UNIT I INTRODUCTION & Allowable STRESS DESIGN

PART A – Questions and Answers

1. What are the advantages of steel as a structural material?

 High strength-to-weight ratio
 More ductile material
 Tough, hence it may be bent, hammered, punched to form bolt holes without
any damage
 Properties of steel mostly do not change with time

2. What are the disadvantages of steel as a structural material?

 Corrosion occurs and require frequent painting and maintenance.

 Strength is tremendously reduces at high temperatures during fire
 Strength may be reduced if it is subjected to stress reversals

3. What are the various forms of steel sections?

 Hot rolled products

Flat Hot rolled products : Bars, Flats, Plates, Strips, Sheets
Hot rolled sections : Rolled and Hollow sections
 Cold rolled products

4. How are hot rolled steel sections made?

In a rolling mill, molten steel is taken from the furnace and poured in a
continuous casting system where the steel solidifies. But the steel is not allowed
to cool completely. The hot steel passes through a series of rollers that squeeze
it into the desired cross section and shape. As the steel is rolled while it is still
hot, it deforms without any loss of ductility.
5. What are the uses of connections in steel structures?
A Steel structure is an assemblage of different components, which are
connected to one another using fasteners (rivet, bolt, weld, pin). These
components should be connected together properly, so that they act as a single
unit or structure.
Connections between different components of a steel structure facilitate the
transfer of forces and moments from one member to another.

6. What is the need for design of connections?

A structure is only as strong as its weakest link. Hence, the connection
should also develop full or little extra strength than the members it is
connecting.
Connection failure may lead to failure of the whole structure
Connection failure is not as ductile as a member failure

7. Why connection design is complex?

A connection design is more complex due to the following reasons:
 Geometric complexity
 Lack of fit, slipping
 Connection flexibility
 Discrete load transfer (non-continuous)
 Variety of configurations
 Variability of behavior
 Non-linear load deformation
 Limitation in fabrication and erection
 Complex design Procedures

8. What are the types of connection based on fasteners?

 Riveted connection
 Bolted connection
 Welded connection
  Pin connection

9. What are the types of connection based on connection rigidity?

 Simple connection
 Rigid connection
 Semi-rigid connection

10.What are the types of connection based on Joint resistance?

 Bearing connection
 Friction connection

11.What are types of connection based on type of force transferred?

 Shear connection
 Moment connection
 Shear and Moment connection
 Tension or Compression connection
 Tension or Compression with Shear

12.What are the types of connection based on point of load acting?

 Concentric connection
 Eccentric connection
13.What are the types of connection based on fabrication location?
 Shop connection
 Field connection

14.What is a Rivet?
A rivet is made up of a round ductile steel bar (mild or high tensile) piece
called shank.
It consists of a manufactured head at one end. There are different shapes of
heads of rivets.

15. What are the types of rivets?

Snap and Pan head rivets have projection beyond the plate surface.
Countersunk head rivets will make level with the plate surface. The countersunk
head may be flat or round.

PART B – Questions
1. Find the dimensions of a double bolted lap joint for plates 16 mm thick to carry
its full load. Take permissible axial tension in plate 150 N/mm2.
AUApr/May 2018
2. Find the safe load and efficiency of a double cover butt joint. The main plates
are 12 mm thick connected by 18 mm diameter bolts at a pitch of 100 mm.
Design the cover plates also. What is the percentage reduction in the efficiency
of the joint if the plates are lap jointed?
AU Apr/May 2018
3. Find the value of W, if 20 mm diameter bearing type bolts of grade 4.6 are to be
used in the bracket connection shown in figure.

AU Apr/May 2018
4. Design a single bolted double cover butt joint to connect plates of 410 grade
having thickness 16 mm. Use M16 bolts of 4.6 grade. Find the efficiency of the
joint.
AU Nov/Dec 2017
5. A double riveted lap joint in plates 10 mm thick is made with 16 mm rivets at
60 mm pitch. Estimate how the joint will fail and calculate the efficiency if the
tensile strength of plates is 475 N/mm2 and shearing and bearing strength of
the rivets are 380 N/mm2 and 750 N/mm2 respectively.
AU Nov/Dec 2017
 UNIT II
CONNECTIONS

1. Nominal, Hole and Gross Diameter of rivet.

The diameter of the shank of the rivet is called as the Nominal diameter.
The diameter of the hole is slightly greater than the nominal diameter of
rivet (approximately 1.5 mm more than the nominal diameter of the rivet) is
called as Hole diameter.
The diameter of the rivet when heated during riveting becomes equal to the
diameter of the hole and is called as the Gross diameter.

