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    Biol 180 WIN 2022 Practice Exam 1

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    marlene
    The scientists studied 800 volunteers who had been exposed to COVID-19 and randomly assigned them to receive either hydroxychloroquine or a placebo. After 2 weeks, they tested the volunteers and found no significant difference in infection rates between the two groups, as shown by the graph and p-value of 0.35. While further research could provide more evidence, replicating this experiment would require significant resources and risks side effects, so the benefits would need to be carefully weighed.

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    Biol 180 WIN 2022 Practice Exam 1

    Uploaded by

    marlene
    133 views2 pages
    The scientists studied 800 volunteers who had been exposed to COVID-19 and randomly assigned them to receive either hydroxychloroquine or a placebo. After 2 weeks, they tested the volunteers and found no significant difference in infection rates between the two groups, as shown by the graph and p-value of 0.35. While further research could provide more evidence, replicating this experiment would require significant resources and risks side effects, so the benefits would need to be carefully weighed.

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    The scientists studied 800 volunteers who had been exposed to COVID-19 and randomly assigned them to receive either hydroxychloroquine or a placebo. After 2 weeks, they tested the volunteers and found no significant difference in infection rates between the two groups, as shown by the graph and p-value of 0.35. While further research could provide more evidence, replicating this experiment would require significant resources and risks side effects, so the benefits would need to be carefully weighed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    133 views2 pages

    Biol 180 WIN 2022 Practice Exam 1

    Uploaded by

    marlene
    The scientists studied 800 volunteers who had been exposed to COVID-19 and randomly assigned them to receive either hydroxychloroquine or a placebo. After 2 weeks, they tested the volunteers and found no significant difference in infection rates between the two groups, as shown by the graph and p-value of 0.35. While further research could provide more evidence, replicating this experiment would require significant resources and risks side effects, so the benefits would need to be carefully weighed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Biology 180 Practice Exam 1

    6 January 2022 _

    1. In August of 2020, D. R. Boulware and colleagues published a research report in the New
    England Journal of Medicine. The scientists had studied ~800 volunteers who had no symptoms
    of illness, but who had recently been exposed, at home or at work, to someone infected with
    SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. They assigned the volunteers at random to two
    groups. One group received pills containing the drug hydroxycholoroquine; the other group got
    a placebo (pills containing no medicine). Two weeks later, the scientists tested the volunteers to
    see if they were infected with the virus. The graph summarizes the results. The black lines
    represent ± 1 standard error.

    (a) In ONE sentence, what is the hypothesis the scientists sought to test with their experiment?

    (b) In ONE sentence, what is the null hypothesis?

    (c) In ONE sentence, what does a comparison of the heights of the two colored bars indicate?

    (d) In ONE sentence, what does a comparison of the standard error bars indicate?

    (e) The scientists report a p-value of 0.35. In ONE sentence, what does this mean?

    (f) In ONE sentence, what conclusions can we draw from the data and the analysis?

    (g) Keep in mind that hydroxycholorquine can cause side effects and that research likes this takes money and time. In TWO or THREE
    sentences, state whether you would / would not support a replication of this experiment, and justify your stance.

    2. The diagram above shows the design of an experiment by education researcher Nate Kornell. Across four consecutive days,
    student volunteers studied a total of 40 flash cards, each with a pair of words that were synonyms (such as effulgent : brilliant). On
    Day1, the students looked at cards 1-20 twice each, and cards 21-25 eight times each. On Day 2, the students looked at cards 1-20
    twice each, and cards 26-30 eight times each, and so on. Kornell refers to studying a card lightly each day "Spaced" studying;
    studying a card intensely on a single day is "Massed" studying.
    On the fifth day, the students took a test covering all 40 cards. Their average
    performance on the different groups of cards is graphed on the right.

    Address the following:

    (a) In ONE sentence, what is the pattern in the data as regards massed versus
    spaced studying?

    (b) Many students wait until the night before an exam, when they study
    intensely. Which TWO bars represent the best analogy to a comparison
    between cramming the night before an exam versus studying a little bit each day
    during the week before the exam?

    (c) In ONE sentence, what is the take-home message for a student wanting to do
    well on exams in Biol 180?
    3. Hormones called angiogenesis inhibitors (here, AI's) slow the rate at which blood vessels
    grow into tissues. A tumor is a growing lump of tissue. It cannot grow beyond a certain size
    unless blood vessels grow into it. This suggests the hypothesis that AI's might be useful anti-
    cancer drugs.
    Design an experiment to test this hypothesis. You have laboratory mice into which you can
    implant tumors, a supply of AI's, and an unlimited supply of cages, water, and mouse chow.

    (a) What is your independent variable?

    (b) What are your treatment groups?

    (c) What is your dependent (response) variable?

    (d) Name another variable you will control. In ONE sentence, explain how.

    (e) Using a dark colored pen or pencil on a plain white sheet of paper, draw graphs predicting the results of your experiment if

    (i) the data support your hypothesis, and (ii) if the data cannot reject the null hypothesis. Describe both figures.

    (f) Imagine that you are on a University Panel evaluating the ethics of the experiment you have just described. In TWO or THREE
    sentences, state whether you would approve this research and give your reasons.

    4. These data are from a research group that was studying total seed mass per year in
    diseased Douglas fir trees (heavy lines) versus healthy Douglas fir trees (light lines) of the
    same age and size. The graphs are from two different samples from the same site. Note
    that the means (indicated by dotted lines) are the same in both samples.

    a. Assuming both samples have the same sample size, which sample (top or bottom)
    have the larger standard error?

    b. The difference between the means are the same in the two samples. Prior to
    performing a t-test, you strongly suspect that the difference between the means will be
    statistically significant in one of the samples but not in the other. Without using any
    statistical terms, explain why this prediction makes sense.

    5. Consider a new (and major) issue in biomedical and other types of research: datasets
    on many conditions and treatments are now extremely large, due to the availability of
    electronic records.

    Suppose you are comparing outcomes in a study that compares weight gain under two widely used diet plans for patients
    who are receiving chemotherapy, where weight loss is common.

    a. What will the large samples do to the standard errors?

    b. How will these standard errors impact t-tests used to compare weight in the two groups?

    c. Why is this an issue?

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