Surveying Lab-I Manual
Surveying Lab-I Manual
Surveying Lab-I Manual
com
SURVEYING LAB I
MANUAL
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OBJECTIVE: Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses
INSTRUMENTS:
1) Chain or tape
2) Arrows
3) Ranging rods
4) Cross staff
5) Offset rods
6) Pegs
7) Plumb bob
DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS:
1 a) Chain:
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire,
4mm in diameter called links .The ends of each link are bent into a loop and
connected together by means of three oval rings. The ends of the chain are
provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a
swivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length of the
chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the outside of another
handle.
1) Metric chains
2) Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain
3) Engineers chain
4) Revenue chain
5) Steel band or Band chain
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Metric chain:
Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are fixed at
every five-meter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where
tallies are attached
b) Tapes:
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2. Arrows:
Arrows are made of good quality hardened steel wire of 4 mm diameter.
The arrows are made 400 mm in length, are pointed at one and the other end is
bent into a loop or circle
3. Ranging rods:
Ranging rods are used to range some intermediate points in the survey
line The length of the ranging rod is either 2m or 3m. They are shod at bottom
with a heavy iron point. Ranging rods are divided into equal parts 0.2m long and
they are painted alternately black and white or red and white or red, white and
black. When they are at considerable distance, red and white or white and yellow
flags about 25 cm square should be fastened at the top.
4. Cross staff: The simplest instrument used for setting out a right angle.
The common forms of cross staff are:
Open cross staff French cross staff Adjustable cross staff
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5. OFFSET ROD:
The offset rod is used for measuring the off set of short lengths. It is
similar to a ranging rod and is usually of 3m lengths.
6. PEGS:
These are rods made from hard timber and tapered at one end, generally 25mm
or 30mm square and 150mm long wooden pegs are used to mark the position of the
station on.
7. PLUMB BOB:
While chaining along sloping ground, a plumb bob is required to transfer
the points to the ground.
OFFSET ROD PEGS PLUMB BOB
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PROCEDURE:
UNFOLDING:
» Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles in the left hand and
hold the remaining portion of the chain in the right hand.
» Holding both the handles in the left hand, throw the remaining portion o f the chain
in the forward direction on the ground.
» Now the follower stands at the starting station by holding one handle and directs the
leader to move forward by holding the other handle until the chain is fully stretched.
FOLDING:
» Bring the two handles together on the ground by pulling the chain at the center.
» Commencing from the center two pairs of links are taken at a time with the right
hand and placed alternatively in both directions in the left hand.
» When the chain is completely folded the two brass handles will appear at the top.
» Now tie the chain with leather strap.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 01
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
INSTRUMENTS:
Chain 20m / 30m 1 No. Arrows 10 Nos.
Ranging rods 04 Nos. Pegs 2 Nos.
RANGING ROD
A
B
RANGING ROD
A C B
RANGING
ROD
A C D B
PROCEDURE:
» Fix the ranging rods at the two given stations, where pegs are already driven on the
ground.
» The follower stand behind station A and directs the leader, with ranging rod to come
in line with AB by signals of ranging
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» When the ranging rod comes in the line of AB the follower directs the leader to fix
the ranging rod in position.
» Let the intermediate point be C which should be less than 20m / 30 m .
» Now the leader taken another ranging rod and stands between A and B about 2/3
distance from A
» The follower directs the leader to come in line of AB by using signals of ranging.
» As and when the point is located in the line of AB the follower instructs to fix the
ranging rod in position.
» Let the other intermediate position be D which is less than 20 m / 30 m from B
» Now A, B, C and D are in one line.
Now the leader and follower measure the distance by measuring along A, C, D, B.
FIELD APPLICATION:
» It can be extended to measure the lengths of more than two chain lengths.
» By measuring the boundaries of given traverse the areas can be calculated.
» The features can be located either by measuring oblique or perpendicular offset
from the chain line.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 02
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
N
M
B
A
M N
M3
N3
M2
N2
PROCEDURE: M1
» Fix the two ranging rods at the given stations A and B which are not intervisible due to
raising ground.