2. What is meant by Grip length of rivet?

 The grip length of the rivet is the distance between the undersides of the two
rivet heads.
 If the grip length is more, then the diameter of the rivet should be
proportionately larger.
 The grip length should not be greater than 4 times the diameter of the rivet.

3. What are the forces causing failure of rivets?

 Bearingaround the surface between rivet and bolt hole in the connecting
members.
 Shearat the interface between the surfaces of connecting members.
 Bending in addition to shear and bearing, when the grip length of the rivet
becomes long

4. What is Riveting and what are the ways of riveting process?

The process of fixing the rivet in the hole and forming the head at the other
end is called asRiveting. It can be done in any of the following ways:
 Hot driven rivets
 Cold driven rivets
 Hand driven rivets
5. What are the disadvantages of rivets?
Rivets are not used in engineering structures now, because of the following
reasons:
 The necessity of pre-heating of rivets before driving which increases the
cost.
 The riveting operation needs atleast 4 persons – one to heat the rivet, one to
insert it into the hole, one to hold the members, one to form head using
pneumatic hammer.
 After cooling of rivets, the poorly installed rivets should be removed and
replaced.
 More noise associated during driving of rivets.

6. What is a bolt and what are the types of bolts?

A bolt is a metal piece with head at one end and shank which is threaded to
receive the nut. There are different types of bolts are:
 Ordinary bolts or Black bolts
 Turned bolts or Close Tolerance bolts
 Ribbed bolts or Fluted bolts
 High Strength bolts
 High Strength Friction Grip bolts

7. What are Black Bolts?

 These are the commonly used bolts and are referred as ordinary,
unfinished, common, rough or black bolts.
 Made fromlow carbon rolled steel circular rods (more ductile)
 The bolt head may be square or hexagonal.
 The bolts are used for ordinary structures under light static loadingsuch as
trusses, purlins, bracings, girts, etc.
 These bolts are not recommended for connections subjected to impact,
fatigue, vibration or dynamic loads.

8. What is meant by Net area of bolt?

 The net tensile area of the bolt is the area at the root of the threads. This area
is also called as stress area or proof area. The net tensile area at the root of the
thread is 0.78 timesthe plain shank area of the bolt.

9. What are the types of bolt holes?

 Standard size
holes
 Over size
holes
 Short slotted
holes
 Long slotted
holes

10.What is meant by clearance in holes?

The hole diameter of the bolt is the sum of nominal diameter of bolt and
clearances.
The clearance for bolt holes of standard size holes are 1 mm for bolts of
diameter 12 to 14 mm, 2 mm for 16 to 24 mm diameter bolts,
3 mm for bolts larger than 24 mm diameter.

11.What are Turned bolts?

 These are similar to unfinished bolts, but the shank is made of hexagonal
rod.
 These bolts have small tolerance of about 0.15 to 0.5 mm. Hence special
methods are to be adopted to ensure that the holes are aligned correctly. Also
called as Close Tolerance bolts.
 These bolts are used when there is no slippage is permitted between the
connected parts and accurate alignment of components is required.
 Used in connections subjected to vibration or dynamic loads.

12.What are ribbed bolts?

  These bolts consists of raised ribs in the shank in the longitudinal
direction, hence it produces a relatively tight fit.
 These bolts have round head similar to the rivets.
 Used in connections where there are reversal of stresses.

13.What are Interference body bolts?

Interference body boltshave serrations around the shank and parallel to the
shank, instead of longitudinal ribs in ribbed bolts.

14.What are High strength bolts?

 High strength bolts are made from bars of mediumcarbon steel.
 High strength is achieved by heat treatment (quenching, tempering) or from
alloy steel.
 These bolts have high strength but less ductile than black bolts.
 These bolts can be well tightened as these bolts can withstand high tensile
stresses than ordinary bolts. Hence the connected parts are clamped tightly
together.

