Limit of a Function

Limit – on an open interval of x which contains a, but where x does not equal to a

The limit of function f(x) as x approaches a is equal to L

lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎

Theorems on Limits
1.) Limit of a Constant
- The limit of a constant is equal to the constant.
lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑎

Example:
lim 5 = 5
𝑥→10

lim 3 = 3
𝑥→7

2.) Limit of a Constant and a Function

- The limit of a constant times a function is equal to the constant times the limit of the function.
lim 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example:

lim 8 𝑥 3 = 8 lim 𝑥³ =8 (1)³ =8 (1) = 8

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

lim 4 𝑥 2 = 4 lim 𝑥 2 =4 (7)² = 4 (49) = 196

𝑥→7 𝑥→7

3.) Sum or Difference of Two or more Function

- The limit of a sum is equal to the sum of the limits.
lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example:

lim 𝑥² + 3𝑥 = lim 𝑥² + 3 lim 𝑥 = (1)² + 3 (1) =1 + 3= 4

𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
 lim 𝑥 + 10 = lim 𝑥 + lim 10 = 8 + 10= 18
𝑥→8 𝑥→8 𝑥→8

- The limit of a difference is equal to the difference of the limits.

lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔 (𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example:
lim 𝑥² − 4𝑥 = lim 𝑥² − 4 lim 𝑥 = (3)² - 4 (3) = 9 - 12= -3
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

lim 12𝑥² − 𝑥 = 12 lim 𝑥² − lim 𝑥 =12 (5)2 - 5 = 300 - 5= 295

𝑥→5 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

4.) Limit of the Product of Two Functions

- The limit of a product of functions equals the product of the limit of each function.
lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) • 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) • lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example:

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 6) = lim (𝑥 + 3) • lim (𝑥 − 6) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥² + 8)(𝑥 − 2) = lim (𝑥² + 8) • lim (𝑥 − 2)
𝑥→ 4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥 →3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= (4 + 3) (4 – 6)
= [(3)² + 8](3 - 2)
= (7) (-2)
= (9 + 8) (3 - 2)
= -14
= (17) (1)

=17

5.) Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions

- The limit of a quotient of functions equals the quotient of the limit of each function, provided the limit of the
denominator is not 0. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

Example:

3𝑥 3 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 3(1) 3 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑥→ 1 = = =
𝑥→ 1 𝑥 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 + 5) 1 + 5 6 2
𝑥→ 1

2𝑥 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2(5) 10 10 2
𝑥→ 5
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = = = = = 2
𝑥 → 5 5𝑥 − 20 5 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 − 20) 5(5) − 20 25 − 20 5 1
𝑥→ 5
6.) Limit of a Power of a Function

- The limit of power of a function is equal to the power of limit of the function.
lim [𝑓(𝑥 )]ⁿ = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)]ⁿ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example:
lim (𝑥 − 9)2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 + 1)2 = [𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 + 1)]² 𝑥→7
𝑥→ 5 𝑥→ 5
= [lim(𝑥 − 9)]²
= [𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑥) + 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1)]² 𝑥→7
𝑥→ 5 𝑥→ 5
= [lim (𝑥 ) − lim (9)]²
= (5 + 1) ² 𝑥→7 𝑥→7

= (6) ² = (7 - 9) ²

= 36 = (-2) ²

=4

7.) Limit of a Root of a Function

- The limit of the root of a function equals the corresponding root of the limit of the function.

lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛ට lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example:

𝑥 +1−2
lim ξ𝑥 + 10 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ξ Factoring
𝑥→ 3 𝑥 −3
𝑥→6

