Wastewater Constituents: Instructor DR Sher Jamal Khan
Wastewater Constituents: Instructor DR Sher Jamal Khan
Wastewater Constituents: Instructor DR Sher Jamal Khan
Wastewater
Constituents
Instructor
Dr Sher Jamal
Khan
1
Wastewater Constituents
¾ Characterized in terms of its physical, chemical and
biological composition (Table 2‐1)
¾ Constituents of concern (Table 2‐2); Secondary
treatment standards concerned with removal of:
¾Biodegradable organics;
¾Total suspended solids;
¾Pathogens
¾ Stringent standards, recently developed, deal with
removal of:
¾Nutrients
¾Heavy metals
¾Priority Pollutants
2
Physical Characteristics
¾Solids content
¾Floating matter
¾Settleable matter
¾Colloidal matter
¾Matter in solution
¾Particle size distribution; Turbidity; Color;
Transmittance; Temperature; Conductivity;
Density; Specific gravity; Specific Weight
3
Physical Characteristics
¾ Solids classification (Table 2‐4)
¾ Solids interrelationships (Figure 2‐3)
¾ Settleable solids: Placing 1‐L sample in
Imhoff cone and noting volume of solids
in mm that settle after 1 h; Typically 60%
of suspended solids (SS) in municipal Imhoff Cone
wastewater are settleable
¾ Total solids (TS): Obtained by evaporating
wastewater sample to dryness (at 103‐
105oC) and measuring mass of residue
¾ Total suspended solids (TSS): Filtration
step is used to separate TSS from total
dissolved solids (TDS); Portion of TS
retained on filter (e.g., Whatman fiber
glass filter‐GF/C) measured after being
dried at 105oC 4
Filtration Apparatus
Physical Characteristics
¾Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
¾More TSS measured as pore size of filter used is reduced;
¾Important to note filter paper pore size, when
comparing TSS values;
¾TSS and BOD universal effluent standards by which
performance of treatment plants is judged for regulatory
control purposes
¾Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
¾Solids contained in filtrate that passes through a filter
with nominal pore size of 2 µm or less are classified as
dissolved; Size of colloidal particles in wastewater
typically in range from 0.01‐1 µm 5
Physical Characteristics
¾Volatile and Fixed Solids (VS and FS)
¾Material volatilized and burned off when ignited
at 500 ± 50oC classified as volatile solids (VS);
¾In general, VS are organic matter
¾Residue that remains after sample is ignited at
500 ± 50oC classified as fixed solids (FS);
¾TS, TSS, and TDS comprised of both VS and FS
¾Ratio of VS to FS used to characterize wastewater
with respect to amount of organic matter present
6
Physical Characteristics
¾ Example 2‐4: Analysis of Solids Data
¾Following tests results were obtained for 50 mL wastewater
sample. Determine concentration of TS, TVS, TSS, VSS, TDS,
VDS. The samples were either evaporated, dried, or ignited
to constant weight
¾Tare mass of evaporating dish = 53.5433 g
¾Mass of evaporating dish + residue after evaporation at 105oC =
53.5794 g
¾Mass of evaporating dish + residue after ignition at 550oC = 53.5625
g
¾Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105oC = 1.5433 g
¾Mass of Whatman GF/C filter and residue after drying at 105oC =
1.5554 g
¾ Mass of Whatman GF/C filter and residue after ignition at 550oC =
1.5476 g
7
Physical Characteristics
1. Determine total solids
⎛ mass of evaporating ⎞ ⎛ mass of evaporating ⎞
¾Solution TS =
⎜
⎝ dish plus residue, g
⎟−⎜
⎠ ⎝ dish, g
⎟
⎠
sample size, L
TS =
(
⎡⎣( 53.5794 − 53.5433) g ⎤⎦ 103 mg g )
= 722 mg/L
0.05 L
2. Determine total volatile solids
⎛ mass of evaporating ⎞ ⎛ mass of evaporating ⎞
⎜ −
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
TVS = ⎝ dish plus residue, g ⎠ ⎝ dish plus residue after ignition, g ⎠
sample size, L
TVS =
(
⎡⎣( 53.5794 − 53.5625 ) g ⎤⎦ 103 mg g )
= 338 mg/L
0.05 L
3. Determine total suspended solids
⎛ residue on filter ⎞ ⎛ tare mass of filter ⎞
⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
TSS = ⎝ after drying, g ⎠ ⎝ after drying, g ⎠
sample size, L
TSS =
(
⎡⎣(1.5554 − 1.5433) g ⎤⎦ 103 mg g )
= 242 mg/L 8
0.05 L
Physical Characteristics
¾Solution
4. Determine volatile suspended solids
⎛ residue on filter ⎞ ⎛ residue on filter ⎞
⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
VSS = ⎝ after drying, g ⎠ ⎝ after ignition, g ⎠
sample size, L
VSS =
(
⎡⎣(1.5554 − 1.5476 ) g ⎤⎦ 103 mg g)= 156 mg/L
0.05 L
5. Determine total dissolved solids
TDS = TS − TSS = 722 − 242 = 480 mg/L
6. Determine volatile dissolved solids
VDS = TVS − VSS = 338 − 156 = 182 mg/L
9
Physical Characteristics
¾Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
¾To understand nature of
particles that comprise TSS in
wastewater, measurement of
particle size is undertaken
¾PSD important in assessing
effectiveness of treatment
processes (secondary
sedimentation, effluent
filtration, and effluent
disinfection) 10
Physical Characteristics
¾ Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
¾ PSD methods can be divided into two
general categories:
1. Methods based on observation and
measurement
2. Methods based on separation and
analysis techniques
¾ Commonly used methods for particle
size analysis:
1. Serial filtration: Wastewater sample is
passed sequentially through series of
membrane filters with circular
openings of known diameter, and
amount of suspended solids retained
in each filter is measured
11
Physical Characteristics
2. Electronic particle counting:
¾ Particles in wastewater are counted by diluting a sample and then