15.What are HSFG bolts?

 The bolts with induced initial tension are called as HSFG bolts.
 Special tightening techniques are used to induce sufficient initial tension,
which causes friction to be developed between the connecting surfaces.
 Due to this friction, slip in the joint is eliminated. Hence the joints are called
as non-slipconnection or slip-critical connection.

16.What are the advantages of HSFG bolts?

 HSFG bolts provide a rigid joint.
 There is no slip between the elements connected.
 Provide large clamping force to the members connected.
 Load is transmitted through friction and bolts are not subjected to shear and
bearing
 Lesser number of HSFG bolts are required when compared to rivets and
ordinary bolts, to transfer the same force.
17.What are Pin connections?
 Pins are cylindrical shaped bars made from mild steel bars.
 Pins are available in diameters ranging from 9 to 300 mm.
 Pins are used when hinged joints are required, i.e. where zero moments or
free rotation is required.
 A pin consists fork end bar, eye end bar, pin, collar, cotter pin.

18.What is a Lap joint?

The members to be connected are
simply overlapped and connected
using bolts.
The drawback of the lap joint is that,
an eccentricity is developed as the
CG of load in one member do not
coincide with the CG of load in
another member.

19.What is a Butt joint?

The members to be connected are placed adjacent to each other and
connected using additional plates are called as butt joint. The additional plates
are called as cover plates.
If cover plate is provided on one side, it issingle cover butt joint. If the
cover plates are provided on both sides, it isdouble
cover butt joint.

20.What are the types of failure of bolts?

 Shear failure of Bolt
 Shear failure of Plate
 Bearing failure of Bolt
 Bearing failure of Plate
 Tension failure of Bolt
  Tension failure of Plate
 Bending failure of Bolt

21.What are the types of weld?

 Groove weld
 Fillet weld
 Plug weld
 Slot weld

22.What is Groove weld?

 Groove welds are used when the members to be connected are lined up
(aligned in the same plane).
 Groove welds are most suited for butt joints and T connections.
 Grooves are to be made at the edge of the connecting members at slope of
30º to 60º.

23.What is Fillet weld?

 Fillet welds are used when two members are joined at different planes.
 Fillet welds are generally triangular in cross section.
 When members overlap or intersect at right angles, fillet weld can be used.
For intersection at 60º to 120º, can also be used with correct throat size.

24.What is Slot weld?

 Slot welds are used to supplement the fillet welds, when the required length
of fillet weld cannot be provided.
 Since the penetration of these welds are difficult to be determined and
difficult to inspect, these types of welds are avoided.
 When the slot welds are provided along with the fillet weld, it prevents the
overlapping members from buckling.

25.What is Plug weld?

 Plug welds are used to fill up holes in the connections.
  For example, Temporary erection bolts are provided in beam to column seat
angle connection to hold and align the connecting members. These bolt
holes are later filled by plug weld.

PART B QUESTIONS

1. A tie member 75 mm x 8 mm connected to a 10 mm thick gusset plate is to

transmit a load of 90 kN. Design the fillet weld and calculate the necessary
overlap. Assume site welding.
AU Apr/May 2017
2. A single bolted double cover butt joint is used to connect two plates of 8 mm
thickness. Assuming 20 mm bolts at 50 mm pitch, calculate the efficiency of
the joint. The thickness of the cover plate is 4 mm.
AU Apr/May 2017
3. A bracket connection is shown in figure with 24 mm diameter bolts of grade
4.6 and plate of grade Fe410 steel. Determine the safe load that can be
transferred through the connection.
`

AU Nov/Dec 2016
4. Two plates 10 mm and 14 mm thick are to be joined by double cover butt joint.
Assuming cover plates of 8 mm thickness, design the joint to transmit a
factored load of 300 kN. Assume Fe410 plate and 16 mm diameter bolt of grade
4.6.
AU Apr/May 2016
5. A tie member of a truss consists of an angle section ISA 65 x 65 x 6 mm of Fe
410 grade, is welded to an 8 mm gusset plate. Design a suitable weld to transmit
a load equal to the full strength of the member, providing
(a) weld on two sides of the angle
(b) weld on all three sides. Assume shop welding.
 AU Apr/May 2016

PART C – Questions
1. Write the step by step procedure for the design and calculation of efficiency of
bolted and welded lap and butt joints.