= ට𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑥 + 10) ටlim

𝑥→3
(𝑥 + 1 − 2) ξ𝑥 + 1 − 2 ξ𝑥 + 1 + 2
𝑥→6
= •
lim (𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 −3 ξ𝑥 + 1 + 2
= ξ 6 + 10 𝑥→3
( 𝑥 + 1) − 4
3+1 −2 =
= ξ 16 =ξ 3−3 ( 𝑥 − 3) ( ξ 𝑥 + 1 + 2
(𝑥 − 3)
=4 2 −2 =
= ( 𝑥 − 3) ( ξ 𝑥 + 1 + 2
3 −3 1
=
0
=0 Indeterminate ξ3 + 1 + 2
1
=
ξ4 + 2
1 1
= =
2 +2 4
 Limits at Infinity
➢ Let f be a function defined on (c, + ∞) for some number c. The limit of 𝒇 as 𝒙 increases without bound is L,
which is written as:
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→+∞

if the values of 𝒇(𝒙) get closer and closer to one and only one number L as 𝒙 becomes larger and larger.

Example:
𝑥 +4
𝑓( 𝑥 ) =
𝑥 +1

x f(x) As x increases without bound, 𝒇(𝒙) approaches 1. Thus,

we say,
𝑋+4
1 2.5
lim =1
𝑥→+∞ 𝑋+1

10 1.272727273

100 1.02970297

1000 1.002997003

10000 1.00029997

➢ Let f be a function on (c, -∞) for some number c. The limit of 𝒇 as 𝒙 decreases without bound is L, which is
written as:
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→- ∞

If the values of 𝒇(𝒙)) gets closer and closer to one and only one number L as 𝒙 becomes smaller and
smaller.
2𝑥 + 10
𝑓( 𝑥 ) =
x f(x) Example: 𝑥 +2

-1 8
As x decreases without bound, 𝒇(𝒙) approaches 2. Thus,
we say,
-10 1.25
2𝑥 +10
lim =2
𝑥→-∞ 𝑋+2
-100 1.93877551

-1000 1.993987976

-10000 1.99939988
➢ Let 𝑟 be any positive integer. Then:
Examples:

1
lim 𝑟 =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

1
lim 𝑟 =0
𝑥→-∞ 𝑥

1
𝑥
2𝑥 3
+ 4𝑥 2 5𝑥 5
𝑥 𝑥 − +
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
4 𝑥
− 6𝑥 2 2𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑥
+ −
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2

𝑥2 4𝑥
𝑥
 INDETERMINATE FORMS

• Infinity over Infinity 1

+2
lim 𝑥
∞
For example, you are given a function, 𝑥→∞ 25𝑥 −5 . After applying limits, you will get
∞
which can't be solved. There is no proper solution of this fraction and that is why we can conclude it
as an indeterminate form.
2𝑥 Factoring
Example: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 −3 lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 − 3

2𝑥 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (2𝑥) (𝑥 )
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 −3 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 1
(2𝑥 − 3)( )
2(∞) 𝑥
= 2𝑥
2(∞)−3
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
∞ 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 3
= 𝑥 −𝑥
∞−3
2
∞ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= Indeterminate 𝑥→∞ 3
∞ 2− 𝑥

2 2 2
= 3 = = = 1
2− 2−0 2
∞

L’ Hospital’s Rule
2𝑥
lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 − 3
Applying L’Hospital’s Rule In derivatives we can use the POWER RULE
ⅆ which states that ⅆ 𝑛 𝑛−1
(2𝑥) [𝑥 ] = 𝑛𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ
ⅆ
𝑥→∞
ⅆ𝑥
(2𝑥 − 3) (2𝑥 )=1(2𝑥 1−1 )=1(2𝑥 0 )=1൫2(1)൯=2
ⅆ𝑥
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 2− 0 In deriving any constant number, it will always = 0
2 ⅆ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1 (−3) = 1
𝑥→∞ 2
ⅆ𝑥
 Example: 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 3 + 𝑥 + 6𝑥2
2𝑥2 −5𝑥+1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 Factoring
𝑥→∞ 3+𝑥+6𝑥2
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 5 1
2 (∞) 2 −5(∞) +1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =𝑙𝑖𝑚
2− +
𝑥 𝑥2