» Select two intermediate points M1 and N1 such that from each point both A and B are
visible.
» The person at M1 directs the person at N1 to move to a new position N2 in line with M1B.
» The person at N2 then directs the person at M1 to move to a new position M2 in line with
N2A.
» The person at M2 directs the person at N2 to a new position N3 in line with M2B.
» The person at N3 directs the person at M2 to a new position M3 in line with N3A.
» The process is repeated till the points M and N are located in such a way that M finds the
person at N in line with AB and the person at N finds the person at M in line with AB.
» After fixing the points M and N, other points are also fixed by direct ranging and the length
of the line is measured.
Result:
Length of AM = ____ meter.
Length of MN = ____ meter.
Length of NB = ____ meter.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 03
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
INSTRUMENTS:
Chain 20m / 30m 1 No. Arrows 10 Nos.
Ranging rods 6 Nos. Pegs 5 Nos.
SKETCH: D
C
E
A B
PROCEDURE:
» Let ABCDE be the given field whose area is to be measured, fix the pegs at A, B, C, D & E.
» Divide area into three triangles ADE, ABD and BCD by joining AD and BD.
» Measure the lengths AB, BC , CD, DE, EA, AD and BD.
» Calculate the area of the triangles.
» The sum of the areas of the three triangles is the area of the given field.
FORMULA:
Area of the triangle ∆ = √ s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
Where S = (a + b+ c) / 2
A, b, c, are the sides of the triangle.
RESULT:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 04
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
OBJECTIVE: To chain around the building to cover small area by chain triangulation
INSTRUMENTS:
Chain 20m / 30m 1 No. Arrows 10 Nos.
Ranging rods 4 Nos. Pegs 4 Nos.
Tape 20m/30m 1 No Cross staff 1No
SKETCH:
C
TIE LINE
CHECK
LINE e f
S
R
P Q
A B
D
PROCEDURE:
» Select three survey stations A, B and C such that from each survey station the other two
stations are visible..
» Fix the ranging rods at A, B and C
» Fix the intermediate stations along the chain line AB, BC and CA by ranging.
» Measure the offsets of the corners of the building either perpendicular or oblique.
» Each point requires two measurements from two definite reference points on the same line
or from two adjacent chain lines.
» Measure the points which are very far away from the main chain lines from tie line i.e , the
corners points of building R and S. Measure the check line CD.
NOTE: The student should prepare a layout of the given area covering building roads etc.
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VIVA QUISTIONS
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TOPIC – 2
COMPASS SURVEYING
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SKETCH:
Parts List
13. Focusing Stud 14. Glass Cover 15. Prism Dust Cap
16. Sun Glasses
DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS
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OBJECT VANE: It consists of prism with a sighting slit at the top. The
prism magnifies and erects the inverted graduations.
COLOUR GLASSES: Red and blue glasses are provided with the prism to
sight luminous objects.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 05
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
C B
S
PROCEDURE:
The following station adjustments are to be done at each
station where the compass is set up.
1. CENTERING:
a. Centering is the process of keeping the prismatic compass over
the station point.
b. By moving the legs of the tripod suitably, centering will be done.
c. Centering is checked by dropping a stone so that it falls on the
top of the peg.
2. LEVELLING:
a. Leveling is the process of making the compass exactly horizontal.
b. Level the compass by means of ball and socket arrangements.
c. When the compass is leveled, the aluminum ring swings freely.
3. FOCUSSING:
To adjust the height of the prism so that the
observations can be read clearly.
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4. OBSERVING BEARINGS:
5. TABULAR FORM:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 06
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
SKETCH: A
N
O
C B
S
» Let ‘O’ be the instrument station selected from which all other points
are visible.
» Complete all station adjustments like setting, centering and leveling
accurately.
» Sight the object ‘A’ looking through the prism vane, while the object
vane is directed towards the object.
» Observe the bearing by looking through the prism. Enter the
readings in the tabular form.
» Repeat the process at all objects stations B,C,D etc and enter the
readings.