2. Write the step by step procedure for the design of Bolted and Welded
InplaneBracked connection.

3. Write the step by step procedure for the design of Bolted and Welded
OutplaneBracked connection.

UNIT III TENSION MEMBERS

PART A – Questions and Answers
1. What is meant by Gross area?
The cross section containing the whole area is called as Gross section. This
unreduced area (due to bolt holes) is called as Gross area.

2. What is meant by Net area?

The cross section containing reduced area due to bolt holes is called as Net
section. This reduced area is called as Net area.

3. What are the types of failure of Tension members?

The following are the different modes of failure of tension members:
 Gross section Yielding
 Net section Rupture
 Block shear failure

4. What is meant by Gross Cross section Yielding?

  A tension member without bolt holes can take stress upto ultimate stress
before failure because of strain hardening.
 But when it is loaded upto its ultimate stress, there will be considerable
deformation in the longitudinal direction (extend about 10 to 15 % of its
original length) before failure. This will make the structure unserviceable.
 Hence the strength of the member is considered as the yield strength of the
gross section.

5. What is meant by Net section Rupture?

 A tension member is connected to gusset plate or other members using bolts
or welds.
 When bolts are used for connection, then the cross section of the member is
reduced due to the presence of holes (net area).
 The bolt holes causes stress concentration around the holes.
 When a tension member is loaded, the point adjacent to the hole reaches the
yield stress first. On further loading, the stress at the point remains constant
as yield stress, and the fibres away from the hole progressively reaches the
yield stress. This leads the entire net section to reach the yield stress.
 The ductility of steel permits the initially yielded zone to deform without
breaking until the stress in the remaining zone continues to increase.
Deformations continue to increase until final fracture of the member occurs
at the net section. This occurs when the section reaches the ultimate stress.

6. What is meant by Block Shear failure?

 In this failure mode, the failure of the member occurs by:
 Shear along the line of fasteners
 Tension in a plane perpendicular to the line of fasteners
 This type of failure becomes possible when the material bearing strength and
the bolt shear strength are higher. If high bearing strength material and high
shear strength bolts are used, then only a few bolts may be required for the
connection. This reduces the connection length and increases the possibility
of block shear failure.
7. What is meant by Shear lag effect?
 The tensile stress across the cross section, from the first bolt hole to the last
bolt hole will not be uniform. The connected leg will have higher stress
(even upto ultimate stress) while the outstanding leg will have lower stress
(even below yield stress). At a section away from the connection, this stress
distribution becomes uniform.
 This phenomenon of one part of the member lags behind in stress than the
other is called as Shear lag effect.

8. What are Lug angles?

 When the load on the tension member is more, the number of bolts required
or the length of weld required for making the connection will also be more.
This results in an uneconomical size of gusset plate.
 In such situations, an additional small angle may be used to reduce the joint
length. Such an angle is called as lug angle.

9. What is a Gusset plate?

Gusset plates are used for connecting different sections. It facilitates the
joining of various members at a joint. Through the gusset plate the loads are
transferred to the connected members.

10.What is a Tension Splice?

When the available length of the tension member is not sufficient, tension
splices are provided.

11.What are the types of steel sections used as Tension members?

The various types of sections used as tension members are Rods, Flat Bars,
wires, strands, angles, channels, T sections, I sections, Tubular sections, build-
up sections. Angle sections are mostly used.

12.Give some examples of Tension members?

 Bottom chord members of roof trusses
 Bottom and tie members of truss girders
  Bracings of Multi-storeyed buildings, Transmission line towers, tanks,
industrial buildings

13.Write the expression for calculating the Net area?

For Ordinary Chain Bolting:
An = (b − n dh )t (for total breadth)
An = (p − dh )t (for per pitch length)
For Staggered (zig-zag) Bolting:
Psi 2
A n = [ (b − n d h ) + ∑ ] xt
4 gi
i

14.What is meant by Slenderness ratio of Tension members?

Slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of unsupported length to the least
radius of gyration.

15.What is meant by Pitch distance?

The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent bolts in the direction of
load is called as pitch distance. It is denoted as p.
The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent bolts in the direction of load
in zig-zag pattern of bolt is called as Staggered pitch distance. It is denoted as
𝐩𝐬 .

16.What is meant by Gauge distance?

The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent bolts transverse to the
direction of load is called as pitch distance. It is denoted as g.
The distance between the back of the rolled section to the first bolt line is
called as gauge distance.

17.What is meant by End distance?

The distance between the centre of bolt and the adjacent edge, in the
direction of load is called as end distance.

18.What is meant by Edge distance?

 The distance between the centre of bolt and the adjacent edge, in the
direction at right angles to the direction of load is called as edge distance.

19.Write the expression for Shear lag effect as per IS 800.

𝐰 𝐟𝐲 𝐛𝐬 𝐟𝐮 𝛄𝐦𝐨
𝛃 = 𝟏. 𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔 ( ) ( ) ( ) ≤ = 𝟏. 𝟒
𝐭 𝐟𝐮 𝐋𝐜 𝐟𝐲 𝛄𝐦𝐥
≥ 0.7

20.What are the ways of Block shear failure?

Block shear failure may occur in two ways:
 Rupture of net tension area and Yielding of gross shear area
 Yielding of gross tension area and Rupture of net shear area

PART B – Questions
1. A double angle ISA 75 x 75 x 8 mm back to back welded to one side of a 12
mm gusset have allowable stress 150 MPa. Predict the allowable load on the
members, weld length and overlap length of gusset plate.
AUApr/May 2018
2. Design a tension member to carry a factored force of 340 kN. Use 20 mm
diameter black bolts and a gusset plate of 8 mm thickness.
AU Apr/May 2018
3. A single angle ISA 100 x 100 x 8 mm is connected to a 10 mm thick gusset
plate at the ends with 3 nos. 20 mm diameter black bolts of grade 4.6 arranged
in a single row. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle. Pitch
distance = 80 mm, End and Edge distance = 40 mm.
AU Apr/May 2018
4. Design a single angle to carry a factored tensile load of 150 kN. The end
connection is to be done using 20 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6.
AU Apr/May 2018
5. Design a double angle tension member connected on each side of a 12 mm
thick gusset plate to carry an axial factored load of 400 kN. Use 20 mm black
bolts. Assume shop connection.
AU Nov/Dec 2017
6. Design a splice to connect a 300 x 20 mm plate with a 300 x 10 mm plate. The
design load is 500 kN. Use 20 mm bolts fabricated in shop.
AUNov/Dec 2017
7. Determine the tensile strength of a roof truss diagonal 100 x 75 x 10 mm
connected to the gusset plate by 4 nos. of 20 mm diameter power driven rivets
in one row along the length of the member. The short leg of the angle is kept
outstanding.
AU Apr/May 2017
8. A bridge truss diagonal carries an axial pull of 300 kN. Two mild steel flats 250
ISF 10 and ISF 18 of the diagonal are to be joined together. Design a suitable
splice.
AU Apr/May 2017
9. Design an angle section to carry a factored tensile force of 200 kN. Bolts of 20
mm diameter of grade 4.6 are to be provided for the connection of members to
the gusset plate. Use fy = 250 MPa and fu = 410 MPa.
AU Nov/Dec 2016
10. A tension member consists of two angles 80 x 10 x 6 mm bolted to opposite
sides of 12 mm thick gusset plate using single row of 5 nos. of 20 mm diameter
bolts at a distance of 35 mm from toe of the angle. Take pitch as 50 mm and
end distance as 40 mm. The length of the member is 4 m. Use Fe410 grade
steel. Determine the maximum load that the member can carry. What will be the
load carrying capacity if the angles are connected on the same side of the
gusset?
AU Nov/Dec 2016

PART C – Questions
1. Write the step by step procedure for the design of Tension members.