= 3 + 𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 1 3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 6+ + 2
𝑥 𝑥
3+∞+6(∞) 2
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 5 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 − ∞ + ( )2
6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 ∞
∞−∞+1 𝑥→∞
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 1 3
= 1
2𝑥2 −5𝑥+1( 2) 6 + ∞ + ( )2
∞
3+∞+∞ =𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 2
𝑥
1
6𝑥 +𝑥+3( 2)
𝑥
2−0+ 0
∞ 2𝑥 2 5𝑥 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 6+0+ 0
= Indeterminate − 2+ 2
∞ 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 2
𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 𝑥 3 =
+ + 6
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
2𝑥 2 5𝑥 1 1
− 2+ 2 =
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 3
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 𝑥 3
+ +
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2

L’ Hospital’s Rule

2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 3 + 𝑥 + 6𝑥 2
ⅆ
Applying L’Hospital’s Rule (2x 2 ) = (2 ⋅ 2x 2−1 ) = 4x
ⅆx
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 ⅆ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝟓𝒙)= (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟓𝒙𝟏−𝟏) = (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟓(𝟏)) = 𝟓
𝑥→∞ 3 + 𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 ⅆ𝒙

2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 ⅆ
(𝟏) = 0
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ𝒙
𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3
ⅆ
ⅆ
(2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1) (𝟔𝒙𝟐 ) = (𝟐 ⋅ 𝟔𝒙𝟐−𝟏) = 12x
ⅆ𝒙
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ𝑥
𝑥→∞ ⅆ ⅆ
(6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3) (𝒙) = (𝟏 ⋅ 𝒙𝟏−𝟏 ) = 1
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝒙

4𝑥 − 5 ⅆ
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝟑)= 0
𝑥→∞ 12𝑥 + 1 ⅆ𝒙

ⅆ
(4𝑥 − 5)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ
(𝟒𝒙) = (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟒𝒙𝟏−𝟏 ) = (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟒(𝟏)) = 4
𝑥→∞ ⅆ ⅆ𝒙
(12𝑥 + 1)
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ
(−𝟓) = 0
4 ⅆ𝒙
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 12 ⅆ
(𝟏𝟐𝒙) = (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏−𝟏) = (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏𝟐(𝟏)) = 12
ⅆ𝒙
1
= ⅆ
3 (𝟏) = 0
ⅆ𝒙
 • Zero over Zero

One or the most common indeterminate examples is zero over zero. Dividing any number by zero is
undefined, it could be any value. The reason is that the division will never be completed. You keep
dividing the numerator with zero and it will keep going till infinity. Therefore, zero over zero is a very
common indeterminate form.
𝑥+2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
Example: 𝑥→−2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2
Factoring
𝑥 +2
𝑥+2 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 +2
𝑥→−2 2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥+2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( 𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑥→−2
( −2) +2
=( 1
−2) 2 +3 ( −2) +2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→−2 𝑥+1
0 1
= Indeterminate = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
0 𝑥→−2 (−2)+1

1
=
−1

= -1

L’ Hospital’s Rule

2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→∞ 3 + 𝑥 + 6𝑥 2
An y variable and
Applying L’Hospital’s Rule c onstant except 0, with
a n exponent of 0 is
𝑥 +2 e qual to 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ
(x) = (1 ⋅ x 1−1) = (1 ⋅ x 0 ) = (1 ⋅ 1)
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥+2 ⅆx
ⅆ
(𝑥+2)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ
ⅆ𝑥
W hen deriving a constant
𝑥→−2 ( 𝑥 2+3𝑥+2)
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ
(2) = 0 number always remember that it
ⅆx i s always equal to 0
1+0
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ⅆ
𝑥→−2 2𝑥+3+0 (3x ) = (1 ⋅ 3x 1−1 ) = (1 ⋅ 3x 0 ) = (1 ⋅ 3(1)) = 3
ⅆx
1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( ) +3
ⅆ
( x 2 ) = (2 ⋅ x 2−1 ) = (2 ⋅ x 1) = 2x
𝑥→−2 2 −2
ⅆx
1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→−2 −4 +3
1
=
−1

= -1
 • Zero Times Infinity
We talked about infinity over infinity, and zero over zero, what about zero times infinity? The answer is
undefined again! It could be any number that we can't predict. Many people make this mistake, they
think that the answer is zero because anything multiplied by zero is zero but what they don't realize is
the infinity sign with it.