FORMULA:
Included angle: bearing of 2nd line bearing of first line.
(If the value is more than 180º than subtract the value from 360º ).
TABULAR FORM
Sl.No. Station Sighted to W.C.B.
* * *
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EXPERIMENT NO. 07
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
PROCEDURE:
B
» Fix the closed traverse A B C D E .
» Set up the compass at the station ‘A’.
» Perform the temporary adjustments.
» Sight the object at ‘B’ and note down the FB of line AB and measure the distance.
» Sight the object at E and note down the BB of EA.
» Sight the instrument to station ‘B’ performs all the temporary adjustments.
» Sight the object at ‘A’ and take the ‘BB’ of ‘AB’.
» Take ‘FB’ of ‘BC’ and measure the length of ‘BC’.
» Check whether the difference of ‘FB’ and ‘BB’ is 180º or not, at all stations.
» Continue the same process all at other stations.
CHECK: The sum of the included angles should be equals to (2n-4) x 90º
Where ‘n’ is number of sides of the traverse.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 08
Surveyor: Date:
Helpers: Time:
SKETCH:
PROCUDURE:
» Set the instrument at the starting station ‘A’ and perform all the necessary
adjustments.
» Sight the next station ‘B’, take fore bearing of ‘AB’ and measure the
distance ‘AB’.
» Take F.B of ‘AE which provides check; similarly bearing of any line AC,
CE, … etc. also provides the check.
» Shift the instrument to subsequent station ‘B’. After fixing the instrument
sight the previous station ‘A’ and observe the reading, which gives the B.B.
of AB.
» Sight next station ‘C’ observe F.B of BC and measure the distance BC.
» Locate the details surrounding the traverse station if necessary, by taking
bearings or lengths or both from chains line.
» Repeat the process at every station.
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» It is to be noted that first and last stations have only fore bearing and back
bearings respectively.
» Take Back bearings of the first point from the last point.
» Enter the reading in a tabular form.
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VIVA QUISTIONS
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TOPIC - 3
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The Alidade:
The alidade consists of metal or box wood straight edge or ruler
about 50cm long. The be welled edge of the alidade is called the fiducially
edge.
Drawing sheet:
The drawing sheet is fixed on the top of the drawing board.
Pencil and eraser:
A pencil is used for constructing lines and eraser is used for
erasing lines after completion of the plan.
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The setting up the plane table includes the following three operations.
The process of leveling is carried out with the help of level tube. The
bubble of level tube is brought to center in two directions, which are right
angles to each other. This is achieved by moving legs.
EXPERIMENT NO. 09
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OBJECTIVE: Setting up the plane table and plotting a few objects by radiation
method.
INSTRUMENTS:
1) Plane table
2) Tripod
3) Alidade
RADIATION: The plane table is set up over only one station from which
the whole traverse can be commanded. It is suitable for
survey of small areas.
SKETCH: A
D d
o
b
B
PROCEDURE:
1) Select a point “O ” so that all points to be located are visible from it.
2) Set up the table at “O”, level it, and do centering.
3) SELECT A POINT “O” on the sheet so that it is exactly over station “O” on
the ground.
4) Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian
5) Centering the alidade on “O” BISECT the objects of traverse A, B, C and D.
6) Measure the distances OA, OB, OC and OD and plotted to convenient
scale to locate a, b, c and d respectively
7) Join the points a, b, c and d on the paper.
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
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INSTRUMENTS:
1) Plane table
2) Tripod
3) Alidade B
A
FIGURE
P Q
PROCEDURE:
1) Select two points P and Q such that the points (building corners) to be plotted are
visible from their stations.
2) Set the table on P and locate on the sheet.
3) Pivot on P bisect Q draw a ray.
4) Measure the distance PQ and locate Q on the sheet to a convenient scale.
5) Now pq is known as the base line.
6) Pivot ‘p’ bisects the inaccessible objects A and B (building corners) and draw rays.
7) Shift the table to ‘a’ such that q is over Q and do temporary adjustments.
8) Place the alidade along qp and the rotate the table till p is bisected clamp table.