2. Write the step by step procedure for the design of Tension splice.

3. Briefly explain the concept of shear lag.

 UNIT IV COMPRESSION MEMBERS
PART A – Questions and Answers
1. What are Compression members?
 A structural member subjected to only compressive force along the axis of
the section is called as Compression members. If it is subjected to axial load
and bending then it is called as Beam-Column.

2. What is a Strut and a Boom?

Struts are short compression members used in roof trusses and bracings.The
principal compression member of a crane is called boom.

3. What are the modes of failure of compression members?

 Local buckling
 Squashing
 Overall flexural buckling
 Torsional buckling
 Flexural Torsional buckling

4. What are the assumptions made in Euler’s analysis?

 Material is isotropic, homogeneous and perfectly elastic
 Column is initially straight and load acts along centroidal axis
 Column has no imperfections

5. What are Short compression members?

The compression members which do not buckle and failure occurs when the
stress reaches the yield stress is short compression members.

6. What are Short compression members?

The compression members which buckles and failure occurs when the stress
is less than the yield stress is called as long or slender compression members.

7. Classify compression members based on slenderness ratio?

 Short compression members
 Long compression members
 Intermediate compression members

8. Why the lateral systems are provided in compound columns?

 If the plates are not connected throughout their length of the Built up
sections, lateral systems may be provided, which act as a composite section. In
such cases the load carrying elements of the built-up compression member in
the relative position, without sharing any axial load. However when the column
deflects, the lateral system carries the transverse shearforce.

9. Name the lateral systems that are used in compound columns.

 lacing or Latticing
 Batten or Battening
 Cover plates

10.What is the purpose of battens in compound steel columns?

Batten plates consist of flats or plates, connecting the components of the
built-upcolumns in two parallel planes. These are used only for axial loading.
Battening of thecomposite column should not be done if it is subjected to
eccentric loading or an appliedmoment in the plane of battens.

11.What are types of column base?

Slab Base, which is a pinned base.
Gusseted base, which is a rigid base
Pocket base

12.State the purpose of column base?

The base of the column is designed in such a way to distribute the
concentrated column load over a definite area and to ensure connection of the
lower column end to the foundation. It should be in adequate strength, stiffness
and area to spread the load upon the concrete or other foundations without
exceeding the allowable stress.

13.What is the difference between slab base and gusseted base?

Slab base is a thick steel base plate placed over the concrete base and
connected to it through anchor bolts. The steel base plate may either be shop-
welded to the stanchion, or else can be connected at the site to the column
through cleat angles. The column is faced for bearing over the whole area.
In a gusseted base, part of the load is transmitted from the stanchion through
the gusseted base plate. The gussets and stiffeners support the base slab against
bending and hence a thinner base plate can be used. The gussets serve for more
 or less uniform transmission of the force field from the column to the base
plate. The gussets itself resists the bending as double cantilever beam supported
on flanges of the column.

14.What is the effect of lacing on the slenderness ratio?

The slenderness ratio of the laced column shall be taken as 1.05 times the
actual slenderness ratio, in order to account for shear deformation effects.

15.What is the effect of lacing on the slenderness ratio?

The slenderness ratio of the laced column shall be taken as 1.1 times the
actual slenderness ratio, in order to account for shear deformation effects.

16.What are the specifications for Inclination of lacing as per IS 800?

The inclination of the lacing shall be between 40°and 70° to the axis of the
built-up member.

17.Write formula for Design compressive stress of column sections.

𝐟𝐲 ⁄𝛄𝐦𝐨
𝐟𝐜𝐝 =
𝛟 + [𝛟𝟐 + 𝛌𝟐 ]𝟎.𝟓

18.What are the specifications for thickness of lacing as per IS 800?

The thickness of the lacing shall not be less than one fortieth of the effective
length for single lacing and one sixtieth for double lacing.

19.What are the specifications for width of lacing as per IS 800?

The width of the lacing shall be a minimum of three times the nominal
diameter of bolt used.

20.Write the expression for thickness of base plate as per IS 800?

