Thesis Latest

Our Lady of Peace School
Antipolo City
Administered by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres
PAASCU Accredited
UPCYCLED PAPER AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR

WOOD IN CONSTRUCTING TABLES
A High School Thesis Presented to

the Faculty of the High School Department of
Our Lady of Peace School,
Antipolo City
___________________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

in Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
by:
MARIGONDON, PAMELA BURAWIS

SAN JUAN, RENEE LORICE ARZAGA
SURAIT, EIRENE VERZOSA
FEBRUARY 2020
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Construction requires of large nonrenewable materials. However,
nonrenewable materials are not as prominent as before and are limited. That is
why; some buildings in the past decades have followed the concept of “green
building”. According to Robert H. Falk (2010), Green building is the practice of
increasing the efficiency with which buildings use resources while reducing
building impacts on human health and the environment. The public have become
aware of the drastic changes the world has been facing. Wood has a huge role
on green building. It is a renewable building material that can contribute to
sustainable development goals. (Franzini, Toivonen, & Toppinen, 2018). Wood is
considered important because it is available and has many numerous
characteristics that has a possible impact in the environment, this includes: low
embodied energy, low carbon impact, and sustainability. (Falk, 2010). Wood is
irrefutably significant to people’s daily lives. But with the problem of deforestation
and illegal logging, the vast sources of wood have been put to danger.
Deforestation is one of the contributors of greenhouse gas emissions by
approximately 12%. This is because when the trees are cut down, CO2 escapes
from wood and leaves and goes into the atmosphere. The Union of Concerned
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Scientists points out that “wood products,” including paper, account for about
10% of total deforestation (Matthew, 2016).
Paper is a pliable substance made usually of vegetable matter. It has
become a vital part of the society because of its many purposes. Paper can be
used in different fields: agriculture, building, business, communication, education,
electrical, entertainment, filtration, medical and political. It is something that
serves several purposes, like writing, printing, packaging, communication,
advertising and the likes. That is why; paper manufacturing is listed as one of a
country’s most important industries (Padmanabha, 2016). Paper is important
and is seen mostly anywhere, at home, in schools, at work, in different
establishments, even on the streets. It is used for books, cartons, magazines,
daily newspaper, tickets, tissue paper, notebooks, etc. As it is used for many
things, the demand for paper is just as great. However, at times paper can only
be used once. For example, the daily newspaper, it can’t be used for the next day
because the information will be inaccurate. There are many examples to this
disposable paper, like tissue paper, flyers, packaging, receipts, etc. This result to
some issues currently faced by the world today: deforestation and pollution.
Around 26% of solid waste that is found in dumping sites is discarded
paper. Pulp and paper mills are also contributors to water, land and air pollution.
The paper industry also uses a lot of water to produce a volume of products. The
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industries emissions include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide.
Nitrogen and sulfur dioxide are contributors in acid rain, and carbon dioxide is a
known greenhouse gas. (Shisia, 2018).
Upcycling is one of the solutions that many people have considered. It is
not yet studied by many but is promising and environmentally sustainable.
Upcycling can contribute to lessening the waste and greenhouse emissions. Yet
promising, environmentally sustainable behaviors that has the potential to
contribute to the reduction of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. It is an
alternative to the current linear economy of “take–make–use–dispose” (Sung,
2017). Paper can be used to create many things that can be used daily. An
example of products from recycled paper would be the “newspaper wood”. This
was invented in 2003 by three Dutch designers, namely: Mieke Meijer, Arjan van
Raadshooven and Anieke Branderhorst. It was originally Mieke Meijer’s idea, to
reverse the paper-making process and instead make wood from paper waste. It
is beneficial to many, the environment and the people. It helps reduce the paper
waste and even makes wood that can be used for construction of furniture.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study analyzes and determines if upcycled paper is an
alternative wood for crafting tables.