passing diluted sample through calibrated orifice or past laser beams;
¾ As particles pass through orifice, conductivity of fluid changes, owing
to presence of particle. Change in conductivity is correlated to size of
equivalent sphere;
¾ Similarly, as particle passes by laser beam, it reduces intensity of laser
because of light scattering. Reduced intensity is correlated to
diameter of particle. Particles counted are grouped into particle size
ranges. In turn, volume fraction corresponding to each particle size
range is computed
12
Physical Characteristics
3. Microscopic Observation:
¾ Placing small wastewater sample in particle counting
chamber and counting individual particles;
¾ To aid in differentiating different types of particles,
various types of stains are used;
¾ In general, microscopic particle counting is impractical
on routine basis;
¾ However, it can be used to qualitatively assess nature
and size of particles in wastewater
13
Physical Characteristics
¾ Turbidity
¾ Measure of light‐transmitting
properties of water, used to indicate
quality of waste discharges and
natural waters with respect to
colloidal and residential suspended
matter
¾ Measurement based on comparison
of intensity of light scattered by a
sample to the light scattered by
reference suspension under same
conditions. Formazin suspensions
are used as primary reference
standard
¾ Results of turbidity reported as
nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)
14
Physical Characteristics
¾ Turbidity
¾Relationship between turbidity and TSS for settled and
filtered secondary effluent from activated sludge
process:
TSS , mg / L ≈ (TSS f ) (T )
where TSS = total suspended solids, mg/L
TSSf = factor used to convert turbidity readings to TSS, (mg/L TSS)/NTU
T = turbidity, NTU
16
Physical Characteristics
¾Absorption
¾Measure of amount of light, of specified
wavelength, absorbed by constituents in solution;
¾Absorbance, measured using spectrophotometer
and fixed path length (usually 1 cm) is given by:
⎛I ⎞
A = log ⎜ o ⎟
⎝ I ⎠
where A = absorbance, absorbance units (au)/cm
Io = initial detector reading for blank (distilled water) after passing through solution of known depth
I = final detector reading after passing through solution containing constituents of interest
¾Absorbance measured with spectrophotometer
using specified wavelength (254 nm)
17
Physical Characteristics
¾Transmittance
¾Transmittance of solution is defined as:
⎛ I ⎞
Transmittance T, % = log ⎜ ⎟ × 100
⎝ Io ⎠
Transmittance can also be derived from absorption measurement:
T , % = 10( a.u ./ cm ) × 100
For perfectly transparent solution A = 0, T = 1
For perfectly opaque solution A → ∞, T = 0
¾Percent transmittance is affected by all substance
in wastewater that can absorb or scatter light
18
Physical Characteristics
¾ Temperature
¾ Temperature of wastewater is typically higher than that of local
water supply, because of addition of warm water from
households and industrial activities;
¾ Effects of Temperature
¾ Temperature effects chemical reactions and reaction rates,
aquatic life, and suitability of water for beneficial uses;
¾ Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water;
¾ Increase in rate of biochemcial reactions with increase in
temperature, combined with decrease in quantity of oxygen
present in surface waters, cause depletion in dissolved oxygen
(DO) concentration in summer months. 19
Physical Characteristics
¾ Optimum Temperatures
¾ For bacterial activity, T in the range 25‐35oC;
¾ When T ≥ 50oC, aerobic digestion and nitrification stops;
¾ When T ≤ 15oC, methane‐producing bacteria become inactive;
¾ When T ≤ 5oC, autotrophic‐nitrifying bacteria cease functioning;
¾ When T ≤ 2oC, chemo‐heterotrophic bacteria become dormant
¾ Temperature Effects on Reaction Rates
¾ Vant’s Hoff‐Arrhenius temperature relationship:
k2 (T2 −T1 )
=θ
k1
¾ Commonly used in environmental engineering to adjust value of
operative rate constant to reflect effect of temperature;
¾ θ varies for different temperature ranges 20
Physical Characteristics
¾Conductivity
¾ Electrical conductivity (EC) is measure of ability of solution to conduct
electrical current;
¾ Electrical current is transported by ions in solution, conductivity
increases as concentration of ions increases;
¾ EC value is used to substitute measure of TDS concentration;
¾ EC of water important parameter to determine its suitability for
irrigation;
¾ Salinity of treated wastewater to be used for irrigation is estimated by
its EC;
¾ SI units: millisiemens per meter (mS/m);
¾ Estimation of TDS of water sample based on measured EC value:
TDS ( mg / L ) ≅ EC ( dS / m ) × ( 0.55 − 0.70 )
21
Physical Characteristics
¾Density and Specific Gravity
¾Density: Mass per unit volume expressed as g/L or
kg/m3; density of domestic wastewater is the
same as that of water at same temperature;
¾Specific Gravity:
ρw
sw =
ρo
where ρ w = density of wastewater
ρo = density of water
¾Both density and specific gravity are temperature
dependent and will vary with concentration of TSS
in wastewater
22
Assignment 1
¾Problem 2‐7: Determine concentration of TS
and TVS (mg/L) for Sample A
¾Problem 2‐8: Determine size of sample A used
in the analysis of TSS (197 mg/L)
¾Problem 2‐9: Determine concentration of TS,
TVS, TSS and TDS for sample A
¾Problem 2‐10: Determine concentration of TS,
TVS, TSS, VSS and TDS for sample A
23