Example:

𝑙𝑖𝑚(ξ𝑥 − 2)(∞) lim (ξ9 − 3)(𝑥)

𝑥→4 𝑥 →∞

=(ξ4 − 2)(∞) =(3 − 3) (∞)

= ( 2 − 2)(∞)
=0 ∙ ∞
=0∙ ∞

• Zero to the Power of Zero

This problem is similar to the division by zero. Mathematics rule says that any positive number, besides
zero, whose power is equal to zero will be equal to one. So, it means is but how can
a zero entity be equal to one? It is impossible for zero to become one or any other number at any cost.
Hence, it is undefined and we can call it an indeterminate form.

Example:

Let’s let a=0 b=2 and c=0 70 × 71 = 7 (0+1)= 71

02 × 00 = 02+0 = 02 71 = 7
𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠, 70 × 7 = 7
00 = 0 0 × 00 = 0
What number times 7 equals 7? If we try 0, we have
0×7=7 .
No good. The only number that works is 1.
𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠:

𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 : 𝑎 0 = 1
• Zero Times Infinity
Infinity value doesn't have a universal value. Infinity having a power equal to zero is also undefined hence it is
also a type of indeterminate form.

Example: 1
lim (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→∞

1
= (𝑒 ∞ + ∞) ∞

0
= (∞ + ∞)
= ∞0

• One to the Power of Infinity 1

x
lim (1+ )
𝑥
Note: If base is exact to 1 x→ ∞

13 1 -4 ∞
∞ ∞
1 =1 1 =1 1 =1 1
(1+ ) (1+0) 1
16 .8 ∞ ∞
1 =1 1 =1 lim 1 = 1

x→∞
x
1
∞ Not exactly 1 f(x)=(1+ )
𝑥
1 g(x)
lim f (x)
x→ a

lim f (x) = 1
1
x→a (1+ )100 = 1.01100= 2.70481…
100
∞
∞ lim 1 (1. 0001 )10,000 = 2.71814…
lim g (x) =
x→∞
x→a (1.33333) 3 = 2.37037...
 LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We can see that as long as a is within each function’s domain,
the limit of y = sin x and y = cos x as x approaches a can be
evaluated using the substitution method.

Figure1. Graph of y = sin x and y = cos x

➢ Limits of Trigonometric Functions as x → a

As can be seen from the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x, the functions approach
different values between -1 and 1. In other words, the function is oscillating between the
values, so it will be impossible for us to find the limit of y = sin x and y = cos x as x
approaches ± ∞.

➢ Deriving Limits of Trigonometric Functions

1. Reciprocal Identities
2. Pythagorean Identities

3. Double-angle formulas

➢ List Of Trigonometric Identities

➢ BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS TO TAKE NOTE:

• Examples 1
 • Examples 2

• Examples 3

• Examples 4

𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟒𝒙) tan(4∙0) 0
lim lim = indeterminate
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙 𝑥→0 3∙0 0
tan(4𝑥 )
lim
𝑥→0 3𝑥
sin(4𝑥)
cos(4𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 3𝑥
sin(4𝑥) 1
= lim ∙
𝑥→0 cos(4𝑥) 3𝑥

sin(4𝑥 ) 1 1 4𝑥
= lim ∙ ∙ ∙
𝑥→0 1 cos(4𝑥 ) 3𝑥 4𝑥
sin(4𝑥) 1 1 4𝑥
= lim ∙ ∙ ∙
𝑥→0 4𝑥 cos(4𝑥) 3𝑥 1
sin(4𝑥 ) 1 4𝑥
= lim ∙ ∙
𝑥→0 4𝑥 cos(4𝑥 ) 3𝑥
sin(4𝑥 ) 1 4
= lim ∙ ∙
𝑥→0 4𝑥 cos(4𝑥 ) 3
1 4
=1∙ ∙
1 3
4
=
3
 LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
An asymptote is a line that a curve approaches, as it heads towards infinity.