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The respondent/s would be asked by the researchers to use the product
and would be given a questionnaire to help differentiate the quality of the
upcycled paper with the average wood that is being used in crafting tables.
Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:
1. How is the table made out of upcycled paper made?
2. Is there a difference between the performance of the upcycled
paper and the normal wood as a table?
3. Is the upcycled paper an effective alternative for wood in terms of
the following?
3.1 cost
3.2 accessibility
3.3 stability
Hypothesis
Throughout the study, the hypotheses will be tested to prove its point.
Ho: Upcycled paper is not an effective alternative wood in constructing
tables.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is to know if the wood made out of paper is
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as durable and if it is an effective substitute to real wood. The study aims to help
reduce the pollution and to make use of the segregation of paper in Our Lady of
Peace School. Since the school encourages students to segregate their trash,
including paper, it will help in lessening the contribution to pollution. The study
also aims to make this method known to the public, for the people to be
encouraged to also take part of upcycling. This study will help in making
renewable wood which is a big part of construction. The wood made out of paper
is affordable and can be made by anyone so it will help in constructing things that
may be needed at home. In this case, these following field will benefit from this
study:
Students
The study will provide additional information if the upcycled paper is an
effective alternative for wood, and also the students will find out that the product
possesses some similar characteristics of the normal table and the upcycled
table.
Academe
This study will help the school help in the school’s environment. Since the
wood is made out of paper, the amount of paper wasted will be lessened. The
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school will be able to participate in recycling the paper in order to avoid pollution.
The paper wood is affordable since it is sustainable and comes from the used
paper. If the paper wood is proven durable, then it can be used to create more
things that can be useful to the school.
Environment
The product in this study will help the environment because it encourages
the upcycling of paper. The process of making paper, and paper itself contributes
many problems faced by the world today. That's why it is necessary for it to be
used wisely. With the use of paper wood, not only will be the discarded paper
lessened but the usage of wood will also be lessened. This will help the forests in
the world where the people cut down trees for wood products.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
This study focuses on determining if the upcycled paper can be an
alternative for a wood as a material for crafting tables. It is limited to gathering
data about the table’s cost, accessibility, and stability. It is also to find out the
paper wood’s advantages and disadvantages, how it will help to the environment
and to the people. The study will determine if the table is fit for use.
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This study will have experts’ judgement, experts such as engineers. The
data gathering will only be exclusive for these participants to be able to find out
the effectiveness of the upcycled paper as an alternative for wood. This study is
conducted in Our Lady of Peace School for the S.Y. 2019-2020.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined
conceptually.
Cost – it is the amount of the product purchased as per the standard retail price
Deforestation - is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is
then converted to a non-forest use.
Greenhouse gas emissions – is the emission into the earth's atmosphere of
any of various gases, especially carbon dioxide, that contribute to
the greenhouse effect.
Illegal logging - is the harvesting of wood that is in violation of national
regulations.
Non-renewable materials - is a natural substance that is not replenished with
the speed at which it is consumed.

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Paper - material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other
fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping
material.
Pollution - is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that
causes adverse change.
Stability – is a characteristic of an object that is characterized through its
toughness and sturdiness.
Upcycle - to make new furniture, objects, etc. out of old or used things or waste
material
Wood – the hard substance that makes up the stems and branches of trees and
shrub.
Wood pulp - wood fiber reduced chemically or mechanically to pulp and used in
the manufacture of paper.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The numerous studies and articles on the notion that upcycled paper can
be an alternative for wood in crafting tables have given the researchers sufficient
knowledge to start working on the topic. The succeeding section will present a
concise review which is thematically discussed in the following order: Republic

