1-2 The Unity and Diversity of Cells 20210901

The unity and diversity of cells
Outline
◆ The basic properties of cells;

◆ The prokaryotic cells and archaebacteria;
◆ The eukaryotic cells;
◆ Virus: noncellular organism.
1
Ⅰ. Basic properties of cells
1. Cells are basic unit of life activities;
2. Cells are highly complex and organized,

capable of self-regulation; Cells acquire and
utilize energy.
3. All cells share similar structure,

composition and metabolic features:
plasma membrane, DNA & RNA, and ribosome.
2
Cell is the fundamental unit of
life activities
Basic unit of structure,
Basic unit of metabolism and function,
Basic unit of growth and development,
Basic unit of heredity……
There will be no life without cell.
3
Classification of cells
The three major divisions (domains) of the living cells.
4
SIMPLIFIED PHYLOGENETIC TREE. This tree shows the common ancestor of all living things and
the three main branches of life that diverged from this cell: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.
Note that eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as symbiotic Bacteria. 5
Ⅱ. Prokaryotic cell and archaeobacteria
Relationship? Methanogen,
Archaea Halobacteria,
Thermoplasma.
prokaryotic cell ?
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Bacteria
Eubacteria Rickettsial body
Archaea
Actinomycetes
Cyanobacteria
Eubacteria
6
1. Prokaryotic cell
plasma
membrane
mycoplasma RNA
ribosome
DNA
bacteria mesosome
cell wall
DNA ribosome
7
2. The smallest and simplest cell:
mycoplasma
cell membrane;
ribosomes(the only organelle);
RNAs;
a circular double stranded DNA.
smallest volume, small genome,

no cell wall,
laboratory contaminant......
Mycoplasma genitalium.
8
3. A typical example of prokaryotic
cell —— Bacteria
9
Bacteria
Bacteria are the most widely

distributed organisms in nature.
It is composed of cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear
body. Some bacteria have other
special structures such as
capsule, flagella, and pili, etc.
Most bacteria diameter are
between 0.5 ~ 5μm. Bacteria can
be divided into three categories
according to their shape: cocci,
bacilli and spirochetes (including
the arc-shaped bacteria). Also
can be divided into G +, G-.
10
Prokaryotes Binary Fission
11
Bacteria
E.Coli Clostridium botulinum
12
Bacteria
Vibrio Cholerae Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
13
Bacteria
Dividing Streptococcus Dividing Escherichia coli
14
Shapes and sizes of some bacteria
15
Ⅲ. Eukaryotic cells
◼ eu-, “true”;
karyon, “nucleus”.
◼ Genetic materials
contained in a nuclear
membrane.
◼ Membrane bound
organelles.
◼ Evolved from
prokaryotic cells.
16
Major features of eukaryotic cells.
17
Features that distinguish eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells
18
Ⅳ. Overview of eukaryotic cellular
organization and functions
Nucleus
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF A THIN SECTION OF A NUCLEUS.

(Courtesy of Don Fawcett, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.) 19
Cell cycle
20
Ribosomes and
protein synthesis
21
Membrane organelles
Biomembrane:
plasma membrane
endomembrane
22
Membrane organelles
Plasma membrane of animal cells
23
Membrane organelles
Mitochondrion
24
Membrane organelles
The functions of membrane organelles
25
Nonmembrane organelles
Cell skeleton
26
Nonmembrane organelles
Nucleolus and chromosome
27
Size of Living Organisms
28
Diagrams: http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
The Size of Cells
diameter
(1) Measured in units of
micrometers: 1um=10-6 meter
nanometers: 1nm=10-9 meter
(2) Cell size is limited:
nucleus/cytoplasm ratio;
surface area/volume ratio;
substances can efficiently travel
through the cytoplasm via
diffusion.
29
Life as an autocatalytic process
30
Ⅳ. Noncellular organisms——Viruses
1. Viruses are
pathogens first
described in the late
1800s.
2. Structure:
a) The genetic
material:
Single- or double-
stranded DNA or
RNA.
b) obligatory
Virus diversity
intracellular
parasites. 31
Structure models
of Viruses
A. adenovirus;
B. herpes virus;
C. TMV.
Viroid
Prion
32
Origin of viruses
Viruses had to arise after their hosts evolved;

Viruses probably arose as fragments of host
chromosomes.
Viral oncogene & cellular oncogene
33
The viral transfer of DNA into a cell.
(A) An electron micrograph of
particles of theT4 bacteriophage.
The head of this virus contains the
viral DNA; the tail contains the
apparatus for injecting the DNA into
a host bacterium. (B) A cross
section of an E. coli bacterium with
a T4 bacteriophage latched onto its
surface. The large dark objects
inside the bacterium are the heads
of new T4 particles in the course of
assembly. When they are mature,
the bacterium will burst open to
release them. (C–E) The process of
DNA injection into the bacterium, as
visualized in unstained, frozen
samples by cryoelectron
microscopy. (C) Attachment begins.
(D) Attached state during DNA
injection. (E) Virus head has
emptied all of its DNA into the
bacterium.
34
Q: What’s your understanding about
Coronavirus 2019?
1. Type;
2. Morphology and structure;
2. Replication;
3. Mechanism.
35
The Cell Biology View of Life
➢Puzzle-Solving
➢Learning Rules
➢Discovery-driven Splicing & Export
Transcription Translation
Protein
Folding &
Modification
Replication
& Repair
ncRNAs 36

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The unity and diversity of cells

◆ The basic properties of cells;

2. Cells are highly complex and organized,

3. All cells share similar structure,

Basic unit of structure,

Basic unit of metabolism and function,

Basic unit of growth and development,

Basic unit of heredity……

There will be no life without cell.

The three major divisions (domains) of the living cells.

smallest volume, small genome,

Bacteria are the most widely

E.Coli Clostridium botulinum

Vibrio Cholerae Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Dividing Streptococcus Dividing Escherichia coli

ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF A THIN SECTION OF A NUCLEUS.

Plasma membrane of animal cells

The functions of membrane organelles

Nucleolus and chromosome

Viruses had to arise after their hosts evolved;

Viral oncogene & cellular oncogene

2. Morphology and structure;

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