Types of Asymptote
Horizontal Vertical Oblique
REMEMBER!!
• The direction of an asymptote can be also negative.

• The curve can approach from any side (such as from

above or below for a horizontal asymptote),
or may actually cross over (possibly many times),
and even more away and back again.

• The distance between the curve and the asymptote

tends to zero as they head to infinity or negative infinity
but never actually reaches zero.
 Horizontal Asymptotes HA: 𝒚 = 𝟎
It is a Horizontal Asymptote when:
as x goes to infinity (or -infinity) the curve approaches some
constant value b

1 • Always remember if the function is bottom heavy (if the degree of denominator is

𝑦= greater than the numerator), the answer will be always 0 for Horizontal

𝑥 •
Asymptote
Here we can see that the x is raise into 1, while the 1 in the numerator is
considered constant because it has no variable, So the answer for the horizontal
asymptote is 0
 • Examples 1
𝟕
𝒚= 𝒚=𝟎
𝒙−𝟏

• Examples 2
𝟓
2.𝒚 = +𝟒
𝒙+𝟑
= 0+4
y= 4
 Oblique Asymptotes
Oblique asymptotes are also known as slanted
asymptotes. That’s because of its slanted form representing
a linear function graph, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏. A rational function may
only contain an oblique asymptote when its numerator’s
degree is exactly one degree higher than its denominator’s
degree

REMEMBER!! (LONG DIVISION)

• If the degree of the function exceeds by two point in the
denominator, it is not an Oblique Asymptote
• Always add place holder if necessary
• Ignore the remainder
 • Examples 1
+1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −3 𝑦=𝑥+2 1 rise

1 run

𝑥 − 3 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2

x +2
𝑦 =𝑥+2

𝑥 − 3 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
2𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 − 6
𝑦 = 𝑥+2
8

• Examples 2
+1 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
4 − 𝑥2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2 −1 rise
1 run
𝑥 + 2 −𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 4

-x +2 𝑦 =𝑥+2

𝑥 + 2 −𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 4
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
2𝑥 + 4
2𝑥 +4
0 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2
 REMEMBER!! (SYNTHETIC DIVISION)
• If the degree of the function exceeds by two point in the
denominator, it is not an Oblique Asymptote
• Always add place holder if necessary
• Ignore the remainder
• The divisor will change its sign
• 2
2𝑥 −3𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 2 rise
𝑥 −2 1 run
Change its sign

2 2 −3 3
+ +
4 2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2

remainder
2 1 5
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
 Vertical Asymptotes

It is a vertical asymptote when:

as x approaches some constant value c (from the left or

right) then the curve goes towards infinity (or -infinity)

For us to solve for Vertical Asymptote, we need to make the

1
F(x) = denominator turn to zero.
𝑥+3
Here, we need the x to remain on the right side of the equal sign.
We can use many different operations here to remain the x such as
F(x) = x + 3 transposing, but I will be using just the simple form by subtracting
both sides by 3. But before that
0=x+3
x+3 = 0 Switch sides then

x+3-3=0-3 Subtract 3 from both sides

After that, we simply have the answer x = -3.

X = -3 So, our Vertical asymptote for this function is -3.
 𝒙+𝟓 𝑥+6
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = − 3. 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝒙−𝟒 𝑥2 −2𝑥−3
x-4 = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
x=4
(x-3) (x+1) = 0
𝟓 x – 3 = 0, x + 1 = 0
2. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 x=3, x = -1
𝟐
ξ𝒙 = ξ𝟗
x = ±𝟑
𝑦= 𝑥+2