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Act 9003, Upcycling, upcycled paper, furniture, wood, alternative for wood, paper
as alternative, and table.
Republic Act 9003
The republic act 9003 from January 26, 2001 is an act about providing an
ecological solid waste management program, creating necessary institutional
mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing
penalties, appropriating funds therefor. It is known as the “Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000.” The state is to adopt a solid waste management
program. It ensures the protection of public health and the environment, and
ensures the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment, and
disposal of solid waste.
(https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html). It is
encouraged to segregate so that the things that can be reused and recycled can
be easily found. Paper is considered as solid waste and a reusable material. And
one way to reuse paper is to upcycle it.
Upcycling
"Upcycling" is different from the term "recycling" because it uses less
energy to come up with a new product. This term is more likely to be associated
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with "reuse", this is due to the sustainability of its value throughout the process.
(Basbas 2008).
As stated by Wegener and Aakjær (2016), the word “upcycling” was
created by McDonough and Braungart, stated in their book, Cradle to Cradle:
Remaking the way we make things. The primary focus of upcycling is to reduce
waste in a way that something valuable will be produced. The starting point of
this movement is rethinking about the waste. Upcycling refutes the argument that
things that has been used and is no waste have no value in it. Upcycling is said
to be a mind-set, a practice concerned with the lifecycle of things. Upcycling an
object may have improved its state, but it is the process of rehabilitation and the
process of re-valuing waste that is important. Thus, upcycling is rethinking the
past in order to pave way to a desired future.
Upcycled paper
Upcycled paper is used to manufacture new products that can be useful
and functional into the society. The study conducted upon upcycling paper shows
us that all of the products made were conceptually useful. However, in the study
conducted, there are two products that did not undergo the process of testing
and raised the issue of durability among the products made. The research
conducted is an effect of the mass consumption of paper in the Philippines. With

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this, Former President Ferdinand Marcos declared the Presidential Decree No,
1152, Section 29, also known as the Measures for Rational Exploitation of Forest
Resources, which states that the people of the Philippines must conserve and
develop the threatened all plant species. With this, they must come up with an
eco-friendly manufacturing of the product as its alternative. (Basbas, 2008)
Manufacturing eco-friendly products. Manufacturers must understand
the environmental impacts of their works in order to control or reduce them. With
this, they are guaranteed to promote a safe and an eco-friendly products to be
distributed to its consumers. In this study, the wood works are dominant due to its
characteristic of being a renewable resource that is available everywhere.
(Puettmann & Wilson,2004)
Furniture
Furniture is defined as the general name given to somewhat large
movable items. These items provide people ease and comfort in doing everyday
deeds such as sitting, eating, working, etc. There are different furniture that can
be used in different activities. Furniture can be classified based on their function,
area they are used, structure, purpose, styles, materials and top surface
treatment . Recently, furniture are not only produced from wood but also from
composite materials, metal components, plastic pieces, upholstery materials

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(textiles, leather etc.) and other complementary materials (glass, screws, springs
etc.). (Kaygin and Demir, 2017).Since furniture are made for the use of people, it
should be safe and durable enough.
Furniture tests. There are different tests used to determine if the furniture
is usable. These tests evaluate the strength, durability and stability of the object.
It is done by applying loads and simulating the normal functional use and
acceptable misuse following the tests’ standards. Test standards used for testing
tables are the BS EN 1730: 2000 (Test methods for determination of strength,
durability and stability) and the BS 4875-5:2001 (Strength and stability of
furniture. Requirements for strength, durability and stability of tables and trolleys
for domestic and contract use). (http://www.fprdi.dost.gov.ph/index.php/testing-
services/furniture-tests)
Wood
Wood has been abundant and has unique characteristics that made it
possible to be used as an engineering material to construct structures, furniture,
tools, vehicles, and decorative objects. It was believed that wood from the trees
that grow in certain conditions was stronger and more durable. Modern
researches have proven that location and growth conditions have a significant
effect to the wood’s properties. (Wiemann, 2010). Though wood is considered as

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a constructing material, there are some disadvantages when using wood.
Disadvantages of Using Wood for Furniture Making.
Wood is a natural material, coming from trees. This can be a drawback,
especially in constructing furniture. Since wood is once a tree, some creatures
will still consider it as food. Such creatures are called wood-destroying pests,
namely: termites, powderpost beetles, carpenter ants, and carpenter bees.
These insects, even their larvae can damage wooden objects easily. In addition
to this, natural wood is also sensitive to environmental conditions. When wooden
furniture is exposed directly to strong sunlight, heat or other extreme conditions,
it is possible for it to split. Also, the wood can become vulnerable to fungi and wet
rot when exposed to moist conditions. It can also warp because of temperature
variations and humidity, and wood can be burnt. Because of such disadvantages,
some people have found and used alternatives.
Alternatives for Wood.
Artificial Wood. There are alternative options for natural wood, these
include wood-based artificial materials known as engineered wood. There are

