931 td002 - en P
931 td002 - en P
931 td002 - en P
Original Instructions
Summary of Changes
This publication contains new and updated information as indicated in the following table.
Topic Page
Updated 931N overview table 8
Updated 931S overview table 33
Introduction
Signal Conditioners improve signal quality by accurately
transmitting process measurements between field devices and the
control system. Signal Conditioners apply the principle of
transformer coupling to galvanically isolate and reproduce the
signal. This cost effective method of transmission promotes
process efficiency in a production or automation environment.
Signal Conversion
The breadth of process measurement technologies and manufacturers has led to a wide variety of signal outputs from the
measurement device. These signals may not be a standard process signal that the control system can read. Signal
conditioners can solve this challenge by converting the signal from field device to a control system preferred signal type.
The ability to convert current measurements up to 60 A and voltage measurements up to 480V to a standard 4…20mA,
0…10V or relay output has become attractive for several applications that prefer transmitting low energy signals.
Signal Amplification
When a measured signal is too low for processing, signal conditioners can amplify the signal and provide a higher-level
standard analog signal. An example of low-level signal would be a thermocouple that has millivolt output.
Signal Linearization
Many of the process variables do not have linear characteristics for changes in measurement. Signal conditioner can
process these non-linear signals by compensation and create a standard linear signal. Level measurement in an uneven
container and thermocouple are some examples for a non-linear signal output.
Signal Splitting
Signal conditioners have the ability to produce two outputs from one input. This is useful when process measurements
are needed at two different locations for monitoring and control.
Applications
Signal conditioners are commonly used in the following
industries.
• Food and Beverage Production
• Water Treatment
• Chemical Processing
• Energy and Power Plants
• Steel Production
• Oil and Gas
• Pharmaceutical
Measurement Instruments
Signal Conditioner
Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Level Sensors
Thermocouples
Local Alarm/Indication
Many analog signals are passed to local indicators and alarms, which then
need to be isolated from each other.
Long-Distance Transmission
Instead of running expensive cable to the control system (for example, thermocouples for temperature), Analog Signal
Conditioners can isolate and convert to a high-level signal that is easier to transmit (for example, 4...20 mA).
If the existing control system does not provide isolated analog inputs, a separate Analog Signal Conditioner is often used
to provide signal isolation when required for example, if the control system requires protection from electrical noise
pulses on its analog inputs.
Where the control system cannot provide power for the sensor/transmitter, it is often convenient to provide isolation of
the power source using an Analog Signal Conditioner.
When a dedicated local display is required, the analog signal can be split using an analog signal conditioner. Signal
conditioners offer the flexibility to
Vc
U/I
U/I
U/I
Vc
Vc
Temperature Measurement
Two-Way Isolation
Thermocouples
Analog signal conditioners with 2-way isolation separate the input and output signals Analog signal conditioners for connecting conventional thermocouples are fitted with
from each other electrically and decouple the measuring circuits. Potential differences cold trap compensation as standard. These devices amplify and linearize the voltage
caused by long line lengths and common reference points are eliminated. The electrical signal that is provided by the thermocouple. This guarantees accurate analog signal
separation also protects against irreparable damage caused by over voltages and conditioning while eliminating sources of interference or error.
inductive and capacitive interference.
f
U/I U/I
U/I
Vc
Vc
Frequency Conversion
Three-Way Isolation
Analog signal conditioners with three-way isolation separate the supply voltage from Analog signal conditioners are available to convert frequencies into standard analog
the input and output circuits. signals. Downstream controls can therefore directly process standard analog signals.
I I AC/DC
U/I
I Schalt
Vc
Passive Isolation Current Monitoring
Analog signal conditioners with passive isolation offer an additional advantage in that Analog signal conditioners are available for current monitoring for currents up to 60 A
they do not require an additional voltage supply. The power supply to the analog signal AC or DC. These devices cause a switched output to be triggered by currents above or
conditioner can be provided either by the input or output circuit. This current loop feed below the set value and may also provide analog outputs for continuous monitoring of
is characterized by low power consumption the load current.
PT100 U AC/DC
U/I U/I
Vc Vc
Temperature Measurement Voltage Monitoring
PT100
Analog signal conditioners are available for current monitoring for currents up to 60 A
A number of analog signal conditioners are available for temperature measurements. AC or DC. These devices cause a switched output to be triggered by currents above or
For example, PT100 signals in 2-, 3- and 4-wire systems are converted into standard below the set value and may also provide analog outputs for continuous monitoring of
0...20 mA, 4...20 mA, and 0...10V signals. the load current.