9) Pivot on q bisect the objects A and B and draw rays.
10) The instruction of rays drawn from P and Q will give the points a and b.
11) To check the accuracy measured AB and compare with plotted distance ab.
12) The same procedure is applied for other features of the campus. each point is
bisected from two stations.
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
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FIGURE
A
B
C
D
PROCEDURE:
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NOTE: by using radiation method, intersection and traversing methods we can locate the
points on the paper, which were already on the ground. By using algebraic formulae, we can
calculate the area of the given land.
FORMULAE:
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VIVA QUISTIONS
5. What is intersection?
6. What is Resection?
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TOPICS - 4
LEVELLING
☺ ☺
STUDY OF DUMPY LEVEL AND LEVELLING STAFF
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FIGURE:
4
3
5
6
FOCUSSING SCREW:
The telescope is focused by turning the focusing screw either forward or
backward.
BUBBLE TUBES:
The telescope is attached with two bubble tubes. One is longitudinal and the
other is cross bubble tube. These two are placed at right angles to each other.
DIAPHRAGM:
It carries cross hairs.
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FOOT SCREWS:
By turning the foot screws, the tribrach can be raised or lowered to bring the
bubble to the center of its run.
LEVELLING STAFF:
THE LEVELLING STAFF:
It is used for measuring the vertical distance of the points above or below the
horizontal line of sight. The different staves in use are
1. Sop with telescope staff 2. Folding staff 3. Solid staff 4. Target staff
FOLDING STAFF:
It is made of well-seasoned timber such as deodar, blue pine or aluminum. It is
4m long, 75mm wide, 18mm thick. It has two lengths of 2m each which are connected
at the middle by a hinge so that the upper portion can be folded over the lower one.
The minimum division on the staff is 5mm.
The lengths of meter in numerals are marked on the left and painted in black.
The entire background is painted in white. The graduations are inverted and hence
when viewed through the telescope, they appear erect.
SOLID STAFF:
It consists only one length and is usually 3m long. It is also graduated in
divisions of 5mm. This is used for precise leveling work.
TARGET STAFF:
It consists of two lengths, one sliding over the other. It is graduated from top
downwards. The target is equipped with vernier, which is adjusted by the staff man.
The target is to be moved along the rod until its center is bisected by the line of sight.
The target is then clamped and reading is taken. Target staves are used when the
sights are long, say more than 100m.
******
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PROCEDURE:
Temporary adjustments are to be made at each setup of the
instrument. The following are the temporary adjustments to be made.
1. Setting up of the level
2. Leveling up
3. Elimination of parallax.
2. LEVELLING UP
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3. ELIMINATION OF PARALLOX:
ARITHMATICAL CHECK:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 12
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
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FIGURE:
PROCEDURE:
1. Let A and B be the two given points whose difference is elevation is to be found.
2. Set the level at a convenient point O1 carryout temporary adjustments and take B.S on A
3. Take FS on the Point C
4. Shift the instrument to point O2 and perform temporary adjustments.
5. Take B.S on C.
6. Take F.S. on D.
7. Shift the instrument to point O3 and perform temporary adjustments.
8. Take B.S on D
9. Take F.S on B.
10. Find the difference in elevation between A and B by both the methods.
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
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OBJECTIVE: To find the levels of certain points which may lie above the line
of collimation.
THEORY: When the point under observation is higher than the line of
sight, staff should be kept inverted on the overhead point
keeping the foot of the staff touching the point, and reading
should be taken and recorded in the field book with a
negative sign indicating invert level.
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the instrument at a convenient point and take the B.S on the benchmark.
2. Place the staff in the inverted position at the required staff stations, which are
lying above the line of collimation.
3. Take the reading on the staff and note it in the field book with a negative sign.
4. Calculate the R.L of the required staff station.
5. Repeat the process for all invert staff readings.
6. For all other points the procedure to find R.L is similar to that in the previous
exercises.
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TOPIC-5
THEODOLITE SURVEYING
1. Study of Theodolite
☺ ☺
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FIGURE
HORIZONTAL AXIS:
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It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.