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three basic kinds of artificial wood. Plywood is a material made of thin slices of
lumber glued together under high pressure. It is durable, strong but pliable.
Another engineered wood is the fiberboard, which is composed of fibers of wood
glued together under pressure. Chipboard is also engineered wood, made of
wood chips. Medium density fiberboard is made from powdered wood and is
commonly used among the types of fiberboards. These artificial wood-based
materials are advantageous but since these are still made from wood, these are
pretty porous and damageable.
Wood-plastic composites. A new composite material can also be used
as an alternative for wood. They are made of wood fiber or wood flour mixed with
thermoplastics: polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyvinyl chloride. Wood-plastic
composites are resistant to rot and decay but can still absorb water in the wood
fibers. They can be molded into any shape which gives a variety of their
application. Wood-plastic composites are occasionally used to make indoor
furniture, or outdoor deck floors, fences, railings, park benches, landscaping
timbers, window and door frames.
Environment friendly options. The first one is hemp; it is a sustainable
crop that grows quickly. A hemp-based medium density fiberboard was said to be
twice as strong as wood was found by the Washington State University. Bamboo
is also a non-wood material that has been an alternative for wood, mostly a
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flooring option. Soy, cork, cardboard, and straw are also considered alternatives
for wood but for construction of furniture (Graham n.d.). Maderon is also an
alternative, it is made of crushed nutshells which are ground into a paste and
mixed with resin.
Non-wood Materials. Plastic is a non-wood material that is used by many
furniture designers. It is flexible, workable, water-resistant and lightweight making
it a perfect material both for indoor and outdoor furniture. Engineered stone, or
agglomerated stone is made of crushed stone mixed and bound by an adhesive
substance. It is durable, hard, oil and dirt resistant, fireproof and lightweight.
Metals are also used in furniture making. It is durable, doesn’t need much care,
and can last up to 30 years. ( https://www.bellavistacollection.com/non-wood-
materials-furniture/)
Paper as alternative
According to Petutschnigg and Ebner (2007), the lightweight papers
are turned into panels and tubes in order to establish and build a new product,
such as furniture, and are tested for its suitability for the proposed product. The
initial results for the testing was a success and found out that conventional paper
panels and paper tubes are suitable in constructing lightweight furniture.
However, this product's bending strength is too low as per the standard furniture.
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It can be improved by adding more adhesive and if it is properly compressed.
Furthermore, the product met the consumers' standards among its sustainability
and efficiency. The researchers have determined that specific adaptations are
needed to configure the product more and it can be improved more with the use
of these adaptations. The results of this study is substantial to the field of
Architecture and Engineering because this can be a basis in constructing,
developing, and designing a similar material.
Table
Tables are considered a basic piece of household furniture. Most, if not all,
houses have tables. It has a flat top that is supported either by a set of legs,
pillars or trestles. Tables can either be a fixed or mechanical table. A fixed table,
from the word “fixed” itself, has a top that does not move in any way, while a
mechanical table have tops or legs that move, fold, or reconfigured. Tables are
commonly divided by criteria, the material of which they are made from, the
purpose why it is constructed, the form they take, and the style. And style has
been an important part of a table, especially now with the advance technology.
Raw Materials. The materials used for creating a table vary. These may
include water-resistant glue formulated from polyvinyl acetate, screws, and wood.
Some other materials other than wood can also be used.

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Design. Decoration and configuration of tables are important. Design is
the form of the table, its physical qualities and functionality. It may be through
paint which can be seen at any part of the table. The shape of the tables’ top and
legs determines the style and design and can be created by specialized machine.
The manufacturers keep their eye on current styles for the target market.
The Manufacturing Process. The process starts with obtaining the wood.
The wood is cut to predetermined lengths, then cut to shorter lengths using a
power saw. It is important to take note of the temperature because the wood may
swell or shrink. The temperature should be 50-85°F or 10-29°C. Wood planks are
now glued to each other using a water-resistant wood glue to make a table top.
Clamps are used to ensure tight bonds for the tabletop to be sturdy. The table top
is sent to wide belt-driven sanders to smoothen the top. Most tables have some
sort of apron or vertical board just below the table top. The apron must be cut
next. A computer numerically controlled (CNC) router cuts several aprons
according to computer specifications. After this, the legs are shaped on a profiler.
Assembling tables are mostly done by hand since it is preferred by many shops.
Jigs or templates mark are used to mark where the screws must go, it is placed
on the table tops so the table can be screwed precisely. Then the table goes
under a final hand sanding. (How products are made, n.d.)