0/4…20 mA
Output 4…20 mA;
0…23 mA 0/1/2…5/10 V ± 10mA, ± 20 mA Channel Power
20…4 mA
Input Configurable
Wiring Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0…20 mA
4…20 mA █ █
0…10 V █ █
2…10 V █ █ █ █
0…5 V █ █ █ █
1…5 V █ █ █ █ █ █
0…20 mA (Loop) █
4…20 mA (Loop) █ █ █ = ON
0…10 V █ █ █
2…10 V █ █ █ █ █ █
0…5 V █ █ █ █ █ █
1…5 V █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █
0…20 mA (Loop) █
4…20 mA (Loop) █ █ █ = ON
Wiring Diagram
Input Setup
100 Hz -20...+20 mA █ █
-5...+5 V █
█ = ON
-10...+10 V
Output range 5 6 7
Output setup
0...20 mA
4...20 mA █
0...10 V █
2...10 V █ █
0...5 V █ █
1...5 V █ █ █
Input Setup
100 Hz -20...+20 mA █ █
-5...+5 V █
█ = ON
-10...+10 V
Output range 5 6 7 8 9 10
0...20 mA
4...20 mA █ █
0...10 V █ █
2...10 V █ █ █ █
0...5 V █ █ █ █
1...5 V █ █ █ █ █ █
±20 mA set-up █ █
±10 mA set-up █ █ █ █
+ +
Output V mA
- -
+
Input
- +
Supply
* -
optional
* external
Cold
Junction
Compensation
(CJC)
Supply
25 █ █ 60 █ █ 180 █ █ 950 █ █ █ █
80 █ 250 █ █ █ 1150 █ █ █ █
+24VDC
+
4-20mA
Output
-
Input
+ +
Output V mA
- -
Input
+
Supply
-
Supply
20 █ █ █ 55 █ █ █ 170 █
Sensor error detection 7 25 █ █ 60 █ █ 180 █ █
none 50 █ █ █ 65 █ █ █ 190 █ █
200 █ █ █ █ 75 █ █ █ █ 225 █ █
downscale 85 █ █ 275 █ █ █
upscale █ 90 █ █ 300 █ █ █ █
95 █ █ █ 325 █ █
50 Hz
60 Hz █
█ = ON
Response time 10
< 30 ms
300 ms █
931N-N161— Specifications
Part Number PN-457329
Certifications cULus, CE, ATEX, IECEx, FM, DNV-GL, KC, RCM
ATEX: II 3 G Ex nA IIC T4 Gc, IECEx: Ex nA IIC T4 Gc
Hazardous (Ex) Area Marking FM: Cl. I, Div. 2, Gp. A, B, C, D T4 or Cl I Zn2 Gp IIC
T4 or Cl. I, Zone 2, AEx/Ex nA IIC T4
Wiring Diagram
+24VDC
+
4-20mA
Output
-
+
Input
-
* optional external
Cold Junction Compensation (CJC)
█ = ON
Response time 10
< 30 ms 1) only
300 ms █ 2) optional
Wiring Diagram
Features
• High galvanic isolation, up to 4 kV AC
• High accuracy: up to 0.05%
• Fast response time up to 0.5 ms
• Low power consumption
• Extensive global certifications: UL, CE, ATEX, IECEx, KC, RCM, Hazardous Area (Class 1 Div 2/Zone 2)
• Configuration without any tools and Interactive display
• Three phase voltage and current monitoring in a compact housing
• Removable terminals with error-proof keys
Output Relay;
0/4…20 mA, 0/4…20 mA,
0…22 mA, 0/4…20 mA, ± 20 mA, 0/1/ ± 20 mA, 0/1/
Input 0…11 V 0/1/2…5/10 0/4…20 mA 2…5/10 V, 2…5/10 V, 0/4…20 mA,
V(3) with HART 0/2…10 V ± 5/10 V Relay ± 5/10 V Transistor Channels Power
931S-C121 1
0/4…20 mA
with HART 931S-C122 Splitter 24V DC
931S-C124 2
0/4…20 mA 931S-C221 1 24 V DC
0…1/5/10 A AC or DC 931S-L521 1 24 V DC
0…40/50/60 A AC or DC 931S-M321 1 24 V DC
0…5/10 A AC or DC 931S-M5211 Splitter 24 V DC
0…20/25/30 A AC or DC 931S-M5213 Splitter 24 V DC
0…40/50/60 A AC or DC 931S-M5216 Splitter 24 V DC
PT100, PTC 931S-N392 Splitter 20…264V AC/DC
± 0.1mA...±100 mA,
±20 mV…±300 V
931S-P491 1 24…240V AC/DC
-
+
21 Supply 51
+ Screw Terminal Torque 0.6 N•m (5.31 lb•in)
Tx
+ 22 52
– Wire Size 30…14 AWG
Approx. Dimensions
12.5 x 116.2 x 113.6 mm (0.49 x 4.58 x 4.47 in.)
WxHxD
Weight 80 g
DIP Switch Settings Temperature, Operating -20 °C …+60 °C
Input Output
filtered response
█ = ON
fast response
█
Sense +
13 Output 43
-
+
V Protection Degree IP20
Sense -
-
14 Input 44
Excitation +
21 Supply 51
Configuration DIP Switch and Button
Excitation -
22 52
Screw Terminal Torque 0.6 N•m (5.31 lb•in)
Tare + GND
23 53
Tare -
24 54
+10...60 V DC
Wire Size AWG 30…14
Approx. Dimensions 22.5 x 119.2 x 113.6 mm
WxHxD (0.89 x 4.7 x 4.47 in)
DIP Switch Settings
Weight 176 g
DIP switch
Excitation
10 V
1
█
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Temperature, Operating -40…+70 °C
5V
Output 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Temperature, Storage -40…+85 °C
mA █
30 mV
50 mV
█
█
Certifications c-UL-us, CE, KC, RCM, RoHS
Measuring method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4-wire █ █
6-wire
█ = ON
This device is HART transparent and enables Step Response Time ≤ 0.5 ms
bidirectional HART signal transmission between the Temperature Coefficient 80 ppm/K
input and output side. The device provides three way Galvanic Isolation 3 Way Isolator
galvanic isolation between input, output, and power Isolation Voltage 2 kV
supply; and replicates the exact signal value to output. Impulse Withstand
4 kV (1.2/50 μs)
The device's isolation function will help provide a reliable Voltage
signal by eliminating noises and protect the control Pollution Degree 2
system from transients in a cost effective way Surge Voltage Category III
Protection Degree IP20
Wiring Diagram
Configuration None
Screw Terminal Torque 0.6 N•m (5.31 lb•in)
11 41 +
DCS / PLC Wire Size AWG 30…14
Iout RLoad
-
21
Input
Supply
51 + WxHxD (0.49 x 4.58 x 4.47 in.)