𝟐. 𝟓 𝐰 (𝐚𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝐛𝟐 )𝛄𝐦𝐨
𝐭𝐬 = √
𝐟𝐲
 PART B – Questions
1. Find the suitable design for a built-up column consisting of two channels
connected by batten to carry an axial load of 800 kN, the effective length of the
column is 6 m.
AUApr/May 2018
2. Find the suitable design for a rolled steel beam section column to carry an axial
load 1100 kN. The column is 4 m long and adequately in position but not in
direction at both ends.
AU Apr/May 2018
3. Design a single angle to carry a factored compressive load of 150 kN. The
centre to centre distance between the end connections is 2 m. Assume that the
end connection is done by at least two bolts.
AU Apr/May 2018
4. Calculate the compressive resistance of a built-up column consisting of ISHB
300 with one cover plate of 350 x 20 mm on each flange. The effective length
of the column is 8 m.
AU Apr/May 2018
5. Design a built-up column for a length of 3.5 m to support a working load of
3500 kN. The column is effectively held at both ends and restrained in direction
at one of the ends.
AU Nov/Dec 2017
6. Design a gusseted base connection for a column ISHB 400 @ 822 N/m
supporting an axial load of 500 kN. The base plate is to rest on a concrete
pedestal of M20 grade concrete.
AUNov/Dec 2017
7. Design a built-up column 6 m long to carry a load of 400 kN. The column is
restrained in position but not in direction at both the ends. Provide single angle
lacing system with bolted connections.
AU Apr/May 2017
8. A built-up column consists of ISHB 400 @ 77.4 kg/m with one 300 x 12 mm
flange plate on each side. The column carries an axial load of 2600 kN. Design
a gusseted base if the column is upported on concrete pedestal with a bearing
pressure of 5 N/mm2.
 AU Apr/May 2017
9. Calculate the compressive resistance of a compound column consisting ISMB
500 with one cover plate 350 x 20 mm on each flange and having a length of 5
m. Assume that the bottom of column is fixed and top is rotation fixed,
translation free. Take fy = 250 N/mm2.
AU Nov/Dec 2016
10. A steel column ISHB 400 @ 759.3 N/m is subjected to a factored axial load of
2000 kN. Design a slab base plate for the column. Assume that the bearing
surfaces of the column and base plate are machined and the concrete footing is
of M20 grade.
AU Nov/Dec 2016

PART C – Questions
1. Write the step by step procedure for the design of compression members.

2. Write the step by step procedure for the design of strut.

3. Write the step by step procedure for the design of built-up columns.

UNIT V DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMEBRS

PART A – Questions and Answers
1. What are Beams?
Beams are horizontal structural members which are subjected to loads
transverse to its longitudinal axis which causes bending.

2. What is meant by Girt?

A horizontal member fastened to and spanning between peripheral columns
of an industrial building, used to support wall cladding is Girt.

3. What are Purlins?

Purlins are beams spanning between roof trusses over which the roof
covering is supported.

4. What are Plastic sections?

 Cross sections which can develop plastic hinges and have rotation capacity
required for the failure of the structure by formation of plastic hinge are called
as Plastic sections

5. What are Compact sections?

Cross sections which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have
inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity because of local buckling are called
as Compact sections.

6. What are Semi compact sections?

Cross sections which can develop yield strength but local buckling is liable
to prevent the development of plastic moment resistance are called as Semi
compact sections.

7. What are Slender sections?

Cross sections in which local buckling will occur even before attainment of
yield stress in one or more parts of the cross section is called as Slender
sections.

8. What are the modes of failure of beams?

 Excessive bending
 Lateral torsional buckling
 Local buckling of flange
 Shear failure of web
 Web buckling
 Web crippling

9. What are the phenomena involved in Lateral torsional buckling?

Lateral bending, Twisting and Warping

10.What are Latticed beams?

Latticed beams or open web steel joist are generally prefabricated trusses
used to directly support the floor and roof system in buildings.
11.What are Castellated beams?
Castellated beams are members with regular openings in the web for making
it light, high resistant, installation of utilities.

12.What are laterally supported beams?

The beams which are provided with the lateral supports either by embedding
thecompression flange in the concrete slab or by providing effective
intermediate (support)restraints at a number of points to restrain the lateral
buckling is called laterally supportedbeams.

13.What is meant by Web buckling?