LINE OF COLLINATION:
It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the
diaphragm to the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.
CENTERING:
The process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark is known as
centering.
TRANSITING:
It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180º about
the trunnion axis.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT:
TELESCOPE:
It consists of eye-piece , object glass and focusing screw and it is used to sight the
object.
VERTICAL CIRCLE:
It is used to measure vertical angles.
LEVELLING HEAD:
It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates.
Its uses are
1. To support the main part of the instrument.
2. To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
LOWER PLATE:
It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw.
UPPER PLATE:
The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. It
consists an upper clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper
plate with lower plate accurately.]
FOOT SCREWS:
These are used to level the instrument
PLUMB BOB:
It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.
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It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane. A
swing is called right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter
clockwise.
FACE LEFT:
If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the
observation of the angles taken is known as face left observation.
FACE RIGHT:
If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the
observation of the angles taken is known as face right observation.
CHANGING FACE:
It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and
vice-versa.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:
There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. These are
1. Setting up the theodolite over a station.
2. Leveling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.
SETTING UP:
It includes two operations
1. Centering a theodolite over a station: Done by means of plumb bob.
2. Approximately leveling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs
radially or circumferentially.
LEVELING UP:
Having centered and approximately leveled the instrument, accurate leveling is
done with the help of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical
axis shall be truly vertical.
To level the instrument the following operations have to be done.
1. Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel
to a line joining any two of the leveling screws (A & B).
FIGURE:
2. Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand
uniformly so that the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each
other until the bubble comes to the center.
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3. Turn the upper plate through 90º i.e until the axes of the level passes over the
position of the third leveling screw ‘C’.
4. Turn this leveling screw until the bubble comes to the center.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90º to its original position fig(a) and repeat step(2)
till the bubble comes to the center.
7. Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.
8. Now rotate the instrument through 180º. The bubble should be remaining in the
center of its run, provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis will then be
truly vertical.
3. ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX:
Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in
the plane of the cross hairs. Unless parallax is eliminated, accurate sighting is not
possible. Parallax can be eliminated in two steps.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 15
THEORY: In this method, the angle is added several times mechanically and
the value of the angle obtained by dividing the accumulated
reading by the number of repetitions.
SKETCH: P Q
O
PROCEDURE:
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“ Sec
horizontal
Average
angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
‘ Min
.o Deg.
No. Of Repetitions
“ Sec
Mean
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
B
FACE: RIGHT
‘ Min
“ Sec
‘ Min
A
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Horizontal
‘ Min
angle
.o Deg.
No. Of Repetitions
“ Sec
Mean
‘ Min
FACE: LEFT
.o Deg.
“ Sec
B
‘ Min
“ Sec
‘ Min
A
.o Deg.
Sighted to
Instrumented to
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EXPERIMENT NO. 16
B
A
SKETCH:
O
D C
PROCEDURE:
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Tabular Form
“ Sec
horizontal
Average
angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Horizontal Angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Mean
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
B
SWING: LEFT
FACE: RIGHT
‘ Min
“ Sec
‘ Min
A
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Horizontal angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Mean
SWING: RIGHT
‘ Min
FACE: LEFT
.o Deg.
“ Sec
B
‘ Min
“ Sec
‘ Min
A
.o Deg.
Sighted to
Instrumented to
EXPERIMENT NO. 17
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THEORY: A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line of sight and
the horizontal.
PROCEDURE:
To measure the Vertical angle of an object A at a station “O”.
1. Set up the instrument over ‘O’ and level it with reference to the altitude
bubble.
2. Set the zero of the vertical vernier exactly to the zero of the vertical circle
by Means of the vertical circle clamp and tangent screw.
3. Bring the bubble of the altitude level to the center of its run. The line of
Collimation is thus made horizontal, while the vernier reads zero.
4. Loosen the vertical circle clamp, direct the telescope towards the object ‘A’,
and sighted approximately, clamp the vertical circle and bisect ‘A’ exactly
by turning the tangent screw.
5. Road both venires. The mean of the two, readings gives the value of the
required angle.