24 V DC
-
current
source
3-wire
transmitter
2-wire
transmitter
22 52
Weight 110 g
Temperature, Operating -20 …+ 60 °C
Temperature, Storage -40…+ 85 °C
Relative Humidity 5…95%, No Condensation
Part Number PN-457339
Certifications c-UL-us, CE, ATEX, IECEx, KC, RCM, RoHS
Hazardous (Ex) Area
CL I DIV 2 GP A,B,C,D Temp Code T5
Marking
This device is HART transparent and enables Accuracy < 0.1% of end value
bidirectional HART signal transmission between the Step Response Time ≤ 0.5 ms
input and output side. The device provides four way Temperature Coefficient 80 ppm/K
galvanic isolation between input, output, and power Galvanic Isolation 4 Way Isolator
supply; and replicates the exact signal value to output. Isolation Voltage 2 kV
The device has a split function to provide two output
Impulse Withstand Voltage 4 kV (1.2/50 μs)
signals from one input signal. The device’s isolation
Pollution Degree 2
function will help provide a reliable signal by eliminating
noises and protect the control system from transients in a Surge Voltage Category III
cost effective way Protection Degree IP20
Configuration None
Wiring Diagram Screw Terminal Torque 0.6 N•m (5.31 lb•in)
Wire Size AWG 30…14
DCS / PLC
Approx. Dimensions 12.5 x 116.2 x 113.6 mm
11 41 +
Iout RLoad
WxHxD (0.49 x 4.58 x 4.47 in.)
Output -
12 channel 1 42
+
Weight 110 g
Input +
21 Output 51
- channel 2
Iout RLoad Temperature, Operating -20 …+ 60 °C
22 52 -
current
source
3-wire
transmitter
2-wire
transmitter Supply
61 +
Temperature, Storage -40 …+85 °C
62
24 V DC
-
Relative Humidity 5…95%, No Condensation
Part Number PN-457340
Certifications c-UL-us, CE, ATEX, IECEx, KC, RCM, RoHS
Hazardous (Ex) Area Marking CL I DIV 2 GP A,B,C,D Temp Code T5
Iout RLoad
Wire Size AWG 30…14
Output -
12 42
channel 1
Approx. Dimensions 12.5 x 116.2 x 113.6 mm
+ Input
+
21 channel 1
Output 51 WxHxD (0.49 x 4.58 x 4.47 in.)
- channel 2
Iout RLoad
22 52 - Weight 172 g
- Input
31
channel 2
Supply
61 + Temperature, Operating -20 …+ 60 °C
+ 24 V DC
Temperature, Storage -40 …+85 °C
32 62 -
current
source
current
source
Relative Humidity 5…95%, No Condensation
Part Number PN-457341
Certifications c-UL-us, CE, ATEX, IECEx, KC, RCM, RoHS
Hazardous (Ex) Area Marking CL I DIV 2 GP A,B,C,D Temp Code T5
12 Output 42 -
Wire Size AWG 30…14
+
Input
21 51 +
- Supply 24 V DC
Approx. Dimensions 12.5 x 116.2 x 113.6 mm
-
current 3-wire 2-wire
22 52
WxHxD (0.49 x 4.58 x 4.47 in.)