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Consultation PROCESS
Production of Manufactured OUTCOME
Finished
Upcycled paper product of manufactured
Selected experts table product of
in the field of upcycled paper
collection of data
as an alternative upcycled paper
Engineering and through research
Carpentry material for as an
and consultation
with product wood in alternative for
experts constructing wood in
Analyzing and tables constructing
interpreting data tables.
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Consultation PROCESS
Production of Manufactured OUTCOME
Finished
Upcycled paper product of manufactured
Selected experts table product of
in the field of upcycled paper
collection of data
as an alternative upcycled paper
Engineering and through research
Carpentry material for as an
and consultation
with product wood in alternative for
experts constructing wood in
Analyzing and tables constructing
interpreting data tables.
INPUT OUTPUT
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study
The diagram shows the course of the study wherein the product will
undergo consultation first, and will soon be evaluated by some of the selected
field of experts in Engineering and Carpentry. After the product has been
approved and tested, manufacturing and furnishing of the product will soon be
established. This study is to ascertain if the upcycled paper is an effective

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alternative material for wood in constructing tables.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Waste management became an urgent problem all over the world.
Recycling of natural resources is one way to mitigate this problem. Recycling
means the reproduction, reprocessing and re-utilization of wastes as a new
product that can be used again. The Theory of Waste Management represents a
more in-depth account of the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste,
the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management.
Waste Management Theory is founded on the expectation that waste
management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the
environment. This theory also states that waste management is the simple
manipulation of object properties capable of turning wastes into non-wastes.
(Pongracz, et al. 2004)

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will present methods that are going to be used in order to
conduct the study. It tackles the rationale on the use of research design, the
sample selection, the usage of chosen instruments, the data gathering procedure
and the basis for employing different gathering techniques
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study applies the quantitative experimental design, wherein the
researchers will let the engineers test out the functionality of the product; to see
how it works and if it is usable. The experts will decide what tests will be suitable
for the table once they have seen it. They will also be the one to give the data the
researchers will need for data analysis and interpretation. The researchers will
use the developmental research design to know if the upcycled paper is an
effective alternative as wood in table crafting.

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LOCALE OF THE RESEARCH
The locale of this study will take place within the grounds of Our Lady of
Peace School. The gathering of data will be through the testing of the product by
the chosen professionals, such as engineers.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
The researchers will attain the judgment of engineers. Their response will
determine if the upcycled paper is an effective alternative as wood in table
crafting.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Upon accomplishing the product, the researchers will compose a criterion
in which the selected experts, are going to test the product. This instrument will
help the researchers to gather the sufficient data needed and to determine if the
upcycled paper is an alternative material for wood in constructing tables. This in
turn will also determine the functionality of the table. The tests to be made are
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depending on what the engineer suggests when they see the product.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE.
To gather the needed data, the researchers will first produce the product.
Upcycling the wood is a trial and error process. Once the table is constructed, it
will be sent to the selected engineers who will be giving their judgement about
the product. Upon inspecting the table, the engineers will perform certain tests to
be able to know if the table is durable enough. After the tests, the engineers will
give their opinion. This will be the data the researchers will be analyzing and
interpreting.
DATA ANALYSIS
The researchers will use descriptive analysis method to configure the
analysis made. The gathered data from the engineers will be described and will
be categorized according to their perceptions, thoughts, suggestions, and
classifications upon the upcycled paper as an alternative material for wood in
constructing tables.
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CHAPTER 4
This chapter presents, analyses and interprets he data gathered from the
insights and tests made by chosen engineers.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. How is the table made out of upcycled paper constructed?
The trial and error process was used by the researchers to construct the
upcycled paper for the table.
NUMBER OF MATERIALS PROCESS RESULT