Web buckling occurs when the intensity of the vertical compressive stress
near the centre of the section becomes greater than the critical buckling stress
for web acting as a column.

14.What are Plate girders?

A plate girder is a built-up I section. The flanges and web of the plate
girder are formed by connecting plates using weld or bolts. Plate girders are
mostly used in bridges.
It is a deep flexural member and are adopted when the loads coming to the
member cannot be safely carried by a rolled section.

15.What are the advantages of plate girders?

 It provides maximum flexibility and economy.
 Vibration and Impact effects due to dynamic loads will not be a serious
problem.
 Fabrication and erection of plate girders can be done faster.

16.What is the difference between Beam and Plate Girder?

If the d/tw ratio is less than 67 𝛆, the member is classified as beam,
irrespective of whether the member is made of rolled section or plates. For such
members all the clauses related to beams have to be used.
 If the d/tw ratio is greater than 67 𝛆, the member is classified as plate
girder. For such members all the clauses related to plate girders have to be
used.

17.What are the components of Plate girder?

 Flange plate
 Web plate
 Stiffeners
 Splices
 Connection between Flange and Web

18.What are the various stiffeners in plate girder?

 End Bearing Stiffener (EBS)
 Load Bearing Stiffener (LBS)
 Intermediate Transverse Stiffener (ITS)
 Longitudinal Stiffener (LS)
 Diagonal Stiffener
 Tension Stiffener
 Torsional Stiffener

19.Draw the various components of a Plate girder.

20.Describe the bending and shear stress distribution in I section.

In an I-section, the flanges carry most of the bending stresses. As the web of
the plate girder will mostly be slender, its ability to take bending stress is
reduced. It is assumed that the bending stress distribution in the flange is
uniform and the resultant in each flange acts at the centre of gravity of the
respective flanges.
In an I-section, the web carry most of the shear stresses. The shear stress in
the extreme fibres of flanges are zero. At the interface between the flange and
 web plates, shear stresses are high. The maximum shear stress is at the neutral
axis.

PART B – Questions
1. Find the suitable design for a simply supported steel joist with a 4 m effective
span carries a UDL of 40 kN/m over its span inclusive of self-weight. The beam
is laterally unsupported. Take fy = 250 N/mm2.
AUApr/May 2018
2. Design a simply supported beam of effective span 1.5 m carrying a factored
concentrated load of 360 kN at mid-span.
AU Apr/May 2018
3. A laterally restrained simply supported ISHB 400 @ 77.4 kg/m beam of span 4
m is subjected to a factored mid-point load of 100 kN. This load is transferred
through a plate of length 200 mm to the beam. Check the suitability of the
section. Also check for web buckling and web crippling.
AU Apr/May 2018
4. Design a laterally unrestrained beam of span 5 m to carry a dead load of 20
kN/m and live load of 40 kN/m. Check for deflection.
AU Apr/May 2018
5. Design a simply supported beam of span 5 m to carry a factored uniformly
distributed load of 47 kN/m.
AU Nov/Dec 2017
6. Design a load carrying stiffener to carry a load of 600 kN for the section ISMB
450.
AU Nov/Dec 2017
7. Design a laterally restrained simply supported beam to carry a uniformly
distributed load of 44 kN/m. The effective span of the beam is 8 m. A bearing
length of 75 mm is provided at the supports.
AU Apr/May 2017
8. Design a rolled steel I section for a simply supported beam with a clear span 6
m. It carries a UDL of 50 kN/m exclusive of self-weight of the girder. The
beam is laterally unsupported.
AU Apr/May 2017
9. A simply supported beam of span 3.25 m consists of rolled steel section ISLB
325 @ 422.8 N/m. Determine the design bending strength of the beam if the
beam is laterally unsupported.
AU Nov/Dec 2016
10. A welded plate girder of span 25 m is laterally restrained throughout its length.
It has to carry a load of 80 kN/m over the whole span besides its weight. Design
the girder without intermediate transverse stiffeners.
AU Nov/Dec 2016
PART C – Questions
1. Write the step by step procedure for the design of laterally unrestrained beams.

2. Write the step by step procedure for the design of laterally restrained beams.

3. Write the step by step procedure for the design of Plate girders.