source transmitter transmitter
Weight 110 g
Temperature, Operating -20 …+ 60 °C
Temperature, Storage -40 …+85 °C
Relative Humidity 5…95%, No Condensation
Part Number PN-457342
Certifications c-UL-us, CE, ATEX, IECEx, KC, RCM, RoHS
Hazardous (Ex) Area
CL I DIV 2 GP A,B,C,D Temp Code T5
Marking
- + 1...5 V █ █
+ Output Supply
Measuring method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -5...+5 V █
12 42 +
mA
True RMS -10...+10 V █ █
+ - Arithmetic average █ 0...20 mA █
V
4...20 mA █ █
- Alarm delay time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -20...+20 mA █ █
11 41
0s
2s █ Alarm relay action 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5s █ Energized
10 s █ █ De-energized █
CO
GND
21 51
Low Alarm
Current Low alarm
signal
Hysteresis
t t
Time
Output tad (Alarm delay) tad (Alarm delay)
0 = Relay de-energized / LED yellow “OFF” 1 = Relay energized / LED yellow “ON”
High Alarm
Current High alarm
signal t t
Hysteresis
Time
Output tad (Alarm delay) tad (Alarm delay)
0 = Relay de-energized / LED yellow “OFF” 1 = Relay energized / LED yellow “ON”
Time
Output tad (Alarm delay) tad (Alarm delay)
Output Supply
1
I for AC
Input
I for DC
+16.8...31.2 V DC
24 54
Output Supply
GND
23 53
22 52
Input
CO
21 51
Alarm hysteresis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Measuring method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5%
True RMS 10 % █
Arithmetic average █
Alarm type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Alarm delay time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 High alarm
0s Low alarm █
2s █
5s █
10 s █ █
Low Alarm
Current Low alarm
signal
Hysteresis
t t
Time
Output tad (Alarm delay) tad (Alarm delay)
0 = Relay de-energized / LED yellow “OFF” 1 = Relay energized / LED yellow “ON”
Output 44 Time
Output tad (Alarm delay) tad (Alarm delay)
Supply 43 0
0 = Relay de-energized / LED yellow “OFF” 1 = Relay energized / LED yellow “ON”
I for AC +
42 +
mA
Input -
V
I for DC 41
- High Alarm
Output signal Power supply Current High alarm
Relay signal t t
+16.8...31.2 V DC
24 Output 54 High alarm set point
Hysteresis
Output
GND
23 Supply 53
t > tad t < tad
22 52
Input Time
CO Output tad (Alarm delay) tad (Alarm delay)
1
21 51
0
Measuring range
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Alarm hysteresis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
monitoring
5%
Yes
10 % █
No █
Alarm type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Output error action 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
High alarm
Upscale
Low alarm █
Downscale █
Transfer function 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normal
Inverse █
Output 44
Supply 43
I for AC +
42 +
mA
Input -
V
-
I for DC 41
+16.8...31.2 V DC
24 Output 54
Output
GND
23 Supply 53
22 52
Input
CO
21 51
Measuring range
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Alarm hysteresis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
monitoring
5%
Yes
10 % █
No █
Alarm type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Output error action 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
High alarm
Upscale
Low alarm █
Downscale █
Transfer function 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normal
Inverse █
Output 44
Supply 43
I for AC +
42 +
mA
Input -
V
-
I for DC 41
+16.8...31.2 V DC
24 Output 54
Output
GND
23 Supply 53
22 52
Input
CO
21 51
Alarm type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Output error action 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 High alarm
Upscale Low alarm █
Downscale █
Transfer function 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normal
Inverse █
Relay 1 Time
Relay 2 Time
Output signals Input signals
2x Relay Pt100 Pt100 Pt100 PTC
4-wire 3-wire 2-wire
COM LED PWR Time
11 41
Relay 1
22 51
NC
23 52
LED RLY2 Time
NO +/~
24 53
54
High Limit
Hysteresis
Hysteresis
Low Limit
Relay 1 Time
Over-temperature alarm (O)
Relay 2 Time
Temperature
Power On Delay Delay
Relay 1 Time
LED RLY1 Time
Relay 2 Time
0...60 mV █ █ █ 20...0 mA * █ █ █
Certifications c-UL-us, CE, ATEX, IECEx, KC, RCM, RoHS
-20...+20 mA █ █ 0...20 mA █ █
0...20 mA █ █ █ 20...4 mA * █ █ █
Hazardous (Ex) Area Marking CL I DIV 2, CL I Zone 2
4...20 mA █ █ █ 4...20 mA █ █ █
reserved █ █ █ █ reserved █ █ █ █
MAX
Time
Relay 1
Time
Relay 2
Time
Output signals Input signals
2x Relay Voltage
MAX LED Time
COM N
25 N
MIN LED Time
NC
Relay 2
26
RLY LED Time
NO Output
28 channel 2 SW1 = OFF, SW2 = ON, SW4 = OFF
Relay 1
L3 Relay 2 Time
Input L3
Output
MAX LED Time
COM channel 1 L1
15 L1
MIN LED Time
NC
Relay 1
16
Relay 1
Time
MIN
Time
Relay 2
Time
SW1, SW2, SW4 = OFF
MAX
Relay 1 Time
Relay 2 Time
U1 – Time
110 V
Output
240 V ~
–
NO Input MAX LED Time
28 channel 2 U2 400 V
NC MIN LED
26 Output U3 Time
Supply
channel 1
NO
18 A1 +/~ RLY LED Time
Output
Supply 24...240 V AC/DC
channel 1
NC SW1 = OFF, SW2 = ON, SW4 = ON
Relay 1
16 –/~
Relay 1
Relay 2 Time
MAX
Window alarm (W)
Voltage Delay < Delay Delay Delay < Delay Delay < Delay < Delay
MIN MAX
Time
MIN
SW1, SW2, SW4 = OFF
Time
Relay 1
Time
SW1, SW2, SW4 = OFF
Relay 2 Relay 1
Time Time
Relay 2
MAX LED Time Time
Wiring Diagram
Wiring Diagrams
This devices offers great versatility as it can isolate, convert and amplify several types of input signals. This highly
customizable device provides both analog and digital outputs. User can define the alarm outputs for limit monitoring,
sensor error detection, etc. The device provides three way galvanic isolation between the input and the two outputs. The
device is output loop powered.
931S-U561 — Specifications
Input
Number of Channels 1
PT100 / 2/3/4 wire, PT1000 2/3/4 wire, PT200, N120,
Input
Thermocouples: B, E,J, K, L, N, R, S, T, U, Potentiometer
PT100 -200…+850 °C, TC J: -100…+1200°C, TC K: -
Input Measurement Range
200…+1370°C
0.1 mA / 0.05 mA (depending on measuring range) @
Sensor Supply
RTD cable
Sensor Cable Resistance 5 Ω @ RTD cable
Input, Current Configurable, ± 5 A DC (min measurement range 0.5 A)
Input Resistance, Current 40 Ω
Configurable, ± 300 V D, 0…300 V AC,
Input, Voltage
(min.measurement range 100 V)
Input Resistance, Voltage 2 MΩ, > 10 MΩ
Cable-length compensation < ±0.002 Ω per cable resistance Ω
Potentiometer 1.2…500 kΩ
Resistance 0…1.5 kΩ, 0…12 kΩ, 0…750 Ω
Input Passive (For Sensor)
Output
Number of Channels 2
Output, Current 4…20 mA, 20…4 mA
Output Signal Limit Harmonics: <10 mV (peak to peak)
Load Impedance, Current typ. 700 Ω @ 24V DC
Cold Junction
≤±1°C (-20°C…60°C)
Compensation
Output Passive (For Analog Output)
Digital Output
Signal Transistor, Open Collector
Rated Switching Current 20 mA
Rated Switching Voltage ≤ 30 V DC
Supply
Supply Voltage Output Loop Powered (10…45 V)
General Specification(1)
Accuracy < 0.1% of measuring range
Step Response Time 450 ms
Temperature Coefficient < 0.02 °C of measuring range / °C
Galvanic Isolation 3 Way Isolator
Isolation Voltage 3.51 kV: Input - Output
Impulse Withstand Voltage 4 kV (1.2/50 μs)
Rated Voltage 300 Veff
(1) Continued on the next page.
Wiring Diagram
51 51 Alarm -ve
31 52 52 Alarm +ve
32
Accessories
931A-FM—Specifications
Power Feed Module, 931A-FM Input
Supply Voltage 21.6…26.4V DC
Input Current 0.5…2.5 A DC
Output
Output Voltage Corresponds to Input Voltage
Output Current Equivalent to Input Current
Internal power dissipation 0.25 W (max.)
General Specification
Protection Degree IP20
Screw Terminal Torque 0.5 N•m
Wiring Diagram
+
Supply
-
Supply
IMPORTANT Power rail sets are only applicable with 931N products.
TIP Review the description for the kit contents. The base circuit layer insert is installed into the appropriate support section, and
then inserted into the DIN Rail. To order individual parts of the kit, see the table below.
Inserting the circuit layer into the support section The circuit layer /support section installed into the DIN Rail
Approximate Dimensions
Nano Series
Approximate Dimensions are listed in mm (in.) and are not to be used for manufacturing purposes.
Smart Series
(4.47)
113.6
105.7
(4.16)
(0.49)
12.5
116.2
(4.57)
(4.21)
(4.47)
113.6
107
105.7
(4.16)
(0.69)
17.5
117.2
(4.61)
(4.47)
113.6
105.7
(4.16)
(0.89)
22.5
119.2
(4.69)
Glossary
2-way Isolation
The input and output signals are separated electrically from each other and decoupled. Potential differences caused by
long wire lengths and common reference points are eliminated.
3-way Isolation
The input, output and auxiliary power supply are separated electrically from each other and also decoupled. Potential
differences caused by long wire lengths and common reference points are eliminated.
A/D Converter
Converts standardized analog current and voltage signals into an 8-bit, 12-bit or 16-bit digital signal. It can be necessary
to convert analog signals into digital signals when you need the analog signal from the surroundings to work with the
typical digital processing requirements of process monitoring.
AC
Alternating current
Accuracy
Describes the ability of an analog signal isolating converter to transmit a measured value as precisely as possible. It is
specified in the percent deviation from the measuring range end value at room temperature.
Active Input/Output
Refers to the input or output of a specific device and defines if the input or output is supplying power for the respective
analog loop. Synonymous with sourcing.
Active Converter
An active converter is used to provide electrical isolation and conversion between differing analog signal ranges. They
are designed with 2-way or 3-way isolation. The isolation of the potentials eliminates interference on the measurement
signal that can be caused by earth loops or common-mode noise. The active converter makes use of an auxiliary voltage
source for its power supply. It functions without feedback; a change on the output side load does not influence the input
circuit.
Active Isolator
An active isolator is used to provide electrical isolation between the same analog signal range. They are designed with 2-
way or 3-way isolation. The isolation of the potentials eliminates interference on the measurement signal that can be
caused by earth loops or common-mode noise. The active isolator makes use of an auxiliary voltage source for its power
supply. It functions without feedback; a change on the output side load does not influence the input circuit.
Active Sensor
In an active sensor, an electrical signal is generated from the measurement itself, for example dynamometric or piezo-
electric, thus no auxiliary power source is required. Because of their physical operating principals (since energy cannot be
sent during the static and quasi-static states), only a change in the measured variable can be detected.
Alarm Contact
A switching contact that activates when a disturbance occurs (for example, an overload or short circuit).
Ambient Temperature
Refers to the temperature of the surrounding air or medium at which the equipment can be properly and safely operated.
