CHAPTER 18: URINARY SYSTEM AND FLUID BALANCE

Chapter 18: URINARY SYSTEM AND FLUID BALANCE Renal cortex

 outer portion
URINARY SYSTEM

 The urinary system is the major excretory system of the body.

 Some organs in other systems also eliminate wastes, but they
are not able to compensate in the case of kidney failure. Renal medulla
 inner portion
URINARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS Renal pyramid
1. Excretion  junction between cortex and medulla
2. Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure Calyx
3. Regulation of blood solute concentration  tip of pyramids
4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH Renal pelvis
5. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis  where calyces join
6. Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis  narrows to form ureter
KIDNEY CHARACTERISTICS NEPHRON

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Each kidney has over one million nephrons.
There are two types of nephrons in the kidney:
 juxtamedullary
Bilateral retroperitoneal organs  cortical
Shape and size: Approximately 15% are juxtamedullary.
 bean shaped The nephron includes the renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop
 weighs 5 ounces (bar of soap or size of fist) of Henle, distal tubule and collecting dust.
Location:
NEPHRON COMPONENTS
 between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra
Renal corpuscle
KIDNEY STRUCTURES  structure that contains a Bowman’s capsule and
Renal capsule glomerulus
 connective tissue around each kidney Bowman’s capsule
 protects and acts as a barrier  enlarged end of nephron
Hilum  opens into proximal tubule
 indention  contains podocytes (specialized cells around glomerular
 contains renal artery, veins, nerves, ureter capillaries)
Renal sinus Glomerulus
 contains renal pelvis, blood vessels, fat  contains capillaries wrapped around it

Precious Faith Rodriguez

CHAPTER 18: URINARY SYSTEM AND FLUID BALANCE
URINE PRODUCTION-REABSORPTION
 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and reenters circulation.
 Proximal tubule is primary site for reabsorption of solutes and
water.
 Descending Loop of Henle concentrates filtrate.
 Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal tubule and
collecting duct is controlled by hormones.

URINE PRODUCTION-SECRETION
 Ammonia secretion is passive.
+¿¿ +¿¿
 Secretion of H , K , creatinine, histamine and penicillin is
by active transport.
 These substances are actively transported into the nephron.
+¿¿
 The secretion of H plays an important role in regulating the
body fluid pH.

URINE CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME REGULATION

Three major hormonal mechanisms are involved in regulating
urine concentration and volume:
1. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
2. the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3. the atrial natriuretic hormone
Filtration membrane
 in renal corpuscle ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE MECHANISM
 includes glomerular capillaries, podocytes, basement
membrane
Filtrate
 fluid that passes across filtration membrane
Proximal tubule
 where filtrate passes first
Loop of Henle
 contains descending and ascending loops
 water and solutes pass through thin walls by diffusion
Distal tubule 1. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
 structure between Loop of Henle and collecting duct 2. ADH acts of kidneys, causing them to absorb more water
Collecting duct (decrease urine volume)
 empties into calyces 3. Result is to maintain a normal blood volume and blood pressure
 carry fluid from cortex through medulla ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE
Flow of Filtrate Through Nephron
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Proximal tubule
3. Descending loop of Henle
4. Ascending loop of Henle
5. Distal tubule
6. Collecting duct
7. Papillary duct

URINE FORMATION 1. ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle in the right atrium of the
 Urine formation involves three processes: heart when blood pressure increases
+¿¿
 Filtration – occurs in the renal corpuscle 2. ANH acts on kidneys to decrease Na reabsorption
 Reabsorption – it involves removing substances from 3. Sodium ions remain in nephron to become urine
the filtrate and placing back into the blood 4. Increased loss of sodium and water reduced blood volume and
 Secretion – it involves taking substances from the blood blood pressure
at a nephron area other than the renal corpuscle and
putting back into the nephron tubule URETERS and URINARY BLADDER
Ureters
 small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of
kidney to bladder

URINE FORMATION-FILTRATION
 Movement of water, ions, small molecules through filtration
membrane into Bowman’s capsule.
 19% if plasma becomes filtrate.
 180 Liters of filtrate are produced by the nephrons each day.
 1% of filtrate (1.8 liters) become urine and the rest is absorbed.

Precious Faith Rodriguez

CHAPTER 18: URINARY SYSTEM AND FLUID BALANCE

Urinary bladder
 in pelvic cavity
 stores urine
 can hold a few mL to a maximum of 1000
milliliters
Urethra
 tube that exits bladder
 carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of
the body

URINE MOVEMENT
Micturition reflex:
 activated by stretch of urinary bladder wall
 action potentials are conducted from bladder to
spinal cord through pelvic nerves
 stretching f bladder stimulates sensory neurons to
inform brain person needs to urinate

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Buffers
 chemicals resist change in pH of a solution
 buffers in body contain salts of weak acids or bases
+¿¿
that combine with H
 three classes of buffers; proteins, phosphate buffer,
bicarbonate buffer
Respiratory system involvement in acid-base
 responds rapidly to changes in pH
 increased respiratory rate raises blood pH (more
alkalotic) due to increased rate of carbon dioxide
elimination from the body
 reduced respiratory rate reduces pH (more acidic)
due to decreased rate of carbon dioxide elimination
from the body
Kidney involvement in acid-base
+¿¿
 nephrons secrete H into urine and directly
regulate pH of body fluids
+¿¿
 more H secretion if the pH is decreasing and
less H +¿¿ secretion if pH is increasing
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
 Acidosis occurs when the pH of blood falls below 7.35.
 There are two types of acidosis based upon the cause:
respiratory and metabolic.
 Alkalosis occurs when the pH of blood increases above 7.45
 There are two types of alkalosis based upon the cause:
respiratory and metabolic.

Precious Faith Rodriguez