6. Change the face of the instrument and repeat the process. The mean of
the two vernier readings gives the second value of the required angle.
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A
A
Figure 03
A
OBSERVATIONS
SIGHT TO
STATION
AVERAGE
Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec
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EXPERIMENT NO. 18
EQUIPMENTS:
1. Theodolite
2. Chain / Tape
3. Ranging rods
4. Plumb bob
5. Stand
B
SKETCH: A
C
D
PROCEDURE:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 19
EQUIPMENTS :
1. Theodolite
2. Leveling Stop
3. Tape or Chain Q1
4. Pegs
5. Plumb bob
SKETCH:
Q2
α1
α2
S
D Q
P
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the instrument at station P.
2. Perform all temporary adjustments.
3. Bring the line of collimation horizontal
4. Enter the initial readings in the tabular form.
5. Swing the telescope and take staff reading over the given B.M.
6. Swing the telescope towards the object.
7. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the top of the object Q1, and clamp the
vertical clamp screw.
8. Read C and D verniers and enter the readings.
9. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the bottom of the object Q, and clamp the screw.
10. Read vernier readings and enter in the tabular form.
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11. Measure the Horizontal distance between the instrument station and the object.
12. The above procedure will be repeated with the face right observation.
13. The average of the two observations by transiting the telescope taken with different
faces will be vertical angle.
14. Calculate the height of the top point Q1 from horizontal line (h1) and height of the
bottom point Q0 from horizontal line (h2) by using formula h = d tan α
OBSERVATIONS
“ Sec
Average
Vertical
angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Vertical
Angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Mean
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
SWING: LEFT
FACE: RIGHT
‘ Min
“ Sec
‘ Min
C
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Vertical
angle
‘ Min
.o Deg.
“ Sec
Mean
‘ Min
SWING: RIGHT
FACE: LEFT
.o Deg.
“ Sec
D
‘ Min
“ Sec
‘ Min
C
.o Deg.
Sighted to
Instrumented to
Formula: h1 = DTanα1
h2 = DTan α2
.h = h1 + h2
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TOPIC-6
PLOTTING
calculation of areas.
Location of details.
☺ ☺
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EXPERIMENT NO. 20
INSTRUMENTS:
Metric Chain 20m / 30m 1 No. Arrows 10 Nos.
Ranging rods 4 Nos. Cross 1No
Tape 1 No staff
FIGURE:
90 DEG.
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
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INSTRUMENTS:
1. Two Chains
2. Arrows
3. Ranging Rods E
4. Cross staff
5. Plumb Bob F
SKETCH:
5
4
6
A
D
1
3
2
PROCEDURE: B
C
1. Let A B C D E F be the given field whose area is to be measured.
2. Divide the area into right-angled triangles and Trapezoids and measure their bases and
perpendiculars.
3. Two instruments are required
a. A cross staff to divide the area into triangles and trapezoids
b. A chain to measure lengths of base and perpendiculars.
4. Calculate the area of triangles and Trapezoids.
5. The sum of the areas of 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 gives the area of the given field.
FORMULA: Area of the right angled triangle = ½ Base x Height
Area of Trapezoid = ½ ( a + b) h
a, b are the parallel sides
h is the distance between the parallel sides.
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
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INSTRUMENTS:
1. Chain 20m / 30 m - 1 No.
2. Ranging rods - 6 Nos.
3. Arrows - 10 Nos.
4. Pegs - 5 Nos.
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare key plans for layout of plots.
2. Let A B C D E be the given field whose area is to be measured. Fix
the pegs at A , B , C , D and E
3. Divide the given area into three triangles ADE, ABD and BDC by
joining AD and BD.
4. Measure the lengths AB, CD, DE, EA and BD.
5. Calculate the area of the triangles.
6. The sum of the Three triangles is the area of the given field.
FORMULA:
Area of the Triangle = √ s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
Where a, b, c are the sides of triangle
S = (a + b + c) / 2
SKETCH:
D
E C
B
A
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LOCATION OF DETAILS
*************************************
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