This is a part of the surrounding physical and operational conditions. Failure to maintain this temperature level can
invalidate the product warranty.
Analog Signal
A signal is designated as an analog signal if it transmits parameter information that is infinitely variable between a
minimum and maximum value (this includes instantaneous values such as current, voltage or temperature). This applies
to practically all real-world processes or states. It is theoretically possible to register any small signal changes (there is a
very large dynamic range).
ATEX
The ATEX directive from 23.4.1994 is valid within the EU and the EFTA Western European nations. It applies to
devices, machinery components, controllers and protective systems that are to be used in hazardous areas. This directive
harmonizes the different national regulations from the EU member nations concerning the proper and intended use of
machines and facilities in hazardous areas.
ATEX is derived from the phrase ‘ATmosphere EXplosive’. It stipulates that operators should prevent explosions and
ensure protection.
Regarding explosion protection in a potentially explosive atmosphere, the ATEX directive 94/9/EC has precedence over
machinery directives and must be followed The directive describes the following steps:
Describe how often a potentially explosive atmosphere occurs and where it occurs.
These areas are then divided into zones according to the specifications.
Make sure that only properly categorized equipment is present within each different zone. As soon as an area is classified
as being dangerous, steps must be taken to limit the potential ignition sources that are present there.
CE
Abbreviation for Communauté Européenne (the European Community). Manufacturers use the CE label to confirm
that their products comply with the corresponding EC directives and the ‘essential requirements’ therein.
Cold-junction Compensation
Thermocouples require a temperature reference point to compensate for unwanted ‘cold junctions’. The usual method
for achieving this is by measuring the temperature at the reference junction with a temperature sensor that can be read
immediately. The interfering voltage can then be compensated for in the measurement results. This process is referred to
as cold-junction compensation (CJC). Our thermocouple signal conditioners have cold-junction compensation to
compensate for unwanted ‘cold-junctions’ or temperature changes at the terminal connection for the thermocouple.
Common-Mode Interference
Interfering currents and voltages that can occur on the connecting cables between electrical devices and facility
components. These can then spread with similar phase and current direction to the feed line and the return line.
The safety gaps between two current-carrying wires. The creepage distance is the shortest path along an insulating surface
between two live components. The clearance distance is the shortest path in the air between two points of reference.
D/A Converter
D/A converters convert standardized digital signals (for example, with an 8-bit structure) into analog current and voltage
signals.
It can be necessary to convert digital signals into analog signals when you need the analog signal from the surroundings to
work with the typical digital processing requirements of process monitoring.
DC
Direct current
De-rating
The continuous current level reduction in relation to an ambient temperature increase, represented as a de-rating curve (a
load reduction curve).
A main cause of error in process systems comes from earth loops. An earth loop occurs when two or more circuits are
connected to each other and referenced to earth or a reference point. This reference point usually does not have the
identical electrical potential at each position. When the two ends of the line are earthed at two different positions, the
voltage differential between the two earth potentials on the line can lead to a compensating current that can corrupt
analog measurement signals. This corruption of measurement signals occurs when field sensors have a separate earth or
separate power feed. Analog signal isolation amplifiers use electrical isolation to separate the input and output circuits
thus preventing the measurement signal from being corrupted.
Electrical Equipment
All of the electrical and electronic components and circuits within an enclosure.
Frequency Converter
Converts frequencies into analog signals. In-line control systems can then directly process pulse strings from speed or
rotational measurements.
Galvanic Isolation
Potential-free isolation between electrical components. Normally, the input circuit, output circuit and power supply are
designed so that they are electrically isolated from each other. The isolation can be achieved using optical means (an
optocoupler) or by using a transformer. The electrical isolation of measurement signals ensures that the differences in
earth potentials and common-mode interference are suppressed
Ground Loop
Hall sensors can measure the magnetic field of a conducting wire. They then generate a proportional voltage on the
measurement output (the Hall voltage). This can be converted to a standardized signal by means of an amplifier circuit.
Such a measurement is well suited for measuring high DC and AC currents with frequencies up to 1 kHz. Start-up
currents and current peaks cannot damage a Hall sensor.
HART
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a communications protocol for bus-addressed field devices used in
process automation. In HART®-based communications, field devices and controllers are connected together over 4…20
mA current loops. This analog signal is superimposed with a digital signal by using the FSK process (Frequency Shift
Keying). The process allows additional measurements, configuration and device data to be transmitted without
influencing the analog signal. HART.
Hysteresis
Specifies the percent difference between the switch-on and switch-off points of a switching contact. The hysteresis must
not fall below a minimal value. Otherwise it would no longer be possible to carry out specific switching during the
monitoring of threshold.
The high pulse voltage of a specified form and polarity that does not lead to an insulation breakthrough or flashover,
under the specific conditions defined in EN 60664-1.
Two wires in a three-wire sensor are responsible for keeping the supply activated. The third connecting wire is used for
transferring commands (NO/NC contact). Initiators with NPN outputs switch the load in active mode towards the
minus potential. Proximity switches with PNP outputs switch toward the plus potential.
Input Loop-Powered
Input loop powered equipment is 2-wire and has a 4 - 20 mA input. The equipment is supplied with power via the
current loop on the input side.
Insulation Voltage
For electronics components with electrical isolation, this is the maximum AC test voltage that can be applied for a
specified time interval (5 s / 60 s) without causing a break-through.
Isolation Amplifier
Leakage Current
The current on the load side of an optocoupler, Triac, transistor, or any other electronic switching device that flows
towards the output circuit while in a closed state.
Limiting Frequency
The limiting frequency of an analog signal isolating converter is that frequency where the output signal is reduced to 1/
(√2) of the value of the input signal (approx. 70.7 % = -3 dB).
Analog measuring transducer with wire-break detection capability that permanently monitors the input signal. In the
event of an fault (a wire break), the output signal jumps up to a defined value over the nominal range so that a controller
wired further down the circuit can evaluate the error.
Linearization
Temperature-dependent components normally do not have a linear characteristic curve. Their characteristic curves must
be linearized so that they can be evaluated as precisely as possible. The measurement curves of thermocouples and
temperature-dependent resistors (NTC/ PTC), in particular, exhibit significant deviation from an "ideal curve". In the
linearization process, the measurement signal is processed by a microprocessor and an ideal characteristic curve is
generated which can then be analyzed or processed further.
Load Cell
A load cell is a special type of force sensor used in weighing systems (that is, scales). Load cells usually have a spring
mechanism used as a force sensor. The spring is a specially shaped piece of metal whose shape changes slightly when
under the influence of weight. This elastic deformation is recorded by strain gauges and converted into an electrical
signal. Weights can be recorded ranging from a few hundred grams to several thousand tons.
This is the load resistance on the output side of a measuring transducer or transmitter. For analog current outputs, the
load is 500…600 ohms maximum. Voltage outputs normally have a load of at least 10 kOhm.
Converts electric and non-electric input signals into standard analog signals. At the same time it provides electrical
isolation between the input and output (2-way isolation) or between the input, output and supply (3-way isolation).
Measurement isolators are typically used to record temperatures (RTD, thermocouples) or for measuring current,
voltage, power, frequency, resistance and conductivity.
Measuring Bridge
Sensors based on Wheatstone bridge circuitry can capture force, pressure and torque. Relatively small length changes
under 10 - 4 mm can be recorded using DMS strain gauges in the form of resistance changes. A typical application is for
capturing measurements in load cells.
Namur Sensor
NAMUR-compliant sensors (The standardization commission for measuring and control technology in the German
chemical industry) operate with a load-independent current. They have four modes so that an analog evaluative unit can
detect a sensor malfunction.
2) Current of approx. 20% of the max. value => Sensor ready, activated
3) Current of approx. 60% of the max. value => Sensor ready, not activated
Nominal Switching
Current -Load Side
The permitted load current of a relay contact or semiconductor contact when in continuous operations.
Nominal Switching
Voltage - Load Side
The switching voltage that a relay contact or semiconductor contact uses in relation to its application.
Output Loop-Powered
Output loop powered 2-wire devices have a 4 - 20 mA output. The device is supplied with power via the current loop on
the output side.
Overvoltage Category
The overvoltage categories are described in DIN EN 60664-1. The category dictates the insulation clearance gaps
required. Category III is the default specification (EN 50178).
Overvoltage category I: Devices that are intended to be connected to the permanent electrical building installation. The
measures for limiting transient surge voltages to the proper level are taken outside of the device. The protective
mechanisms can either be in the permanent installation or between the permanent installation and the device.
Overvoltage category II: Devices that are intended to be connected to the permanent electrical building installation
(such household appliances or portable tools).
Overvoltage category III: Devices that are a part of the permanent installation and other devices where a higher degree of
availability is required. This includes the distributor panels, power switches, distribution systems (including cable,
busbars, distributor boxes, switches and outlets) that are part of the permanent installation, devices intended for
industrial use, and devices that are continually connected to the permanent installation (such as stationary motors).
Overvoltage category IV: Devices that are intended to be used on or near the power feed in a building's electrical
installation - ranging from the main distribution to the mains power system. This includes electrical meters, surge
protection switches and ripple control equipment.
Passive Input/Output
Refers to the input or output of a specific device. Synonymous with sinking, which means does NOT supply power for
the respective analog loop.
Passive Converter
This device is powered by either its input or output analog loop and provides electrical isolation and conversion to
differing analog signal ranges. The amount of current needed internally is so small that the measurement signal is not
influenced. Passive converters do not require an auxiliary voltage supply. Transformers are used to provide the isolation
between the input and the output. The advantages include: eliminates the influence of the mains power system, highly
accurate, minimal signal delay, and minimal power used. Passive converters do not function free from feedback; so a load
change on the output circuit will automatically affect the input circuit as well.
Passive Isolator
This device is powered by either its input or output analog loop and provides electrical isolation between the same
analog signal range. The amount of current needed internally is so small that the measurement signal is not influenced.
Passive converters do not require an auxiliary voltage supply. Transformers are used to provide the isolation between the
input and the output. The advantages include: eliminates the influence of the mains power system, highly accurate,
minimal signal delay, and minimal power used. Passive isolators do not function free from feedback; so a load change on
the output circuit will automatically affect the input circuit as well.
Passive Sensor
Contains passive components whose parameters can be changed by the measured variables. A primary electronic
mechanism converts these parameters into electric signals. An auxiliary external power source is needed for the passive
sensor. Passive sensors can be used to determine both static and semi-static measured variables. For this reason, the
majority of sensors have a passive construction. Examples of this type include load cells and resistance thermometers.
The pollution severity level specifies the conditions of the immediate surroundings. It is defined in DIN EN 50178,
Section 5.2.15.2.
The pollution (contamination) severity level should be used to determine the required creepage distance for the
insulation. Pollution degree 2 is the default specification.
Pollution severity level 1: There is no contamination or only dry occurrences of non-conductive pollution. This
pollution has no influence.
Pollution severity level 2: There is only non-conductive pollution. Temporary occurrences of conductivity caused by
condensation may also occur.
Pollution severity level 3: Conductive pollution or dry, non-conductive pollution that can become conductive due to
condensation is likely to occur.
Pollution severity level 4: The contamination leads to continual conductivity which can be caused by such
contaminants as conductive dust, rain or snow.
Rated Voltage
Specified by the insulation coordination - the rated voltage is the voltage level at which the product can be safely
operated, in relation to the corresponding pollution severity level and the surge voltage category.
Relative Humidity
The relationship between the actual moisture and the maximum possible quantity of water in the air. Expressed as a
percentage.
RoHS
The EC directive 2002/95/EC - concerning the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and
electronic equipment - regulates the use of hazardous materials within devices and components. This directive, and it's
various implementations into national laws, are referred to by the abbreviation RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous
Substances).
RTD/ PT100/1000
RTD sensors are temperature probes that operate based on the resistance changes which take in metal as the temperature
changes. They are resistance thermometers based on PTC resistors. The electrical changes in resistance of a platinum
wire or platinum film is often used for measuring temperatures ranging from -200 …+850 °C. The platinum temperature
sensors are characterized by their nominal resistance R0 at a temperature of 0 °C. The standard types include:
Pt100 (R0= 100 Ohm)
Pt1000 (R0= 1 kOhm)
A two-wire, three-wire or four-wire electrical connection can be used to electrically connect the PT/RTD sensor to the
evaluative electronics. A three-wire or four-wire method eliminates any errors caused by the inherent resistance of the
sensor connecting wires.
In the three-wire method, one end is equipped with two pigtail connectors. In the four-wire method, both ends are
equipped with two pigtail connectors.
Sensor
A sensor is a physical component capable of capturing certain physical or chemical properties (such as thermal radiation,
temperature, humidity, pressure, noise, brightness, or acceleration) as a measurement. It can also analyze the quality of the
composition of the material surroundings. These values are captured using physical or chemical phenomena and then
converted into another form (usually electrical signals) so they can be post-processed.
Signal Splitter
A signal isolator that accepts an analog input signal and delivers at least two isolated and independent signals on the
output side. This permits the signal to be transmitted to a PLC/DCS system and to a separate display. A signal multiplier
is designed either as an active isolator with an external power feed or as an output loop powered version.
SIL
Safety Integrity Level. The components must meet the requirements of IEC 61508 is order to reduce risk. This standard
provides general requirements for avoiding and minimizing device and equipment outages. It stipulates organization and
technical requirements concerning device development and operation. Four safety levels are defined (from SIL1 for
minimal risk to SIL4 for very high risk) for classifying facilities and risk-reduction measures. Risk-reduction measures
must be more reliable when the classified risk level is higher.
Status Indicator
An LED that displays the operational status, such as operational (yellow), switching (green), and alarm/malfunction
(red).
This is the time delay in the output signal change when there is a signal jump ranging from 10…90% on the input side.
The step response time is inversely proportional to the limiting frequency.
Storage Temperature
The permitted ambient temperature, related to a specific relative humidity level, for which the product should be stored
while in a current-free state.
Switching Threshold
Temperature Coefficient
The temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical variable based on the temperature change relative
to a reference temperature (room temperature). It directly influences the precision of an analog signal converter. The
coefficient is specified in ppm/K of the corresponding measuring range end value.
Thermocouple
A thermocouple is a component made of two different materials which are connected to each other at one end. An
electrical voltage is created (based on the principle of the Seebeck effect) along a wire that connects the unattached ends
when there is a temperature differential.
The juncture point and the unattached ends must have different temperatures for a voltage to be generated.
Threshold Monitoring
The limiting values of physical variables must be continually monitored for industrial processes. This includes fill levels,
temperatures, speed, positions, weights and frequencies. Specialized threshold monitoring components are used for this
purpose. The sensor signals are captured on the input side, evaluated electronically and converted. The corresponding
threshold (min/max) is then made available via the digital switching outputs (relays or transistors) to the external devices.
Potentiometers can be used to customize each switching point and its minimum/maximum threshold as well as the
switching hysteresis.
Signal converters with transformer coupling are used for taking cost-effective measurements of sinusoidal currents (50/
60 Hz). The current being measured flows directly through the primary coil of the measurement transformer. It is then
stepped down and electronically processed in the converter.
Type of Contact
A contact is called normally open (NO) or a make contact if it is open when the armature is dropped out (no current in
coil) and closed when the armature is picked up (current flowing in coil). A contact is called a break contact or normally
closed (NC) contact if it interrupts the circuit when the armature is picked up. A combination of NC and NO is called a
changeover (CO) contact. A relay can have one or more of such contacts.
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