type of viruses are file infecting virus. File infecting
virus is attached to .exe, .com, .sys and .dll files. Example- Friday13, Eugima, Locke, Name sis.

4. Trojan Horse:- Trojan horse virus do not replicate as a virus but destroy all the data
frequently. It also hides the executable files. Frequently hides a virus program because it
appears as a data file. Example- Twelve Trick, Darth Vader.

5. Worm Virus:- A worm virus is just like a self contain program that spreads to other
computers usually through a network. The main source of won virus in internet.

6. Macro Virus:- A program written in the macro language that is built it some application is
called macro virus. Most often in Microsoft product. Example- Ami Pro.

Identification of Virus in Computer-

a. Tools Menu> Folder option (open) = System is OK.

b. Start> Run>Command (open) = System is OK.
c. Ctrl+Alt+Del Press (show end task) = System is OK.
d. Computer will restart automatically = Virus
e. Drive will not open properly = Virus
f. Software will not open in sequence = Virus.
g. Folder .exe (copy of the folder) = Virus.

17
 HARDWARE NetKing

Antivirus-
The antivirus is the remedy of virus. It reduces the bad sector and also checks the hard disk.
Antivirus is helped to save our PC from virus.

Type of Antivirus-

1. Norton Antivirus
2. PC- Cline
3. AVG-7.0
4. MA- Café
5. Awast-7.0
6. Quick Rill
7. Kasper Antivirus
8. Panda etc.

Note- All the Antivirus will work properly when we will take update.

There are two option of updating Antivirus-

1) Internet

2) Folder Downloading

18
 HARDWARE NetKing

Monitor
 Monitor is a output device which shows the result of user’s work.
 The operation of most video monitor is based on cathode ray tube.
 A beam of electronic is called cathode ray tube which is basically based on electronic gun element.
 The heat is supply to the cathode ray by directing a current through coil of wire.
 The primary component of an electron gun in CRT is heating element.
 The whole operation is controlled by raster scan display.
 Raster scan display is based on PIXEL.

Technology-
 CGA (Color Graphic Adapter):- In 1981, IBM introduced the CGA, which was capable of
rending four colors and had a maximum resolution of 320 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels
vertically. VGA has 5+4 = 9 pinned.

 VGA (Video Graphic Adapter):- In 1987, IBM introduced VGA display system. Most
computers today support the VGA standard and many VGA monitors are still in use. It has
5×3=15pin.

 XGA (Extended Graphic Array):- In 1990, IBM introduced XGA display system, offering
800×600 pixel resolution in true color (16.8 million colors) and 1024×768 resolution in 65536
colors.

Power Management-
Monitor does not run off the PC’s power supply. Even if the monitor is plugged into the PC’s power
supply, it still gets its alternating current (AC) power from the wall outlet. A PC’s monitor uses more
power than all the other components of the PC.

 Power Option for Monitor:- Through option present in a Power Scheme, you can set a period or
duration of inactivity that you want to elapse before monitor, hard disk or system itself goes to turn
off or stand by. The following steps are to set power option for monitor.

1. Move the mouse-pointer over the empty region in Desktop and click the right mouse-button. A
shortcut menu appears.
2. Select the Properties option and click the left mouse-button.
3. A Display Properties dialog box appears with few tabs just below the title bar.
4. Move t he mouse-pointer over the Screen Saver tab and click the left mouse-button.

19
 HARDWARE NetKing
5.

20