TRIALS
Trial 1 -wooden stick/ The newspapers were The first trial
dowel rolled and laminated on failed because
-paper the wooden stick with the layers inside
were not dried
-glue the glue and water
enough. It did not
-water mixture continuously become hard
-paint brush until it becomes thick. enough.
Let it dry.
Trial 2 -paper The papers are cut into The amount of
-glue small pieces. The cut the upcycled
-water pieces are mashed paper made was
together with glue and not enough for
water. The mixture is constructing a
put into a mould and table.
was sundried.
Trial 3 -1 kg cement The papers were The papers used
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-paper soaked in water for a were not

-1 3/4 tabo water day in a basin. After a shredded enough;
whole day, the it resulted to
researchers shredded uneven spaces
the paper by hand. It is left. The mixture
then mixed with cement was also too wet,
and water. The mixture even after 2 days
was transferred into a it wasn’t dry yet.
mould for the table’s
legs.
Trial 4 -3 litres of cement The papers were
-3 litres of water soaked in the water for
-paper a day. The researchers
-screen used the cut up screen
-plaster to be able to grate the
-screws wet paper into fine
-paint particles. The shredded
-glue paper is put in a dry
-iron moulder ** container. Dry paper is
moulded into a
metal/iron to form the
legs and the brace of
the table. It is done
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2. Is there a difference between the performance of the upcycled paper and the
normal wood as a table?
3. Is the upcycled paper an effective alternative for wood in terms of the
following?
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3.1 cost
3.2 accessibility
3.3 stability
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CONCLUSIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
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Our Lady of Peace School

UPCYCLED PAPER AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR

A High School Thesis Presented to

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

MARIGONDON, PAMELA BURAWIS

Construction requires of large nonrenewable materials. However,

building”. According to Robert H. Falk (2010), Green building is the practice of

on green building. It is a renewable building material that can contribute to

sustainable development goals. (Franzini, Toivonen, & Toppinen, 2018). Wood is

considered important because it is available and has many numerous

Deforestation is one of the contributors of greenhouse gas emissions by

10% of total deforestation (Matthew, 2016).

Paper is a pliable substance made usually of vegetable matter. It has

used in different fields: agriculture, building, business, communication, education,

electrical, entertainment, filtration, medical and political. It is something that

serves several purposes, like writing, printing, packaging, communication,

country’s most important industries (Padmanabha, 2016). Paper is important

and is seen mostly anywhere, at home, in schools, at work, in different

establishments, even on the streets. It is used for books, cartons, magazines,

Around 26% of solid waste that is found in dumping sites is discarded

known greenhouse gas. (Shisia, 2018).

Upcycling is one of the solutions that many people have considered. It is

not yet studied by many but is promising and environmentally sustainable.

promising, environmentally sustainable behaviors that has the potential to

contribute to the reduction of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. It is an

alternative to the current linear economy of “take–make–use–dispose” (Sung,

Raadshooven and Anieke Branderhorst. It was originally Mieke Meijer’s idea, to

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study analyzes and determines if upcycled paper is an

alternative wood for crafting tables.

The respondent/s would be asked by the researchers to use the product

and would be given a questionnaire to help differentiate the quality of the

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. How is the table made out of upcycled paper made?

2. Is there a difference between the performance of the upcycled

paper and the normal wood as a table?

3. Is the upcycled paper an effective alternative for wood in terms of

Ho: Upcycled paper is not an effective alternative wood in constructing

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will provide additional information if the upcycled paper is an

things that can be useful to the school.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This study focuses on determining if the upcycled paper can be an

alternative for a wood as a material for crafting tables. It is limited to gathering

conducted in Our Lady of Peace School for the S.Y. 2019-2020.

Deforestation - is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is

then converted to a non-forest use.

Greenhouse gas emissions – is the emission into the earth's atmosphere of

any of various gases, especially carbon dioxide, that contribute to

Illegal logging - is the harvesting of wood that is in violation of national

Non-renewable materials - is a natural substance that is not replenished with

the speed at which it is consumed.

fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping

Pollution - is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that

causes adverse change.

Stability – is a characteristic of an object that is characterized through its

toughness and sturdiness.

the manufacture of paper.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE